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This paper investigates the impact of homeowners' condominium self-governance on neighbourhood governance in urban China. The self-governance campaign, which advocates for the direct employment of property management personnel, signifies condominium owners' endeavours to reassert control over their private living space against the intervention of the state and the exploitation of property management agents. Whilst self-governance is practised within specific walled neighbourhoods, homeowners' efforts to amplify the influence of this campaign have brought it beyond the mere selection of a property management model. Employing the strategic action field approach, this paper identifies the key actors and specific forces that shape China's condominium and neighbourhood governance. It also explores the potential political risks associated with the self-governance campaign and how it changes the power dynamics within the neighbourhood governance structure. The research findings not only illustrate the versatility of the strategic action field approach in analysing the various aspects of condominiums and private neighbourhood governance in urban China but also extend current understanding of the interplay among homeowners' organisations, market agents and state actors and reveal relevant implications for neighbourhood governance in urban China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the various ways developers have created and exploited the high demand for condominium living, there is little empirical research identifying and analyzing the growing influence of condominium developers over condominium governance and living as a means to increase profit margins. Drawing from survey and interviews with condominium owners, board members, and industry representatives in Ontario and New York state, this paper explores how developers maintain control and influence in condominium affairs long after construction is completed. Our research reveals that developers may desire this influence to extract further value from development and sway major governance decisions in their favor, depriving owners and other residents of the right to shape their collective living arrangements. Examining regulatory environments in Ontario and New York, we suggest there are few regulations that adequately deal with developer influence. We conclude by arguing that developer influence undermines prospects for democratic, collective governance that is essential to the sustainability of condominium tenure and to the success and livability of urban regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid urbanization of Metro Manila led to a surge in condominium construction projects, which, despite offering efficient housing solutions, faced significant challenges due to dense urban environment, susceptibility to natural disasters & the health and safety issues related to accidents, losses, injuries, damages, and/or delays arising during the execution of a project which may adversely affect its success. This study explored the efficacy of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in assessing and prioritizing risks specific to Metro Manila's condominium construction projects, addressing a critical gap in current risk assessment methodologies. The study engaged mixed methods, integrating Meta-Analysis, Experts Consultation, and AHP, to identify and prioritize Risk Factors (RFs) in condominium construction projects. A systematic review through meta-analysis revealed nine critical RFs, including Technical/Design, Financial/Economic, Environmental, Regulatory/Legal, Socio-Political, Logistics/Supply Chain, Management/Supervision, Quality, and Health and Safety Risks. Inputs from experts from a diverse group of qualified professionals had been pooled to validate these findings. Through AHP analysis, risks specific to Metro Manila's condominium construction projects were revealed, with Health and Safety Risk (19.52%), Quality Risk (15.97%) and Management/Supervision Risk (15.77%) as the major concerns. An internal consistency of 0.71% attested to the reliability testing of the results. Given the complexity of condominium construction projects, this study responds to an important demand: a more systemic understanding of risk factors. Moreover, this study is relevant to further enhance and improve sustainability in condominium projects as well as performance of the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Upon the Mahdiyya era having been closed in 1899, a new period in Sudan called Condominium, designating the joint administration of England and Egypt, was entered in Sudan. This period, witnessing the struggle of both parties for influence evolved to a political state where British authorities were effectual. However, this ceaseless struggle for influence between the two countries carried on until the self-determination process of Sudan. Moreover, the contribution made by this contest to the self-determination process of Sudan is well-credited. The Anglo-Egyptian tussle could not avert the submission of the new generation in Sudan to independence in the years to follow. Just like in the whole World, the demand for independence in Sudan has been called out since 1940s. As a response to the irrepressible demand for independence, England gradually initiated the process which would lead to Sudan’s autonomy, and ultimately its independence. Sudan gaining an autonomous status in 1953 caused political parties to increase their efficacy. This process also facilitated an electoral system in Sudan based on self-governance for the first time. As a result of the general elections held towards the end of 1953, Ismail al-Azhari became the first Prime Minister of Sudan having won the elections. A short while later, the British and Egyptian bureaucrats serving in Sudan began to be replaced by the Sudanese. Upon constitutional regulations, total independence of Sudan was enacted by the Sudanese Parliament on 1 January 1956. Thus, the Sudanese owned an independent country the future of which they would determine like the countries in the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addresses the problem of diverse housing conditions experienced by seniors in Poland and equipping their apartments with installations improving the quality of life for people with reduced mobility, taking into account various forms of residential premises ownership: a condominium, a cooperative apartment and a council flat. The study aimed at providing answers to a number of questions, including: what is the readiness to change an apartment into a council flat adapted to the needs of people with mobility limitations, taking into account the current ownership status of the apartment (condominium, cooperative member’s ownership right to residential premises, the right to rent a flat from the council-owned housing resources).

