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Ecosystem condition is a fundamental component in the ecosystem accounting framework as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA). Here, we develop a conceptual framework and present a practical structure for implementing ecosystem condition accounts to contribute to the revision process of the SEEA EEA, focussing on six core elements: (1) developing a common definition of ecosystem condition, (2) establishing a conceptual framing for ecosystem condition, (3) portraying the role of condition within the SEEA EEA accounting system, (4) deriving an inclusive multi-purpose approach, (5) describing the components of condition accounts and (6) developing a three-stage structure for reporting accounts. We develop a conceptual framework for an inclusive condition account, building on an ecological understanding of ecosystems upon which definitions, concepts, classifications and reporting structures were based. The framework encompasses the dual perspectives of first, the interdependencies of ecosystem composition, structure and function in maintaining ecosystem integrity and second, the capacity of ecosystems to supply services as benefits for humans. The following components of ecosystem condition accounts are recommended to provide comprehensive, consistent, repeatable and transparent accounts: (1) intrinsic and instrumental values, together with ecocentric and anthropocentric worldviews; (2) a formal typology or classification of characteristics, variables and indicators, based on selection criteria; (3) a reference condition used both to compare past, current and future levels of indicators of condition and as a basis for aggregation of indicators; and (4) a three-stage approach to compiling accounts with increasing levels of information and complexity that are appropriate for different purposes and applications. The recommended broad and inclusive scope of ecosystem condition and the demonstrated practical methods for implementation of accounts will enhance the ecosystem accounting framework and thus support a wider range of current and potential applications and users.

Agriculture has been identified as one of the main drivers of environmental degradation in the European Union (EU). It can have negative impacts on air, water, soil and biodiversity. The condition of agroecosystems is affected by soil degradation, especially by soil erosion, which reduces agroecosystems' capacity to provide essential ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to explore synergies and trade-offs between pressures, ecosystem condition and services to create relevant information for policy and decision-makers to implement sustainable response actions. As part of the EU environmental policy, the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) Working Group developed appropriate concepts to assess and link ecosystem condition and services. This study aims to test the indicators proposed by MAES to assess ecosystem condition and link it with the ecosystem services provision. For this, we applied a suggested operational framework developed in the context of the Biodiversity Strategies 2020 and 2030 for the integrated assessment of agroecosystems and regulating ecosystem service control of erosion rates supply at European scale. We quantified and mapped indicators for ecosystem condition, environmental and anthropogenic pressures and soil erosion control. We explored the relationships between the respective indicators and the capacity of agroecosystems to control soil erosion across the different Environmental Zones (EZ). Our results indicate that, in general, European agroecosystems have a high capacity to control soil erosion with some variations within the EZ. Supply capacity is positively, negatively and not correlated with the various pressure and condition indicators. Management and climate indicators play a significant role in the assessment of this service. These results highlight that conservational management practices are fundamental to reduce soil loss and improve agroecosystem condition. However, the design and implementation of such management practices must consider regional and local landscape characteristics, agricultural practices and the needs and opportunities of stakeholders. © 2021 The Author(s)

The deterioration common crossing elements increase the need for the maintenance of crossings and significantly reduce the reliability, availability and safety of railway traffic. The present paper introduces the results of experimental investigation of common crossing monitoring while its deterioration during the lifecycle of crossing. The conventional methods of common crossing condition estimation with time-based features like maximal accelerations, etc. are low appropriate as statistically significant condition indicators. The proposed multifractal analysis enables to extract the significant features from acceleration measurements. The extracted features are fused together with information about the train velocities and longitudinal position of wheels impact with the Lasso regularisation and multivariate linear regression. A ranking of feature importance is done and the redundant features are identified. The developed condition indicator has good correlation to the crossing lifetime and is simple for interpretation.

