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Self‐presentation in Congress is more nationalized, with digital constituencies on platforms such as Twitter offering new reputation‐building opportunities. Digital constituencies transform traditional expectations of constituent communication, challenging Richard Fenno's theory that representatives adopt an “expansionist” style with constituents during early, vulnerable phases of their tenure. In a digital era that encourages a more national approach, we question how Fenno's distinction between expansionist and protectionist phases of connecting with constituents applies to reputation‐building with digital constituencies. While electorally vulnerable senators still seek to expand their presentation among geographic constituents, digital platforms, such as Twitter, incentivize them to protect their reputation among a digital constituency. We analyzed senators' Twitter communications from 2013 to 2023. We find the electoral vulnerabilities of Fenno's expansionist local model are associated with a protectionist model of engagement with digital constituencies on Twitter. Our study sheds light on the significance of online reputation management and its implications for representing a media‐influenced, modern Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine which student uses the most dominant conjunction, what students use the most difficult conjunction and why they have difficulty using correlative and coordinating conjunctions in their sentences. The population of this research was the 4th-semester students of the English education study program at Tadulako University. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling technique, and there were 151 4th-semester students. The researcher used a quantitative description. The data of this research used a test and questionnaire. The results of the data analysis show that (1) the most dominant conjunction used by the students was coordinating conjunction, especially conjunction “and” (2) the most difficult conjunction utilized by the students was correlative conjunction, namely conjunction “both…and”, the frequency of conjunction “both…and”, (3) there are two factors influencing the students in using coordinating and correlative conjunctions which are internal factor and external factor. The internal factors are: the students rarely improve their knowledge about conjunctions; The students are not interested in the material about conjunctions; The students do not understand the function of conjunctions; The students do not understand about lexical categories. The external factors are: There is no motivation from lecturers or teachers for students to learn the conjunctions; The lecturers or the teachers do not explain clearly the material of conjunctions.

Botanicals contain complex mixtures of chemicals most of which lack pharmacokinetic data in humans. Since physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties dictate the in vivo exposure of botanical constituents, these parameters greatly impact the pharmacological and toxicological effects of botanicals in consumer products. This study sought to use computational (i.e., in silico) models, including quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, to predict properties of botanical constituents. One hundred and three major constituents (e.g., withanolides, mitragynine, and yohimbine) in 13 botanicals (e.g., ashwagandha, kratom, and yohimbe) were investigated. The predicted properties included biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) classes based on aqueous solubility and permeability, oral absorption, liver microsomal clearance, oral bioavailability, and others. Over half of these constituents fell into BCS classes I and II at dose levels no greater than 100 mg per day, indicating high permeability and absorption (%Fa > 75%) in the gastrointestinal tract. However, some constituents such as glycosides in ashwagandha and Asian ginseng showed low bioavailability after oral administration due to poor absorption (BCS classes III and IV, %Fa < 40%). These in silico results fill data gaps for botanical constituents and could guide future safety studies. For example, the predicted human plasma concentrations may help select concentrations for in vitro toxicity testing. Additionally, the in silico data could be used in tiered or batteries of assays to assess the safety of botanical products. For example, highly absorbed botanical constituents indicate potential high exposure in the body, which could lead to toxic effects. Botanicals contain complex mixtures of chemicals most of which lack pharmacokinetic data in humans. This study used computational models, including quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, to predict properties of 103 botanical constituents in 13 botanicals. Over half constituents had high permeability and absorption at oral doses no greater than 100 mg per day. However, most glycosides showed low bioavailability after oral administration due to low absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural soils that are contaminated with heavy metals poses significant environmental challenges, impacting plant productivity and the safety of plant-based food and feed products. Cadmium (Cd) that is considered one of heavy metals enters the ecosystem by two sources natural and anthropogenic. Rising Cd level in edible plants has impact on human health. