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AIM: To evaluate the demographics, clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) at the Philippine General Hospital. METHODS: This was a single-center, 11-year retrospective, cross sectional case series on 18 cases of OSSN seen between January 2012 to June 2023. The patient's demographics, presenting symptoms, tumor characteristics, histopathologic diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and duration of follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS: Out of 33 identified cases of OSSN, only 18 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Mean age was 60.78y (range 31 to 80), with male predominance (66.67%). The left eye was most commonly affected (61.11%) with most presenting with fleshy mass (83.33%). Most tumors were located nasally (66.67%) and were predominantly papilliform (44.44%) in morphology with associated hyperpigmentation (38.89%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) was the most common histopathologic diagnosis (72.22%). The main primary treatment was surgical excision (94.44%) with or without adjunctive therapy, with only 1 patient undergoing first-line topical chemotherapy. Only 3 recurrences (16.67%) were noted with a median follow-up of 7.5mo. A statistically significant recurrence-free odds leaning towards the utilization of cryotherapy was noted. CONCLUSION: OSSN seen at the Philippine General Hospital is presented as a limbal papilliform mass, most commonly affecting elderly males. Surgical excision with adjuvant cryotherapy and/or chemotherapy is the preferred mode of treatment.

Purpose: To report a case of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated corneal/conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a 17-year-old fair-skinned male with no other risk factors. Observations: A 17-year-old Caucasian male presented with an 18-month history of left eye pain, redness, itchiness, and decreased vision. Examination revealed a leukoplakic nasal limbal/peripheral corneal lesion resistant to topical antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatments. Excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CIN, and RNA in situ hybridization testing for high-risk HPV types 16/18 was positive. Subsequent testing of the patient for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) returned negative. Conclusions and Importance: The median age of CIN diagnosis in the United States is in the sixth decade of life and is usually associated with a history of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. There are reports of CIN in young patients with systemic immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, xeroderma pigmentosum, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and vaping. Here we present a case of high-risk HPV-associated CIN in a young, fair-skinned patient with no other identifiable risk factors.

Purpose: To report the efficacy and safety of 5-fluorouracil as the second line of treatment for two cases of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia refractive to topical interferon alpha-2b. Case report: In the first case, a 77-year-old woman was evaluated because of a fleshy vascularized lesion in the temporal conjunctiva on her right eye with leukoplakia of the corneal epithelium from 10- to 5-o'clock limbus. In the second case, an 81-year-old man, a nodular lesion in the temporal conjunctiva on his RE, with corneal adjacent opalescence, one millimeter in extent, was observed. Both patients were initially treated with excisional surgery, the samples being reported as conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia with high-grade dysplasia. Co-adjuvant treatment with topical interferon alpha-2b 1 mIU/mL was indicated 4 times/day uninterruptedly. In the first case, there was no response despite 8 months of treatment, while in the second, the corneal lesion progressed in an arboriform pattern after 4 months of topical chemotherapy. Management & outcome: In the absence of efficacy, the treatment was then changed to topical 5-fluorouracil (1%), 4 times/day for 7 days with a time-lapse of 21 days off, which constitutes a course. Two and four courses of treatment with 5-fluorouracil 1% were completed in both cases in the absence of important side effects. After the first course, both patients showed complete remission of the lesions. No clinical signs of relapse were noted after 1 year of follow-up. Discussion: The treatment with 5-fluorouracil is a good option as the second line of treatment for conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia who are low-responders to interferon alpha-2b, with fewer side effects than other currently available alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) are a diverse group of lesions varying from Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) to invasive Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCC). Histopathological examination is the gold standard technique in diagnosing them. However, it is invasive and may not be suitable in recurrent cases. Numerous minimally invasive techniques are available to diagnose OSSN cytologically. This study employs Impression Cytology (IC) to diagnose ocular squamous neoplastic lesions and compare it with the histological diagnosis. Aim: To utilise IC in the diagnosis of OSSN and to compare its findings with histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, conducted in a Tertiary Eye care Hospital, Hubli, Karnataka, India during January 2023. The data included was over a period of three years (from July 2016 to June 2019). A total of 44 eyes (34 patients), in which both biopsy and IC done, were included. The patients’ age, sex and ocular examination findings were recorded. The cytological and histopathological slides were retrieved from the archives and examined morphologically. The cytological findings were compared with histopathological diagnosis and the sensitivity and specificity of the IC technique were calculated. The data was analysed using Microsoft excel sheets. Results: A total of 34 patients were studied ranging from 19 to 85 years. The mean age was 49 years, 21 (61.76%) of them were males and 13 (38.24%) were females. In 24 patients, single eye was affected and in 10 patients bilateral eye involvement was seen. Histology revealed that there were 18 (40.90%) CIN I cases, 4 (9.09%) CIN II, 5 (11.36%) CIN III and 17 (38.65%) SCC. On cytology, 3 (6.82 %) were normal conjunctival epithelium, 30 (68.18 %) were dysplasia and 11 (25.00 %) were SCC. On cyto-histomorphological analysis, 35 (79.55 %) were concordant, out of 44 diagnosis. IC has a sensitivity of 88.89% and specificity of 64.71% to detect dysplasia. To diagnose SCC, it has sensitivity of 64.71% and 100% specificity. Conclusion: According to the present study observations, IC is an excellent preliminary tool to investigate suspected neoplastic lesions of ocular surface. It has a very good concordance with histopathological diagnosis. IC is highly sensitive to detect dysplasia (CIN) and is very specific to diagnose SCC.