Fil: Barberán, Esteban Adrian. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Fil: Perrone, Oscar Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Perrone, Oscar Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Mazzoletti, Manuel Armando. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Mazzoletti, Manuel Armando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Britez, Fausto. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Fil: Aguilar, Ricardo Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Aguilar, Ricardo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Oliveira, Mario Orlando. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ingeniería. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Fil: Oliveira, Mario Orlando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Eléctrica; Argentina. Este trabajo propone un modelo determinístico para evaluar el estado de condición del Sistema de Aislación del Bobinado Estatórico (SABE) de generadores eléctricos de gran potencia. El modelo propuesto integra diferentes Indicadores de Condición (IC) con el fin de establecer un orden de prioridad de intervención en hidrogeneradores. Con el objetivo de mejorar la planificación de gestión de activos y, de manera particular, programar las tareas de mantenimiento relacionadas con el SABE, un Gestor de Ensayos (GE) para máquinas eléctricas rotativas fue desarrollado en el entorno NI LabView. El GE permite visualizar y comparar los registros históricos de mediciones eléctricas con los límites establecidos por las normas de referencias. Además, posibilita registrar, almacenar y gestionar información de ensayos dieléctricos off-line e inspecciones visuales. A partir del procesamiento de los datos registrados, el GE calcula un único IC para determinar el estado general del SABE. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el modelo propuesto permite evaluar el estado general del sistema de aislación de los bobinados estatóricos tomando como referencia 8 hidrogeneradores y considerando 14 indicadores de condición. This paper proposes a deterministic model to evaluate the insulation system condition of the stator windings for power electric generators. The proposed model integrates different Condition Indicators in order to establish a priority order of intervention in hydrogenerators. With the aim of improving the planning of asset management and, in particular, the scheduled maintenance tasks related to the stator winding insulation system, a Testing Manager for rotating electrical machines was developed in the environment NI LabView. The Testing Manager allows to visualize and compare the historical records of electric measurements with the limits established by the reference standards. In addition, it makes it possible to manage, record and store off-line dielectric tests data and the visual inspection. From the data processing of the registration electric measurements, the Testing Manager calculates a single condition indicator to determine the general condition of the stator insulation system. The results obtained show that the proposed model allows to evaluate the insulation system state of the with reference to 8 hydrogenerators and considering 14 condition indicators.

Advances in technology have enabled the installation of an increasing number of sensors in various mechanical systems allowing for more detailed equipment health monitoring capabilities. It is hoped the sensor data will enable development of predictive tools to prevent system failures. This work describes continued analysis of sensor data surrounding a seizure of a turbocharger within a propulsion system. The objective of the analysis was to characterize and distinguish healthy and failed states of the turbocharger. The analysis approach included mapping of multi-dimensional sensor data to a low-dimensional space using various linear and nonlinear techniques in order to highlight and visualize the underlying structure of the information. To provide some physical insight into the structure of the low-dimensional representation, the transformation plots were analyzed from the perspective of several engine signals. By overlaying operating ranges of individual sensor signals, certain regions of the mappings could be associated with distinct operational states of the engine, and several anomalies could be related to various points in the turbocharger seizure. Although the failed points did not map to an obvious outlier location in the transformations, incorporating expert domain knowledge with the data mining tools significantly enhanced the insight derived from the sensor data.

Plentiful work has been done for condition monitoring (CI) and fault diagnosis of fixed-axis gearboxes. However, still it is found that articles citing condition indicators for fault diagnosis of gearboxes are less in quantity, in academic journals, conference proceedings and technical reports. The specialty of condition indicators is to provide accurate information regarding the condition of various components at different levels of damage (initial, heavy or growing). Here, these indicators are addressed domain-wise and their characteristics are stated. The objective of this paper is to review and encapsulate this literature to provide a wide and good reference for researchers to be utilized. The structure of a fixed-axis gearbox is briefly introduced. The unique behaviors and fault characteristics of fixed-axis gearbox is recognized and studied. Investigations on the basis of statistical indicators are also summarized based on the adopted methodologies. Lastly, open problems are stated and further research prospects pointed out.

