Search

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that cause massive agricultural losses worldwide and constitute a significant health problem for humans and animals. The aim of this five-year study was to investigate the contamination of compound feed for broiler chickens at all stages (starter, grower and finisher) from a feed mill in Romania with mycotoxins such as total aflatoxins (AFT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUMs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN). AFT was detected in 49.3–72.2% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 5.2 µg/kg. DON was detected in 77.6–98.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations ranging from 330 to 1740 µg/kg. FUM contamination ranged from 42.7% to 87.2%, with maximum levels between 460 and 1400 µg/kg. OTA was present in 44.2–87.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations reaching 21.4 µg/kg. ZEN was consistently elevated at all feeding stages, being detected in 86.5–97.4% of the samples, with maximum levels of 89.4 µg/kg. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was common in the samples, with the most common combination of four mycotoxins occurring in 38.51% of the samples. Samples were collected from storage bunkers, homogenised and analysed in certified laboratories, with sampling procedures varying according to batch size to ensure representativeness. Investigation of the transfer of mycotoxins into animal products and the combined effects of mycotoxins on animal health, including potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions, is particularly relevant. This study emphasises the essential role of comprehensive and continuous monitoring of mycotoxins in protecting animal health and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for animal products, in particular meat and eggs, leads to an increase in the number of animals and poultry and the need for effective solutions for their complete nutrition. This increases the demand for effective feed additives. The market for feed acidifiers is actively gaining momentum, as they meet modern requirements for efficient, safe and economical farming. Acidifiers help maintain an optimal pH level in the digestive system of animals, which contributes to better absorption of nutrients and reduces the risk of digestive disorders. They also stimulate the development of beneficial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract, which has a positive effect on the general condition of animals. In many countries, stricter restrictions on the use of antibiotics in livestock farming are being introduced due to concerns about bacterial resistance to drugs. Therefore, acidifiers are becoming an effective alternative to maintaining animal health without the use of antibiotics. In addition, acidifiers can increase the efficiency of feed processing, which allows you to reduce feed costs and increase the feed conversion ratio. This is important for farmers, as it allows achieving better results at lower costs. With the development of industrial animal husbandry, there is a need for more effective feeding methods, which makes feed acidifiers an important tool in maintaining animal health and productivity. The article examines the global and domestic market for acidifiers. A literature review of the results of the use of feed acidifiers in animal and poultry feeding by leading domestic scientists is presented. The results of tests are presented, which showed that the use of feed acidifier in feeding young pigs has a significant effect on biochemical blood parameters, meat quality and animal growth rate. Other data showed that adding acidifiers to the diet of broiler chickens contributed to an increase in survival, leads to feed savings while increasing productivity. The article also presents the main prospects, problems of using acidifiers in compound feed production and ways to solve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed the incidence and contamination levels of total aflatoxins (TAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed ingredients and compound layer mash from six regions in Ghana. Thirty-five facilities comprising commercial poultry farms and feed mills were used in the study. There was 100% incidence of TAF and AFB1 in the samples of layer mash and feed ingredients (maize, soybean meal and wheat bran). The TAF of layer mash, maize and soybean meal (55.2, 54.0 and 47.6 µgkg-1, respectively) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than TAF of wheat bran (28.6 µgkg-1). Most of the layer mash, soybean meal and wheat bran samples had TAF concentrations exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) maximum limit of 20 µgkg-1. Mean TAF concentrations in layer mash and maize samples were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.50; P < 0.018). Layer mash, maize and soybean meal had significantly higher (P< 0.05) AFB1 concentrations (33.0, 35.1, 26.5 µgkg-1, respectively) when compared to wheat bran (13.8 µgkg-1). Most layer mash and maize samples exceeded the European Commission's maximum limits of 20 and 50 µgkg-1 respectively for AFB1. Mean AFB1 concentrations in layer mash and maize samples were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.54; P = 0.01). High aflatoxins contamination of poultry feed is a persistent problem in Ghana. The use of toxin-binders, education of poultry farmers and feed millers on the implication of aflatoxins contamination in poultry feeds and the enforcement of regulation by Ghana's food and drugs authority is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper animal feeding practices play a fundamental role in enhancing livestock health and maximizing output. Given the governmental restrictions on green fodder cultivation in Saudi Arabia (SA) due to water conservation efforts, the use of compound feed could serve as a viable alternative for livestock farmers. This study aimed to investigate livestock farmers' farming objectives, their feeding management strategies, and the uptake of compound feed in the country. Data from 650 randomly selected livestock farmers were collected through an online survey with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. The findings showed that most farmers raised sheep and goats for trade purposes using specialized farms and desert grazing. Alfalfa hay was widely used as a fodder along with barley grain. While approximately 47% of the farmers did not utilize compound feed, 44% reported its usage. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that formal education, farming experience, and income level significantly influenced the adoption of compound feed among livestock farmers. These results underscore the critical role of education and financial resources in promoting the use of compound feed among livestock farmers in SA. It is recommended that government institutions should develop initiatives to educate farmers on proper animal nutrition practices and provide financial support to make compound feed more affordable for low-income farmers. The widespread use of compound feed has the potential to enhance livestock health and productivity, thereby positively contributing to the food security of SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to study the effect of a phytobiotic feed additive on the live weight, growth and slaughter performance of repair young laying hens. For the experiment, 4 analogue groups of chickens of the “Dominant” egg breed, 150 heads each, were selected. Experimental groups of repair young animals consumed the investigated phytobiotic supplement in different doses in addition to the main diet. The experiment for repair young laying hens lasted 105 days. It was established that the use of a phytobiotic additive in the feeding of repair young laying hens increases the live weight of birds in the 2nd group by 9.4 % (Р < 0.05), the 3rd by 9.9 % (Р < 0.05) and the 4th by 10.5 % (Р < 0.05), against the control group. With the additional consumption of the feed additive, the absolute increase in live weight of chickens in the 2nd group increases by 10.5 % (Р < 0.05), the 3rd by 11.1 % (Р < 0.05) and the 4th by 11.9 % (Р < 0.05), compared to the control value. It was found that the use of a phytobiotic additive in poultry feed increases the length of the keel in the 2nd group by 4.0 % (Р < 0.05), the 3rd by 7.1 % (Р < 0.05), compared to control peers. In addition, under the action of the phytobiotic, the pelvic width in young laying hens increases in the 2nd group by 19.5 % (Р < 0.05), the 3rd by 24.4 % (Р < 0.01) and the 4th and by 21.9 % (Р < 0.01), relative to the control group. With the additional use of the feed additive in the 3rd group of birds, the breast depth increases by 12.6 % (Р < 0.01), compared to the control group. It was established that the consumption of a phytobiotic supplement in repair young laying hens increases the weight of the carcass of the carcass in the 3rd group by 6.8 % (Р < 0.05) and in the 4th by 5.9 % (Р < 0.01), the weight of the heart in the 2nd group by 20.7 % (Р < 0.05) and the weight of the lungs in the 4th by 42.4 % (Р < 0.001), relative to the control value. Under the action of the phytobiotic, in the 4th group of birds, the weight of the left ovary increases by 4.4 % (Р < 0.05), and the weight of the protein part of the oviduct in the 3rd group increases by 85.7 % (Р < 0.05) and 4th by 78.5 % (Р < 0.05), compared to the reference indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural producers are increasingly using plant-based feed additives in the diets of livestock and poultry as a way to increase animal productivity and stabilize the protective functions of the body. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of using Astragalus cicer feed supplement in the diets of laying hens of the Lohmann Brown-Light cross at the age of 25-51 weeks. The composition of the compound feed included a phytoadditive made from Astragalus cicer in the volume: I experimental group – 3.60 %, II experimental – 7.20 % by the weight of the compound feed. The duration of the scientific and production experiment was 183 days. The analysis of the content of biologically active substances in the Astragalus cicer phytoadditive has revealed a high content of dihydroquercetin – 336.25 mg/100g of absolutely dry substance.image As the result of the research, it was found that laying hens of the II experimental group, which received 7.20 % of Astragalus cicer phytoadditive in the compound feed, had more intensive metabolic processes in the body, which contributed to obtaining a greater effect from them. Laying hens of the II experimental group compared with the control and I experimental groups had 2.19 and 2.18 % higher values of nitrogen utilization out of taken feed, egg production was higher by 2.81 and 1.10 %, the cost of compound feed decreased by 10 pcs. eggs, that was by 4.76 and 2.38 %, respectively. The profitability level of egg production in the II experimental group was higher compared with the control and I experimental groups by 3.83 and 5.16%, respectively.