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of different levels of cadmium contamination in soil on the growth and chemical composition of two different mint cultivars, namely peppermint and curly mint as well as accumulation of Cd in mint leaves. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using three replications. Uniform rhizomes in weight were planted with a size of 17 cm in pots. After the rhizomes had developed to produce leaves, the plants were irrigated with different concentrations of cadmium in distilled water as solution (0, 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg), for control only distilled water was used. The results indicated that peppermint plants performed better than curly mint plants in terms of various vegetative and chemical parameters. On the other hand, the increased concentrations of cadmium from Zero to 45 mg/kg resulted in significant decrease in most morphological and chemical characters in both mint cultivars. The affected parameters were plant height decreased to (29.05 cm), fresh and dry vegetative weight (29.52-11.83 g), leaf area (190.1 cm²), number of leaves (31.17 leaf plant-1), total chlorophyll content (14.01 mg g-1 F.W), and carbohydrate content in the leaves (7.41 %) compared to the control. Nevertheless, it has been noticed that the percentage of volatile oil and the amount of volatile oil per plant increased when the soil was treated with 15 mg/kg of cadmium in both cultivars (1.537%) for peppermint and (1.340%) for curly mint. Additionally, the accumulation of cadmium in the leaves also increased to (0.165 mg/kg) after the soil was treated by 30mg/kg of cadmium comparing to the control. This means that when the mint plants obtained from areas contaminated with Cd have high concentration of Cd in there structure and have impact on health when they have been eaten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the heavy metals which cause severe environmental pollution and biochemical changes in plants is Cadmium (Cd) while Selenium (Se) acts as an important anti-stress agent in plants. In the present research, the glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of Cd and Se on structure of the essential oil isolated from the savory plant, Satureja hortensis L. To do so, the plants were polluted with different Cd levels including 0 (the control), 75, 100, and 150 µM. Moreover, Se was used in the form of sodium selenite salt in concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 40 µM. The results show that carvacrol was the main constituent in most of the essential oil analyses, except for one of them (0 µM of Cd×10 µM of Se). Furthermore, differences among minor constituents in most of treatments were not significant. Therefore, these results indicate the role of Cd and Se in the compositional changes of S. hortensis essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the legal debate surrounding the financing of basic education in the National Constituent Assembly of Brazil (1987-1988), focusing on the main dichotomy that guided the discussions, that is, the opposition between public and private education. The article addresses how the main entities were organized into three fronts of action: publicists, privatists, and confessionals, fighting battles over the direction of the public budget. In fact, contrary to popular participation in the initial phase, the alliance between privatists and confessionals imposed, in the final stage, a setback on the publicists through parliamentary maneuvers, which was decisive for the outcome of the constitutional text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrogative sentences are deployed to perform speech acts of asking questions or making requests. Interestingly, the syntax of interrogatives in Yorùbá has attracted the attention of many researchers in the language (Ìl??rí, 2010: ?lá?rewájú & Táíwò, 2020: ?lá?rewájú 2022). However, the correct feature specification and syntactic behaviour of question nouns (hence, QNs) are yet to be given adequate attention. Some of the extant works in the language equate QNs in Yorùbá with wh-phrases of English and some other Indo-European languages, This paper, within the confines of the Chomsky’s Minimalist Program, discusses the two existing views on how constituent interrogatives involving QNs are clause-typed (the traditional opinion hypothesizing that QNs are the question makers in constituent interrogatives while the other position holds the views that an abstract question morpheme clause-types a sentence as a constituent question). This paper lays some claims to support the traditional position that a clause is typed a constituent question by the transfer of the question force [QF] on a QN to the Inter0 through specifier and head agreement. Primary and secondary data were collected and subjected to syntactic analysis. QNs in the language are ta ‘who’ and kí ‘what’, èló ‘how much’, mélòó ‘how many’ and so on. Polysyllabic QNs are derivational in the language. Yorùbá content word questions, relative clauses, adverbials and so on are not signalled in wh-encripts unlike English. The language operates different functional heads to clause-type them.

