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Aim: This study aimed to analyse the effects of servant leadership on nurses' emotional failure and compliance with standard precautions and to explore the moderating effect of individual resilience. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: This descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted from October 9 to November 1, 2022. The convenience sampling method was used to collect questionnaire data from 924 clinical nurses in a third‐class general hospital in Chongqing, China. Results: The emotional exhaustion and compliance with standard precautions were at the general level. Servant leadership mediated by emotional exhaustion had a significant positive predictive effect on compliance with standard precautions. Personal resilience played a negative moderating role in the relationship between servant leadership and emotional exhaustion. For nurses with low resilience, servant leadership had a greater impact on emotional exhaustion. Conclusion: The current compliance with standard precautions for clinical nurses is not high due to emotional exhaustion. The level of servant leadership can alleviate nurses' emotional exhaustion and improve compliance with standard precautions. Especially for nurses with low personal resilience, the care and support of department leaders are needed. Impact: We found that the compliance with standard precautions is not high, and the link between emotional exhaustion, servant leadership and compliance with standard precautions provides a basis for further patient care. No Patient or Public Contribution: There was no patient or public involvement. Impact Statement: Nurses are the key population for hospital infection prevention and control, and their level of compliance with standard precautions is of great significance for hospital infection prevention and control. However, in practice, nurses' compliance with standard precautions is generally low. Most of the previous studies on nurses' compliance with standard precautions were conducted from the perspective of individual nurses, based on the staff's 'knowledge, belief, and action' to study the current status of compliance with standard precautions and the factors affecting adherence, with less attention paid to the influence of psychological, environmental, and organizational factors. Therefore, the study focuses on the impact of servant leadership and emotional exhaustion on standard precautionary adherence, which is of great significance for good care management at the organizational level. It also explored how the impact of servant leadership on emotional exhaustion varies across levels of resilience, which is important for accurately identifying different types of nursing staff and targeting assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 2017 data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS), the conditional process analysis method was used to explore the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being, as well as the mediating effect of social capital and the moderating effect of Internet use. This study found that the effect of physical exercise on subjective well-being includes both direct effects and indirect effects. Physical exercise directly and positively affects SWB and partially affects SWB through social networks as a mediating variable. Additionally, Internet use can moderate the direct effect of physical exercise on SWB and the mediating effect of social networks on the relationship between the two. As the frequency of Internet use increases, the link between physical exercise and social capital weakens, resulting in a decreased promotion effect on SWB. The results of this study further reveal the internal mechanism linking physical exercise and the improvement of SWB, which is of great significance for enhancing the accessibility of physical exercise facilities and promoting a healthy online lifestyle, ultimately leading to improved well-being among residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We followed the continuity perspective of leadership skill requirements to examine the interplay between the design competencies of different management cohorts, relational coordination, and organizational learning and growth performance outcomes. Using a two-source sample of 103 organizations, we found evidence for compensatory effects. Specifically, a conditional process analysis (moderated mediation) revealed that: (a) design competencies are a highly relevant type of managerial knowledge or skill, (b) competent middle-level managers compensate for a lack of design skills and design-related knowledge at the top management level, and (c) top- and middle-level managerial design competencies simultaneously create a cross-echelon complementarity effect on organizational learning and growth performance. JEL classification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The amount and frequency of internet use are often used to forecast its pros and cons, with mixed findings. After COVID-19, technological advances and sociological upheavals have shown the internet's ability to support numerous activities, necessitating a change in internet use. Beyond internet use frequency, it has been advised to examine why people use it and how it affects their well-being. Hence, we aimed to investigate the various mediators and moderators in the relationship between the quality of internet use (type of activity) and well-being. Further, we investigated whether user attributes such as initial age and frequency of internet use moderate the influence of internet use quality on problematic internet use, loneliness, and well-being. Methods: 131 students in Manipur who were 18 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. Self-rated measures of the Adult Internet Usage questionnaire, Internet Addiction Test, and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form assessed internet use, dependence, and well-being. Results: Loneliness mediates the association between well-being and internet behaviors related to personal use-self-actualization (BootSE = .53, BootLLCI = .10, BootULCI = 2.18), cultural use-belonging (BootSE =.57, BootLLCI = -2.23, BootULCI = -.02). Average online hours moderate economic use-education, loneliness, and well-being (BootSE =.13, BootLLCI = -.55, BootULCI = -.04). Conclusion: To conclude, the effectiveness of internet use affects well-being differently depending on the type of activity. After a certain point, even seemingly good internet activities may have diminishing returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy behaviors have traditionally been promoted through persuasive messages that provide information about figures or arguments and are designed with an openly persuasive objective. However, other strategies have recently been established, such as the use of narrative messages and mixed formats (which combine information and tell a story). The evidence is not conclusive about the efficacy of these three modalities of persuasion (informational, narrative, and mixed) nor about the mechanisms responsible. Methodology: Two experiments were carried out that compared the effects of the three modalities of persuasive messages mentioned and that were designed to promote sleep hygiene as a factor in controlling body weight. In addition, the role of involvement with the theme of the message and the need for cognition were considered as possible moderator variables. Results: It was observed that the informational message exerted significant indirect effects on the perceived effectiveness of the message, beliefs, and behavioral intention through the self-reference mechanism. In contrast, the narrative and mixed messages owed their persuasive effectiveness to emotional activation, narrative transport, and identification with the protagonist. Conclusions: This paper advances knowledge about persuasion and the most effective strategies