The conservation of semi-natural habitats represents a primary challenge for European nature conservation due to their great species diversity and their vulnerability to ongoing massive land-use changes. As these changes rapidly transform and phase out semi-natural habitats, conservation measures should be prompt and specifically focused on a sound assessment of the degree of conservation. Here we develop a methodological strategy for the assessment of the degree of conservation of semi-natural grasslands based on well-defined criteria rather than on expert opinion. Through mixed effect models, we tested ten potential indicators, encompassing proxies of species composition, habitat structure, and landscape patterns, against a measure of compositional change from habitat favourable condition, i.e., an inverse proxy of conservation status. This measure derives from the re-visitation of 132 sampling units historically sampled between 1966 and 1992 along the Apennines. The compositional change was quantified as the dissimilarity between historical habitat species pools and the composition of current communities. The compositional change was significantly related to the number of habitat diagnostic species and the relative cover of woody species with opposite sign (positive and negative, respectively). We classified and combined the classes of these two indicators in each sampling unit to assess the habitat degree of conservation at the plot and at the Natura 2000 site level. At the plot level, our assessment was in good agreement with the occurrence of species of conservation concern. On the other hand, at the site level, our assessment was not always harmonic with the habitat conservation assessment officially reported for the site investigated.

In the helicopter transmission systems, it is important to monitor and track the tooth damage evolution using lots of sensors and detection methods. This paper develops a novel approach for sensor selection based on physical model and sensitivity analysis. Firstly, a physical model of tooth damage and mesh stiffness is built. Secondly, some effective condition indicators (CIs) are presented, and the optimal CIs set is selected by comparing their test statistics according to Mann–Kendall test. Afterwards, the selected CIs are used to generate a health indicator (HI) through sen slop estimator. Then, the sensors are selected according to the monotonic relevance and sensitivity to the damage levels. Finally, the proposed method is verified by the simulation and experimental data. The results show that the approach can provide a guide for health monitoring of helicopter transmission systems, and it is effective to reduce the test cost and improve the system’s reliability.

Doutoramento em Biologia The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is currently one of the most widespread and abundant wild ungulates in the Iberian Peninsula and is extremely important both ecologically, as a key species for the functioning of the ecosystems, and economically, as a major game species. In Iberia, red deer populations are subjected to different management systems that may affect the physical condition of the individuals, with further consequences for population dynamics. Studies investigating the effects of management practices and environmental conditions on the performance of red deer are still rare regarding Mediterranean ecosystems. Much of the knowledge concerning the ecology of red deer and the impact of management on its physical condition is based on studies conducted in northern and central regions of Europe, where climatological features and management practices differ from those observed in the Mediterranean areas of Iberia. Studies on a biogeographical scale can provide important insights into the relationships between species and a particular environment and contribute to the development of more targeted and appropriate management practices. The optimisation of sampling procedures and the fine-tuning of pre-existing analytical techniques are also fundamental to a more cost-effective monitoring and, therefore, are of enormous value to wildlife managers. In this context, the main aims of this thesis were: 1) to optimise the procedures used to assess the physical condition of red deer; and 2) to identify relevant management and environmental factors affecting the nutritional condition and stress physiology of red deer in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Iberia, as well as any potential interactions between those factors. Two studies with a methodological focus, presented in the first part of the thesis, demonstrated that the physical condition of red deer can be evaluated more simply, using more cost- and time-effective procedures than those traditionally used: i) it was shown that only one kidney and its associated fat is enough to assess nutritional condition in red deer; and ii) the feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy to predict the concentrations of stress hormone metabolites was demonstrated using faeces of red deer for