In traditional Japanese medicine, Rhei Rhizoma is used as a purgative, blood stasis-resolving and antipsychotic drug. The latter two properties are possibly related to anti-inflammatory effects. Microglia regulate inflammation in the central nervous system. M1 microglia induce inflammation, while M2 microglia inhibit inflammation and show neurotrophic effects. This study investigated the effects from water extracts of roots of cultivated Rheum species in Nagano Prefecture, Japan (strain C, a related strain to a Japanese cultivar, 'Shinshu-Daio'; and strain 29, a Chinese strain) and 3 kinds of Rhei Rhizoma available in the Japanese market, and also examined their constituents on the polarization of cultured microglia. All extracts significantly decreased M1 microglia, and strains C and 29 significantly increased M2 microglia. Furthermore, the extracts of both strains significantly increased the M2/M1 ratio. Among the constituents of Rhei Rhizoma, (+)-catechin (2), resveratrol 4′-O-β-D-(6″-O-galloyl) glucopyranoside (5), isolindleyin (8), and physcion (15) significantly increased the M2/M1 ratio. The contents of the constituents in water extract of each strain were quantified using HPLC. The extracts of strains C and 29 contained relatively large amounts of 2 and 5; and 2, 8, and 15, respectively. This study showed the water extracts of roots of cultivated Rheum strains in Japan had the effects of M2 polarization of microglia, suggesting that these strains become the candidate to develop anti-inflammatory Rhei Rhizoma. Moreover, the suitable chemical composition to possess anti-inflammatory activity in the brain was clarified for the future development of new type of Rhei Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Garrido (2014, 2015, 2017 and 2021) has proposed, discourse relations are constructed within a discourse constituent structure. This can be possible because the relationships between sentences can form a structure of constituents. According to this statement, any sentence can be interpreted within the scope of a larger unit: a paragraph. Conjunctions, discursive particles establish connections between sentences based on their own guides or instructions. But there are other categories that can serve as linking marks by adding various interpretive values to this connection. In this work I will analyze examples with the particles vamos (Fuentes Rodríguez, 2009) and vaya (Polanco, 2013 and 2014), which can establish reformulation relationships between the sentence in which they are inserted and the previous structure.

Sentence structure is a basic and general concept for syntax studies. Many topics such as word categories such as nouns and adjectives, sentence elements such as subject and predicate, phrases, their functions, sentence types fall into the concept of 'sentence structure'. Every structure that can be divided into parts, which has different parts, where the parts are combined in a certain order, and where each part has a certain function, is a subject of 'sentence structure analysis'. In syntax theory, these parts are called constituents. In a sentence, each of the constituent is embedded in another constituent. So there is a constituent hierarchy. In other words, it is called hierarchical structure when constituents contain other constituents. The biggest constituent in the hierarchical structure is the sentence. This study aims to analyze the hierarchical constructive structure in line with syntax theory. The topic is limited to establishing constituents, constituent tests, and tree diagram representation of constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

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As one of the most popular beverages, green tea has attracted much interest for its beneficial effects on human health. However, the toxicity of green tea and its underlying mechanism are still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effect of green tea and its constituents on development by exposing zebrafish embryos to them. Morphologic results demonstrated that 0.1% and 0.2% green tea increased mortality, delayed epiboly of gastrulation, and shortened body length. Green tea altered the expression pattern of dlx3, cstlb, myod, and papc and decreased the expression levels of wnt5 and wnt11, suggesting that green tea disturbed convergence and extension movement through the downregulation of wnt5 and wnt11. The increased expression of the dorsal gene chordin and reduced expression of wnt8 and its target genes vox and vent in embryos exposed to 0.1% and 0.2% green tea indicated that green tea could affect dorsoventral differentiation by inhibiting the wnt8 signaling pathway. Additionally, green tea could inhibit epiboly progression by disrupting F‐actin organization or removing F‐actin in vegetal yolks during gastrulation. However, no malformation was caused by exposure to the five catechins and gallic acid individually. The mixture of constituents showed a similar effect to green tea solution on the embryos, such as smaller eyes and head, shorter body length, and slower heart rate, which indicated that the effect of green tea solution on embryo development was mainly due to the comprehensive effect of multiple components in the green tea solution. We investigated the effect of green tea and its constituents on zebrafish embryos. Green tea solution disturbed cell movement, affected dorsoventral differentiation, and inhibited epiboly progression. However, malformations induced by green tea solution, such as smaller eyes and head, shorter body length, and slower heart rate, were not found in embryos of each constituent but rather in the mixture of six constituents, indicating that the toxicity of green tea on embryos was due to the combined effect of multiple components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica is the property of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a flowering plant from family Piperaceae. In this research, chemical analysis of the essential oil isolated from this important tropical medicinal plant was performed. For this, seed of this plant was provided, dried under shadow (25 °C), powdered, it’s essential oil isolated by