The observation presents the comparative analysis of feed additive that produced with ecologically safe organic protein formulation. The practical value of the research lies in the introduction of an organic supplementation, obtained on the base of manure, processed and disinfected, into poultry feeding. The search of fodders and feed additives from non-traditional raw materials, which can be used in poultry feeding, is one of the main ways to improve the full-value and availability of combined feed for poultry. Therefore, the purpose of the study was aimed to assess the efficacy of organic protein supplement for quail feeding. The research was carried out with "Faraon" quail kind in the farm that belongs to the "Agrocenter" poultry farm. To assess the effect of feed additive contained organic protein formulation (OPF) the quails were divided into three groups. Control group (I) fed with basal diet, second group (II) additionally supplemented with 5.0% (PF-5) in respect with feed weight, and third group additionally supplemented with 10.0% (PF-10). Any harmful effect of PF consumption was no observed. Furthermore, the PF supplementation provide the growth of bird weight for 14.2% in PF-5 group in compare to control group. Contrary, PF supplementation in PF-10-exposed group induced decrease in productive index equal aforementioned data. The II experimental group has developed he best results for egg laying per initial and average layer. Quails of the PF-10 group has shown more low results in compare to the PF-5-exposed group, but higher than their peers of the control group. Another result was observed in respect with the measuring of feed consumption per unit of production. Quails of PF-5 group had the lowest feed consumption per 1 kg of egg mass – 3.38 kg, which is by 7.4% lower than the peers from the control group. The research results showed that the OPF produced with using dry poultry manure has no developed a negative effect in respect with the chemical and morphological composition of eggs, quails from the II experimental group had the best indicators. The economic efficiency of PF exposure organic protein supplement in the production of quail egg was established with the introduction of 5.0% into the compound feed. Taking together present results, dry poultry manure can be considered as promising alternative source for OPF feed additive production. Firstly, OPF contains protein and minerals which important for the production of poultry compound feed. The utilization of secondary resources in the agricultural technology cycle has the beneficial consequences for both to reduce significantly compound feed expenditures and to prevent the environment pollution.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that cause massive agricultural losses worldwide and constitute a significant health problem for humans and animals. The aim of this five-year study was to investigate the contamination of compound feed for broiler chickens at all stages (starter, grower and finisher) from a feed mill in Romania with mycotoxins such as total aflatoxins (AFT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUMs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN). AFT was detected in 49.3–72.2% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 5.2 µg/kg. DON was detected in 77.6–98.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations ranging from 330 to 1740 µg/kg. FUM contamination ranged from 42.7% to 87.2%, with maximum levels between 460 and 1400 µg/kg. OTA was present in 44.2–87.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations reaching 21.4 µg/kg. ZEN was consistently elevated at all feeding stages, being detected in 86.5–97.4% of the samples, with maximum levels of 89.4 µg/kg. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was common in the samples, with the most common combination of four mycotoxins occurring in 38.51% of the samples. Samples were collected from storage bunkers, homogenised and analysed in certified laboratories, with sampling procedures varying according to batch size to ensure representativeness. Investigation of the transfer of mycotoxins into animal products and the combined effects of mycotoxins on animal health, including potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions, is particularly relevant. This study emphasises the essential role of comprehensive and continuous monitoring of mycotoxins in protecting animal health and food safety.

In order to evaluate the solubility and oxidation characteristics of different forms of trace elements, four groups of different forms of trace elements were set up, namely, traditional inorganic trace elements (ITE group), glycine trace elements (GTE group), compound amino acid trace elements (CATE group), and coated inorganic trace elements (CITE group). The premix of different groups of trace elements provided the same level of trace elements for eel compound feed. The results showed that the dissolution rate of ITE group, GTE group, and CATE group (except copper and iron) was higher at 0.5 h, and almost all of them were dissolved after 4.0 h. The dissolution rates of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in CITE group increased with time, and were significantly lower than those in ITE group, GTE group, and CATE group (P<0.05). After adding calcium dihydrogen phosphate, the dissolution rates of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in ITE group, GTE group, and CATE group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the dissolution rates of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in CITE group increased significantly (P<0.05). The peroxide value of eel feed prepared with different forms of trace element premix increased at first and then decreased. At different time points, the peroxide value of ITE group was the highest, followed by the GTE group, CATE group, and CITE group. The study indicates that the dissolution rate of coated inorganic trace elements and compound amino acid trace elements is lower, which can reduce the peroxide value of eel compound feed, and the effect of coated inorganic trace elements is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nibea is rich in protein, essential amino acids, fatty acids, trace elements and swim bladder collagen. The meat is tender, delicious and has high nutritional value. Nibea also has the advantages of adaptability, rapid growth, and strong stress resistance, and is one of the important mariculture fish in the coastal areas of China. Currently there are a lot of reports on the nutritional requirements and feed of Nibea, but studies on its precise nutritional requirements at different growth stages and the relationship between nutrients and functional feed additives are still not thorough enough. The cultivation of Nibea is mainly based on chopped and fresh ice mixed fish, lacking specialized formulated feed, which has disadvantages such as nutritional imbalance, unstable quality, and water pollution. In this paper, the research progress of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral requirements as well as dietary protein sources, fat sources, and additives were reviewed in order to provide a reference for the study of precise nutritional requirements and the preparation of efficient and environmentally friendly compound feeds of Nibea, so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of Nibea aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid anaerobic fermentation of compound feed for weaned piglets was carried out by compound probiotic combined fermentation technology, and the effects on the quality of fermented feed were explored through different process parameters: inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, fermentation moisture and fermentation time. The results showed that different parameters had a significant impact on the quality of compound feed. The use of 5.0% inoculation amount, 35% fermentation moisture, 37 ℃ fermentation temperature and 72 h fermentation time could effectively increase the content of crude protein, lactic acid, free amino acids and the number of probiotics in compound feed, reduce the number of molds in fermented feed, improve the flavor and quality of fermented feed, and prevent feed mildew and insect moth. After fermentation, the compound feed was golden in color, aromatic in smell, loose in texture and not sticky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The article presents the results of scientific research on the production of lamb in the conditions of the Akmola region. The experiment was conducted on purebred Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired and cross-bred sheep obtained from industrial crossing of Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired queens with sheep- producers of the hampshire breed. Further, the article presents the results of feeding and fattening, as well as the morphological composition of the carcass of sheep of the Kazakh coarse-haired sheep breed of different ages. The object of the study for feeding and fattening were three groups of experimental sheep of the above-mentioned breed, where compound feed was included in the diet of the I experimental group in the form of top dressing, in the II experimental group, grain waste was also used for top dressing, and the control group was kept in the feed without top dressing. Based on the study of the feeding of experimental sheep, it was found that the absolute increase during the feeding period in experimental sheep who received fertilization in the form of compound feed is higher than in their peers, respectively, by 0.2 and 1.49 kg. In terms of morphological and varietal composition, in particular, the number of cuts of grade 1, there was also an advantage of experimental sheep that received fertilization in the form of compound feed compared to their peers, respectively, by 2.3-8.3%. In general, the results of a study on the growth, development and slaughter qualities of experimental sheep, i.e. purebred Kazakh short-tailed rough-haired and crossbred, obtained from crossing with sheep producers of the precocious breed "hampshire" showed that from the moment of birth to 2 and 4 months. For example, crossbred sheep were slightly superior to purebred peers in terms of the studied indicators. In particular, the results of feeding sheep of the Kazakh coarse-haired broad-tailed breed from 4 to 6 months, depending on the top dressing.