to design campaigns to control body weight through the promotion of sleep hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family functioning plays an important role in explaining the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and it is necessary to identify the family functioning characteristics responsible for this relationship. In turn, while socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adolescent depressive symptoms, the mechanisms that explain this relationship are largely unknown. In this study, we used the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) to obtain a picture of the family functioning dimensions that genuinely contribute to explaining the relationship between family functioning and adolescent depressive symptoms and analyzed the mediating effect of family functioning on the impact of SES on depressive symptoms. Regression‐based conditional process analysis was used with a sample of 636 adolescents aged 12–17 years. Pratt's measures in regression analyses showed that 95% of the variance in depressive symptoms was accounted for by three of the six FAD dimensions: the ability to experience and express emotions appropriately—Affective Responsiveness—the ability to maintain adequate involvement among family members—Affective Involvement—and the ability to set and abide by rules and standards of behavior—Behavioral Control. Results also showed that the impact of SES on depressive symptoms was mediated by the existence of clear expectations about standards of behavior and behavioral patterns for handling family tasks—Behavioral Control and Roles—and, for the boys, by experiencing and expressing emotions appropriately. The results emphasize the importance of affect and clear‐cut family rules to prevent adolescent depressive symptoms and suggest that the existence of family rules and roles buffer the impact of SES on adolescent wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of Taxodium ascendens were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 °C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 °C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53–0.59 to 0.15–0.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56–0.68 to 0.20–0.22; the atomic O/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22–0.27 to 0.08–0.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26–0.28 to 0.18–0.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing ID/IG and ID/I(DR+GL) ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumination is a transdiagnostic construct associated with poor outcomes broadly. Though extant research indicates anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns is associated with, and a risk factor for, excessive rumination, behavioral constructs that may account for this relation have not been specified. Cognitive fusion may be one such construct, in that individuals with high AS cognitive concerns may become overly entangled in and influenced by unwanted cognition, leading to rumination. However, relations of AS cognitive concerns, cognitive fusion, and rumination have not been identified. The present study aimed to identify the variance accounted for by cognitive fusion in the AS cognitive concerns-rumination relation using conditional process analysis on cross-sectional data provided by college students (N = 368). All variables were positively correlated, and bootstrapped analyses indicated cognitive fusion accounted for significant variance in the relation of AS cognitive concerns and rumination, ab = 1.03, SE = 0.11, 95% CI [0.82, 1.26]. Additional research evaluating the applicability of cognitive fusion as an intervention strategy for individuals struggling with high AS cognitive concerns and rumination appears warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on the 2017 data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS), the conditional process analysis method was used to explore the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being, as well as the mediating effect of social capital and the moderating effect of Internet use. This study found that the effect of physical exercise on subjective well-being includes both direct effects and indirect effects. Physical exercise directly and positively affects SWB and partially affects SWB through social networks as a mediating variable. Additionally, Internet use can moderate the direct effect of physical exercise on SWB and the mediating effect of social networks on the relationship between the two. As the frequency of Internet use increases, the link between physical exercise and social capital weakens, resulting in a decreased promotion effect on SWB. The results of this study further reveal the internal mechanism linking physical exercise and the improvement of SWB, which is of great significance for enhancing the accessibility of physical exercise facilities and promoting a healthy online lifestyle, ultimately leading to improved well-being among residents.

Abstract Aims To test the relationship between practice environment and turnover intention, considering the moderation of perceived organizational support (POS) and the mediation of general well‐being (GWB) and occupational burnout (OB) among the nurse population. Design A cross‐sectional survey design. Methods Based on a sample of 474 nurses from two hospitals between May 2020 and September 2021, a moderated multi‐mediation model was tested in which GWB and OB served as two mediators between practice environments and nurses' turnover intention, and POS was regarded as a moderator between practice environments and GWB. Results This current study supported a moderated multi‐mediation model where the relationship between practice environment and turnover intention (B = 0.33, p

The present study explores how and when lifetime discriminatory experience moderates the mediation effect of early life adversities and social activity on loneliness among older European adults over eight years. The study analyzed 13,699 respondents aged 50 years and over who were interviewed in 2009 and re-interviewed in 2017 in the European Survey of Health, Ageing, Retirement. Conditional process analysis using the PROCESS model 15 was applied to examine the moderated mediation effect of lifetime discriminatory experience in 2009 (W) on early life adversities in 2009 (X) and social activity at 2017 (M) to loneliness in 2017 (Y). Our moderated mediation models found that early life adversities (X) are associated with loneliness (Y) (Coeff X→Y=-0.0501, p<.001), but social activity (M) reduces its effect on loneliness (Y) (Coeff X→M→Y=-1.6391, p<.001). However, lifetime discriminatory experience (W) hampers social activity (Coeff M*W→Y = 0.0955, p<.05) and increases loneliness (Coeff X*M→Y = 0.6069, p<.05). Older adults experiencing early life adversities may not necessarily develop later life loneliness. However, lifetime discriminatory experience due to political beliefs, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation/background etc. may reverse the positive effect of social engagement on the relationship between early life adversities and loneliness. Early interventions should address discrimination and social inequalities and increase social participation across the life course to prevent the development of later-life loneliness among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of Taxodium ascendens were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 °C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 °C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53–0.59 to 0.15–0.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56–0.68 to 0.20–0.22; the atomic O/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22–0.27 to 0.08–0.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26–0.28 to 0.18–0.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing ID/IG and ID/I(DR+GL) ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature.