Clevenger apparatus, and analyzed by Gas Chromatography related to Mass Spectroscopy device (Agilent 7890). The results showed that there were valuable compounds in its essential oil, total numbers of them reach to 89. Total identification time was estimated to be 38.143 min. Also, nineteen compounds contained more than 1% of total volume; among them, trans-caryophyllene bicyclo (peak 44, 19.512 min, 36.43%), L-limonene cyclohexene (peak 13, 7.193 min, 6.75%), 3-carene (peak 9, 6.838 min, 4.97%), cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl) (peak 60, 22.081 min, 4.93%), and 2-beta-pinene bicyclo (peak 5, 6.220 min, 4.18%) were five dominant constituents, respectively. Moreover, thirty-seven compounds contained lower and equal with 0.1% of total volume and named as the least constituents. In conclusion, this medicinal plant has important secondary compounds which could seriously be focused on them in medical, pharmacology, and toxicology.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies showed different risk effects on exposure of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass for cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally, which is likely due to different constituents of PM2.5. This study aimed to investigate the association between short-term exposure of PM2.5 constituents and hospital admissions of CVD. Daily counts of city-specific hospital admissions for CVD in 18 cities in China between 2014 and 2017 were extracted from the national Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance database and the Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Information Center database. Directly measured PM2.5 constituents, including ions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were collected by the Chinese Environmental Public Health Tracking system. We used the time-stratified case-crossover design to estimate the association between PM2.5 constituents and hospital admissions of CVD. Concentrations of ions accounted for the majority of the detected constituents. Excess risk (ER) of average ions concentrations for CVD was highest as 2.30% (95% CI: 1.62–2.99%) for NH4+, whose major sources are residential and agricultural emissions. This was followed by 1.85% (1.30–2.41%) for NO3- (generally from vehicles), 0.95% (0.28–1.63%) for SO42- (often from fossil fuel burning) respectively. The association for ions were generally consistent with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke, e.g., NH4+ was associated with IHD (2.50%; 1.52–3.48%) and ischemic stroke (1.77%; 0.65–2.9%). For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mainly from coal and vehicle-related oil combustion, the constituents were all associated with ischemic stroke but not for IHD. The ER for ischemic stroke was highest at 1.69% (0.99–2.39%) for indeno (123-cd) pyrene. Thus, in terms of the subtypes of CVD, the risks of hospital admissions varied with exposure to different PM2.5 constituents. Exposed to NH4+ had the highest risk to IHD and ischemic stroke, whereas PAHs were predominately associated with ischemic stroke only.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a flowering plant from family Piperaceae. In this research, chemical analysis of the essential oil isolated from this important tropical medicinal plant was performed. For this, seed of this plant was provided, dried under shadow (25 °C), powdered, it's essential oil isolated by Clevenger apparatus, and analyzed by Gas Chromatography related to Mass Spectroscopy device (Agilent 7890). The results showed that there were valuable compounds in its essential oil, total numbers of them reach to 89. Total identification time was estimated to be 38.143 min. Also, nineteen compounds contained more than 1% of total volume; among them, trans-caryophyllene bicyclo (peak 44, 19.512 min, 36.43%), Llimonene cyclohexene (peak 13, 7.193 min, 6.75%), 3-carene (peak 9, 6.838 min, 4.97%), cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl) (peak 60, 22.081 min, 4.93%), and 2-beta-pinene bicyclo (peak 5, 6.220 min, 4.18%) were five dominant constituents, respectively. Moreover, thirty-seven compounds contained lower and equal with 0.1% of total volume and named as the least constituents. In conclusion, this medicinal plant has important secondary compounds which could seriously be focused on them in medical, pharmacology, and toxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sentences unfold sequentially, one word at a time, most linguistic theories propose that their underlying syntactic structure involves a tree of nested phrases rather than a linear sequence of words. Whether and how the brain builds such structures, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we used human intracranial recordings and visual word-by-word presentation of sentences and word lists to investigate how left-hemispheric brain activity varies during the formation of phrase structures. In a broad set of language-related areas, comprising multiple superior temporal and inferior frontal sites, high-gamma power increased with each successive word in a sentence but decreased suddenly whenever words could be merged into a phrase. Regression analyses showed that each additional word or multiword phrase contributed a similar amount of additional brain activity, providing evidence for a merge operation that applies equally to linguistic objects of arbitrary complexity. More superficial models of language, based solely on sequential transition probability over lexical and syntactic categories, only captured activity in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Formal model comparison indicated that the model of multiword phrase construction provided a better fit than probability-based models at most sites in superior temporal and inferior frontal cortices. Activity in those regions was consistent with a neural implementation of a bottom-up or left-corner parser of the incoming language stream. Our results provide initial intracranial evidence for the neurophysiological reality of the merge operation postulated by linguists and suggest that the brain compresses syntactically well-formed sequences of words into a hierarchy of nested phrases.