Proper animal feeding practices play a fundamental role in enhancing livestock health and maximizing output. Given the governmental restrictions on green fodder cultivation in Saudi Arabia (SA) due to water conservation efforts, the use of compound feed could serve as a viable alternative for livestock farmers. This study aimed to investigate livestock farmers' farming objectives, their feeding management strategies, and the uptake of compound feed in the country. Data from 650 randomly selected livestock farmers were collected through an online survey with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. The findings showed that most farmers raised sheep and goats for trade purposes using specialized farms and desert grazing. Alfalfa hay was widely used as a fodder along with barley grain. While approximately 47% of the farmers did not utilize compound feed, 44% reported its usage. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that formal education, farming experience, and income level significantly influenced the adoption of compound feed among livestock farmers. These results underscore the critical role of education and financial resources in promoting the use of compound feed among livestock farmers in SA. It is recommended that government institutions should develop initiatives to educate farmers on proper animal nutrition practices and provide financial support to make compound feed more affordable for low-income farmers. The widespread use of compound feed has the potential to enhance livestock health and productivity, thereby positively contributing to the food security of SA.

Modern trends and changes in the production of food and feed products, the state of natural resource provision for mankind, physiological features of modern high-performance breeds of animals and poultry crosses, features of their maintenance, the structure of the raw material base of the compound feed industry, and the need to change approaches to providing compound feed products with fat have been analyzed. It is shown that the limitation of the introduction of fish and meat and bone meal in compound feed recipes requires the replacement of these components not only from the point of view of protein quality, but also the need to adjust fat both in quantity to ensure the required level of energy value and in quality to ensure healthy life activity of the body. It has been shown that the organism of animals and birds is a symbiosis of two organisms, a macroorganism and a microbiota, with a significant contribution to the coexistence of microbiota, therefore the justification of the choice of components of compound feed products, in particular to provide fat and energy, should be carried out taking into account the further impact on the microbe. The relevance of optimizing the fatty acid composition (FAС) of compound feed products according to the physiological and metabolic needs of modern breeds and crosses of agricultural animals and poultry is shown. Modern ideas about the ways of fat metabolism, the physiological role of individual fatty acids, biological value were analyzed, and the theoretical principles of optimizing the fatty acid composition were developed. It has been established that saturated fatty acids are more resistant to oxidation, able to increase immunity, reduce inflammation, but have a low degree of assimilation, and require mandatory adjustment of bioavailability to avoid disruption of lipid metabolism. Monounsaturated fatty acids have better resistance to oxidative processes, higher availability. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have low and very low resistance to oxidative processes, which makes it necessary to solve the issue of their stabilization both in vivo and in vitro, since the accumulation of toxic products of lipid peroxidation initiates the appearance of various pathologies and diseases. The nutritional value of pressed and unrefined sunflower oil, soybean oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, and linseed oil were determined; of veterinary fish oil and the ratio of ?-6 and ?-3 PUFAs was calculated in them, the advantages and disadvantages of their use in compound feed were substantiated. It is shown that the introduction of sunflower oil of the linoleic type to provide feed with energy leads to a significant increase in the content of linoleic acid, which is related to the structure of the raw material base and the significant content of ?-6 PUFA in other feed products. Compound feed recipes for different species and groups of poultry were calculated, and it was established that when using fish and meat and bone meal, the content of linoleic acid in compound feed was exceeded by 3 times (up to 3.08% against the norm of 1.1%). Additional introduction of oil of sunflower linoleic type leads to an increase in the indicator for various recipes and species and groups from 3.0 to 5 times, which leads to a violation of lipid and mineral metabolism, the appearance of pathological conditions, a decrease in the productivity of animals and poultry, obtaining low-quality livestock and poultry products. The nutritional value of compound feed products will allow to correct the pathways of lipid metabolism and biosynthesis, to carry out the predicted physiological and functional effect on the body of farm animals and poultry in order to obtain livestock and poultry products of maximum quantity and high quality. Further research is needed to justify the choice of fats and fat-containing feed additives, to improve the calculation recipes of compound feed products, taking into account the optimization of both fat and fatty acid profile.

Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are toxic substances naturally produced by Claviceps fungi. These fungi infest a wide range of cereals and grasses. When domestic animals are exposed to EAs through contaminated feeds, it is detrimental to them and leads to significant economic losses. For that reason, it is important to monitor feed for the presence of EAs, especially with methods enabling their determination in processed materials.

