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Urban mobility infrastructures have a major impact on the everyday life of city residents. Not only their mobility, but also their health, enjoyment of life and development of lifestyle preferences are affected by them. However, inclusive participation in infrastructure planning processes is difficult to achieve. We explore a foresight approach that develops desirable urban visions that involve residents in the preparation of decisions that will impact their lives. We propose future-oriented co-design workshops for the operationalisation of a capabilitarian focus on conscientisation, conciliation and collaboration to involve citizens in the visioning of infrastructure planning. The study is based on future-oriented codesign workshops held in Montreal in 2022–2023. Residents were invited to evaluate and discuss various future scenarios that re-imagine a highway currently cutting through the city. The results show the capabilitarian co-design workshops to promote critical thinking, vision creation and to a lesser extent collaboration in the discussions triggered by the future-oriented codesign workshops. The results also reveal the difficulties of making such discussions truly inclusive, as well as their ambivalent relation to urban planning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the recent proposal for a regulation that would overhaul the entire standard essential patents licensing system (SEP Proposal), the European Commission has envisaged a pre-trial mandatory FRAND determination by a conciliator. The paper investigates the relationship between the FRAND determination process under such a proposal and the test developed by the European Court of Justice (CJEU) in Huawei v. ZTE, which represents the current guiding framework for SEP licensing negotiations in the EU. The paper aims at demonstrating that even, if the SEP Proposal were not to displace Huawei, it endorses an anti-injunction approach which is inconsistent with the CJEU's stance and is essentially triggered by the German case law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When, why, and how do countries move from hostile to peaceful relations, and sometimes even friendship? We draw on the interstate peace literature to identify two peace processes. Rapprochement represents a first step during which enemies might develop normal working relations. Some states then progress to conciliation and establish warm and cooperative ties. We compare rapprochement to conciliation, outline the mechanisms that drive each process, and review scholarly findings about three types of causal variables: abrupt shocks, stable contextual factors, and policy initiatives. A key insight emerges that conciliation is not simply an extension of rapprochement—the predictors of these two processes differ significantly. We then call for greater scholarly attention to the study of conciliation, interactions of causal factors, the domestic politics underlying each process, the causes of peace failure, and empirical and methodological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the concept of circumstances that mitigate the responsibility of the guilty person and are taken into account by the court during the implementation of the restorative justice procedure. The content of the circumstance that mitigates the responsibility of the guilty person has been clarified, namely compensation for the damage caused and the damage caused, which in the process of releasing a person from criminal responsibility is the main prerequisite for the release provided for in Art. 46 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It was established that the voluntary action of the guilty party is related to the compensation of the damage caused and the damage caused is not only a circumstance that mitigates the punishment, but also a prerequisite for release from criminal liability in the order of reconciliation between the guilty party and the victim. A comparative legal analysis of national and foreign criminal legislation was carried out, which regulates the application of circumstances mitigating punishment and responsibility, which made it possible to identify the common and distinctive features of the consideration of mitigating circumstances by the court, both in the case of exemption from punishment and exemption from criminal responsibility. The author's approach is proposed to take into account such a circumstance that mitigates the punishment, such as voluntary compensation for the damage caused or elimination of the damage caused when applying to the convicted person exemption from punishment in accordance with Art. 81 and 82 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. At the same time, it is emphasized that the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not contain an exhaustive list of circumstances mitigating and aggravating criminal responsibility, it is considered necessary to make a clear distinction between mitigating and aggravating circumstances, which are used to individualize punishment and differentiate criminal responsibility. It has been established that by their legal nature, mitigating and aggravating circumstances must be distinguished from the same (similar) main, privileged and qualified elements of a criminal offense provided for by the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the concept of circumstances that mitigate the responsibility of the guilty person and are taken into account by the court during the implementation of the restorative justice procedure. The content of the circumstance that mitigates the responsibility of the guilty person has been clarified, namely compensation for the damage caused and the damage caused, which in the process of releasing a person from criminal responsibility is the main prerequisite for the release provided for in Art. 46 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It was established that the voluntary action of the guilty party is related to the compensation of the damage caused and the damage caused is