Mediation and conditional process analyses have become popular approaches for examining the mechanisms by which effects operate and the factors that influence them. To estimate mediation models, researchers often augment their structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses with additional regression analyses using the PROCESS macro. This duality is surprising considering that research has long acknowledged the limitations of regression analyses when estimating models with latent variables. In this article, we argue that much of the confusion regarding SEM's efficacy for mediation analyses results from a singular focus on factor-based methods, and there is no need for a tandem use of SEM and PROCESS. Specifically, we highlight that composite-based SEM methods overcome the limitations of both regression and factor-based SEM analyses when estimating even highly complex mediation models. We further conclude that composite-based SEM methods such as partial least squares (PLS-SEM) are the preferred and superior approach when estimating mediation and conditional process models, and that the PROCESS approach is not needed when mediation is examined with PLS-SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To test the relationship between practice environment and turnover intention, considering the moderation of perceived organizational support (POS) and the mediation of general well‐being (GWB) and occupational burnout (OB) among the nurse population. Design: A cross‐sectional survey design. Methods: Based on a sample of 474 nurses from two hospitals between May 2020 and September 2021, a moderated multi‐mediation model was tested in which GWB and OB served as two mediators between practice environments and nurses' turnover intention, and POS was regarded as a moderator between practice environments and GWB. Results: This current study supported a moderated multi‐mediation model where the relationship between practice environment and turnover intention (B = 0.33, p < 0.001) was mediated by GWB (B = 0.17, p < 0.001) and OB (B = 0.18, p < 0.001), and POS moderated the effect of practice environment and GWB (B = 0.19, p < 0.001). Public Contribution: The findings of this study can inform the design of effective organizational support and meet nurse emotional needs programmes to reduce the turnover intention among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to relational turbulence theory, interdependent partners exert influence in their romantic relationships through the interference and facilitation of daily routines. Programmatic scholarship consistently reveals that interference is associated positively, whereas facilitation is associated negatively, with relational turbulence in romantic relationships. However, as behavioral manifestations of interdependence that may co-occur, there is a possibility that enough facilitation from a partner might offset the effect of interference on relational turbulence. This study of romantic partners (N = 475) revealed moderated interdependence insofar as the effect of partner interference on relational turbulence was buffered by partner facilitation. This moderated effect further informed a theoretical model predicting the perceived likelihood of marriage. Thus, in relationships where daily routines are disrupted often, balancing facilitation with interference may mitigate chaotic relational states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between callous–unemotional (CU) traits (the affective facet of psychopathy and the psychopathy that occurs during childhood and adolescence) and suicide ideation (SI) remains unclear. The mechanisms underlying this association still have a gap in the literature. The aims of this study were to determine whether and how callous–unemotional traits were associated with suicide ideation, and to evaluate the mediating effect of negative affect (includes irritability, depression, and anxiety) and the moderating effect of future orientation on the association. Data were extracted from a longitudinal study involving middle and high school students, with 1,913 students (55.3% girls) aged 11 to 19 years (14.9 ± 1.6 years) completing a self–reported online survey. The conditional process analysis was examined using Mplus 8.3. We found that callous–unemotional traits positively predicted youths' current suicide ideation, with the observed positive relationship partly mediated by negative affect. However, callous–unemotional traits did not predict the worst–point suicide ideation, which indicated the connection fully mediated by negative affect. Furthermore, future orientation moderated these indirect effects. Use of self–report measures and cross–sectional design. These findings provided evidence for current debates and conflicting conclusions, and set the foundation for future research, as well as implied the important intervention goals for reducing suicide ideation in youth. • This is the first study to explore the relationship between callous‒unemotional traits, suicide ideation, negative affect, and future orientation. • 25.6% (last week) and 45.4% (worst) of youths reported suicide ideation, and the suicide ideation rate of girls was significantly higher than boys. • Callous‒unemotional traits positively predicted youths' current suicide ideation rather than the worst‒point suicide ideation. • Negative affect mediated the relationship between callous‒unemotional traits and suicide ideation. Future orientation moderated this mediation path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housewives are individuals who take on the caregiving role in the family in virtually every society and while discharging their duties experience serious psychological difficulties due to external environmental pollutants like air, noise, etc., which influences their efficiency of performing household activities. This study hypothesizes a causal association between perception of traffic noise and the reduction in performance of housewives in their daily household activities. A simple mediation model was utilized for the study with traffic noise perception as the exposure variable. The sensitivity to traffic noise, annoyance caused due to traffic noise, and the effect of traffic noise on housewives were evaluated using questionnaire survey. Of the respondents, 57.33% reported high level of traffic noise perception, while 65.81% reported high annoyance due to traffic noise perception. Of the respondents, 88.69% reported higher levels of agreement with regard to negative effect of traffic noise on their household activities. The results supported the hypothesis with respondents belonging to high and moderate noise perception groups reporting a higher reduction in performance as compared to those belonging to the low noise perception group at higher values of sensitivity. There