Introduction. The amino acid composition of compound feed is of great importance in feeding all kinds of animals. The lack of one or another amino acid limits the assimilation of other amino acids, resulting in excessive compound feed consumption, deterioration of the metabolism in the bodies of animals and increasing of their susceptibility to diseases. The use of grain heaps of wheat in the early ripening stages as feed raw materials is a promising direction for the development of the fodder base that will provide a balanced amino acid composition of compound feed with a lower content of expensive fish meal, which is the main source of protein in compound feeds. Aim of the Article. The article is aimed at determining the optimal ripening stage of spiked cereals, at which a high content of protein and proteinogenic amino acids is observed. The proposed technology and technological tools for early harvesting of spiked cereals will reduce agrotechnical terms of harvesting, reducing losses from shatter losses, and get grain of enhanced nutritive value. Materials and Methods. To study the amino acid composition, 4 samples of a winter wheat grain heap were taken: the winter wheat varieties Admiral and Luchezar, the perennial winter wheat (trititrigia) variety Pamyati Lyubimovoy and the gray wheatgrass variety Sova. Harvesting the wheat of these varieties was carried out by a combing-threshing unit in 5 phenological stages (growth stages are presented on the BBCH scale): 77 – late milk ripeness, 83 – early phase of wax ripeness, 87 – gold wax ripeness, 89 – full ripeness, 92 – overripeness. Results. The results of analyzing amino acid composition of 4 samples of wheat grain heap showed a high content of almost all the amino acids studied in the phase of gold wax ripeness, except of aspartic acid and asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine, and tryptophan. Discussion and Conclusion. Grain heap of waxy ripeness wheat is a promising grain raw material for the production of compound feeds, which will reduce the amount of expensive components, such as fishmeal.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of seaweed and seagrass (anfeltia Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis, laminaria Saccharina japonica, and eelgrass Zostera marina) is investigated. The enzyme preparation Viskoferm was the most effective for the mixture of these macrophytes, with high content of laminaria and eelgrass, under conditions of temperature 65 оC and pH 6.0. The hydrolysis in 16 hours reduced content of high-molecular polysaccharides and increased the portion of easily hydrolysable carbohydrates. Feeding of the sea cucumber juveniles by compound feeds with this fermented mixture of macrophytes had a positive effect on their physiological state; the food was easily digested by the animals and provided good gains. The average daily weight gain of juvenile sea cucumber in hatchery conditions had increased by 1.2 times in case of using the starter compound feed and by 1.5 times — for breeding with the productional compound feed.

The article studies great importance of livestock products for human body and considers the types of fodder used in animal feeding. The data on ten leading regions in mixed fodder production (Belgorod region, Voronezh region, Chelyabinsk region, Tambov region, Krasnodar region, Leningrad region, Republic of Mordovia, Kursk region, Stavropol region, Penza region) has been given. The historical aspect of mixed fodder production in Russia has been presented and advantage of mini-mills in increasing the volume of mixed fodder production shown. The methodical approach to estimating economic expediency of purchase and use of mixed fodders for animal feeding has been offered and necessity of detailed economic calculations on each concrete variant of purchased mixed fodders use noted. Possible variants of mini-feed mills location have been highlighted considering advanced mini-feed mills of various capacities available in the domestic market.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes livestock breeders' attitudes and experiences with compound feed in Saudi Arabia. A total of 108.901 livestock breeders were selected from the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture roll, by using random sampling. Over 442 breeders participated, mostly male approximately 58.9% with an average age of 39 and around 9 years of education. The main occupation was livestock were (83.0 %). Sheep and goats were common (82% and 63%), in the Badia system (59.5 %). The main purpose of raising was commercial uses (62.4 %). but traditional feeding (Roughages and barley) and pasture systems dominated (59%). Only 27% used compound feed with barley and Roughages, and 34% never used it, citing concerns about cost, availability, and animal health. Those who used compound feed for over 7 years were the highest group (16.7%), suggesting slow adoption. Though 63% didn't observe health problems, others reported issues like 73% of the livestock breeder's changes in meat color, tumors, diarrhea, and reduced milk production. Further research is needed to understand these health concerns and improve compound feed usage in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation presents the comparative analysis of feed additive that produced with ecologically safe organic protein formulation. The practical value of the research lies in the introduction of an organic supplementation, obtained on the base of manure, processed and disinfected, into poultry feeding. The search of fodders and feed additives from non-traditional raw materials, which can be used in poultry feeding, is one of the main ways to improve the full-value and availability of combined feed for poultry. Therefore, the purpose of the study was aimed to assess the efficacy of organic protein supplement for quail feeding. The research was carried out with "Faraon" quail kind in the farm that belongs to the "Agrocenter" poultry farm. To assess the effect of feed additive contained organic protein formulation (OPF) the quails were divided into three groups. Control group (I) fed with basal diet, second group (II) additionally supplemented with 5.0% (PF-5) in respect with feed weight, and third group additionally supplemented with 10.0% (PF-10). Any harmful effect of PF consumption was no observed. Furthermore, the PF supplementation provide the growth of bird weight for 14.2% in PF-5 group in compare to control group. Contrary, PF supplementation in PF-10-exposed group induced decrease in productive index equal aforementioned data. The II experimental group has developed he best results for egg laying per initial and average layer. Quails of the PF-10 group has shown more low results in compare to the PF-5-exposed group, but higher than their peers of the control group. Another result was observed in respect with the measuring of feed consumption per unit of production. Quails of PF-5 group had the lowest feed consumption per 1 kg of egg mass - 3.38 kg, which is by 7.4% lower than the peers from the control group. The research results showed that the OPF produced with using dry poultry manure has no developed a negative effect in respect with the chemical and morphological composition of eggs, quails from the II experimental group had the best indicators. The economic efficiency of PF exposure organic protein supplement in the production of quail egg was