Aim: The aim of our study is to determine the clinical-pathological features of conjunctival lesions operated in a tertiary-care hospital in the eastern region of our country over a 10-year period. Materials and Methods: Demographic data of the patients and histopathological findings in the conjunctival biopsy specimens that were sent to our pathology laboratory between January 2010 and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Lateralization, localization, distribution rates and frequency of lesions in different histopathological subgroups according to age and gender were evaluated. Results: 286 conjunctival biopsy materials from 272 patients were analyzed. The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 95, and the mean age was 50.39±23.59. One hundred and sixteen (43%) of the patients were female and 156 (57%) were male. Of the lesions, 144 (50.3%) were located in the right eye, and 142 (49.7%) were located in the left eye. In our series, the most common lesion was pterygium with a rate of 33.9%, and the second most common conjunctival lesion was nevi with a rate of 19.2%. Nevi were the most common melanocytic lesion with a rate of 93.2%. Melanocytic lesions are the most common lesions in childhood and adolescence, with a significant decrease in incidence with increasing age. Degenerative lesions were seen in all age groups, they were most common over the age of 45 (n:76, %78). In the 46-65 age groups pterygium was the most common lesion among all groups with a rate of 40.2%. Among epithelial neoplastic lesions, benign lesions, premalignant lesions, and malignant lesions were detected with a rate %2.4 %16.4, and %3.5 respectively. Most of the lesions were located in the bulbar conjunctiva (87.4%). This was followed by tarsal (5.2%), caruncle/fornix (4.9%) and limbus (2.4%) locations, respectively. Conclusion: Melanocytic lesions are more common in the first two decades, and degenerative lesions are commonly seen after the 4th decade. In advanced ages (over 65 years), premalignant and malignant lesions are seen at a very high rate. Pterygium is accompanied by CIN with a rate of 7% and all conjunctival lesions should be directed to the pathology laboratory for histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim is to perform clinicopathological analysis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the eye and adnexa diagnosed in a tertiary clinic. The files of the patients who underwent surgery and sent specimens to pathology laboratory at Inönü University Faculty ofMedicine, Department of Ophthalmology betweenMarch 2010 and July 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic, clinical and histopathological data of cases with premalignant and malignant lesions were recorded. A total of 136 patients, 64 (47.1%) female and 72 (52.9%) male, were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 73.6±14.7 (11-101) years. Premalignant lesions were detected in 58 patients (42.6%) and malignant lesions were detected in 78 patients (57.4%). The most common premalignant lesions were conjunctival or corneal intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, while the most common malignant lesions were basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and lymphoma. In our clinic, the most commonly diagnosed premalignant lesion of the eyes and adnexa was conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, and the malignant lesion was basal cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to explore the molecular foundations of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), focusing on the genetic and epigenetic aspects. While current management strategies include surgical excision and medical therapies, the understanding of OSSN's molecular basis remains limited, hindering the development of targeted treatments., Methods: A comprehensive MEDLINE search was conducted for literature published between January 1993 and October 2023. Only studies with original data on molecular, genetic, or epigenetic mechanisms, such as mutations, gene expression, and genetic predispositions were included. Articles were excluded if they focused solely on clinical management without addressing these factors, or if they were reviews, editorials, or opinion pieces., Results: The search yielded a total of 108 articles, out of which 39 articles met the criteria for further analysis. Investigations into OSSN have identified key DNA mutations in the TP53, HGF, EGFR, TERT, and CDKN2A genes, indicating common oncogenic pathways shared with other squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Significant epigenetic changes were identified, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and altered miRNA expression patterns. Epigenetic dysregulation of critical tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, further highlight the complex genetic landscape of OSSN., Conclusion: The