was no significant direct effect among those who perceived traffic noise as high and moderate. However, the indirect path revealed that there was a significantly higher reduction in performance among those belonging to the high and moderate noise perception group as compared to those belonging to the low noise perception group while those who perceived traffic noise as high and moderate did not differ significantly only at higher levels of sensitivity. Using OGRS computational tool, a sensitivity value of 5.586 was identified as the Johnson-Neyman boundary of significance for the direct effect. The results from the study highlight the need for including environmental noise related regulations with regard to residential structures by the concerned authorities and also the need for undertaking more rigorous studies by health authorities and organizations so that the effects are minimized if not eliminated completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orientation: The massive development of information, communication and technology (ICT) in the last decade has motivated companies to adopt it in their business. However, this becomes one of the pressures faced by employees, as it may lead to job burnout. Research purpose: To explore the influence of workplace telepressure on employee burnout by considering transformational leadership and perceived organisational support (POS) as moderators. Motivation for the study: The literature on how workplace telepressure affects job burnout still needs to be explored, and there is a need to examine the condition by which this relationship can be strengthened or weakened. Research approach/design and method: This study employs a quantitative approach with 388 employees of manufacturing companies in three provinces in Indonesia. The data processing is done using conditional process analysis with SPSS macro-PROCESS. Main findings: Workplace telepressure is positively related to higher levels of job burnout. Transformational leadership moderates the influence of workplace telepressure on job burnout. Finally, POS strengthens the moderating role of transformational leadership in workplace telepressure on job burnout. Practical/managerial implications: Managers must be aware that workplace telepressure can trigger job burnout among employees. Leaders need to apply a transformational leadership style, and organisations need to provide full support for employees. Contribution/value-add: This study builds a model of stress management, represented by job burnout, because of the existence of workplace telepressure by considering contextual factors that individuals can use as resources to regulate the pressure they feel on having to respond to ICT continuously in their work.

In order to reduce the counterproductive work behavior of miners and improve the safety management level of coal mine enterprises, on the basis of literature research and theoretical analysis, we build a conditional process model of inclusive leadership, affective commitment, team trust and counterproductive work behavior of miners. Based on 303 valid sample data, the conditional process analysis method was used to test the mediating effect of affective commitment and the moderating effect of team trust. The results show that inclusive leadership has a negative direct effect on miners’ counterproductive work behavior. The negative association between inclusive leadership and miners’ counterproductive work behavior was mediated by affective commitment. The mediating effect of affective commitment was moderated by team trust.

Guided by the job demand-control-support model of workplace strain, this study tested a theoretical model of academic work environments to explain workplace bullying in academia. College professors (N = 503) completed a questionnaire about working in academia and experiencing bullying at work. Results of a conditional process analysis revealed that psychological job demands affected workplace bullying incidents directly, and indirectly through increased occupational stress; however, the mediated effect depended on how supportive the supervisor was and how much control professors had over their job duties (moderated moderated mediation). In departments where supervisors provided low to average social support to faculty, the indirect effect on bullying was weakened when professors had more decision authority over how they completed their job demands (moderated mediation). However, in departments where supervisors were highly supportive, there was no indirect effect of demands on workplace bullying through stress, despite how much or little decision authority professors had in doing their jobs (no moderated mediation). These findings speak to the importance of appointing a chairperson who will encourage professors' autonomy in completing their work, and, more crucially, provide social support to discourage faculty bullying in response to job stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is prevalent among adolescents causing significant impacts to adolescent health. Engaging in recreation provides an opportunity for positive health outcomes. This study examined associations among adolescent sex and sexual identity, recreation engagement, bullying, and suicidality. The findings from this paper support that suicidality during adolescence remains elevated. Results demonstrated that cyberbullying is more prevalent than in-person bullying but neither form of bullying influenced suicidality for high school students. Recreation engagement did not show a significant interaction with suicidality, but high school students did report a reduction in recreation engagement. Findings suggest that prevention efforts and further research are needed to minimize the high prevalence of bullying behaviors and suicidality during adolescence. In addition, more research is needed to identify programs that can be implemented in schools and communities that provide outlets for adolescents during the adverse experience of being bullied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by an affective theoretical process, we surveyed college students (N = 397) to examine the effect of college instructors' lecture misbehaviors on students' emotional interest directly, and indirectly through affect toward the course content, among students who varied in their desire to master the course material (i.e., first- and second-stage moderated mediation by students' mastery goal orientation). Results of a conditional process analysis revealed that students' mastery goal orientation emerged as a moderator of the negative direct and indirect effect of lecture misbehaviors on students' emotional interest. Students' emotional interest declined directly as a consequence of lecture misbehaviors, and indirectly through a loss of student affect for the