not only a circumstance that mitigates the punishment, but also a prerequisite for release from criminal liability in the order of reconciliation between the guilty party and the victim. A comparative legal analysis of national and foreign criminal legislation was carried out, which regulates the application of circumstances mitigating punishment and responsibility, which made it possible to identify the common and distinctive features of the consideration of mitigating circumstances by the court, both in the case of exemption from punishment and exemption from criminal responsibility. The author's approach is proposed to take into account such a circumstance that mitigates the punishment, such as voluntary compensation for the damage caused or elimination of the damage caused when applying to the convicted person exemption from punishment in accordance with Art. 81 and 82 ofthe Criminal Code of Ukraine. At the same time, it is emphasized that the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not contain an exhaustive list of circumstances mitigating and aggravating criminal responsibility, it is considered necessary to make a clear distinction between mitigating and aggravating circumstances, which are used to individualize punishment and differentiate criminal responsibility. It has been established that by their legal nature, mitigating and aggravating circumstances must be distinguished from the same (similar) main, privileged and qualified elements of a criminal offense provided for by the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of commentary on two rulings by the Apostolic Signatura on the expulsion of a nun from religious life, the essential aspects of the right to defense (possible adversarial and forensic technical assistance) in the procedure for such expulsion are discussed; and the reasons for the end of litigation before the Apostolic Signatura, especially through conciliation between the parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'International Relations & Regional Studies' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, the author examines the pre-trial settlement of administrative disputes in Ukraine and foreign countries. Attention is focused on the fact that in connection with the introduction of the state of war in Ukraine, the burden on those courts that have the opportunity to hear cases is increasing because there is a sufficient number of judges, hostilities are not taking place, or the territory on which the court is located is deoccupied. In such conditions, there is a growing need to use alternative methods of dispute settlement, namely mediation and conciliation. The author highlights the issue of applying these methods - the subject composition of a public-law dispute as a civil servant who does not have a sufficient number of powers to use alternative methods of dispute settlement stays as the mandatory participant in such a dispute, he is limited in decision-making. Therefore, the article provides a suggestion to expand the discretionary powers of the subject of authority. The positive aspects of mediation are indicated. It contributes to the increase of trust and the establishment of partnership relations between the subject of authority and a private person. A necessary step is to introduce changes to the current legislation of Ukraine and grant the subject of authority the right to offer individuals or legal entities a mediation procedure in order to find a mutually beneficial solution. The author pays particular focus to the use of mediation in Israel. The use of mediation in the member states of the European Union, in particular Italy and Poland, is also being studied. The positive sides of conciliation in Ukraine and the United Kingdom are also studied, and the problems that arise in practice and ways to solve them are specified. The author comes to the conclusion that in the conditions of the state of war, it is indispensable to use alternative methods of resolving disputes, as this will lead to the relief of the judicial branch of government, the search for a mutually beneficial solution for both parties, the absence of corruption, preserving time and money for both individuals and legal entities, as well as for the subject of authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To completely understand Dante's work, we would need to perfectly comprehend the foundations on which it is built, as well as Dante's own "constructs" and reinterpretations of earlier texts—the transformations of these texts and the whole ideological superstructure of the work built on them. The goal of this essay is to introduce, for the first time in English-language scholarship, a discussion of Pavol Koprda's Slovak translation of Dante's Paradise (2020), the result of extensive Slovak academic research on this topic, based on key sections in which Dante's philosophical background is revealed, and focusing on an interpretation of the third canticle and a reconciliation of the intellectual debates of Dante's time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the aspect of conflict resolution depicted in the text of Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. Conflict is a form of social interaction that involves opposing views between two or more parties. When disagreements arise, it is essential to resolve conflicts using specific methods to prevent them from becoming detrimental to society. Conflict resolution is the process of addressing or overcoming issues that occur within a community. Research related to conflict resolution within the text of Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa has not been extensively explored, especially from the perspective of Ralf Dahrendorf. The aim of this study is to analyze the conflict resolution depicted in the text of Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. The research is focused on the historical literary text of Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa as studied by Siti Hawa Haji Salleh (1988). Additionally, this article adopts a qualitative approach utilizing