molecular alterations identified in OSSN not only enhance our understanding of its biology but also have potential as novel biomarkers for early detection, prognostic evaluation, and as therapeutic targets. The identification of genetic and epigenetic markers in OSSN signifies progress towards personalized medicine approaches. Further studies and collaborative efforts are essential to validate these molecular markers and translate them into clinical practice, potentially revolutionizing OSSN management and improving patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr. Palioura is a consultant for Alcon. The authors declare no other conflict of interest related to this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study investigates the demographic and clinical features of conjunctival tumours. Conjunctival tumours include a large spectrum of conditions ranging from benign lesions to aggressive, life-threatening malignancies. Knowing the distribution of conjunctival tumours by age and gender is important for reducing cancer morbidity. The clinical records of 375 patients (410 eyes) diagnosed with a conjunctival mass at a tertiary referral centre between February 1999 and November 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Two-hundred-seventeen (57.9%) patients were male and 158 (42.1%) were female. Of 410 conjunctival tumours, 159 (38.8%) were benign, 106 (25.9%) premalignant, and 145 (35.4%) malignant. Overall, the 3 most common diagnoses were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 19.5%), conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, 18.3%), and naevus (17.8%). The most common benign, premalignant, and malignant tumours were naevus (n = 73/159, 45.9%), CIN (n = 75/106, 70.8%), and SCC (n = 80/145, 55.2%) respectively. Naevus was the most common tumour in ≤20 years and > 20-40 years old patient groups (56.2% and 25.4% respectively). CIN was the most frequent tumour in patients aged > 40-60 years (25.7%). SCC was the most common tumour in > 60-80 years and > 80 years old patient groups (44.3% and 80.0% respectively). The median patient age was greater in patients with malignant tumours (64.5 years) compared to patients with premalignant (55.5 years, p = 0.011) and benign tumours (22.0 years, p < 0.001). Malignant tumours displayed larger base diameter, greater thickness, and intrinsic vessels compared to premalignant or benign lesions (p < 0.001 for each parameter). Malignant tumours also displayed more amelanotic vs melanotic appearance (p < 0.001) and limbal vs extralimbal bulbar location compared to benign lesions (p < 0.001). Premalignant and malignant tumours comprised 61.2% of all conjunctival tumours and were usually detected in patients > 40 years of age in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ hybridization provides a convenient and reliable method to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Cases of conjunctival papillomas, conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), conjunctival carcinoma in situ (cCIS), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in which low-risk (LR) and/or high-risk (HR) HPV types were evaluated by RNA or DNA in-situ hybridization, were retrospectively identified. LR HPV types were frequently detected in conjunctival papillomas (25/30, 83%), including 17/18 (94%) with RNA probes, compared to 8/12 (75%) with DNA probes. None of the CIN/cCIS or SCC cases were positive for LR HPV by either method. HR HPV was detected by RNA in-situ hybridization in 1/16 (6%) of CIN/cCIS cases and 2/4 (50%) of SCC cases, while DNA in-situ hybridization failed to detect HPV infection in any of the CIN/cCIS lesions. Reactive atypia and dysplasia observed in papillomas was generally associated with the detection of LR HPV types. Collectively, our findings indicate RNA in-situ hybridization may provide a high-sensitivity approach for identifying HPV infection in squamous lesions of the conjunctiva and facilitate the distinction between reactive atypia and true dysplasia. There was no clear association between HPV infection and atopy in papillomas or dysplastic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a patient presenting with the pigmented conjunctival lesion.This study involved a 56-year-old woman that presented with right eye irritation for 1 month. She noticed brownish pigmentation arising from her right nasal conjunctiva and growing slowly over time. Biomicroscopic examination showed a gelatinous pigmented conjunctival mass with feeder vessels. Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) was done and reported as CIN. Treatment was started with 0.02% mitomycin-C eye drops. The conjunctival lesion responded well to medication. This report shows that CIN can manifest as a pigmented tumor, resembling melanoma. CIC plays a role in the diagnosis of this condition. This tumor responded well with 0.02% mitomycin-C eye drops.