content, but these effects were stronger for students with higher mastery needs. The indirect effect of lecture misbehaviors on emotional interest through reduced affect for the course content was a nonlinear function of students' mastery goal orientation. Probing of nonlinear moderated mediation revealed that students with increasing mastery goals became susceptible to an accelerating and (more) negative affective process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the roles of entrepreneurship and gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we tested a moderating role of gender and examined the moderated mediating role of entrepreneurship by gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Based on the secondary data from the 2017 Korea Entrepreneurship Survey on 10,000 people, a conditional process model 15 (Hayes' PROCESS macro) analysis was used to test the direct and indirect paths with respect to gender differences. The results indicate that the conditional direct effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention was not significant for women, but it was significant for men. Results also confirmed that the indirect effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurship was stronger for women than for men. Therefore, the moderation hypothesis and the moderated mediation hypothesis were supported. The study contributes to the explanation of the black box between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention by emphasizing the role of gender as a moderator and entrepreneurship as a mediator of this relationship. This study focused on and confirmed the role of gender previously neglected in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurship as a mediator to promote entrepreneurial activity among women. Therefore, this study extends existing research results by elaborating the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To predict the effective lens position (ELP) using conditional process analysis according to preoperative axial length. Setting: Yeouido St. Mary hospital. Design: A retrospective case series. Methods: This study included 621 eyes from 621 patients who underwent conventional cataract surgery at Yeouido St. Mary Hospital. Preoperative axial length (AL), mean corneal power (K), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by partial coherence interferometry. AL was used as an independent variable for the prediction of ELP, and 621 eyes were classified into four groups according to AL. Using conditional process analysis, we developed 24 structural equation models, with ACD and K acting as mediator, moderator or not included as variables, and investigated the model that best predicted ELP. Results: When AL was 23.0 mm or shorter, the predictability for ELP was highest when ACD and K acted as moderating variables (R2 = 0.217). When AL was between 23.0 mm and 24.5 mm or longer than 26.0 mm, the predictability was highest when K acted as a mediating variable and ACD acted as a moderating variable (R2 = 0.217 and R2 = 0.401). On the other hand, when AL ranged from 24.5 mm to 26.0 mm, the model with ACD as a mediating variable and K as a moderating variable was the most accurate (R2 = 0.220). Conclusions: The optimal structural equation model for ELP prediction in each group varied according to AL. Conditional process analysis can be an alternative to conventional multiple linear regression analysis in ELP prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Program for Psychosocial Care and Comprehensive Health for Victims serves, on a yearly basis, an average of 25,000 users in northern Colombia alone. The program is implemented by multidisciplinary teams comprised of psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators, who step in at the individual, family, and community levels. An attempt has been made to determine the effect generated by the timeframe through which professionals have been engaged with the program‐filling positions of centrality and betweenness within the networks of information exchange and user referral, including the potential mediating effect from the structure of the egocentric network of implementers in the two aforementioned networks and the moderating effect of the sense of belonging to a team of professionals. Both centrality and betweenness are positional measures describing the location actors occupied within the network structure. Centrality reflects the nominations made and receipt by an actor in a network and is considered an individual indicator of prominence and power. Betweenness shows the times that an actor act as a bridge among two actors in a network and it is considered an indicator of strategic positioning in social networks. An egocentric network is the local structure of relationships that each implementer maintains with his or her direct contacts. In this study, 112 active implementers were included, mostly women (n = 97, 88.2%), who had been working on the program for 16.9 months on average (SD = 14.7). Through conditional process analysis, it has been shown that the time that the implementers have been working on the program and the sense of belonging to the task team are relevant factors that interact with each other toward explaining the level of centrality and betweenness of professionals in the information exchange and user referral networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMore than 15% of Chinese respondents reported somatic symptoms in the last week of January 2020. Promoting resilience is a possible target in crisis intervention that can alleviate somatization.ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience and somatization, as well as the underlying possible mediating and moderating mechanism, in a large sample of Chinese participants receiving a crisis intervention during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic.MethodsParticipants were invited online to complete demographic information and questionnaires. The Symptom Checklist-90 somatization subscale, 10-item Connor–Davidson resilience scale, and 10-item Perceived Stress Scale were measured.ResultsA total of 2,557 participants were included. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that lower resilience was associated with more somatic symptoms (p < 0.001). The conditional process model was proved (indirect effect = −0.01, 95% confidence interval = [−0.015, −0.002]). The interaction effects between perceived stress and sex predicted somatization (b = 0.05, p = 0.006).ConclusionResilience is a key predictor of somatization. The mediating effects of perceived stress between resilience and somatization work in the context of sex difference. Sex-specific intervention by enhancing resilience is of implication for alleviating somatization during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic.