established with the introduction of 5.0% into the compound feed. Taking together present results, dry poultry manure can be considered as promising alternative source for OPF feed additive production. Firstly, OPF contains protein and minerals which important for the production of poultry compound feed. The utilization of secondary resources in the agricultural technology cycle has the beneficial consequences for both to reduce significantly compound feed expenditures and to prevent the environment pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and development of broiler chickens at different levels of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in mixed fodder was studied. The processing of commercial fish is accompanied by the formation of secondary resources, the scope of practical application of which is quite wide (fish proteins are a unique natural material used in various industries, but not fully utilized. Wastes resulting from fish processing are a source of valuable nutritional and biologically active substances, and thus serve as raw materials for various products, including dietary supplements. In order to determine the optimal rate of introduction of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate into broiler chicken feed, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted that lasted 42 days. The research was conducted on broiler chickens of the Cobb500 cross. The difference in the feeding of the experimental groups was that broiler chickens of the first (control) group received complete feed, which corresponded to the nutritional standards in all periods, and the additional introduction of a soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate was: The 2nd experimental group received 0.2 % of the feed additive; poultry of the 3rd and 4th experimental groups consumed feed containing 0.4 and 0.6 % of the experimental additive. It was found that an increase in the content of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in the diet by 0.6 % contributes to an increase in live weight of chickens by 266 g, or 10.25 %, and a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain by 3.8 % compared to the control. It was found that during the growing period, broiler chickens of the 4th group had the highest absolute live weight gain of 2823.8 g, which is 2.63 %, 8.32 % and 10.36 % higher than in the 3rd, 2nd experimental and control groups. The use of feed with a soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in the feed with a content of 0.6 % increased the average daily weight gain for the entire period of the experiment by 7 g, or 11.63 %, and absolute weight gain by 265.2 g, or 10.36 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of intensive milk production in order to ensure high productivity and at the same time preserve the general functional state of animal health it is impossible to do without the use of protein-rich grain components in the structure of compound feed. These include soybeans, which in the western region of Ukraine began to be widely used in the production of compound feed for cattle. The percentage of introduction of soybeans into the structure of compound feed is different and for high-yielding cows requires additional study, which explains the relevance of conducting research on its influence on milk productivity, quality indicators of milk against the background of assimilation of the main nutrients of feed. The study was conducted on four groups of Simmental cows, seven heads in each. The rations of experimental cows provided for three levels of provision of protein needs at the expense of soybeans and were balanced in terms of basic nutrients in compliance with the requirements of detailed requirements. The analysis of the feeding conditions of experimental cows showed that the use of heat-treated soybeans in the structure of the ration contributed to a significant increase in milk productivity, as well as quality indicators, the content of dry matter, fat, protein, calcium and phosphorus. A similar pattern was observed in terms of indicators of the intensity of metabolic processes of cicatricial digestion. Thus, a positive effect on the percentage of certain volatile fatty acids, in particular acetic as a precursor of milk fat was noted. An increase was noted in the digestibility indicators of the main nutrients (protein, fat, fiber digestibility coefficients). The positive effect of soybeans on the milk productivity of the experimental cows was also noted by the results of the balance experiment. The nitrogen balance was positive and its use for milk production in cows of the fourth group compared to the control group was 27.4 % higher. A similar trend was observed in the balance of calcium and phosphorus. So, the conducted studies on the study of the productive effect of different amounts of soybeans instead of cereal components in the structure of compound feed on milk productivity give reason to recommend that farms use prepared soybeans in the proportion of 10–15 % in compound feed for highyielding cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The materials of the article outline the features of the use of ultraviolet LED systems in industry, and propose a solution for their use in the grain processing and compound feed industry. Ultraviolet light (UV) is a well-researched and widely used means of decontamination and disinfection of surfaces, air, water, and food. Usually, far ultraviolet radiation (or ultraviolet C, UVC) with a wavelength of 254 nm is used, which corresponds to the peak absorption of wave energy by the DNA of a living cell. There is a mathematical mechanism for calculating the parameters of radiation in relation to its effect on microorganisms: a curve describing the microbial death depending on the increase in the radiation dose received by the bacteria and formulae for the relationship between the three main parameters (dose, radiation flux and exposure duration). Ultraviolet lamps (tubes) are commonly used, on the basis of which a large number of emitters have been developed for different needs. There are also emitters for grain and feed disinfection in use, but only outside of industrial production lines. Ultraviolet irradiation is not used directly on manufacturing lines so far. However, it can be used to reduce the microbial burden of a feed or food product prior to packaging the finished product. For this purpose, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) available on the world market today can be used. However, their use faces difficulties: ultraviolet LEDs emit wavelengths longer than lamps (at about 275 nm or more), which requires an increase in the duration of irradiation, which is undesirable for industrial processing of products directly on the line. However, the small size of the UVC LEDs will allow them to be installed in grain processing and feed mills inside equipment (magnetic separators, gravity feeders, etc.) with appropriate protection against damage by moving material. In addition, suspended emitters of any configuration can be placed above belt conveyors that move material at a certain speed. This approach will require certain measures to control the efficiency of irradiation (requires microbiological studies) and to protect personnel from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays (means of personal and collective protection, measurement of radiation intensity).