Purpose: 1% topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) due to its effectiveness, low cost, and tolerable side effect profile. To our knowledge there is no reported sight-threatening corneal complication of 1% 5-FU for the treatment of OSSN. Observations: We report a 78 year-old man with bilateral conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) who developed bilateral corneoscleral ulceration and corneal perforation of the left eye after 1% 5-FU topical treatment. Conclusions and Importance: Our case report describes serious potential complications of 1% 5-FU, reviews possible risk factors associated with poor outcomes, and discusses our treatment approach.

Management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) has been a matter of debate among ocular oncologists. While surgical excision with tissue biopsy has been the gold standard, topical chemotherapy with agents such as interferon-α2b, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin C, as well as less invasive diagnostic modalities, are becoming increasingly popular. This report provides a comprehensive review of recent data and addresses the key controversies in the management of OSSN. A MEDLINE database search was performed using the keywords 'ocular surface squamous neoplasia,' 'conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia,' 'conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma,' 'corneal intraepithelial neoplasia,' 'CIN,' and 'OSSN.' All resulting articles published in English until December 2020 were then reviewed for pertinent references. Although tissue biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and management of OSSN, the advent of new and sophisticated imaging modalities is likely to change the approach to OSSN diagnosis for the majority of patients, while the use of topical chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents may become the mainstay of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is the most common tumour of the ocular surface. It is a spectrum of disease from intraepithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of topical chemotherapeutic agents to treat this condition, often as primary treatment without full-thickness biopsy. This practical approach provides a critical appraisal of the evidence base with the goal being to aid the clinician in the management of these patients.

Masoomeh Eghtedari,1,2 Vahid Beigi,2 Mehrnoosh Maalhagh,2 Hossein Ashraf21Pathology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 2Ophthalmology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCorrespondence: Masoomeh EghtedariPoostchi Ophthalmic Research Center, Poostchi Street, Shiraz, IranTel +98 713 230 2830Fax +98 713 629 1779Email eghtedarim@sums.ac.irPurpose: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine in the cascade of inflammation and cancer progression. The aim of this study was to identify IL-6 expression in ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in comparison with non-neoplastic conjunctival tissue.Methods: Twenty paraffin-embedded tissue sections of conjunctiva from patients with OSSN including conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in all grades of severity and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were assessed by immunohistochemistry staining for IL-6. Twenty non-neoplastic conjunctival sections from age matched patients were selected as the control group. Tissues with more than one focus of inflammatory cell infiltration were excluded from the study. The mean area of positive staining was recorded and the intensity of staining was scored in both groups and compared by statistical methods.Results: The mean staining area in the dysplasia group was significantly more than non-neoplastic conjunctival tissue (63.5±25.96 and 30±15.98 percent respectively; P-value of