Kat Mülkiyetinin yönetiminde en önemli kaynak yönetim planıdır. Yönetim planının hukuki niteliği sözleşme olup tüm kat malikleri ile haleflerini bağlar. Yönetim planının tek malik tarafından veya yüklenici tarafından hazırlanması uygulamada sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yönetim planı ile diğer kat maliklerinin yönetime katılma haklarının kısıtlanması hususu üzerinde durulacak ve çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Glasnik Slovenskega Etnološkega Društva is the property of Slovene Ethnological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper attempts to reveal the outcomes of the empirical research investigating how the physical environments of the residential high-rises, known as condominiums, including the urban and community contexts, impact mental wellbeing of the dwellers since the emergence of condominiums in Bangkok's real estate market has continued to proliferate. The principal objectives of the research are to determine the assumption that the high-density urban environment and unique structure of condominiums are the significant determinants affecting occupants' mental status. Based on the quantitative research approach, the twostage stratified sampling technique and a cross-sectional survey were performed to engage 1,206 participants from eighteen high-rise condominiums in Bangkok. The interdisciplinary research instruments applied in this study are a Physical-Environmental (PE) Assessment for evaluating the physical environment and surroundings of the condominiums and a Personal and Psychological (PP) Questionnaire for collecting respondents' attributes and their psychological status quo: safety concerns, privacy satisfaction, and a sense of community at the time of their dwelling in condominiums. At the analytical stage, three inferential statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, independent sample t-test, and one-way analysis of variance, were applied at the p-value = 0.05. The results endorsed three urban factors: geographical zoning, land use zoning, and density of population as significant dominants of safety concerns, including the sense of community of condominiums' dwellers, whereas community and architectural factors appeared to have distinctive effects on all three psychological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ASBU Law Journal is the property of Social Sciences University of Ankara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of an ever growing interest upon environmental protection issue, the study comprises an analyze of the organization and the effectiveness of the public sanitation services both at a union and a national level, starting from the premises of the two dedicated principles: the priority of selective waste collection and the principle „Pay-as-you-throw“, a practical application of a more general „the polluter pays“ principle. Both of these are going to be analyzed from a double perspective: the EU Law (Directive 2008/98/EC) and EU recommendations, on one side, the national law (Law no. 51/2006 of community services of public utilities, GEO no. 92/2021 regarding the waste regime, Law no. 101/2006 of the public sanitation services, Framework Regulation of the public sanitation services etc.), on the other. As this study will show, EU and national law are abundant in regulations determining and detailing these two principles: thus, the theory seems to be clear. These principles are no longer that clear when it comes to their concrete application, due to the lack of detailed rules. The selective waste collection remains, in fact, a simple wish, mostly because the users of the public sanitation service have not received previous proper instruction in this regard, as there are no concrete rules related to how to classify a waste into one of the paper/plastic and metal/glass/biodegradable categories. But also „The polluter pays“ principle is rather an illusion than a reality; even though national laws force its implementation, there are plenty of hurdles in applying it: the inadequate use of the available instruments that determines the waste produced by each individual, or to the difficulties related to condominiums. The article focuses on the analysis of all of these acute issues, taking into account two factual examples -- waste management in the Metropolitan Area of Cluj and Bucharest, -- proposing solutions attempting to ease the implementation of these two key principles concerning public sanitation services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In accordance with the principle of legal unity of immovable property, immovable property consists of parcels of land and everything permanently connected to it, whether on the surface or underground. The reform of the system of real property law in the Republic of Srpska established the legal unity of immovable property between land, building, and separate parts of immovable property, making the owners of separate parts of immovable property (co)owners of the entire immovable property (land and building). Immovable property, which is identified with land, is the object of property rights and the object of a mortgage. In accordance with the principle of extensiveness, a mortgage exists with respect to immovable property as a whole, which means that a mortgage constituted on a land also covers the building as well as the separate part of the immovable property (apartment, business space, garage, etc.). Acquisition of property rights and acquisition of a mortgage on immovable property as a whole is possible on the basis of the principle of reliance, which takes precedence over the principle of Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet. When it comes to buildings and separate parts of immovable property under construction, the application of the principle of mortgage extensiveness or the principle of reliance depends on the moment the property rights or a mortgage are acquired. The principle of mortgage extensiveness takes precedence if the owner of the land managed to register the mortgage before the sale of the building or separate part under construction, and vice versa, the principle of reliance takes precedence if a conscientious buyer of an apartment in a building under construction managed to register ownership before the mortgage was constituted on the land.