the first time. Subsequently, two large-scale observational studies, conducted in representative red deer populations found in Mediterranean Iberia, highlighted the importance of considering seasonal environmental variations and variables related to hunting management practices to better understand the nutritional and physiological ecology of red deer. High population densities had adverse effects on the nutritional condition of the deer and were associated with increased stress levels in natural populations without supplementary feeding. Massive hunting events involving the use of hounds were also identified as a potential source of chronic stress in red deer. The research presented in this thesis has clear implications regarding the management and monitoring of red deer populations in Mediterranean environments and is intended to help wildlife managers to implement more effective monitoring programmes and sustainable management practices. O veado (Cervus elaphus) é, atualmente, uma das espécies de ungulados silvestres mais abundantes na Península Ibérica. É também uma espécie extremamente importante em termos ecológicos, por ser um elemento chave para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas, e socioeconómicos, por ser uma espécie de caça maior emblemática e altamente valorizada. Na Ibéria, as populações de veados estão sujeitas a diferentes práticas de gestão que podem afetar a condição física dos indivíduos de diferentes formas e, por conseguinte, determinar a sua dinâmica. Apesar da importância desta espécie, os estudos sobre os efeitos da gestão cinegética e das condições ambientais nos indicadores da sua condição física são ainda escassos nos ecossistemas mediterrânicos. Grande parte do conhecimento sobre a ecologia do veado e sobre o impacto da sua gestão cinegética é baseado em estudos realizados em regiões do norte e centro da Europa, onde as características climáticas e os sistemas de gestão diferem daqueles existentes nos ambientes mediterrânicos da Península Ibéria. Os estudos realizados a uma escala biogeográfica podem ser bastante úteis para compreender as relações das espécies com o ambiente, e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de práticas de gestão mais específicas e adequadas às necessidades de gestão. A otimização de procedimentos de amostragem e do uso de técnicas analíticas é também essencial para uma monitorização mais eficaz das populações silvestres em termos de tempo e custos associados e, portanto, é uma tema de grande interesse para gestores de fauna selvagem. Neste contexto, os principais objetivos desta tese foram: 1) otimizar os métodos usados para avaliar a condição física do veado; e 2) identificar os fatores de gestão cinegética e ambientais que afetam o estado nutricional e a fisiologia do stress do veado nos ecossistemas mediterrânicos da Ibéria, assim como investigar possíveis interações entre esses fatores. Dois estudos de cariz metodológico, apresentados na primeira parte desta tese, demonstraram que a condição física do veado pode ser avaliada usando procedimentos mais simples e rentáveis do que aqueles normalmente utilizados: i) demonstrou-se que o estado nutricional do veado pode ser avaliado usando apenas um rim e a sua gordura perirrenal; ii) provou-se, pela primeira vez, a viabilidade da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo para estimar concentrações de metabólitos de hormonas de stress usando fezes de veado. Posteriormente, dois estudos observacionais, realizados em diferentes populações de veados representativas da região mediterrânica ibérica, evidenciaram a importância de considerar as variações ambientais sazonais e as variáveis de gestão cinegética para compreender a ecofisiologia e a ecologia nutricional do veado. Observou-se que as densidades populacionais elevadas afetaram de forma negativa o estado nutricional dos veados e estiveram também associadas a níveis de stress mais elevados em populações naturais sem alimentação suplementar. Para além disto, verificou-se que a realização de eventos de caça massivos com matilhas pode ser um fator de stress crónico nas populações de veados. Os resultados obtidos no âmbito desta tese têm diversas implicações no que diz respeito à monitorização e gestão das populações de veados nos ambientes mediterrânicos. Espera-se que os estudos aqui apresentados ajudem os gestores de fauna silvestre a implementar programas de monitorização populacional mais eficazes e práticas de gestão mais sustentáveis. El ciervo rojo (Cervus elaphus) es actualmente uno de los ungulados silvestres más abundantes de la Península Ibérica. Es una especie con una elevada importancia ecológica, siendo un elemento clave en la dinámica de los ecosistemas mediterráneos, y presenta un gran valor socioeconómico, al ser una especie de caza mayor emblemática y muy apreciada. En el territorio peninsular, las poblaciones de ciervos están sometidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo que pueden modular la condición física de los individuos y, consecuentemente, determinar la dinámica de sus