Purpose: To identify morphological parameters aiding clinical differentiation of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (iSCC) and to demonstrate the utility of image processing software to objectively assess ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). Methods: This retrospective case series included all biopsy-proven cases of OSSN presenting as an ocular surface nodule. Based on histopathology, lesions were classified as CIN and iSCC. Clinical image analysis utilized 'Contour' and 'ImageJ' software. The effect of predictors demography, seropositivity, lesion dimensions, keratin, pigmentation, corneal involvement, vascularity and feeder vessels on the final histopathologic grade were assessed. Results: A total of 108 OSSN lesions (74 CIN and 33 iSCC) were included. Mean age was 46.1 ± 17.2 years in CIN and 47.2 ± 13.9 years in iSCC. By univariate logistic regression analysis, significant predictors of iSCC were HIV seropositivity (p < 0.0001), maximum diameter (p = 0.003), perpendicular to maximum diameter (p = 0.003), height (p = 0.003), nodular morphology (p = 0.006) and feeder vessels (p = 0.03), whereas gelatinous morphology (p = 0.02) was predictor of CIN. By multiple logistic regression, seropositivity was the predictor of iSCC (p < 0.0001, OR 13.33 ± 8.35, 95% CI 3.90–45.53). Conclusion: HIV seropositivity is an important predictor of iSCC. Large, thick, nodular lesions with feeder vessels may favor the diagnosis of iSCC, whereas gelatinous, small, flatter lesions without feeder vessels may favor CIN. In a first of its kind study, simple and objective analysis of OSSN with image processing software was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The clinical diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia is challenging, mostly requiring excisional biopsy. Human tumor angiogenesis is characterized by abnormal vessel architecture and transvascular hyperpermeability. This case report describes features of fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in a case of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Observations: Color photography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography were performed in a patient with suspected conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia before excisional biopsy and histologic confirmation of clinical diagnosis. Fluorescein dye showed extensive early extravascular dye leakage within the limits of the lesion. Indocyanine green dye displayed corneal terminal vessel bulbs with early leakage after 70 seconds and showed diffuse intralesional dye leakage after 7 minutes. Conclusions: Increased fluorescein and early indocyanine green dye leakage can be used to confirm active angiogenesis already in early stages of dysplastic ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Late leakage of indocyanine green dye may be due to chronic transvascular hyperpermeability within intrinsic tumor vessels. The leakage behaviour of intravenous dyes has the potential to serve as a diagnostic indicator of active growth in dysplastic ocular surface neoplastic lesions.

Purpose: Report a case of corneal melt in a patient with conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treated with topical interferon (IFN) alpha-2B. Observations: An 89-year-old man presented with gelatinous paralimbal lesions of the left eye extending onto the cornea with corneal neovascularization extending 5–6 clock hours. Nasally there was mild absence of the terminal vascular loops of the limbal palisades of Vogt and conjunctivalization. Diffuse punctate epithelial erosions were noted. The corneal graft displayed subepithelial and stromal edema. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography detected hyperreflectivity, sectional thickened epithelium, and abrupt transitions from normal to abnormal tissue. The patient was treated with excision of the corneal and conjunctival lesions with cryotherapy to the conjunctival borders. Excisional biopsy revealed CIN Grade 3 and carcinoma in situ of the cornea. Topical IFN alpha-2B four times daily was initiated postoperatively. Two months later, a central epithelial defect developed. The cornea progressively thinned and corneal melt ensued. The patient had several risk factors for corneal melt including neurotrophic cornea, early limbal stem cell deficiency, history of cryotherapy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and chronic use of glaucoma medications and steroid medications. Conclusions: Interferon alpha-2B is an effective first line treatment for CIN with few side effects. It's side effects include punctate epithelial erosions, conjunctival hyperemia, and follicular conjunctivitis. We report a case of pre-existing keratoconjunctivitis sicca, early limbal stem cell deficiency, neurotrophic cornea, and newly diagnosed CIN Grade 3; it was treated with surgical excision, cryotherapy, and topical IFN alpha-2b with development of corneal melt 2 months later. Caution should be taken when using interferon alpha -2b in patients with pre-existing keratoconjunctivitis sicca, neurotrophic cornea, or limbal stem cell deficiency as it could exacerbate these conditions resulting in corneal melt.