Objective To explore the current situation and influencing factors of online sporting goods consumption in China based on the big data from Tmall. Methods Big data of online sporting goods transactions of Tmall were obtained. Information search of KEB theory and conditioning process analysis were used to probe into the mediated and moderated function, as well as its path and influence.Evaluation was finally adopted to conclude the consumers' attention to commodity attributes. Results The effect of discount rate on sales of fitness pants and rowing machine was moderated by the number of collections or initial price through the number of reviews.For dumbbell, sports bracelet and other kinds of sporting goods, the moderation of discount rate's effect on sales by the number of reviews was itself moderated by number of collections. Conclusions The online sporting goods on sale in China tends to be low-end, and the market share of online stores features itself with a power-law distribution. The mediated role with moderation is shown in most products such as fitness pants and rowing machines, while the products like dumbbell and sports bracelet are affected by moderated role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than 15% of Chinese respondents reported somatic symptoms in the last week of January 2020. Promoting resilience is a possible target in crisis intervention that can alleviate somatization. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience and somatization, as well as the underlying possible mediating and moderating mechanism, in a large sample of Chinese participants receiving a crisis intervention during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. Methods: Participants were invited online to complete demographic information and questionnaires. The Symptom Checklist-90 somatization subscale, 10-item Connor–Davidson resilience scale, and 10-item Perceived Stress Scale were measured. Results: A total of 2,557 participants were included. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that lower resilience was associated with more somatic symptoms (p < 0.001). The conditional process model was proved (indirect effect = −0.01, 95% confidence interval = [−0.015, −0.002]). The interaction effects between perceived stress and sex predicted somatization (b = 0.05, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Resilience is a key predictor of somatization. The mediating effects of perceived stress between resilience and somatization work in the context of sex difference. Sex-specific intervention by enhancing resilience is of implication for alleviating somatization during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work provides a conceptual introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis in psychological research. We discuss the concepts of direct effect, indirect effect, total effect, conditional effect, conditional direct effect, conditional indirect effect, and the index of moderated mediation index, while providing our perspective on certain analysis and interpretation confusions that sometimes arise in practice in this journal and elsewhere, such as reliance on the causal steps approach and the Sobel test in mediation analysis, misinterpreting the regression coefficients in a model that includes a product of variables, and subgroups mediation analysis rather than conditional process analysis when exploring whether an indirect effect depends on a moderator. We also illustrate how to conduct various analyses that are the focus of this paper with the freely-available PROCESS procedure available for SPSS, SAS, and R, using data from an experimental investigation on the effectiveness of personal or testimonial narrative messages in improving intergroup attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although remote working can involve positive outcomes both for employees and organizations, in the case of the sudden and forced remote working situation that came into place during the COVID-19 crisis there have also been reports of negative aspects, one of which is technostress. In this context of crisis, leadership is crucial in sustainably managing and supporting employees, especially employees with workaholic tendencies who are more prone to developing negative work and health outcomes. However, while research on the role of the positive aspects of leadership during crises does exist, the negative aspects of leadership during the COVID-19 crisis have not yet been studied. The present study aimed to explore the role of authoritarian leadership in a sample of 339 administrative university employees who worked either completely from home or from home and the workplace. The study examined the moderating effect of a manager on this relationship and the connections between workaholism and technostress through conditional process analysis. Results pointed out that high authoritarian leadership had an enhancing effect, whereas low authoritarian leadership had a protective effect on the relationship between workaholism and technostress, only in the group of complete remote workers. Thus, authoritarian leadership should be avoided and training leaders to be aware of its effect appears to be essential. Limitations, future directions for the study, and practical implications are also discussed.

Purpose: To predict the effective lens position (ELP) using conditional process analysis according to preoperative axial length. Setting: Yeouido St. Mary hospital. Design: A retrospective case series. Methods: This study included 621 eyes from 621 patients who underwent conventional cataract surgery at Yeouido St. Mary Hospital. Preoperative axial length (AL), mean corneal power (K), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by partial coherence interferometry. AL was used as an independent variable for the prediction of ELP, and 621 eyes were classified into four groups according to AL. Using conditional process analysis, we developed 24 structural equation models, with ACD and K acting as mediator, moderator or not included as variables, and investigated the model that best predicted ELP. Results: When AL was 23.0 mm or shorter, the predictability for ELP was highest when ACD and K acted as moderating variables (R2 = 0.217). When AL was between 23.0 mm and 24.5 mm or longer than 26.0 mm, the predictability was highest when K acted as a mediating variable and ACD acted as a moderating variable (R2 = 0.217 and R2 = 0.401). On the other hand, when AL ranged from 24.5 mm to 26.0 mm, the model with ACD as a mediating variable and K as a moderating variable was the most accurate (R2 = 0.220). Conclusions: The optimal structural equation model for ELP prediction in each group varied according to AL. Conditional process analysis can be an alternative to conventional multiple linear regression analysis in ELP prediction.

