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Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The potential of ecotourism certification system has a promising development, considering increasing demands for environmentally friendly accommodation facilities for tourists on their vacations. The importance of the certification system and its impact or influence on the economic, social environment but also on the natural environment is a very big one. The opportunities offered by the certification activity are very wide, offering a number of advantages to the local communities, but also to the tour operators in the areas where such a system is implemented. That is why the standards regarding the ecological labeling have been developed and have been introduced in the national and regional systems of life cycle analysis of the products. The goal of the paper is to highlight the current situation, possibilities and approaches to ecological certification in tourism in Romania and to bring to the fore some fundamental elements regarding the ecological label. To determine the current attitude of the Romanian consumers towards the ecological labeling of the products, an questionnaire was carried out. It focused on identifying the perception of Romanian consumers towards the ecological label and how it influences their buying behavior. Based on the results of this research, we could observe the high level of notoriety of eco-labels among Romanian consumers, but also a nebulosity regarding the notion of eco-label, the uncertainty making its presence among our respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivio Giuridico is the property of Mucchi Editore and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on certain essential elements of the consumers' right to early repayment; as an empowering prerogative based on which the consumer is entitled to full or partial anticipated discharge of the payment obligations under the credit agreements. While the problematic of unfair terms is frequently focused on; in credit scoring literature; early repayment rights have received much less attention; despite a higher rate of litigious situations related to the clauses fixing the amount of the creditors' compensation. On one hand; the article points out the consumer's entitlement to a reduction in the total cost of the credit; consisting of the interest and the costs attached to additional services. Prepayment of the loan by the borrower is often the result of an optional refinancing on lower interest rates; as an embedded option cost that results in a lower total cost of the credit. On the other hand, there is substantial heterogeneity in the modalities of establishing the minimum and maximum amount for creditors' compensation. In the event of early repayment of the credit; the professional/creditor is entitled to fair and objectively justified compensation for possible costs directly linked to early repayment of credit provided that the early repayment falls within a period for which the borrowing rate is fixed. The second part of the study deals with the consumer's right to discharge fully or partially the obligations under a credit agreement; at any time; unconditionally of the number of rates already paid or the total value of the early payments. Third; the article encompasses the problematic of the mandatory legal provisions ceiling the professionals' right to compensation; which may not exceed 1% of the amount of credit repaid in advance; if the period of time between the early repayment and the agreed termination of the credit agreement exceeds one year. According to the mandatory legal provisions; if the contractual period does not exceed one year; the creditor's compensation for early repayment may not exceed 0;5% of the amount of credit on anticipated repayment. The fourth part of the observations is allocated to the study of the cases in which the professionals' compensation for early repayment may not be claimed: (i) if the repayment has been made under an insurance contract intended to provide a credit repayment guarantee; (ii) in the case of overdraft facilities; or (iii) if the repayment falls within a period for which the parties have established a variable borrowing rate. Finally; the legal injunctions which may be enforced upon the professional creditor for the breach of contractual duties such as the duty of transparency are also discussed. Nonetheless; the article argues that the creditor's right to fair compensation for early repayment does not include a percentage of the costs of ancillary services and that the legal ceiling of the early repayment compensation must be centered on the value of the regular interest rate. Thus; the amount of the early repayment compensation would be connected to the regular interest rate; excluding the annual total cost of the credit/the payments for ancillary services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an overview of textile production in the Hallstatt Culture. "The people behind", i.e. textile producers and consumers, can be studied using the evidence from the settlements where they lived and worked. Spindle whorls, loom weights and needles found in graves may also indicate that their owners were textile workers, but they also demonstrate their special status. Iconographic sources help us to envision the people involved not only in the production of textiles but also their consumption. Textiles and textile tools can give us a first indication of the level of production, starting from the household production during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and culminating in the more specialised level of production in the Hallstatt Culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novità Normative / New regulations

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The definition of “functional food” encompasses a wide variety of food containing biologically active components believed to reduce the risk of specific disease and promote overall health and well-being, but nowadays the term is widely used in food marketing and mistaken by consumers. Aims. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge, interest and attitude on functional food among Romanian consumers. Also, we aimed to investigate if income level or education level affect knowledge and interest regarding functional foods. Methods. Data were collected from an online questionnaire using Google Docs in Romania (n=265). The majority of the consumers who submitted the questionnaire were women (n=249), aged 20 to 24 (n=122) and reported higher education (n=229). Results. Our study showed that high income consumers are more interested in functional foods even if they are not better informed in comparison with low income consumers. Also, the level of education does not influence the knowledge regarding functional foods. Furthermore, 243 out of 265 recognize functional foods as whole foods but confuse them with dietary supplements, medicine herbs or fortified food. Conclusions. Based on our study, we can conclude that the interest in functional foods is influenced by income level and the knowledge about them is not linked with the level of education. Also, we have confirmed that there is much confusion among Romanian consumers regarding functional foods; therefore there is a need for further campaigns in order to educate and inform consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new remedies for alternative dispute resolution (ADR) for consumer disputes introduced by Governmental Ordinance 38/2015 offer a simple, fast and low-cost out-of-court solution to disputes between consumers and traders. Ensuring access to simple, efficient and fast ways of resolving domestic and cross-border disputes which arise from sales or service contracts remains the main objective of Directive 2013/11/EU, thus transposed into national law by the mentioned ordinance. The development of properly functioning ADR is necessary to strengthen consumers' rights to a fair trial within a reasonable time, including in the area of online commerce. The dissemination of ADR can also prove to be important in the context in which there may be a substantial backlog of cases pending before the courts of law. The new alternative remedies apply to disputes between consumers and traders concerning contractual obligations stemming from sales or services contracts, both online and offline. The definition of 'consumer' covers natural persons who are acting outside their trade, business, craft or profession. However, if the contract is concluded for purposes partly within and partly outside the person's trade (dual purpose contracts) and the trade purpose is so limited as not to be predominant in the overall context of the supply, that person should also be considered as a consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Juridical Science Series is the property of Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of general banking clauses shows that the referential clauses are very frequent in contracts concluded by consumers and that a number of differences, some slight and others more marked, become apparent between various banking agreements. General provisions which have not been individually negotiated may be invoked against consumers only if the bank took reasonable steps to bring them to the consumer's attention before the conclusion of the contract. Moreover, the legislator has recognized the consumers' right to act to suppress abusive clauses contained in the standard form contracts, such as credit agreements. Romanian jurisprudence only made timid usage of the mechanism of abusive clauses in the case of banking general provisions. Finally, a two-fold approach would appear to be emerging with regard to contractual obligations generated by general banking clauses: those which result from a referential clause and those which arise out of an express agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During his maturity, man is finding under the incidence of various and multiple cultural models, which in their synthetic ensemble, will constitute the cultural ideal of his personality; this ideal can be influenced by school, family, and his entire socio-cultural experience. The necessity to eat, to drink, to sleep etc. are essential for his existence, as well as other important utilities. Culture represents the value of spiritual experiences and their independent organization from the other values. This definition is correctly both for individuals and nations. A culture is an alive spiritual organism that results from experience, inner life and we do not have to forgive its ethnical content - culture will always be ethnically painted and personalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]