literature review and textual analysis methods. Therefore, the primary framework applied in this study is Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict resolution theory. According to Dahrendorf's conflict theory (1959), only two conflict resolution methods are employed, namely consiliation and mediation, in accordance with the types of conflicts depicted in the text of Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. The research findings reveal that conciliation was applied to resolve personal and racial conflicts, while mediation was employed to address power struggles and conflicts between social classes. The study indicates that Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa provides evidence of the wisdom of traditional Malay society in effectively managing conflicts and crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the article is to identify effective alternative forms of labour dispute resolution based on the analysis of theoretical information and practical experience of their application in the modern world and the possibility of their use in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the work is the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative law, logical and legal, abstract and logical methods, and the method of generalisation. The author identifies the features and advantages of using the main alternative forms of labour dispute resolution: conciliation, direct negotiations, mediation, arbitration, and mediation. The author examines the international experience of using alternative forms of labour dispute resolution (France, Bulgaria, Poland, and the United Kingdom). The reasons for the low prevalence of the use of alternative forms of labour dispute resolution in Ukraine are: lack of legislative regulation or gaps in it; low level of public awareness; lack of qualified specialists (arbitrators, mediators). The author identifies the appropriate measures for the effective implementation of alternative forms of labour dispute resolution in Ukraine, which will reduce the burden on the judicial system, and resolve labour conflicts more quickly, efficiently, and with lower material costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though provided for in several treaties, including three universal human rights treaties, resort to interstate conciliation has been sparse. In 2018, however, the first three human rights interstate conciliations were initiated under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). While two of these have been suspended by mutual agreement, the third, Palestine v. Israel , is ongoing after the CERD Committee has concluded that it has jurisdiction to establish a conciliation commission. This article examines how suited conciliation is to advance the goals of interstate communications in human rights treaties, as well as conciliation more broadly. It also tries to identify critical factors that may determine the success or failure of such conciliations, particularly by drawing on lessons learned from the recent conciliation between Timor Leste and Australia under the UN Convention for the Law of the Sea, which successfully concluded with a delimitation treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper maps the factors that States consider when deciding whether to raise inter-State disputes to an international dispute resolution body. It focuses particularly on these factors in the context of human rights disputes, including whether such disputes will be brought before the mechanisms provided for under the universal human rights treaties, and notably conciliation commissions. While traditionally negotiation has been seen as the most appropriate way to resolve inter-State disputes, there are times that human rights disputes may benefit from a different approach. It discusses (i) the general trend to negotiate or mediate disputes; (ii) the importance of taking a contextual perspective; (iii) the patchwork of international norms; (iv) key legal and factual considerations; (v) choice of mechanism/process; and (vi) palatability of the potential dispute resolution options. The paper concludes by providing a roadmap for States deciding whether to commence an international dispute and which forum to choose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As judicial conciliation in Japanese civil matters celebrates its 100th anniversary, we look back at this emblematic institution of Japanese law, known for the diversity and flexibility of its dispute resolution methods. Ambivalent in nature, the Japanese conciliation process is situated somewhere between amicable settlement and legal proceeding. The centenary of its institution offers an opportunity to understand its continuing significance in the 21st century and to examine how it is perceived in the West. This article shows that, far from declining, Japanese mediation has successfully adapted to changes in modern society and will continue to do so in future.

Just as Online Dispute Resolution is progressing in other countries around the world, the digitisation of Japanese-style mediation is also underway in Japan. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the ongoing digitalisation of Japanese-style mediation and to identify its challenges. In civil court proceedings, three distinct phases for the realisation of the system have been determined and are being systematically implemented. Mediation in domestic affairs is moving ahead to revise the system, and the realisation of its implementation is also in sight. The role of third parties in Japanese mediation differs significantly from that in Anglo-American law and elsewhere in that the role of the third party was more focused on the guardian role of the mediator than on the formation of an agreement between the parties. A characteristic feature of Japanese-style mediation is the emphasis on the role of the third-party guardian, who is the mediator. These characteristics of Japanese-style mediation are important factors to be taken into account when considering the digitalisation of mediation.