We report a case of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a patient presenting with the pigmented conjunctival lesion.This study involved a 56-year-old woman that presented with right eye irritation for 1 month. She noticed brownish pigmentation arising from her right nasal conjunctiva and growing slowly over time. Biomicroscopic examination showed a gelatinous pigmented conjunctival mass with feeder vessels. Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) was done and reported as CIN. Treatment was started with 0.02% mitomycin-C eye drops. The conjunctival lesion responded well to medication. This report shows that CIN can manifest as a pigmented tumor, resembling melanoma. CIC plays a role in the diagnosis of this condition. This tumor responded well with 0.02% mitomycin-C eye drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and ProExC expression in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), to differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia, and to access their value as diagnostic and prognostic immunohistochemical markers. Recurrence and progression into SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) were defined as endpoints. Methods: Forty-three specimens including CIN I (2), CIN II (9), CIN III (29), with and without metaplasia, and metaplasia alone (3), as well as 21 conjunctival control specimens, were stained with antibodies against HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and ProExC. The percentage of positively stained cells were calculated and used for further analysis. Results: The mean percentages of HIF-1α and HIF-2α were not increased in CIN. In comparison, the expressions of these markers were even significantly elevated in control specimens (p < 0.001). Upper epithelial cells in CIN were more often ProExC-positive compared with normal conjunctiva or metaplasia (p = 0.06 and p = 0.07). Cox proportional-hazards analysis was performed for characterization of factors influencing the combined endpoint and showed a significant elevated hazard ratio for staining with ProExC (p = 0.04) compared with HIF-1α (p = 0.26) and HIF-2α (p = 0.49). Conclusion: Our study shows that HIF-1α and HIF-2α do not serve as diagnostic or prognostic markers in CIN. ProExC seems to be a potential indicator for CIN, but not a reliable diagnostic marker. However, control specimens occasionally also display a high percentage of ProExC-positive cells and staining over the entire epithelial layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is the most common tumour of the ocular surface. It is a spectrum of disease from intraepithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of topical chemotherapeutic agents to treat this condition, often as primary treatment without full-thickness biopsy. This practical approach provides a critical appraisal of the evidence base with the goal being to aid the clinician in the management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia is a slowly progressive ocular surface lesion with low malignant potential. Owing to the high recurrence rates, cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy is used with surgical treatment. In this paper, we report the histopathologic findings and treatment of a case of intraepithelial neoplasia that began in the conjunctiva and progressed to the cornea. A 75-year-old woman presented with complaints of redness, irritation and lacrimation in her left eye for around 1 month. Slitlamp examination revealed a papilliform mass on the nasal conjunctiva along with involvement of the adjacent corneal epithelium. Conjunctival excisional biopsy showed a moderate epithelial dysplasia. Topical 0.04% mitomycin C was administered 4 times daily for 3 weeks. No recurrence was observed in the following 18 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes the dysplastic lesions involving the epithelium of conjunctiva and cornea with various clinical pictures. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue is the benchmark for diagnosis. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy are the various treatment modalities which in combination shows promising result. We present here a case of 83 years old female patient with history of fleshy mass covering the cornea and the patient was diagnosed clinically as ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Patient underwent surgical excision of the mass followed by cryotherapy. Histopathological examination revealed conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3. Six months after treatment the patient is completely tumor free with no recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: This study documents a survey of final-year ophthalmology postgraduate students on the subject of their residency training. A similar survey conducted 7 years ago published in IJO had concluded that the residency program was not up to expectations in many centers. Our study aimed to see if ophthalmology training and student perceptions differed since then. Materials and Methods: For our study, we added a few questions to the same questionnaire used in the article "which is the best method to learn ophthalmology? Resident doctors′ perspective of ophthalmology training" published in IJO, Vol. 56 (5). Results: Forty-nine students (62.02%) returned completed forms. Most students desired an orientation program on entering residency, and wished to undergo diagnostic training initially. Case-presentation with demonstration and Wet-lab learning were most preferred. There was a big difference between the number of surgeries students actually performed and the number they felt would have been ideal. Conclusion: On the whole, the students still felt the need for improved training across all aspects of ophthalmology.

We report a case of 18-year-old male who has undergone phacoemulsification with implantation of toric IOL (AcrySof IQ SN6AT9) after fixation of lens capsule with Cionni′s capsular tension ring (CTR) for subluxated traumatic cataract with high astigmatism after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). He underwent right eye DALK for advanced keratoconus four years earlier. He had history of trauma one year later with displaced clear crystalline lens into anterior chamber and graft dehiscence, which was repaired successfully. The graft survived, but patient developed cataract with subluxated lens, for which phacoemulsification with implantation of toric IOL was done. Serial topography showed regular corneal astigmatism of -5.50 diopter (K 1 42.75 D @130°, K 2 48.25 D @40°). At 10-month follow-up, the patient has BCVA 20/30 with + 0.75 DS/- 1.75 DC @ 110°. The capsular bag is quite stable with well-centered IOL. Combination of Cionni′s ring with toric IOL could be a good option to manage such complex cases.