poblaciones. Pese a la relevancia de esta especie, aun son escasos los estudios sobre los efectos de la gestión cinegética y de las condiciones ambientales en los indicadores de su condición en los ecosistemas mediterráneos. La mayor parte del conocimiento sobre la ecología de esta especie y sobre el impacto de su gestión cinegética se basa en estudios realizados en regiones del norte y centro de Europa, donde las características climáticas y sistemas de manejo son diferentes a los presentes en los ambientes mediterráneos de la Península Ibérica. Los estudios realizados a una escala biogeográfica pueden ser muy útiles para comprender las relaciones de las especies con el ambiente, y pueden contribuir al desarrollo de prácticas de manejo más especificas y adecuadas a las necesidades de gestión. La optimización de procedimientos de muestreo y la puesta a punto de técnicas analíticas son también de gran importancia para una monitorización más eficaz de las poblaciones silvestres en términos de tiempo y costes asociados y, por consiguiente, son temas de gran interés para los gestores de la fauna silvestre. En este contexto, los objetivos principales de esta tesis doctoral fueron: 1) optimizar los métodos usados para evaluar la condición física del ciervo; y 2) identificar los factores de manejo y ambientales que afectan el estado nutricional y la fisiología del estrés del ciervo en los ecosistemas de la Iberia mediterránea, así como estudiar las posibles interacciones entre dichos factores. Dos estudios con un enfoque metodológico, presentados en la primera parte de esta tesis, demostraron que la condición física del ciervo se puede valorar usando procedimientos más sencillos y rentables que los usados tradicionalmente: i) se ha demostrado que el estado nutricional del ciervo se puede evaluar usando solamente un riñón y su grasa perirrenal; y ii) se comprobó, por primera vez, la viabilidad de la espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano para estimar las concentraciones de metabolitos de hormonas de estrés usando heces de ciervo. Posteriormente, dos estudios observacionales basados en poblaciones de ciervo representativas de la Iberia mediterránea evidenciaron la importancia de considerar las variaciones ambientales estacionales y las variables de manejo cinegético para comprender la ecofisiología y la ecología nutricional del ciervo. Se observó que las densidades poblacionales elevadas afectan de forma negativa al estado nutricional de los ciervos y éstas se asociaron con niveles de estrés más elevados en poblaciones naturales sin suplementación alimentaria. Además, se verificó que los eventos de caza masivos con rehalas pueden representar un factor de estrés crónico en las poblaciones de ciervos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis tienen implicaciones en lo que respecta a la monitorización y gestión de las poblaciones de ciervos en ambientes mediterráneos, y se espera que los estudios aquí presentados ayuden a los gestores de fauna silvestre a implementar programas de monitorización más eficaces y prácticas de gestión más sostenibles.

Tese apresentada pela João Pedro Valente e Santos à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia., [EN]: The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is currently one of the most widespread and abundant wild ungulates in the Iberian Peninsula and is extremely important both ecologically, as a key species for the functioning of the ecosystems, and economically, as a major game species. In Iberia, red deer populations are subjected to different management systems that may affect the physical condition of the individuals, with further consequences for population dynamics. Studies investigating the effects of management practices and environmental conditions on the performance of red deer are still rare regarding Mediterranean ecosystems. Much of the knowledge concerning the ecology of red deer and the impact of management on its physical condition is based on studies conducted in northern and central regions of Europe, where climatological features and management practices differ from those observed in the Mediterranean areas of Iberia. Studies on a biogeographical scale can provide important insights into the relationships between species and a particular environment and contribute to the development of more targeted and appropriate management practices. The optimisation of sampling procedures and the fine-tuning of pre-existing analytical techniques are also fundamental to a more cost-effective monitoring and, therefore, are of enormous value to wildlife managers. In this context, the main aims of this thesis were: 1) to optimise the procedures used to assess the physical condition of red deer; and 2) to identify relevant management and environmental factors affecting the nutritional condition and stress physiology of red deer in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Iberia, as well as any potential interactions between those factors. Two studies with a methodological focus, presented in the first part of the thesis, demonstrated