The mismatch between the fast-growing urban population and limited urban infrastructure has become a challenge in many emerging cities. The lack of affordable housing leads to burgeoning informal settlements and Manohara informal settlement in Kathmandu is not an exception. This study aims to investigate the current situation in Manohara informal settlement and examine the feasibility of floor area ratio (FAR) incentive in providing affordable housing. A household survey in Manohara informal settlement and simulation analyses of FAR incentive found the followings. Firstly, given the limited budget and little control over the land of Kathmandu by the government, a planning tool focusing on development gain is a suitable option for housing provision for low-income households. Secondly, FAR incentive simulation of land size of 50,000 sq. ft. in Kathmandu shows that 50%p incentive allowance can add 33–93% extra profit to the developers in a housing project, which can be secured for affordable housing for public interest.

In Australia, as in many other countries, private high-density housing is typically marketed as the domain of middle- and higher-income residents. But, in practice, it accommodates many lower-income households. These households often live in mixed-income communities alongside wealthier neighbours, but, because of constrained budgets, they rely more heavily on access to community services and facilities. This has implications for public infrastructure planning in high-density neighbourhoods where private property ownership dominates. In this article, we examine two neighbourhood case studies within the same local government area in Sydney that have sizable populations of lower-income households living in apartments, but which provide markedly different day-to-day experiences for residents. We consider the causes of these varying outcomes and implications for neighbourhood-scale planning and development. The article argues that coordinated and collaborative planning processes are key to ensuring that the needs of lower-income households are met in privately developed apartment neighbourhoods.

Successful implementation of Housing First requires a good supply of affordable housing. Since 2002, the Canadian Mental Health Association, Ottawa Branch, has purchased 40 condominium units in regular buildings scattered across Ottawa, Canada, to rent to their clients with severe mental illnesses who have a history of homelessness. Seeking to share their experience of this approach that creates affordable housing for Housing First tenants, researchers conducted a case study of the program, documenting its implementation and client outcomes. Thirteen tenants and 24 key informants (staff, management, board members, property managers, and funders) participated. Tenants reported housing stability, improved mental and physical health, decreased substance use, and community integration. Key informants echoed these positive outcomes. Participants also identified program challenges, including aging clients, loneliness, experiences of exclusion, and a vulnerability to home takeovers. At the program-level, challenges included unanticipated program costs, heavy case manager workloads, managing repairs, some eviction cases, and the high prices of condos in central, accessible areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of multi-family residential buildings to provide affordable housing solutions has led to the need to find ways to manage the common areas and other communal facilities in these collective housing developments. Residents who are accustomed to single-family housing often find it difficult to adapt to a more communal way of life. This article describes a case study aimed at evaluating the condominium management and its satisfaction components in a multi-family housing complex built in the Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to accommodate families relocated from favelas. The study involved applying questionnaires to residents and condominium managers (síndicos), and conducting a series of interviews with community leaders and professionals from public agencies and the condominium management sector, as well as field visits. Multivariate analysis and measurement uncertainty were used to assess the relationship between variables. The study confirmed that the question of buildings maintenance plays a major role in condominium issues since, as well as putting whole complexes and residents at risk, maintenance involves engineering and administrative aspects likely to generate future costs if not appropriately carried out. Although the case study focuses on a project acclaimed by government agencies and some experts as a good example of affordable social housing, we found that the development has drawbacks similar to those found in the literature, such as interpersonal relationship difficulties, problems of cultural and financial adaptation to the condominium model, maintainability issues, and the occurrence of construction defects, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study, we referred to a large and growing body of literature on voter turnout and voting habits. A careful examination of the voting issue in the context of housing prompted us to assume that a simple division into two groups of voting habits, namely voting and non-voting, may not be sufficient to explore complex relations during the voting process in condominiums. Thus the study addresses the question of whether we can identify more than two homogenous clusters of condominium co-owners, taking into consideration their voting habits.