This article discusses the ontogenesis, development and actuality of the Brazilian Social Communication Council. It historicizes the relationship between the corporate-military dictatorship and the consolidation of our modern cultural industry and, thus, analyzes to what extent the recognition of the importance of this body, its late installation and the inconstancy of its work throughout its history serve more as a demonstration that its function is to legitimize the bourgeois autocratic pattern of media domination than to offer an instrument for the democratization of media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperatives of legislative uniformity within the European Union have led states with a tradition of continental civil law to adopt regulations inspired by English legal institutions. Among them, the Anglo-Saxon “trust” was taken over in the form of the so-called “fiducia”. This represents a modern technique of patrimony administration, which was widely developed in the Common-Law legal system, and afterwards it spread among the countries which used the European continental law (Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain, France, Russia etc.), in the Middle East (Lebanon), South Africa, Latin America (Colombia) or Japan. In the Romanian civil law, the institution finds its own regulation in art. 773-791 of the new Civil Code, these provisions being elaborated under the obvious influence of the corresponding regulations of the Civil Code of Quebec (art. 1260-1370), respectively the French Civil Code (art. 2011-2030). However, the regulation of the trust by the provisions of the new Civil Code does not stand for an absolute novelty of our legal system, as it had been previously mentioned in the Law no. 51/1995 regarding the organization and exercising of the legal profession, which, in art. 3, mentioned among the attributions of lawyers the accomplishment of “trust activities, developed under the conditions of the Civil Code”.The regulation of the trust aligns the Romanian Civil Law with a necessary modernization tendency, the utility of this institution being undeniable especially in the business environment, as well as in the family relations. In order to achieve the necessary dissociation between trust and mandate, one must try to understand the purpose of these legal institutions and the mechanism by which one is sought to achieve it. Thus, the trust, as it was enshrined by the Common Law system, has the following specificity: apparently, there are two holders of the ownership of the same good simultaneously, without being a co-ownership. The trustee holds the “legal title” (he appears as the owner in relation to third parties), whereas the beneficiary holds the “equity title”, that is the right of ownership in relation to the trustee. Therefore, the trustee has the status of an “owner for another party's benefit”.The problem generated by the specifics of the trust consists in doubling the ownership, which contradicts the principle of indivisibility of the real rights in the civil law. Therefore, the trust was inapplicable as such in the continental legal system, so an attempt was made to adjust this institution in order to be able to integrate it into the civil law system, the result being the trust. Continental law also has a specific character that makes it impossible for the trust to be implemented as such, namely the formalism of the real rights advertising system. In the Anglo-Saxon law, the trust does not need to be disclosed to third parties, in some cases this is even prohibited. In the continental system, especially in France, which was adopted by the Romanian legislator as well, the publicity of the fiduciary relationship is mandatory.

Gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry is a powerful tool which is used in the analysis of volatile components in food and herbal medicine. Euphorbia fischeriana Steud., a traditional Chinese herb, has been used for thousands of years in China. Recently, scientists are exploring more on the pharmacological action of E. fischeriana. However, so far, there is no information regarding the volatile constituents of E. fischeriana. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate and characterize the global chemical ingredients of volatile oil of E. fischeriana under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In this study, an accurate and rapid GC combined with the mass spectrometric method and MassHunter tool were employed to identify the comprehensive constituents and explored the absorbed components in rat serum after oral administration of E. fischeriana. According to our results, a total of 28 compounds were identified via in vitro analysis by matching with the NIST database. Of them, the following 14 compounds were tentatively characterized in the serum samples: (−)-alpha-cedrene; (+/-)-sesquithuriferone; cedrol; acorenone; neocembrene; geranylgeraniol; abietatriene; abieta-7,13-diene; cembrenol; sclareol; ethyl linoleate; isopimara-7,15-dien-3-one; abietadienal; and abietinol. Most of the compounds identified were diterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These results might be useful in various pharmacological and pharmacodynamic research, and the established method could offer valuable chemical information for bioactive volatile components characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz (ASFT), belonging to the family of Betulaceae, grows naturally in Asia, Europe, and America. The aims of this study are determining the efficacy of various biomarkers related to hair loss, evaluated by extracting the branch with 60% alcohol, and purely separating diarylheptanoid oregonin, an indicator and active substance, from 60% alcohol extract of the tree. To determine the preventive effects on hair loss, we investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity on human hair dermal papilla cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and Western blotting analysis for proving of apoptosis-related marker alteration, respectively. Moreover, we examined the ameliorative effects of 60% alcohol extract of the tree and oregonin against changes of oxidative stress-induced cytokine and testosterone-induced dihydrotestosterone production as crucial pathways of the hair loss mechanism. These results suggest that 60% alcohol extract of the tree and oregonin were available as novel natural materials for maintaining hair health in mammals.

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A tracer element can help distinguish between indoor PM2.5 of outdoor origin and that of indoor origin. PM2.5-associated iron has been proposed as a tracer element of PM2.5 in Beijing. This study aims to examine the effect of particulate iron on tracking indoor PM2.5 of outdoor origin in temporal and spatial scales. From July 2018 to March 2019, we collected 24 pairs of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples in Nanjing, China. We calculated a normalized ratio (ratio of indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of iron to that of PM2.5). Results show a mean ± SD of the normalized ratio of 1.0 ± 0.38. It suggests that particulate iron tracks PM2.5 well during outdoor-to-indoor transport on average. This tracking performance varies temporally. The mean ± SD of the normalized ratio is 0.79 ± 0.17 from July to December 2018 and 1.2 ± 0.41 in March. The results from studies published in different regions of the world over recent years show a mean normalized ratio of 0.88, 0.67, 1.3 and 0.8 in Asia, Europe, North America and South America, respectively, indicating the spatial heterogeneity of iron's tracking effect. In comparison, sulphate appears to exhibit a less stable tracking effect than iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político is the property of Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Politico - Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, Ficus exasperata (Fe) leaf (sand paper leaf) raw sample was characterized using proximate and ultimate analysis and the ash was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRF analysis showed that Alumina (Al2 O3) and Silica (SiO2) were 6.50% and 67.50%, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed high presence of silica (42.40%), alumina (15.00%) and Oxygen (20.80%). FTIR unveiled peaks with zeolite-Y patterns. SEM analysis indicates good surface morphology and hexagonal shaped crystal lattice in comparison with commercial zeolite-Y.