The aim of this article — drawing on qualitative methodology — is to enlarge self-tracking studies, thus to problematise the management of time required to produce reliable and interpretable data. To do so, the essay explores the contamination between self-tracking literature and feminist technoscientific studies, focusing on the digital time enacted by the domestication practices of smartwatches, configured to be simultaneously both time-tracking devices and wearable self-tracking technologies. In the era when Google and Apple manage our well-being, is producing reliable data through smartwatches a waste of time? Or could it be a time to take care of yourself? Qualitative interviews have been carried out to investigate how women appropriate their digital time clocks by experiencing flexible and subjective time as well as strategies to balance self-care time with work and family time. Accordingly, the analysis is presented in two parts. The first section shows how self-tracking habits can become a waste of time by configuring underuse practices. The second section analyses how smartwatches become allies in the processes of re-appropriation of body self-knowledge in the lifetime of women who have to reconcile time for themselves with time for family and work.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the life and personality of Jarīr b. Abdullah and to study his delegation and conciliation acts. Some of the previous academical studies are about his military and political activities as well as his relationship with his own tribe. Jarīr b. Abdallāh is a companion (sahābī) who stands out with his researcher identity, kindness, truthfulness, companionship and mercy, courage, commandership, peacemaking and managing ability, balanced attitude, hadith narration and poetry. Before Islam, Jarīr was the chief of the Bajīla tribe, a sect of Kahtanie clan, residing in the Serat mountains in Yemen. Unlike others, he was a kind of chief superposable with his tribe. His tribe found integrity with him and had various privileges. When “Jarīr” was said, Bajīla would have come to mind, and when “Bajīla” was said, Jarīr would have come to mind. His tribe preserved various abilities because of him and respected him very much. The name Jarīr was reminding his tribe, and his tribe was reminding Jarīr always. After his own investigation, he believed in Prophet without seeing him and Jarīr came to Madinah with a delegation of 150 from his tribe in the tenth year of hejira and became a Muslim. Being different than other Muslims, the Prophet asked him his loyalty for “advising good to all Muslims”. After this, He missioned himself to be helpful to Muslims and to be a negotiator during problematic times. If he was in Madinah; Prophet used to introduce him to the delegations. According to a saying The Prophet accepted him one of the members of his holly family. Soon after, the Prophet commissioned him for a delegation accompany 150 man of his, to demolish the temple of Zhū al Hhalaṣa known as the “Kaaba of Yemen”, located in Tabale. He fulfilled the duty adequately. After the last hajj, the Prophet gave Jarīr a duty to convince Esved el-Ansî, who was claiming false prophecy, to obey and to convince Zülkelâ’ and Zûamr, the notables of the same region, to help the Muslims of the region against Esved el-Ansî and to be Muslim. The dialogues were successful to make Esved el-Ansî to obey, but Zülkelâ’ and Zûamr could not be convinced to be Muslims. Jarīr worked along with four great caliphs. He fought against renegades who accepted Islam but later converted. He was the right-wing commander in the Battle of Qadisiye, the event that opened the gates of Iran to Muslims during the Omar period; he conquered cities such as Nuhayle, Kussün-Nâtıf, Râmhurmuz and Karmîn, Tuster, Hulvan and Hamadan, located in Iraq and Iran. He served just an assistant commander in the conquest of some cities. He contributed very much to these events. He served as governor of Hamadan for a period during the caliph of Omar. Later, he joined conquest of Azerbaijan under command of Saîd b. Âs and conquered some cities. After the death of, Mugīre b. Şuʻbe, he kept the peace in Kufe. He always established his army from his own tribe, that was his difference from other commanders of the time. He went to Damascus to delegate the Caliph Ali to convince Muâviye to obey the Caliph. Hid did not join the battle between Muâviye and Hz. Ali because he promised the Prophet never to fight against an army who says Lâilahe illallah. During crisis, conciliation of public leaders is needed. Jarīr b. Abdullah was the only person for such kinds of duties. He usually was a person who was trusted by both parties. Nevertheless, despite how competent the conciliators are, the problem could not be solved everytime. Hence, because of the inconvincible rigid attitude of Muâviye and his followers, the delegacy of Jarīr was also unsuccessful. Jarīr continued the duty of delegacy also in the times of Muâviye. In the event of Hucr b. Adî, he took a seperate part by himself and his contribution resulted the forgiveness of some people. In this study, where personal characteristics of Jarīr b. Abdullah was presented as historical reflections, qualitative and quantitative research methods are followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Security Studies / Güvenlik Calışmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkish National Police Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Currently the ignorance of alternative dispute resolutions, better known as ADR, still exists; in many cases, it is still considered that the only means of resolving disputes is through a judicial institution, that is, with the beginning of a trial. However, for a long time there have been various methods such as conciliation, mediation and arbitration, among others, which are used to resolve conflicts arising in various matters. Such is the case of CONAMED, which carries out conciliation for the resolution of disputes between users of medical services and health service providers (public and private). The National Commission carries out the conciliation process, with strict adherence to the principles that characterize this ADR, mainly because it allows the process to be more agile and economical compared to litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Note 1, Article 43 of the Securities Market Law, the board of directors of the stock exchange, along with the arbitration board, is competent to deal with damage claims in the process of the initial offering of securities; The board of directors of the stock exchange, in addition to the dignity and duties of the board of directors of public joint-stock companies, has other competences and duties regarding being a publisher and self-regulating organization. The above-mentioned regulation needs to be carefully examined in terms of the type, scope and limits of jurisdiction of the board of directors of the stock exchangeAnd by examining it, it is discovered that it is unclear about the procedure and organization of the hearing, as well as the issuance of the opinion and its implementation. In addition, the board of directors lacks any legal-judicial dignity, and the handling of lawsuits in it is faced with a fundamental problem, and due to the jurisdiction of two authorities with different organizations, the possibility of conflicting opinions issued in a single matter is very high. However, in the laws of other countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, although other institutions other than the court are responsible for dealing with violations, creating compromises, arbitration between the injured party and the causer of the damage, and similar cases in the process of the initial offer, the judicial investigation of the issue is the responsibility of the judicial system. A detailed examination of the regulations on the topic of discussion and its adaptation to other countries makes clear the necessity of its narrow interpretation, modification and completion in the current situation where the capital market needs support; Therefore, this article aims to emphasize the necessity of amending the relevant regulations by carefully examining the existing internal and external sources and writings, while examining the various aspects of the board of directors' competence; Especially since the preparations for amending the law have already started.

This article presents settlement methods of labour disputes, a few basic procedural issues being also set out. Thus, the goals of the material are the understanding of individual labour disputes’ amicable settlement methods and their conciliation procedure, the identification of the court that is materially and territorially competent to have jurisdiction in labour disputes and getting familiar with the main issues regarding the settlement procedure of this type of disputes.

Mediation is one of the well-known dispute resolution methods, and due to the increase in the use of the Internet by individuals, the transfer of most businesses to cyberspace and the conclusion of many transactions by electronic means, in many lawsuits, parties tend to use online mediation to resolve their dispute. The present study examines the challenges of online mediation and the approach of international regulations and Iranian law towards them in the following topics, so that individuals and business actors can figure out the suitability of online mediation to resolve their disputes by taking into account the above considerations: "Lack of face-to-face communication in online mediation", "challenge of confidentiality in online mediation", "general reluctance of using online mediation in some cases", "weak control of meditator over online mediation", and "the difficulty of enforcement of online mediation". Finally, this article concludes that in case of insistence of parties on face-to-face communication, due to the lack of trust in the mediator, lack of access to the required communication technologies or inability to use them, as well as the lack of confidence in the confidentiality preservation of the other party and the mediator, the parties will face serious challenges to use online mediation. According to existing international regulations. Because of the need to a specific law on mediation in Iranian law, the present article suggests the Iranian legislature to enact a comprehensive law on mediation, including the special requirements of online mediation, so that individuals can benefit from the advantages of this dispute resolution method.