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zagreb Law Review is the property of University of Zagreb Law School / Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mismatch between the fast-growing urban population and limited urban infrastructure has become a challenge in many emerging cities. The lack of affordable housing leads to burgeoning informal settlements and Manohara informal settlement in Kathmandu is not an exception. This study aims to investigate the current situation in Manohara informal settlement and examine the feasibility of floor area ratio (FAR) incentive in providing affordable housing. A household survey in Manohara informal settlement and simulation analyses of FAR incentive found the followings. Firstly, given the limited budget and little control over the land of Kathmandu by the government, a planning tool focusing on development gain is a suitable option for housing provision for low-income households. Secondly, FAR incentive simulation of land size of 50,000 sq. ft. in Kathmandu shows that 50%p incentive allowance can add 33–93% extra profit to the developers in a housing project, which can be secured for affordable housing for public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia today faces a contemporary urban problem of housing as a result of rapid population growth. The government designed the condominium housing program to afford houses for the residents, which requires the provision of infrastructure and faculties in the new developed areas. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate condominium housing institutional problems, actors, and roles in reducing urban problems. The researcher used mixed research approaches. The data was collected through key informant interviews, observation, satellite and aerial photo-image, and document reviews. As the data shows, local governments, municipalities, planning offices, small and micro enterprises, banks, contractors, and service providers participated in the condominium construction. However, there were poor administrations follow-up and resulted on the quality of the houses. The condominium can manage land; enhance housing supply, minimize service provision costs and expenses for compensation, reduce the number of expropriated farmers, minimize horizontal city expansion; and enhance relative housing affordability compared with plot-based houses.

Abstract The South Cina Sea area is of strategic value because it is a commercially important shipping lane and is rich in resources. Therefore, this marine area becomes an arena for contesting the influence of existing countries regarding common resources. Disputes and conflicts that occur also affect the condition of fishery and the regional environment’s ecosystem so a joint effort is needed that can bridge various aspects of interest. This article discusses the concept of condominiums for optimizing fishery resources in this marine area through normative legal research using legal instruments, conceptual, and case approaches. The results showed that condominiums can 1) fulfill food security and economic development, 2) manage fishery resources and protect the marine environment, and 3) mitigate conflicts and fishing disputes. Abstrak Kawasan Laut Cina Selatan bernilai strategis tidak hanya sebagai jalur pelayaran komersil, namun juga karena kandungan sumber daya yang ada. Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan kawasan laut ini menjadi ajang kontestasi pengaruh negara-negara yang ada di sekitar kawasan. Perselisihan dan konflik seringkali terjadi sehingga mempengaruhi kondisi lingkungan kawasan dan sumber daya perikanan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu upaya bersama yang dapat menjembatani berbagai aspek dan kepentingan. Artikel ini membahas tentang konsep Kondominium bagi optimalisasi sumber daya perikanan di kawasan ini melalui penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan instrumen hukum, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kondominium dapat 1) memenuhi ketahanan pangan dan pembangunan ekonomi, 2) menjadi sarana pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan dan melindungi lingkungan laut, dan 3) menjadi sarana mitigasi konflik dan perselisihan penangkapan ikan.