Although remote working can involve positive outcomes both for employees and organizations, in the case of the sudden and forced remote working situation that came into place during the COVID-19 crisis there have also been reports of negative aspects, one of which is technostress. In this context of crisis, leadership is crucial in sustainably managing and supporting employees, especially employees with workaholic tendencies who are more prone to developing negative work and health outcomes. However, while research on the role of the positive aspects of leadership during crises does exist, the negative aspects of leadership during the COVID-19 crisis have not yet been studied. The present study aimed to explore the role of authoritarian leadership in a sample of 339 administrative university employees who worked either completely from home or from home and the workplace. The study examined the moderating effect of a manager on this relationship and the connections between workaholism and technostress through conditional process analysis. Results pointed out that high authoritarian leadership had an enhancing effect, whereas low authoritarian leadership had a protective effect on the relationship between workaholism and technostress, only in the group of complete remote workers. Thus, authoritarian leadership should be avoided and training leaders to be aware of its effect appears to be essential. Limitations, future directions for the study, and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physicians' exercise counseling and post‐diagnosis physical activity (PA) in patients with cancer by investigating the mediating role of patients' satisfaction with exercise counseling as well as the moderating role of patients' previous PA. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1002 people with cancer (503 breast, 265 prostate, and 234 colorectal cancer). Participants reported their pre‐ and post‐diagnosis moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) levels, indicated whether their physician had covered different steps of exercise counseling as defined by the 5A framework (Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, and Arrange) and rated their satisfaction with exercise counseling. A conditional process analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of counseling on post‐diagnosis MVPA through satisfaction at different levels of pre‐diagnosis MVPA. Results: Physicians' exercise counseling was associated with post‐diagnosis MVPA in patients with cancer. However, the association differed by patients' pre‐diagnosis MVPA (P =.039). While counseling was directly associated with higher post‐diagnosis MVPA for individuals with low pre‐diagnosis MVPA (CI: 0.02‐0.20, P =.014), the effect was mediated through satisfaction with exercise counseling for previously highly active individuals (Boot CI: 0.01‐0.08). Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the relevance of physicians' exercise counseling for PA in patients with cancer. However, the results indicate that in order to effectively influence patients' PA, it appears important to provide a comprehensive counseling that is adjusted to the patients' exercise experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older students have reported a series of barriers to starting their higher education experience. However, quantitative evidence suggests that older students, particularly older women, have unique approaches to learning that enhance their satisfaction with their higher education studies. The current study sought to extend these findings by quantitatively examining an interaction between age and gender in predicting approaches to learning and subsequent academic achievement. The research provided an original analysis from two previous studies. Participants consisted of Australian and United Kingdom undergraduates. The Australian samples were 367 undergraduates at an Australian public regional university. The United Kingdom samples were 2,163 undergraduates enrolled with a distance higher education provider. Participants completed a research survey either online or on paper. Consistent with previous research, age moderated the effect of gender on deep learning, such that gender predicted deep learning more strongly among older students than younger students in both samples. Furthermore, gender predicted achievement in both samples, such that women out-performed men. Finally, deep learning only explained the relationship between gender and academic achievement when students were older. Based on this evidence, higher education institutions should consider and address the barriers that adult students, particularly older women, experience in order to enhance the social mobility benefits from a university degree that this non-traditional higher education group accrues.

In this paper, we investigate rewards-based crowdfunding as an innovative financing form for startups and firms. Based on game-theory models under asymmetric information, we test research hypotheses about the positive effects of two main campaign features: funding target and number of rewards. Furthermore, we examine how and when these characteristics are effective in attracting crowdfunders, by signaling high-quality projects (target) and by pricing according to backers’ preferences (rewards). Conditional process analysis is applied to a dataset of 1613 projects launched on the Spanish platform Verkami from 2015 to 2018. As expected, our study shows that market size is positively influenced by the target and the number of rewards, separately. Further analysis gives some interesting findings. Firstly, we find significant and positive mediating roles of social networks (in the relationship between target and market size) and of backers’ preferences (between rewards and market size). Secondly, the main orientation of a campaign, commercial or social, is relevant to explain previous relationships. While high funding targets are more effective in commercial projects, a high number of rewards is more effective in the social projects. This research provides new insights into the design of optimal crowdfunding, with theoretical and empirical implications.