Twenty-eight compounds, including flavones (2, 4-5, 7-11), flavonols (1, 3, 6, 21, 22), flavanones (12-18), isoflavones (19, 20), chalcones (23, 24), phenylpropanoids (25, 26), and others (27, 28) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre and identified on the basis of physic-chemical constants and spectral analysis (NMR, ECD, [α]2 0 D ). Among them, compounds 16, 18, 21, 23, 25 and 26 were obtained from the genus for the first time. The cytotoxicities of the purified flavonoids against H292 cells were evaluated using MTT assays. As a result, compounds 14 and 15 displayed moderate cytotoxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical aspects of design and development of information and educational environment in the system of training of masters in physical culture and sport. The purpose of the article is specification of the notions and analysis of theoretical aspects of elaboration and functioning of informational and educational environment (IEE) in the system of training of future masters in physical education and sports (PE and Sports) under conditions of a developed informational society on the example of IEE of National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine (NUPESU). Results. Essence and specific features of IEE in the system of training of future masters in PE and Sports have been revealed and described. IEE of a higher educational establishment oriented on physical culture defines informational flow of educational orientation, in which there is circulation of specific information of a pedagogical character, producers and consumers of which are subjects of the system of training of future masters in PE and Sports united with the help of network, remote, and cloud technologies with purpose of masters' complete realization of their potential and selection of individual educational trajectory. It has been revealed that IEE of a higher educational establishment has informational, educational, and research levels. Content, organizational, and technological components have been distinguished in the structure of IEE. Content and technological component of IEE of a higher educational establishment has been shown in the system of training of future masters in PE and Sports based on IEE of NUPESU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor is becoming a critical threat to our lives in these years. Searching for antitumor substances from natural products is a great interest of scientists. Cudrania tricuspidata (C. tricuspidata) is a regional plant containing 158 flavonoids and 99 xanthones, and others ingredients with favorable bioactivity. This review comprehensively analyzes the antitumor compounds from C. tricuspidata against different tumors, and 78 flavonoids plus xanthones are considered as underlying antineoplastic. Importantly, the structure of preylation groups is the primary source of antitumor activity among 45 flavonoids plus xanthones, which could be a direction of structural modification for a better antitumor ability. Additionally, the fruits are also preferable sources of antitumor compounds compared to the roots and barks due to the abundant isoflavones and sustainability. However, many studies only focused on the cells viability inhibition of the compounds, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the intracellular targets remain ambiguous. In conclusion, C. tricuspidata has a great potential for anti-tumor prevention or therapy, but more attention should be paid to deeper research in vitro and in vivo models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although we know the current configuration of the electoral system for the Parliament, it has special interest to approach the process of creating it. Therefore, we will focus on the amendments and debates that took place in both Houses of Parliament during the constitutional process in order to understand the final wording and the various existing positions. This will help us to observe how from the moment of the elaboration of the constitutional text the problems that the electoral system would have in the future could be perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses Antonio Negri's view of the constitutive power in the light of Franz Neumann's theory of law. The text presents the essential characteristics of constitutionalism and its critique by Negri (2015) in the book "The Constituent Power". For Negri (2015), constitutionalism has as its central function to prevent radical social transformation by restraining the constituent power. Next, the text discusses this criticism in the light of Franz Neumann (2009; 2013), seeking to show that not all radical transformation is necessarily progressive, especially if we leave aside certain assurances present in the tradition of constitutionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies endogenous inhibitors of germination associated with seed dormancy in Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallow. Seed extracts were separated into five distinct fractions (petroleum ether, ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous) and tested for their effect on germination of cabbage seeds. There were no significant differences in germination percentages and germination index (GI) between the solvents and the control. The five fractions differentially reduced germination percentage and GI values of cabbage seeds. According to the GI results, the greatest inhibition was with the ether fraction followed by methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and aqueous fractions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified the constituents of the four organic fractions. Compared with the mass spectrum of the National Institute of Standards and Technology library, a compound was confirmed, provided it was more than 85% similar. Analysis of ether extracts identified four compounds: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 19.7%), 1,2-benzenediol (4.1%), p-hydroxycinnamic acid, ethyl ester (2.8%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (1.4%). Fourteen, 20, and 9 compounds were identified in methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. The IC50 of BHT (the concentration at which BHT inhibits radicle growth by 50%) was 54.8 mg/L, indicating that the presence of BHT might be the primary cause of dormancy in S. sebiferum seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with studying the theory and practice of evaluating the competitiveness of the world’s economies. The development stages of the methodology for evaluating the competitiveness of countries together with characteristics of the approaches used in their terms were explored. The methodology by the World Economic Forum (WEF), and the one, used by the Institute for Management Development (IMD), were proven to be the most substantiated and applied in world practice. The characteristics of these methodologies, the constituents, indicators, and calculation procedures were considered. The world competitiveness rankings by IMD and by WEF in the period of 2016-2017 were analyzed. The place of Ukraine in these ratings has been determined. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the country’s competitiveness is considerably low and that a conception of its increase needs to be substantiated.