that the physical condition of red deer can be evaluated more simply, using more cost- and time-effective procedures than those traditionally used: i) it was shown that only one kidney and its associated fat is enough to assess nutritional condition in red deer; and ii) the feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy to predict the concentrations of stress hormone metabolites was demonstrated using faeces of red deer for the first time. Subsequently, two large-scale observational studies, conducted in representative red deer populations found in Mediterranean Iberia, highlighted the importance of considering seasonal environmental variations and variables related to hunting management practices to better understand the nutritional and physiological ecology of red deer. High population densities had adverse effects on the nutritional condition of the deer and were associated with increased stress levels in natural populations without supplementary feeding. Massive hunting events involving the use of hounds were also identified as a potential source of chronic stress in red deer. The research presented in this thesis has clear implications regarding the management and monitoring of red deer populations in Mediterranean environments and is intended to help wildlife managers to implement more effective monitoring programmes and sustainable management practices., [PO]: O veado (Cervus elaphus) é, atualmente, uma das espécies de ungulados silvestres mais abundantes na Península Ibérica. É também uma espécie extremamente importante em termos ecológicos, por ser um elemento chave para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas, e socioeconómicos, por ser uma espécie de caça maior emblemática e altamente valorizada. Na Ibéria, as populações de veados estão sujeitas a diferentes práticas de gestão que podem afetar a condição física dos indivíduos de diferentes formas e, por conseguinte, determinar a sua dinâmica. Apesar da importância desta espécie, os estudos sobre os efeitos da gestão cinegética e das condições ambientais nos indicadores da sua condição física são ainda escassos nos ecossistemas mediterrânicos. Grande parte do conhecimento sobre a ecologia do veado e sobre o impacto da sua gestão cinegética é baseado em estudos realizados em regiões do norte e centro da Europa, onde as características climáticas e os sistemas de gestão diferem daqueles existentes nos ambientes mediterrânicos da Península Ibéria. Os estudos realizados a uma escala biogeográfica podem ser bastante úteis para compreender as relações das espécies com o ambiente, e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de práticas de gestão mais específicas e adequadas às necessidades de gestão. A otimização de procedimentos de amostragem e do uso de técnicas analíticas é também essencial para uma monitorização mais eficaz das populações silvestres em termos de tempo e custos associados e, portanto, é uma tema de grande interesse para gestores de fauna selvagem. Neste contexto, os principais objetivos desta tese foram: 1) otimizar os métodos usados para avaliar a condição física do veado; e 2) identificar os fatores de gestão cinegética e ambientais que afetam o estado nutricional e a fisiologia do stress do veado nos ecossistemas mediterrânicos da Ibéria, assim como investigar possíveis interações entre esses fatores. Dois estudos de cariz metodológico, apresentados na primeira parte desta tese, demonstraram que a condição física do veado pode ser avaliada usando procedimentos mais simples e rentáveis do que aqueles normalmente utilizados: i) demonstrou-se que o estado nutricional do veado pode ser avaliado usando apenas um rim e a sua gordura perirrenal; ii) provou-se, pela primeira vez, a viabilidade da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo para estimar concentrações de metabólitos de hormonas de stress usando fezes de veado. Posteriormente, dois estudos observacionais, realizados em diferentes populações de veados representativas da região mediterrânica ibérica, evidenciaram a importância de considerar as variações ambientais sazonais e as variáveis de gestão cinegética para compreender a ecofisiologia e a ecologia nutricional do veado. Observou-se que as densidades populacionais elevadas afetaram de forma negativa o estado nutricional dos veados e estiveram também associadas a níveis de stress mais elevados em populações naturais sem alimentação suplementar. Para além disto, verificou-se que a realização de eventos de caça massivos com matilhas pode ser um fator de stress crónico nas populações de veados. Os resultados obtidos no âmbito desta tese têm diversas implicações no que diz respeito à monitorização e gestão das populações de veados nos ambientes mediterrânicos. Espera-se que os estudos aqui apresentados ajudem os gestores de fauna silvestre a implementar programas de monitorização populacional mais eficazes e práticas de gestão mais sustentáveis., [ES]: El ciervo rojo (Cervus elaphus) es actualmente uno de los ungulados silvestres más abundantes de la Península Ibérica. Es una