This article aims to demonstrate how consensual methods of dispute resolution (notably mediation and conciliation), may not only reduce the number of processes brought to the judiciary, but also recover the role of the administrator as a budget manager. Adopting this possibility of planning within the Public Administration would endorse some predictability in view of the budgetary impacts caused by judicial decisions, and also help in the prevention of institutional disruption currently embodied in the judicial implementation of public choices and the management of state relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human individualistic loneliness impels us to live as a couple and achieve complementarity between man and woman, affection, and reciprocity. The science journalism of this article reviews the choice of partner, their satisfaction and complications, and preventive instruction of circumstances that cause rupture. The failure from the election ignores the mechanisms between reason and sexual instinct. The problem of love is not to be loved but to develop such a capacity, for it is extinguished by maladjustment and monotony. The voting/elected act and its simultaneous reasons are described: Conscious (homogeneity/heterogeneity of the encounter; emulation of the animal model; type, dynamic link and social networks; Sociodemographic aspects; sexual sharing and immediate/future expectations). Unconscious (electoral problems, dyadic interaction, and parental background; defense mechanisms, exchange of dissociations; idealization; negative reciprocity, power struggle, projective identification, search for appreciation for the other; narcissism, false self, mechanisms of procrastination/evasion of responsibility, insecurity, intrusion, and collusion). A healthy couple, understands/attends to the creation and maintenance of the "we", eliminates the power struggle and produces permanent conciliation. Tolerant agreement and understanding are indispensable for a satisfying, stable, and lasting emotional relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometimes the working relationship established between employers and workers or trade unions can run well. Sometimes differences in goals or interests owned by the two parties can cause conflicts or disputes that, if the organization or company cannot handle them properly, will harm the sustainability of the business undertaken by the organization. Therefore, it is necessary to have an industrial relations dispute resolution mechanism that can be done in two ways: through litigation (court) and non-litigation (outside the court). This study aims to provide a pattern of research overview with the theme of industrial relations dispute resolution with data obtained from several reputable international/national journals published between 2017 to 2023. The research method used, namely in the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Method, is useful in identifying, reviewing, evaluating, and interpreting many studies obtained with research topics or themes that attract attention, as well as with certain relevant research questions. The results showed that the dominant platform used in research on the theme of industrial relations dispute resolution is the settlement mechanism and the role of trade unions in resolving labour relations disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To completely understand Dante’s work, we would need to perfectly comprehend the foundations on which it is built, as well as Dante’s own “constructs” and reinterpretations of earlier texts—the transformations of these texts and the whole ideological superstructure of the work built on them. The goal of this essay is to introduce, for the first time in English-language scholarship, a discussion of Pavol Koprda’s Slovak translation of Dante’s Paradise (2020), the result of extensive Slovak academic research on this topic, based on key sections in which Dante’s philosophical background is revealed, and focusing on an interpretation of the third canticle and a reconciliation of the intellectual debates of Dante’s time.