The research is devoted to the feed value and amino acid composition of sprouted triticale grain. The purpose of the study is to study the feed value of sprouted triticale grain. The article presents the results of a study of 3 domestic varieties of sprouted triticale grains for use in the feed industry. The physicochemical parameters, as well as the mass fraction of carbohydrates, the content of vitamins, mineral elements and the amino acid composition of sprouted triticale grains were studied. The data obtained indicate that the use of sprouted triticale grains is a source of easily digestible carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and enzymes. According to the content of crude protein, the leading grade of Taza was 15.83%, according to the content of crude fiber, the grade of Kozhar was 13.77%. The content of the mineral elements potassium and phosphorus is highest in the Asiada variety potassium- 422.18% and phosphorus-340.07%. The use of sprouted grain in the feed industry to increase the digestibility and digestibility of animal feed. The practical significance of the technology for the production of compound feeds using sprouted triticale grain in order to improve quality and increase shelf life.

An analytical method was established for the determination of azithromycin in compound feed by ultra performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted by H2O and acetonitrile, and NaCl was used as salting-out agent in this experiment. Extraction liquid was purified by dispersivesolid phase extraction with PSA and -NH2 sorben, and finally detected by UPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) via positive electrospray ionization (ESI), using 0.1% formic acid containing 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase,matrix standard curve quantification.The results showed that the correlation coefficient of the standard calibration curves for azithromycin in the concentration range of 0~50.0 μg/L was above 0.999. The limit of quantification was 2.0 μg/kg. The blank samples were spiked at three levels (2.0、4.0、8.0 μg/kg), and the average recoveries were between 75%~90% (n= 6), and the relative standard deviations were no more than 8.7%. It indicated that the method is simple, rapid and accurate; it is suitable for the determination of azithromycin in compound feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important problems is the shortage of water resources around the world and the rapid population growth lead to a reduction in animal feed stocks, and this will continue in the future, which leads to an increase in the cost of feed in international trade. Also, only full-fledged feeding can ensure good health, normal reproductive functions and high productivity of farm animals, and the effect of their use of feed. The usefulness of feeding depends on many factors, including: correct determination of the nutritional needs of animals, chemical composition, nutritional value and quality of feed, number of normalized indicators, and the compliance of the intake of nutrients to the needs of animals, the availability and assimilation of nutrients in the diet. The aim of this research was to study the nutritional value of extruded compound feeds using sprouted triticale grain. Studies of extruded compound feeds were developed at the Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, obtained on the basis of sprouted triticale grain. Experimental samples were examined (control and 4 experimental variants), or namely: 1. Variant - control; 2. Experimental - with the addition of 5% sprouted triticale grain; 3. Experimental - with 10% sprouted triticale grain; 4. Experimental - with 15% sprouted triticale grain, and the last 5. Experimental - with 20% sprouted triticale grain. All variants were analyzed using chemical analysis (initial humidity, hygroscopic water, total humidity, dry substances and protein, fat, fiber, nitrogen-free extractives, sugar, starch, ash) in terms of natural humidity (GOST 32040-2012) and in a completely dry state (GOST 32040-2012). Based on this goal, the following were studied in extruded compound feeds: nutritional value (M-04-38-2009), initial moisture content (GOST 32040-2012), hygroscopic water (GOST 32040-2012), total humidity (GOST 32040-2012), dry substances and protein (GOST 32040-2012), fat (GOST 32040-2012), fiber (GOST 32040-2012), nitrogen-free extractives (by calculation), sugar(GOST 32040-2012), starch(GOST 32040-2012), and ash. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that all samples have a good moisture content below 10%, which corresponds to extruded compound feeds. It was found that with an increase in the amount of sprouted triticale grain, the sugar content increases from 3.48% to 3.84%. Extruded compound feeds contain the optimal amount of digestible protein from 110.59 g to 136.22g. And in terms of protein content, the experimental variants were higher than the control one. The results of the conducted studies indicate that the extruded compound feed with the use of sprouted triticale grain meets the requirements of feed for farm animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead (Channa argus), with high nutritional and medicinal value, is a traditional high quality edible fish. As one of the special and commercial cultured fish in Shandong province, China, snakeheads play critical role in promoting the economic development of fisheries. However, the sustainable development of snakehead culture industry has been seriously impeded cause the forage fish as main sources of baits. This study reviewed the current situation of snakehead culture in Shandong, compared the advantages and disadvantages of feeding forage fish and compound feed for snakehead culture. In addition, the development status and trend of compound feed for snakehead were analyzed. This review will provide insights into the green aquaculture development and industrial upgrading of snakehead in Shandong, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern trends and changes in the production of food and feed products, the state of natural resource provision for mankind, physiological features of modern high-performance breeds of animals and poultry crosses, features of their maintenance, the structure of the raw material base of the compound feed industry, and the need to change approaches to providing compound feed products with fat have been analyzed. It is shown that the limitation of the introduction of fish and meat and bone meal in compound feed recipes requires the replacement of these components not only from the point of view of protein quality, but also the need to adjust fat both in quantity to ensure the required level of energy value and in quality to ensure healthy life activity of the body. It has been shown that the organism of animals and birds is a symbiosis of two organisms, a macroorganism and a microbiota, with a significant contribution to the coexistence of microbiota, therefore the justification of the choice of components of compound feed products, in particular to provide fat and energy, should be carried out taking into account the further impact on the microbe. The relevance of optimizing the fatty acid composition (FAС) of compound feed products according to the physiological and metabolic needs of modern breeds and crosses of agricultural animals and poultry is shown. Modern ideas about the ways of fat metabolism, the physiological role of individual fatty acids, biological value were analyzed, and the theoretical principles of optimizing the fatty acid composition were developed. It has been established that saturated fatty acids are more resistant to oxidation, able to increase immunity, reduce inflammation, but have a low degree of assimilation, and require mandatory adjustment of bioavailability to avoid disruption of lipid metabolism. Monounsaturated fatty acids have better resistance to oxidative processes, higher availability. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have low and very low resistance to oxidative processes, which makes it necessary to solve the issue of their stabilization both in vivo and in vitro, since the accumulation of toxic products of lipid peroxidation initiates the appearance of various pathologies and diseases. The nutritional value of pressed and unrefined sunflower oil, soybean oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, and linseed oil were determined; of veterinary fish oil and the ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs was calculated in them, the advantages and disadvantages of their use in compound feed were substantiated. It is shown that the introduction of sunflower oil of the linoleic type to provide feed with energy leads to a significant increase in the content of linoleic acid, which is related to the structure of the raw material base and the significant content of ω-6 PUFA in other feed products. Compound feed recipes for different species and groups of poultry were calculated, and it was established that when using fish and meat and bone meal, the content of linoleic acid in compound feed was exceeded by 3 times (up to 3.08% against the norm of 1.1%). Additional introduction of oil of sunflower linoleic type leads to an increase in the indicator for various recipes and species and groups from 3.0 to 5 times, which leads to a violation of lipid and mineral metabolism, the appearance of pathological conditions, a decrease in the productivity of animals and poultry, obtaining low-quality livestock and poultry products. The nutritional value of compound feed products will allow to correct the pathways of lipid metabolism and biosynthesis, to carry out the predicted physiological and functional effect on the body of farm animals and poultry in order to obtain livestock and poultry products of maximum quantity and high quality. Further research is needed to justify the choice of fats and fat-containing feed additives, to improve the calculation recipes of compound feed products, taking into account the optimization of both fat and fatty acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is a mollusk with abundant resources and high development potential in the South China Sea. The study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of S. oualaniensis used as an alternative protein source of artificial compound feed for Babylonia areolata.【Method】Seven artificial compound feeds for B. areolata with different mass fractions (33.1%, 43.1%, 53.1%, 63.1%, 73.1%, 83.1%, and 100%) of S. oualaniensis were designed and fed to B. areolata larvae with initial body weight of 0.37 (± 0.03) g. The control group was fed with fish, and the experiment lasted for 90 days. The daily average weight gain and growth rate, feed coefficient, survival rate and yield per unit area were used as indexes to evaluate the breeding effect.【Result】In the treatment with 63.1% of S. oualaniensis, the daily gain of B. areolata was 0.034 g and growth rate was 9.31%, which were significantly higher than those of the control (0.029g and 7.96%); the feed coefficient was 1.33, which was significantly lower than that of the control (2.27); the yield per unit area of 3 168.6 g/m2 was higher than that of 2 856.8 g/m2 in control group, but both there were no significant differences between these two treatments. The daily gain and growth rate of B. areolata in the other groups were lower or significantly lower than that of the control. The survival rate of B. areolata in the groups with the addition of S. oualaniensis were lower than that in the control, and there were no significant differences between the treatment of adding 63.1% or more of S. oualaniensis and the control.【Conclusion】The use of the artificial compound feed for B. areolata does not require removal of residual bait or residues, which can reduce the workload of breeding and reduce the dependence on trash fish and protect offshore fishery resources. In terms of daily average weight gain, daily growth rate and feed coefficient, it is feasible to add S. oualaniensis to artificial compound feed of B. areolata, and the reference value of mass fraction is 63.1%. The application of S. oualaniensis as the main protein source can become an important direction for the development of B. areolata feed in the future.

In achieving a high level of biological usefulness of feeding poultry, the enrichment of compound feed with a complex of biologically active additives – premixes is of decisive importance. The organization of the production of high-quality premixes is an important direction in the development of the domestic feed industry. Vermiculite is one of the mineral raw materials mined on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, suitable for use in agriculture, in the production of premixes. Kazakhstan has large resources of vermiculites. The aim of the study is to determine the feasibility of using the natural mineral vermiculite from the Kulantau deposit as a filler in the production of premixes and a component in the production of animal feed. The physicochemical parameters of the natural mineral vermiculite have been determined. The analyzes of the study were carried out in the research laboratory for assessing the quality and safety of food products of the Almaty Technological University. Studies have been carried out on the use of vermiculite from the Kulantau deposit as a filler-diluent in the production of premixes. It was found that the natural mineral vermiculite has good flowability, low humidity, does not cake, so the use of vermiculite in the production of premixes helps to increase the safety of biologically active substances. The optimal time for preliminary mixing of microcomponents with vermiculite filler has been determined. With the addition of vermiculite after the third minute of mixing, the coefficient of variation is 6,63%. The introduction of the vermiculite mineral into the premix has a positive effect on the mixing process and the uniformity of the finished product. The mineral vermiculite reduces the humidity of the premix, has good flowability, and prevents the separation of the premix components during transportation. The total mixing time of the premixes is reduced to 4 minutes. The study of the vermiculite mineral in the composition of the premix, the improvement of the technological scheme for the production of the premix, will allow the production of high-quality domestic premix.