especie con una elevada importancia ecológica, siendo un elemento clave en la dinámica de los ecosistemas mediterráneos, y presenta un gran valor socioeconómico, al ser una especie de caza mayor emblemática y muy apreciada. En el territorio peninsular, las poblaciones de ciervos están sometidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo que pueden modular la condición física de los individuos y, consecuentemente, determinar la dinámica de sus poblaciones. Pese a la relevancia de esta especie, aun son escasos los estudios sobre los efectos de la gestión cinegética y de las condiciones ambientales en los indicadores de su condición en los ecosistemas mediterráneos. La mayor parte del conocimiento sobre la ecología de esta especie y sobre el impacto de su gestión cinegética se basa en estudios realizados en regiones del norte y centro de Europa, donde las características climáticas y sistemas de manejo son diferentes a los presentes en los ambientes mediterráneos de la Península Ibérica. Los estudios realizados a una escala biogeográfica pueden ser muy útiles para comprender las relaciones de las especies con el ambiente, y pueden contribuir al desarrollo de prácticas de manejo más especificas y adecuadas a las necesidades de gestión. La optimización de procedimientos de muestreo y la puesta a punto de técnicas analíticas son también de gran importancia para una monitorización más eficaz de las poblaciones silvestres en términos de tiempo y costes asociados y, por consiguiente, son temas de gran interés para los gestores de la fauna silvestre. En este contexto, los objetivos principales de esta tesis doctoral fueron: 1) optimizar los métodos usados para evaluar la condición física del ciervo; y 2) identificar los factores de manejo y ambientales que afectan el estado nutricional y la fisiología del estrés del ciervo en los ecosistemas de la Iberia mediterránea, así como estudiar las posibles interacciones entre dichos factores. Dos estudios con un enfoque metodológico, presentados en la primera parte de esta tesis, demostraron que la condición física del ciervo se puede valorar usando procedimientos más sencillos y rentables que los usados tradicionalmente: i) se ha demostrado que el estado nutricional del ciervo se puede evaluar usando solamente un riñón y su grasa perirrenal; y ii) se comprobó, por primera vez, la viabilidad de la espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano para estimar las concentraciones de metabolitos de hormonas de estrés usando heces de ciervo. Posteriormente, dos estudios observacionales basados en poblaciones de ciervo representativas de la Iberia mediterránea evidenciaron la importancia de considerar las variaciones ambientales estacionales y las variables de manejo cinegético para comprender la ecofisiología y la ecología nutricional del ciervo. Se observó que las densidades poblacionales elevadas afectan de forma negativa al estado nutricional de los ciervos y éstas se asociaron con niveles de estrés más elevados en poblaciones naturales sin suplementación alimentaria. Además, se verificó que los eventos de caza masivos con rehalas pueden representar un factor de estrés crónico en las poblaciones de ciervos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis tienen implicaciones en lo que respecta a la monitorización y gestión de las poblaciones de ciervos en ambientes mediterráneos, y se espera que los estudios aquí presentados ayuden a los gestores de fauna silvestre a implementar programas de monitorización más eficaces y prácticas de gestión más sostenibles., Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) e do Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. SFRH/BD/65880/2009. Apoio financeiro da Universidade de Aveiro (UA), no âmbito do Projeto “DEER-Monitorização de Cervídeos em Portugal”. BI/CESAM/DBio/ Deer-Portugal/2013 Apoio financeiro do Colégio Doutoral Tordesillas (CDT), no âmbito do protocolo estabelecido entre a Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) e a Universidade de Aveiro (UA). 2015-COB-5540.

The topic of the Bachelor's thesis is an accomplishment of the financial analysis at the building company PRIMA, join stock company in the period from 2008 to 2012. In the theoretical part there are presented the sources which the financial analysis draws from and the users who can be interested in the results of the analysis. Furthermore there are the tools by the help of which the financial analysis of the plant was accomplished. The analysed company is introduced in the practical part. Afterwards there is the financial analysis of the company PRIMA, join stock company accomplished by the help of the tools which are described in the theoretical part. The final accounts of the plant, information from the management of the company and the methods of the financial analysis were used to this financial analysis. The resume of this Bachelor's thesis summarizes the results of the accomplished financial analysis. Furthermore there are suggested some recommendations thanks to which the company can improve its financial situation.