The last few decades have seen a continuous increase in interest in the peaceful dispute resolution (or “alternative dispute resolution” – ADR) of labour disputes. The existence of an efficient and effective way of resolving disputes is of utmost importance for resolving collective labour disputes, since these play a specific role in the collective bargaining process, exercising the right to strike, and, ultimately, ensuring judicial protection of collective rights and interests. The manner of legal regulation of procedures for conducting mediation, conciliation and arbitration as peaceful methods of resolving disputes in this regard can play a key role in strengthening social dialogue. This is also evident in the standards of the International Labour Organization and the Council of Europe, which put conciliation and arbitration primarily in the function of achieving cooperation between social partners. The research will show that international and European standards are primarily directed towards regulating the issue of voluntary vs. compulsory conciliation and arbitration, and its potential limitation of the right to collective bargaining and collective action. The European Court of Human Rights has further considered in this regard the issue of limitations on the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The paper will ultimately give an overview of the current legal regulation of alternative dispute resolution methods of collective labour disputes in labour legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the admissibility of existing models, in relation to the relevant interpretations of international and European standards on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

diation, despite its historical antiquity and significant benefits for parties, has been less successful than other methods of dispute resolution such as arbitration and litigation. According to scientific and practical researches, the reason for the mentioned situation was the lack of enforcement support of the settlement agreements as a result of the mediation process. To cover this weakness and to promote mediation, the United Nations ratified the Singapore Convention. The convention has recently entered into force and signed by Iran, although it has not yet been ratified by the Iranian legislature. In the present study, various rules and aspects of cross-border implementation of international trade settlement agreements have been analyzed, so that the Iranian legislature, legal researchers and business activists can have a correct understanding of the provisions of the Convention. Finally, this article concludes that the Singapore Convention has taken an important step towards the development of mediation in order to provide enforcement support to the settlement agreements and to grant the status of Res Judicata to said document. Of course, there are ambiguities and rules that can be criticized in the treaty, the inclusion of which is due to the need for consensus of the countries and certainly the Singapore Convention, by providing the setting and development of mediation, can result in ratification of more comprehensive mediation treaty. The Iranian legislature is advised to accede to the Treaty, and to harmonize the legal approach to domestic and international mediation, to enact a national mediation law inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law so that the Iranian dispute resolution system takes an important step in promoting this method of dispute resolution.

Vergi idaresi ile vergi mükellefi arasında kaynağı vergiye dayanan anlaşmazlıklar vergi uyuşmazlığı olarak ifade edilmektedir. Ortaya çıkan bu uyuşmazlıklar, idari ve yargı aşamasında olmak üzere iki şekilde çözüme kavuşturulmaktadır. Vergi uyuşmazlıklarının idari aşamada çözüm yolları arasında en sık tercih edileni ise uzlaşma müessesesidir. Uzlaşma müessesesi, idare ile mükellefi bir araya getirmek yoluyla karşılıklı görüşme ve pazarlık yöntemine dayanarak, uyuşmazlığın yargı yoluna başvurulmadan kısa süre içerisinde çözüme kavuşturulması noktasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Günümüzde yaygın ve etkin bir şekilde kullanılan uzlaşma müessesesi aracılığıyla vergi uyuşmazlıklarının büyük bir bölümü çözüme kavuşturulmaktadır. Uzlaşma müessesesi, vergi idaresi ile mükellef arasında ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıkları yargı organlarına taşınmadan hızlı bir şekilde çözümlemek, kamu alacağının bir an önce tahsil edilmesini sağlamak ve yargı organlarının üzerindeki iş yükünü hafifletmek gibi amaçlar doğrultusunda uygulamaya konulmuştur.Bir ülkede uygulanan uzlaşma sistemi, o ülkedeki uzlaşma sonuçları üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2017-2021 yılları arasındaki Türkiye uzlaşma verileri incelenerek, ülkemizde uygulanan uzlaşma müessesesinin ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca uzlaşma müessesesi, uygulanan uzlaşma sistemi açısından uluslararası benzerlik veya farklılık gösterebilmektedir. OECD ülkelerinde de uygulamaları bulunan uzlaşma müessesesi, OECD üyesi ülkelerden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Almanya, İngiltere, Fransa ve Avustralya olmak üzere seçili beş ülke kapsamında incelenerek, ülkemizde uygulanan uzlaşma müessesesi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu noktada, ülkemizde uygulanan uzlaşma müessesesinin gelişimi için yararlı olacağı düşünülen ülke uygulamalarından örnekler ile uzlaşma müessesesi nitelik ve etkinlik bakımından uluslararası değerlendirilerek gelişimine katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.