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After major population decline in the 1970s, Japan's urban centres experienced population recoveries as a consequence of urban centre revival (UCR). This research explored the transitions undergone by condominiums because of UCR since the 1990s in Nishi Ward, one of the six central wards in the city of Osaka, Japan. Osaka is representative of Japan's other major urban centres, and its urban regeneration policies were considered a major factor affecting the UCR, which resulted in an increase in the number of urban centre condominiums. The main hypothesis was that the location of condominiums is gradually changing to areas with high accessibility to public transportation that are undergoing UCR. Analysis was made of 460 condominium buildings across the Waterfront, Central, and West areas of Nishi Ward from the 1970s to the 2010s. Gaps in the supply of condominiums and significant differences among the condominiums in the three areas were observed. Ultimately, the influence of local urban regeneration policy on the condominiums in Nishi Ward was found to be limited. Usefully, too, the work has wider significance for scholars wanting to understand intensive urban development. Analyses revealed that, although Nishi Ward has relatively poor railway transportation, the average distance from condominium buildings to the nearest railway station is equal to 500 m. This still attracts residents who prefer a short commute to the central city over a longer one from Osaka's outer‐ring communities. New condominium buildings in the ward have also become taller (over 20 floors) with more dwelling units since urban centre revival and particularly since the 2000s. The work has wider significance for scholars wanting to understand intensive urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that maritime activities were not very warmly considered during the reign of the Rashīdūn Caliphate (11-40/632-661), the concerns the al-Shām [Syrian] governor Muʻāwiya b. Abī Sufyān (d. 60/680) had about the dangers that could come from the seas became a reality that every Muslim could feel with the landing of the Byzantine Empire in Alexandria in 25 AH (645). Muʻāwiya made a good assessment of the new situation and asked Caliph ʻUthmān b. ʻĀffān (23-35/644-656) for permission to organize an operation to Cyprus, despite his previous requests for an expedition to carry out djihādi [jihad] activities in the seas having been repeatedly rejected. Muʻāwiya did receive permission to go on an expedition, provided that he complied with the conditions set by the caliph and organized a landing in Cyprus with a fleet of 1,700 ships under his command in 28 AH (648-649 AD), achieving a great victory and large amounts of plunder. However, once the terms of the treaty were abandoned, a second expedition was made to the island of Cyprus with 500 ships in 33 AH (653-654 AD). At the end of this operation, a military unit consisting of 12,000 people was placed on the island. With the two victories of the Muslim Arabs during this time, a new era began in the Mediterranean and condominium [joint administration] was established in Cyprus until the Byzantine Empire seized the island in 353 AH (965 AD). The present study chronologically examines and evaluates in the light of the information from Islamic and Christian sources the preparations for the Cyprus landings under Caliph ʻUthmān’s reign and during the Umayyad (41-132/661-750) and ʻAbbāsid (132-656/750-1258) Caliphates, the outcomes of these military campaigns, and the dual administration of the island with the Byzantine Empire until 353 AH (965), as well as both sides’ struggle for dominion over Cyprus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a new wave of mixed development where luxury hotels come with condominium units, though this type of diversification has gained scant attention. Prior hospitality literature on diversification strategies has mostly taken the firm-level approach and documented its impact on performance from various angles such as brand diversification, segment diversification, and geographic diversification, therefore leaving a void. In this work, we use the multilevel mixed effect model to examine 15,340 property-level data points from 2010 to 2019 for U.S. luxury hotels with and without condominium units. Our objective is to compare, at a property level, the performances of luxury hotels with condominium units with the performances of those not having condominium units and to determine whether the difference varies by hotel location. Our findings suggest that the Average Daily Rate (ADR), Revenue per Available Room (RevPAR), and Total Revenue per Available Rooms (TRevPAR) of luxury hotels with condominium units were significantly higher than those of hotels without condominium units. Significant moderating effect of location was found for Occupancy, ADR, Food and Beverage Revenue per Available Rooms (F&B RevPAR), and TRevPAR while no such effect was found for RevPAR and GOPPAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In our previous report (Nihei et al. [2015] J Architect Plann (Transactions of AIJ), 80, 2429–2437), we created a list of building elements and net quantities of the dwelling unit design to investigate the condominium design that takes the thermal environment into consideration. In this report, we added “Cooling Load,” “Heat Loss Amount,” “Solar Heat Gain Amount in Cool Period,” and “Eaves Depth/Opening Height” to the study. First, we demonstrated the validity of the design criteria related to insulation. Next, we clarified the possibility of reducing the cooling load according to the dwelling unit design, excluding external conditions.

This study investigated the determinants of homeownership among the residents of the condominium housing sites of Ambo town, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. It employed a descriptive research design, mainly using cross-sectional and correlational studies. A total sample of 230 respondents were selected through a random sampling method. The logistic regression model output showed that homeownership was determined by respondents’ gender, age, monthly income, saving practice, loan and credit services, marital status, and household size, while education level, occupation type, and land produced insignificant results. The chi-squared test and independent samples t test results also revealed significant associations and differences among and between different variables. The absence of land, lack of capital, bureaucratic system of land provision, limited loan and credit services, and high interest rates were also mentioned as determinant factors of homeownership. Moreover, mean values were computed to determine the adequacy and accessibility of basic amenities between the two sites. Therefore, the study recommends that the government should reformulate a profound housing policy that would improve the efficiency of the housing provision system and reduce the cost of homeownership.