Behavioral scientists use mediation analysis to understand the mechanism(s) by which an effect operates and moderation analysis to understand the contingencies or boundary conditions of effects. Yet how effects operate (i.e., the mechanism at work) and their boundary conditions (when they occur) are not necessarily independent, though they are often treated as such. Conditional process analysis is an analytical strategy that integrates mediation and moderation analysis with the goal of examining and testing hypotheses about how mechanisms vary as a function of context or individual differences. In this article, we provide a conceptual primer on conditional process analysis for those not familiar with the integration of moderation and mediation analysis, while also describing some recent advances and innovations for the more experienced conditional process analyst. After overviewing fundamental modeling principles using ordinary least squares regression, we discuss the extension of these fundamentals to models with more than one mediator and more than one moderator. We describe a differential dominance conditional process model and overview the concepts of partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation. We also discuss multilevel conditional process analysis and comment on implementation of conditional process analysis in statistical computing software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traditional assumptions tend to conceptualize stress as inherently dysfunctional, psychological theory suggests that it is not intrinsically maladaptive. Contemporary models emphasize that the stress response can be differentiated into both negative and positive aspects, known as distress and eustress. Research examining the differential effect of positive and negative stress on adolescent well‐being is limited and has been hindered by a lack of appropriate measurement tools. The aim of the present study was to utilize the recently developed Adolescent Distress‐Eustress Scale to provide a balanced understanding of the impact of stress on positive mental health, holistically considering the effect of both distress and eustress on adolescent well‐being. One thousand eighty‐one Australian adolescents (Mage = 15.14, 54.03% female) completed an online survey composed of the Adolescent Distress‐Eustress Scale alongside measures of well‐being, self‐efficacy, psychological ill‐being, physical activity, and daytime sleepiness. Conditional process analysis suggested that distress exerted no direct influence on well‐being, with the observed negative relationship fully mediated by psychological and behavioural variables. Contrastingly, eustress was both directly related to increased well‐being and exerted an indirect effect through relationships with mediating variables. These results demonstrate that stress can have profoundly positive consequences. Theoretical contributions, implications for practice, and perspectives for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD33 is a susceptibility locus for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how the neural mechanism of CD33 affects cognition in the AD spectrum population remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the primary and interactive effects of the CD33 (rs3865444) genotype on brain function in patients with AD using global functional connectivity density (gFCD) mapping via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, we used a conditional process analysis to identify the relationship among the CD33 genotype, gFCD, and cognition performance across the AD spectrum population. Compared to cognitively normal (CN) and mild cognitively impaired (MCI) subjects, patients with AD showed higher gFCD in the default mode network, and the CD33 genotype primarily influenced brain function in the fronto-striatal circuit. Importantly, an interaction between the CD33 genotype and AD was observed in the parahippocampal gyrus. During disease progression, the gFCD trajectories of the CD33 A + allele gradually decreased, whereas those of the CD33 CC allele displayed an inverted U-shaped curve. Furthermore, gFCD in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex positively mediated the relationship between the CD33 genotype and cognition, while gFCD in the precuneus bidirectionally moderated the mediation in the AD spectrum. These findings provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the influence of the CD33 genotype on cognitive performance and highlight the importance of precise therapeutic strategies for high-risk AD populations.

The question of how customers use reference prices is a central issue in the lodging industry. This research examines the effect of one's psychological state, namely sense of power, on the relative use of two reference prices in price evaluations. The study used 2 (power: high vs. low) × 2 (reference price: internal vs. external) × 2 (reference price level: high vs. low) between-subjects experiment. The results indicate that powerful individuals are more influenced by an internal reference price while their powerless counterparts tend to rely on an external reference price. In addition, price judgment mediates such hypothesized interaction on consumers' willingness to book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Community-based rangeland management (CBRM) improves social outcomes in Mongolia. • CBRM groups have greater information access, leadership, knowledge exchange and rules than non-CBRM communities. • These differences correlate with improved management practices, proactiveness and social networks. • CBRM effects vary with ecozone, so policies must be flexible and locally adapted. • Information access and herder education are likely key first steps for effective CBRM. Abstract Evidence-based policy guidance necessary for addressing mixed outcomes of community-based rangeland management (CBRM) is limited, dominated by case studies, and lacking coverage of diverse ecological settings. In remedy, we studied 65 traditional neighborhoods and 77 formally-organized CBRM groups across four ecological zones and investigated how and when CBRM obtains greater social outcomes than non-CBRM neighborhoods. We measured pastoralists' social capital, rangeland management practices, and behavior using a mixed-methods approach including qualitative interviews, focus groups, and quantitative questionnaires of 706 herder households. We applied a conditional process analysis method, novel to CBRM studies, to investigate potential mechanisms by which CBRM affects social outcomes. CBRM members used significantly more information sources, had stronger leadership, more opportunities for knowledge exchange, and rules for resource use, which were significantly associated with greater social outcomes including the use of traditional and innovative rangeland and herd management practices, proactive behavior, and social networking. Access to diverse information sources emerged as an important variable related to strong local leadership, knowledge exchange, and setting rules for rangeland use. Ecological context had a strong association with the level of CBRM social outcomes achieved through this process. The statistical effect of CBRM, mediated by information, leadership, knowledge exchange, and rules, was significantly greater on proactive behaviors of desert steppe herders compared to herders in non-desert steppe zones. Further, CBRM mediated by the same four variables, was associated with higher social networking among herders in the mountain and forest steppe, steppe, and desert steppe but not in the eastern steppe. Our findings suggest why CBRM outcomes have been mixed in Mongolia and elsewhere, and point to the importance of accounting for local context in facilitating development of pastoral institutions. Policies to support CBRM should consider prioritizing resource users' access to diverse information, leadership development, and involvement in elaborating community rules for resource management and local forums for information exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]