Purpose: To report the results of topical interferon alpha-2b (IFNα2b) for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with 360° limbal involvement. Methods: In a prospective observational study, five patients with biopsy proven primary or recurrent OSSN with 360° limbal involvement received topical IFNα2b (3 million IU/ml, 4 times daily) and were followed from 8 to 12 months. Outcome measures included resolution of the lesion, relief of symptoms, systemic and ocular side effects, and recurrence rate. Results: Five patients including 4 primary OSSNs and one recurrent OSSN received topical interferon alpha-2b. The mean age was 60.2 (range: 52-73) years and mean follow up duration was 10.2 months. Clinical resolution of the tumor occurred in all cases 2 months after initiation of treatment and no patient developed ocular or systemic complications. No recurrence of OSSN developed during the follow up period. Conclusion: Topical recombinant IFNα2b appears to be an effective alternative treatment for OSSN with 360° limbal involvement. This approach precludes the high risk of limbal stem cell deficiency which results from surgical excision or topical chemotherapeutic agents.

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The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of hedgehog signaling pathway in the carcinogenesis of eyelid skin and conjunctival epithelial malignant tumors. The study was conducted on specimens from 41 patients with cutaneous eyelid basal cell carcinoma, 22 with bulbar conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, 12 with bulbar conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Major molecules of Hedgehog signaling pathway (Sonic Hedgehog [Shh] and Patched-1 [Ptch-1] and Glioma-associated oncogene [Gli-1]) were evaluated in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens using immunohistochemical staining. For each specimen, the percentage (<10%, 10-50%, >50%) and the intensity of the immunohistochemical staining (graded from 0 to 3) were calculated and the scores obtained by multiplication of two values were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. Shh and Ptch-1 expression levels were statistically significantly lower in the basal cell carcinoma group compared with the squamous cell carcinoma group (P=0.043 for Shh; P=0.030 for Ptch-1). In the conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma group, the Ptch-1 score was 0 in ∼25% of specimens and the Gli-1 score was ≤2 in ∼45% of cases. In the conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia group, the Ptch-1 score was ≥2 in 66% of specimens, the Gli-1 score was ≤2 in ∼92% of cases. Ptch-1 mutations contribute to the development of cutaneous eyelid basal cell carcinoma. The present study provides evidence that alterations in hedgehog signaling pathways may lead to transformation of the conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficacy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in a subset of Indian myopic population. Retrospectively reviewed 43 patients who underwent phacoemulsification with high axial length (AL) (>24.5 mm, range 24.75-32.35 mm). The power of the implanted intraocular lens (IOL) was used to calculate the predicted post-operative refractive error by four formulas: Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff (SRK II), SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Hoffer Q. The predictive accuracy of the formulas was analyzed by comparing the difference between the "actual" and "predicted" postoperative refractive errors. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were done to have pair-wise comparisons between the formulas and P < 0.05 was considered significant. A subcategory of axial length 24.5-26.5 mm was also tested. Holladay 1, Hoffer Q and SRK/T formulas showed a slight tendency toward resultant hyperopia, with mean error of +0.24 diopters (D), +0.58 D, and +0.92 D, respectively. The Holladay 1 formula provided the best predictive result overall.

Thelaziasis is an Arthropod-born disease of the eye and adnexa caused by Thelazia callipaeda, a nematode parasite transmitted by drosophilid flies to carnivores and humans. Because of its distribution mainly confined to South Asian countries and Russia, it is commonly known as Oriental Eye worm. It is often under-reported and not been given its due clinical importance. We report first case of human Thelaziasis from Hassan District, Karnataka. Five creamy-white, translucent worms were removed from the conjunctival sac of a 74-year-old male patient. Based on morphological characters, the worms were identified as nematodes belonging to the genus Thelazia and speciation was confirmed by CDC, Atlanta as callipaeda. Rarity of the disease and its ability to cause both extra and intraocular manifestations leading to ocular morbidity is the reason for presenting this case. From the available data, this is the first case report from Karnataka, India.

We report a rare case of retained sub-retinal cortical material, which underwent spontaneous resorption. Patient presented with a left eye traumatic retinal detachment with a large retinal tear and posteriorly dislocated cataractous lens. Vitrectomy, lensectomy, silicone oil injection, and endolaser were performed. A good visual result was achieved. The report draws attention to this condition and highlights possible technique for minimizing risk of this complication in similar cases.