Although the absolute sovereignty of Great Britain over Sudan started with the 1899 Treaty, the struggle for influence over Sudan dates back to the 1881 Mahdi discourse of Muhammad Ahmed. The implementation of the British policies on Sudan began with the occupation of Egypt in 1882. The United Kingdom’s then southward expansion policy across Egypt became possible after nearly 20 years of conflict against the Mahdi of Sudan, Mohammed Ahmed. After the withdrawal of the Anglo-Egyptian military force (with great losses), the UK attempted its the second invasion during the Dongola Campaign of March 1896. The Anglo-Egyptian military carried out their assault against the Caliph Abdullah (the successor of Muhammad Ahmed). In January 1899, this resulted in official birth of Sudan with the Condominium Agreement. This treaty was signed between Britain, Egypt, and Sudan on January 19, 1899, and it handed over the sovereignty of Sudan to the joint administration of Britain and Egypt. The treaty consisted of 12 articles, some of which caused heated discussions between the British and Egyptian administration in the following years. Although Lord Cromer (the British Ambassador to Cairo) helped draw up these articles, the British Government itself drew up the vast majority of the treaty. This study will examine the transition process to the Condominium, the unique administration of that period, and the Treaty of 1899. In doing so, we will be better able to understand the what British-Sudan – in 20th century – was like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social inequalities and the increasing growth in crime rates point out a social catastrophe that needs to be faced by the State. In this perspective, the present article aims to discuss crime as a social pathology driven by inequalities. It also intends to debate the adequacy and effectiveness of the treatment provided in the imprisonment, considering the logic of condominiums and incarcerations. This study uses the hypothetical-deductive method. The investigation suggests a three-dimensional look: firstly, it sets out a panorama about the social pathologies; secondly, it examines whether social inequality can be considered a social pathology, which results in crime; and finally, it makes an analogy between prisons and private condominiums, considering the segregation misconception as a proposal for healing the illnesses of our times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Multi-unit developments have been a feature of Australian cities for decades, particularly Sydney. As these buildings age, commercial and planning drivers promote redevelopment, but renewing private multi-unit housing poses significant and unique problems, as this housing is typically under multiple ownership (e.g., strata title). Jurisdictions worldwide have responded by changing laws to allow redevelopment with less-than-unanimous consent of all unit owners, meaning a majority of owners can vote their neighbours out of their homes against their will. In New South Wales, legislation introduced in 2015 enabled the redevelopment of strata titled property with the consent of 75% of owners. Research conducted at the time highlighted a range of risks, especially for vulnerable groups like lower-income and elderly residents. With the legislation now due for a statutory 5-year review, it is timely to revisit the research findings and examine subsequent developments, to identify key issues for policymakers when assessing the impact of the law's first five years. These issues should be of interest not only in NSW, but in all three Australian jurisdictions with less-than-unanimous renewal laws, as well as many international cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While North American suburbs remain largely dispersed and auto-dependent, they are also increasingly heterogeneous. Although some suburbs have long been punctuated with high-rise developments, for instance rental apartments in the Canadian context, there are now a growing number of new high-rise condominium developments in suburban settings in both the US and Canada. While much is known about downtown high-rise condominium developments, there has of yet been little to no analysis of this trend in the suburbs. We offer such an analysis using Statistics Canada census data from 2016 in the Toronto metropolitan area. We focus on commuting patterns as an indicator of auto-dependence to test whether suburbs with larger shares of new high-rise condominium apartments (high-rise condo clusters) exhibit lower shares of auto commuting. The focus on auto-dependence is important because development and land use plans commonly use environmental concerns arising from heavy automobile use as a rationale for high-rise development. Our findings suggest that in Toronto suburban high-rise condo clusters offer a less auto-intensive way of living in the suburbs than traditionally has been the case in the suburban ownership market. However, this seems to be limited to particular demographic groups, such as smaller households; and suburban high-rise condos are not an evident sign of a broader transition toward suburban sustainability among the population as a whole in the Toronto case. The potential for transitions toward suburban sustainability could be enhanced with greater investments in transit infrastructure and building higher density mid-rise and ground-oriented dwellings that accommodate larger households still commonly found in low-density, auto-dependent suburbs.

The situation of co-ownership or condominium is given when the property of an object corresponds to a plurality of subjects. There is a quasicontract of community when the property of a thing or a right belongs undivided to several people and become commoners. It is because of this emerging situation that the problems arise when one of the co-owners no longer wants to continue to be a shareholder of a good and it is up to the judge to make the division of the common thing without any of the parties feeling affected or harmed.