Spraying concentrated leachate into an incineration furnace and burning is encouraged by the Chinese government as a harmless method for leachate treatment. In this research, the constituent transformation mechanism was studied, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), of residues after burning the concentrated leachate in a muffle furnace at different temperatures (750 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C, and 1100 °C). XRD results showed that the main components of the residues were metal chlorides and calcium salt crystals and that the peak position of most of these crystals changed little because their crystal structure was stable at high temperatures. SEM results illustrated that the higher the burning temperature, the smaller the solid particles, and the looser the structures of the residues. EDS analysis showed that S atoms in the concentrated leachate were usually transformed into gaseous compounds during incineration, whereas most of the Cl atoms could be fastened onto solid residues if an appropriate temperature was maintained. This study concluded that 900 °C was the best burning temperature for spraying concentrated leachate into the furnace. In addition, this study suggested that material selection for the nozzle and flue gas pipelines must pay more attention to corrosion caused by gaseous sulfur compounds. Similarly, material selection for the inner wall of the incinerator furnace should pay more attention to corrosion caused by Cl atoms. This means that the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration power plants should incorporate various and appropriate corrosion-resistant materials according to the different regions of the incinerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates some tensions in Brazil that cross the decade of 1980, known as the Constituent Moment (1985-1988). It analyses the trajectory and acting of the pro-Popular Participation Movement in the constitution (PPPM), without exhausting the subject, from different booklets of the period. Exercises as a theoreticalmethodological tool a look on affections, expectations and fears expressed in the sources. To this end, it uses the discussions by Cultural History of Politics (Thomas Mergel) and studies of passions in history (Pierre Ansart), therefore pointing the discursive conflict and political disputes in a time known in the country as "transition" that represented the passage between the Military Dictatorship to a democratization regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we generalize the notion of characteristic polynomials of hyperplane and toric arrangements to those of certain abelian Lie group arrangements. Secondly, we give two interpretations for the chromatic quasi-polynomials and their constituents through subspace and toric viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The component of dependency grammar can predict how informants will chunk sentences. • Based on the component and chunking, structural debates can be resolved. • In bǎ constructions, bǎ is the sentence root and the following noun its dependent. • In Mandarin serial verb constructions, the first predicate is the sentence root. Speakers and listeners produce and process language in chunks. These chunks are not arbitrary combinations of words, but rather they are motivated in part by the syntactic structure of the sentences at hand. This article employs chunking data collected from informants to examine and reach conclusions about the syntactic structure of Mandarin sentences. Five prominent constructions are explored: 1) pivotal sentences, 2) serial verb constructions (or co-verbs), 3) V- de constructions, 4) bǎ constructions, and 5) bèi constructions. The account is couched in a dependency grammar (DG) approach to syntax. A relatively new unit of syntax, the component , plays a central role in the analysis. The message is in part that the component is a more suitable unit of syntax for predicting how informants choose to chunk sentences than the phrase structure grammar (PSG) constituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multiscale analysis strategy was proposed to analyze the failure behaviors of open-hole compressive (OHC) CFRP laminates. Micro-level intralaminar failure was defined in the constituents (fiber and matrix) with a modified micromechanics failure theory. In the multiscale stress transformation, the effect of thermal residual stress was considered using constant thermal amplification factor. Meanwhile, macro-level interlaminar failure was defined with cohesive elements. Based on the simulated and experimental results, the sub-laminate scaled OHC laminates of the stacking sequence [45/0/−45/90]4s were studied at different temperatures. The established multiscale model showed good precision in the strength and failure mode predictions. Transverse throughout damage at the hole section led to the final failure. As the temperature increased, the damage process began at a lower load level and the strength of the laminates decreased significantly. Stiffness reductions and small load drops were more likely to occur before final failure. The differences in the delamination size among all interfaces tended to be smaller. Besides, matrix failure lagged under shear loading conditions if the thermal residual stress was neglected in the multiscale analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the realist bundle theory (RBT), ordinary concrete objects are complex wholes having universals, and only universals, as constituents. One charge usually levelled against RBT is the so-called 'argument from numerical difference' (AND). According to AND, RBT fails because it cannot explain the possibility of qualitatively identical yet numerically distinct objects, a possibility that any sound ontology of concrete particulars should be able to account for. This paper (i) presents AND (ii) explains one strategy that may prima facie liberate RBT from AND, and (iii) argues that this strategy comes at the cost of renouncing a methodological feature of 'constituent ontologies', the sort of ontology to which RBT belongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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