Effectiveness of starter fodders is examined for the low-temperature rearing pools in the salmon fish hatchery Savushkina (Severo-Kurilsk). In May 2022, the experimental compound feed developed in TINRO was compared with the control fodder Aller Aqua (made in Denmark) when feeding of chum salmon fry. Both fodders complied with the veterinary and sanitary requirements of the Euro-Asian Economic Union in terms of quality and safety. The following fish breeding indices were determined for the experimental/control fodders after 47 days of testing: feeding ratio 0.670/0.467; mean daily gain 1.255/1.547 %; mean final weight 0.630/0.735 g; absolute weight growth 0.287/0.392 g; mortality (survival) 0.50 (99.50)/0.48 (99.52) %. Increasing of the water and minerals content and noticeable decreasing of the protein and fat content were detected in tissues of the control samples of fry by comparative biochemical analysis before and after the testing, whereas the content of protein and minerals had increased in tissues of the experimental samples. Thus, suitability and effectiveness of the experimental starter fodder for rearing of juvenile chum salmon in the low-temperature environment is proven by combination of several indices. To intensify the weight gain of juveniles, the experiments will be continued to adjust the composition of mixed feed for juvenile chum salmon in the cold-water conditions, with a principal restriction of the growth intensifiers (hormones) use. The starter compound feed developed in TINRO is recommended for using in rearing of chum salmon fry.

Today, food security occupies an important place in the national security of the country and each region separately. Food security of the region primarily involves providing the population of the region with sufficient quantity, high quality and a wide range of food. Odesa region is a region in which agricultural enterprises and households are engaged in crop production, animal husbandry and their own processing of agricultural products. The general state and problems of food security in the Odesa region were considered, namely, the dynamics of the production volumes of grain and leguminous crops were analyzed, and the current state of development of the animal husbandry industry was studied. The main points that have a significant impact on the formation and development of the livestock products market in this region have been identified. Agricultural enterprises in this region were analyzed, namely the "Bessarabska" branch of "NIBULON" LLC, which today is a grain transshipment terminal, but in the future the company plans to build a full-fledged elevator and a flour mill; "ISMAIL-TRANSBALKTERMINAL" LLC is an oil extraction plant. The expediency of introducing the latest advanced technologies for growing and processing agricultural products is considered. The analysis of the current state of agriculture and agricultural enterprises shows that there is an available raw material base and farm animals are kept in this region. The export of grain crops to foreign markets has significantly decreased compared to previous years, therefore the increased development of animal husbandry is relevant and effective, which will increase the efficiency of the use of available resources, ensure the growth of labor productivity and employment of the population in rural areas. Recipes of compound feed for sheep have been calculated, in terms of the number of which this region is the leader among other regions of Ukraine. It is proposed to create small regional producers of food and compound feed products, which will allow to meet the needs of Odesa's consumers with food and feed products, as well as the export of products with added value.

The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage of study was carried out on lactating sows with suckling piglets, and then on weaned piglets up to 43 days of age. The second stage was carried out on young pigs from 43 to 165 days of life during fattening stage. For the study, two groups of sows of the 2–3 farrow were formed. The sows of the control group (C) were fed standard feed, and the experimental group (E) received standard feed with the addition of the “EnzActive Mix” feed additive in the amount 0.3 kg/t of feed. The suckling piglets received pre-starter feed from 5 days of age until weaning. The E group received the experimental feed additive in the amount of 500 g/t. Weaned piglets in the growing period continued to consume pre-starter feed. After the 43 day of life, the piglets in E group received the “EnzActive Mix” feed additive in the amount of 0.3 kg/t to the standard feed. It was found that during the experiment, which lasted 33 days, the live weight of sows decreased by 25 kg (C) and by 20 kg (E), which is 2.44% less (P

The aim of the control of pathogens in feed is to ensure that they are under a critical threshold to minimize the risk to human and animal health. In the production of compound feed, contamination with undesirable substances may occur, which may come from the environment and/or the production process. The aim of the work is to determine the contamination with yeasts and molds of the surfaces of the raw material storage silos of a feed mill in Romania. Sampling to determine yeast and mold contamination were taken from different points of the silos, for a higher accuracy of the results, namely walls, floors, sweep auger, access cover. During 2019 and 2020, 72 samples respectively 48 samples were taken and analyzed to determine the contamination with yeasts and molds. The results of microbiological analyzes performed in the feed mill studyed, showed that all 70 (97.2 %) respectively 36 (100%) samples were positive. Microbiological control of feed mill processing environment must be considered relevant due to the demands of consumers for food safety all over the food chain; introduction of an appropriate system for monitoring and analyzing microbiological contaminants can contribute to the control and prevention of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the antioxidant activity of compound feeds fermented by Bacillus subtilis. DPPH method and FRAP method were used to determine the free radical scavenging capacity and iron ion reducing capacity of the compound fermented feed. Folin phenol colorimetry and HPLC were used to determine the content of total phenol, soybean isoflavones and kaempferol in fermented feed. The measured antioxidant indexes were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that the feed with a ratio of 94% soybean meal, 4% wheat bran and 2% Ginkgo biloba residue had the highest antioxidant performance after 66 h of fermentation. The antioxidant capacity and the content of antioxidant substances of fermentation sample extract have been significantly improved. The reducing power of iron ions increased from 213.68 μmol/L to 607.68 μmol/L. The EC50 value of DPPH free radical clearance was reduced from 4.50 g/L to 2.23 g/L, and the hydroxyl free radical clearance was reduced from 3.98 g/L to 1.51 g/L, the superoxide anion clearance was reduced from 2.04 g/L to 0.76 g/L. Through fermentation, the content of daidzein and genistein in sample extract increased from 1.16, 0.59 mg/g to 3.38, 1.82 mg/g. The content of genistein was reduced from 5.89 mg/g to 3.83 mg/g. The content of kaempferol was increased from 0 to 3.04 mg/g. The correlation coefficient between total phenol content and superoxide anion clarification ability was the largest, which was 0.827, the correlation coefficient between total flavonoid content and iron ion reduction ability was the largest, which was 0.984. There was a significant positive correlation between superoxide anion scavenging ability, iron ion reduction ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability and total phenol, total flavonoid content. The study indicates that the antioxidant components such as total phenol, total flavone, daidzein and genistein in Bacillus subtilis fermented feed are significantly increased, and the antioxidant capacity is also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To conduct effective animal husbandry and poultry farming, it is necessary to use compound feeds. To prepare them mainly vertical and horizontal mixers are used. With a small consumption of compound feed by the farm, its independent preparation will be the most profitable due to the reduction of time and costs for transportation and storage of finished mixtures. The use of the raw material base of an agricultural enterprise makes it possible to prepare compound feeds that most fully take into account the need of animals for nutrients. It is preferable to use horizontal mixers since they allow to obtain combined feeds with a higher uniformity of component distribution. Experimental studies were conducted in 2021-2022. As the result, there have been obtained mathematical models of the working process of a horizontal mixer, according to which two-dimensional response surfaces were constructed and optimal operating parameters were determined taking into account various design and technological factors. The best mixing quality of 94 % is achieved when the mixing chamber is loaded by 50 %, the rotation speed of the mixer shaft is 13 min-1, the mixing time is 18 minutes. The throughput value reaches the highest value of 2.3 t/h with the amount of material in the mixing chamber of 75 % and the working time of the mixer of 12 minutes, while the rotation speed of the shaft of the combined screw is 17.2 min-1. This allows to reduce labor and energy costs for the development and manufacture of new mixers with belt working bodies and to obtain high-quality feed with minimal costs.