A 68-year-old man presented with redness of left eye since six months. Examination revealed bilateral corneal furrow degeneration. Left eye lesion was suggestive of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, encroaching on to cornea. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) confirmed peripheral corneal thinning. Fluorescein angiography confirmed intrinsic vascularity of lesion. Patient was managed with "no touch" surgical excision, dry keratectomy without alcohol, cryotherapy, and primary closure. Pathologic examination of removed tissue confirmed clinical diagnosis. Management of this particular case required modification of standard treatment protocol. Unlike the alcohol-assisted technique of tumor dissection described, ethyl alcohol was not used for risk of corneal perforation due to underlying peripheral corneal thinning. Likewise, topical steroids were withheld in the post-operative period. Three weeks post-operatively, left eye was healing well. Hence, per-operative usage of absolute alcohol and post-operative use of topical steroids may be best avoided in such eyes.

Orbital cellulitis is a serious, yet uncommon infection in neonates. It can result in significant sight and life threatening complications. Most commonly, it occurs secondarily as the result of a spread of infection from the sinuses. Orbital cellulitis, secondary to dental infection is rare. We hereby report a case of orbital cellulitis secondary to dental infection in a 15-day-old neonate without any systemic features.

Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are incidental ophthalmologic finding in the optic nerve. Patients with ONHD are often asymptomatic, but sometimes present with transient visual obscuration′s (TVO), the reported incidence of which is 8.6%. Optic nerve head drusen are of two types: Superficial; visible and deep. The deep-buried drusen mimic papilledema. Because of the varied presentation deep-buried drusen pose a diagnostic challenge to the ophthalmologists. In young patients, they are mistaken for papilledema as it is clinically difficult to detect a buried drusen in the optic nerve head, but are seen on the surface with aging as the retinal nerve fiber layer thins out. They are observed as pale yellow lesions more often located towards the poles. Clinical examination aided with diagnostic tests like computed tomography (CT) orbits and ultrasound B scan can help establish the diagnosis. Herein, we report a rare case of optic nerve head drusen in a young lady, who presented with loss of vision and clinical evaluation and investigations suggested ONHD with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of recurrences, time to recurrence, and which patients had a recurrence after treatment of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), carcinoma in situ, and primary acquired melanosis (PAM) with atypia., Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients included in the follow-up program after completion of treatment for CIN or PAM with atypia on October 18, 2021, at the Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, was conducted., Results: There were five recurrences (5/31, 17%) in the group with CIN or carcinoma in situ: two for patients with CIN grade II and three for individuals with carcinoma in situ. Time to diagnosis of recurrence ranged from 6 to 288 months. No recurrence was diagnosed for the 26 patients followed after treatment for PAM with atypia., Conclusion: With the strategy of radical treatment for CIN and PAM with atypia, whenever possible, subsequent follow-up can probably be ceased after 10 years if the patient is not immunocompromised. For completely excised PAM with atypia grade I, there is most likely no need for further clinical controls., Competing Interests: The author has had a minor commission for SantenPharma AB., (Copyright © 2022 by The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the co-existence of ophthalmic pterygium with other ocular surface lesions in a cohort of patients from the Cretan population. This is a retrospective evaluation of all pterygia in patients examined and treated at the Department of Ophthalmology of the University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece during an 8-year period (from June 2006 to June 2014). A total of 158 cases was examined. Ocular surface images and medical history were evaluated in order to detect concomitant ocular surface pathological conditions. Concomitant lesions included conjunctival nevi (5 cases, 3.16%), iris nevi (4 cases, 2.53%), conjunctival papillomas (8 cases, 5.06%), conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; 4 cases, 2.53%) and 6 cases of hypertophy of the plica semilunaris (3.79%). Of note, pterygium was overlying the iris which was occupied by the iris nevus in 2 out of the 4 cases of iris nevus. Overall, our data indicate that ophthalmic pterygium may often co-exist with other clinically significant ocular surface lesions. The association of ophthalmic pterygium with conjunctival papillomas or CIN stresses the potential involvement of human papilloma virus in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic pterygium, whereas the topographical association of pterygium with iris nevus may offer support to the transcameral light pathway pathogenetic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]