Disputes arising from the execution of administrative contracts constitute a continuous challenge to the social actors involved. The Republic of Moldova could take advantage of Romanian legislation if it started from the assumption that the theories and principles that govern administrative contracts in Romania are valid for it. In the case of Romania, the reconsideration of art. 8 para. (2) of the Administrative Litigation Law no. 554/2004 which requires a legislative intervention in order to cancel the negative consequences for the private entrepreneur, part of an administrative contract, as a result of the procedural defect of not invoking, ex officio, by the court, at the first term, of functional material competence. After such an approach, the legislature of the Republic of Moldova could also be inspired, and could improve and harmonize the provisions of the Administrative Litigation Law no. 793 of 10.02.2000 and the Administrative Code no. 116/2018. Anyway, in The Republic of Moldova, by virtue of its status as a candidate country for the EU, many legislative harmonizations will take place, and Romania’s experience would help.

In the Republic of Moldova, we believe that the institution of mandatory mediation in certain categories of disputes could be given a chance of success because, in the current crisis that European states are going through due to the armed conflict in Ukraine, it is justified, all the more, for it to it is given a real chance to prove itself, this time from the position of compulsory mediation for a series of minor disputes carried out by mediators and not by other legal professionals. In our opinion, the obligation of mediation can be instituted in all categories of disputes listed in art. 25-30 of the mediation law, but in order to help the Moldovan society through the institution of mediation to overcome these prolonged crises, we propose the legislator to be inspired by the experience of the Italian legislator who found a way to penetrate the national and European legislation.

Au terme de l’analyse de la problématique de la faute lourde comme motif valable de résiliation unilatérale du contrat de travail en droit congolais, nous avons retenu que la loi ne définit pas clairement la faute lourde. L’appréciation et la qualification des faits susceptibles d’être qualifiés de faute lourde pouvant justifiée la résiliation unilatérale et immédiate du contrat de travail sont laissées au bon sens de la partie qui en fait usage. Le travailleur ou l’employeur peut mettre immédiatement fin au contrat de travail dès qu’il constate une faute lourde dans le chef de l’autre partie. Dès ce constat, la partie qui veut prendre l’initiative de résilier le contrat a 15 jours, pour notifier par écrit, à l’autre partie, sa décision. Le travailleur met fin au contrat par démission alors que l’employeur le fait par licenciement. Si la faute lourde est constatée par l’employeur, pour besoin d’enquête, ce dernier a le délai de 48 heures pour suspendre le travailleur de ses fonctions. Si la résiliation du contrat est considérée par la partie contre laquelle elle est prise comme abusive, avant toute saisine du Tribunal du travail, ladite partie est tenue de saisir l’Inspecteur du travail du ressort qui devrait tenter une conciliation. La saisine du Tribunal du travail peut conduire, si la résiliation est considérée abusive ou la démission aux torts de l’employeur est fondée, au paiement à la partie victime de la résiliation unilatérale et immédiate du contrat de travail, des dommages-intérêts ne devant pas dépasser 36 mois de la dernière rémunération du travailleur.

The research aims to show the importance of the work of the reformer in resolving disputes, and how the reconciliation offices work in the courts and to show the strengths and weaknesses, and a suggested work in drafting the reconciliation minutes. The research divided into a preface and three sections, the introduction was in the definition of the reformer and the nature of reconciliation, the first topic is in the legal and jurisprudential provisions of the reformer, and the second topic is in the obligations and rights of the reformer, and the third topic is in the practical reality of the work of the reformer in the courts. The research concluded at the end of several results ، including: that the reformer is the one who undertakes the reconciliation work in accordance with the provisions of the organization of the reconciliation center, and he has many obligations and rights that the organizer cares about, and the reconciliation process goes through several stages starting with the referral stage and ending with the stage of issuing the reconciliation report, which has three pictures in The system is: the non-composition report, the partial composition report, and the total composition report ، and all of these minutes contain several elements required by the regulator. The researcher suggested some proposals, the most important of which are: holding training courses for reformers, evaluating them by expert reformers, making more modeling and reviewing them by experts in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]