The purpose of this test is to determine the contents of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in compound feed by high- performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, to analyze and evaluate the source of uncertainty. According to the Announcement No. 282 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, "the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in feed", the influence of different factors on the uncertainty of drug detection was calculated by investigating the different factors such as sample weighing, sample extraction, standard solution configuration, instrument determination and standard curve establishment through establishing mathematical model. The results showed that the preparation of standard solution and the establishment of standard curve contributed greatly to the uncertainty of detection, while the weighing of sample had little. Above all the combined uncertainty and expanded uncertainty were obtained. Detection values of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, aureomycin and doxycycline in compound feed were 51.98, 52.35, 52.95 μg·kg-1 and 51.93 μg·kg-1, which the expanded uncertainty were 9.66, 6.78, 8.88 μg·kg-1 and 8.91 μg·kg-1 (P=95%, k=2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences is the property of South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The materials of the article outline the features of the use of ultraviolet LED systems in industry, and propose a solution for their use in the grain processing and compound feed industry. Ultraviolet light (UV) is a well-researched and widely used means of decontamination and disinfection of surfaces, air, water, and food. Usually, far ultraviolet radiation (or ultraviolet C, UVC) with a wavelength of 254 nm is used, which corresponds to the peak absorption of wave energy by the DNA of a living cell. There is a mathematical mechanism for calculating the parameters of radiation in relation to its effect on microorganisms: a curve describing the microbial death depending on the increase in the radiation dose received by the bacteria and formulae for the relationship between the three main parameters (dose, radiation flux and exposure duration). Ultraviolet lamps (tubes) are commonly used, on the basis of which a large number of emitters have been developed for different needs. There are also emitters for grain and feed disinfection in use, but only outside of industrial production lines. Ultraviolet irradiation is not used directly on manufacturing lines so far. However, it can be used to reduce the microbial burden of a feed or food product prior to packaging the finished product. For this purpose, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) available on the world market today can be used. However, their use faces difficulties: ultraviolet LEDs emit wavelengths longer than lamps (at about 275 nm or more), which requires an increase in the duration of irradiation, which is undesirable for industrial processing of products directly on the line. However, the small size of the UVC LEDs will allow them to be installed in grain processing and feed mills inside equipment (magnetic separators, gravity feeders, etc.) with appropriate protection against damage by moving material. In addition, suspended emitters of any configuration can be placed above belt conveyors that move material at a certain speed. This approach will require certain measures to control the efficiency of irradiation (requires microbiological studies) and to protect personnel from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays (means of personal and collective protection, measurement of radiation intensity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a recipe for a feed additive for dairy cows. According to the calculated recipe, experimental batches of feed additives were developed in the feed mill. The nutritional and energy value of the obtained feed additives were determined. According to the results obtained, when using beet pulp 15%, molasses 15% in place of wheat bran, the digestible protein increases by 45-50%, and good results are also obtained for other quality indicators. It has been experimentally confirmed that the use of cattle rations of sugar beet production waste contributes to the reduction of feed costs, the cost of production of a unit of production.

The article presents the results of research on the use of granulated vika of the "Lugovchanka" variety in the production of feed for broiler chickens. An analysis of literary sources shows that there is no information on the use of vika in the feed industry in Kazakhstan. The chemical, mineral and vitamin composition of the grain of wiki are defined. To reduce the anti-nutritional substances of the vika, granulation of the vika was carried out. Optimal technological regimes for granulation of vika have been established. Comparisons of the chemical composition of vika with the chemical composition of the legumes used showed that the protein content compared to chickpeas is higher by (22.6%), fodder beans (25.0%) are lower by 4.3%, and the fat content is compared to chickpeas. (1.7%) lower by 13.3%, and with fodder bean (1.50%) at the same level. In addition, vika contains vitamins A, B and mineral elements. The results of the study showed that vika varieties "Lugovchanka" contains an anti-nutritional substance - hydrocyanic acid 1.1 mg / 100 g. To reduce anti-nutritional substances and increase the nutritional value of mixed fodder, granulation of mixed fodder was carried out. The results of the research showed that during the granulation of the vika, the total bacterial contamination decreased by 22.5%, the fungal contamination by 11.2%, the content of hydrocyanic acid by 22.72%. Permissible storage periods for loose and granulated vika have been determined.

Compound feeds are sources of not only nutrients required to maintain animals’ vital activity, but also of a complex of microorganisms inhabiting them. This complex develops in them after the heat treatment of raw materials (extrusion, conditioning, expansion, etc.), which creates non-competitive conditions for the foreign microorganisms to enter (in particular, from non-grain and animal raw materials). At the same time, the animal's gastrointestinal tract contains its own complex microbiome, which in young animals (at the time of switching to pre-starter) is not yet fully formed and not very stable. It can be disturbed by foreign microbiota, which will lead to a decrease in productivity. In addition, the foreign microbiota requires an immune response from the body, which is a very energy-consuming process. Therefore, the disinfection of compound feed for young animals at the stage of production and in finished form is reasonable and important. The most promising method of disinfection today is ultraviolet irradiation, which is widely used for disinfection of surfaces, air and water. It is cheap, easy in mounting and maintenance and effective without disrupting any properties of the product or feed. For compound feeds, it is currently used only on livestock farms, and is not used on production lines. Therefore, the task of this study was to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet irradiation of a compound feed for further implementation in manufacture. Irradiation with a bactericidal lamp of a model feed mixture (60% crushed wheat, 30% sunflower oilcake, 10% wheat bran) was conducted. The numbers of MAFAnM (mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms) declined from 1 million to 20 thousand cells per gram after 5 hours (300 minutes) of UVC exposition (254 nm wavelength). The diagram obtained coincides well with the reference diagram for a typical bacterial strain and shows that the use of ultraviolet irradiation is quite effective even without requiring a long-time exposition. Therefore, it can be used industrially to disinfect compound feeds and their raw materials.

The article presents the results of analyzes of the chemical, amino acid, mineral, vitamin composition of flax cake of the Kazakh variety «Kostanayskiy 11». A recipe for a complete feed for broilers with the introduction of flaxseed cake and a premix based on vermiculite filler has been developed. The optimal rates for the in troduction of flaxseed oil into the recipe for a complete feed for broilers aged 29-56 days have been determined. The proposed recipes for mixed feed for broilers using flaxseed cake of the Kazakh variety «Kostanaysky 11» and a premix based on vermiculite filler in feeding poultry will make it possible to balance the rations not only in protein and mineral composition, but also partially replace expensive soybean meal, thereby reducing the cost of compound feed.