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Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On dit souvent du rire, d'une part, qu'il est le propre de l'homme, d'autre part qu'il exprime la joie, le plaisir, en!n, qu'il est un comportement automatique, réIexe. Tout cela témoigne d'une méconnaissance fondamentale de sa complexité qui ne peut être explorée que suivant une approche pluri et interdisciplinaire comportant les dimensions biologique, psychologique et historico-socioculturelle. Ainsi, avec l'éthologie, nous abordons la phénoménologie du rire, son ontogenèse, puis sa phylogenèse, facteurs de son historicité. Puis, avec la psychologie, la psychanalyse et la neurologie, en particulier, nous explorons les causalités, externes et internes, contribuant au déclenchement et à la fabrication du rire qui est aussi complexe. J'en distingue trois secteurs: psychologique, avec ses composantes cognitives et psycho-affectives inconscientes, cérébral et sa réalisation motrice. En!n, nous envisageons une approche socio-anthropologique du rire. A partir de faits historiques et ethnographiques, nous avons élaboré notre propre représentation des relations du rire et du risible formant un système de communication « risible-rire ». Le rire occuperait alors une position intermédiaire entre ce système de communication risible et celui des expressions émotionnelles, individuelles et sociales. Ce système comporte, notamment quelques fonctions, psychiques et sociales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The coastal lagoons have an important function in the regulation of the biogeochemical cycles and supply of natural resources for the entire region, which are highly valued by the population. Our research presents a socio-environmental analysis of the Tres Palos Lagoon, Guerrero, with a socio-ecosystem approach, based on a workshop to fill out the structural analysis matrix and an expert judgment. The information obtained was analyzed with the methods of structural analysis and the MICMAC tool. We identified the variables with the greatest influence and dependence on the system; environmental education stood out as a highly determinant, and quality of life, solid waste, social capital, and deforestation stood out as dependent variables. The findings indicate that the origin of the socio-environmental deterioration of the area lies in the corruption of the authorities and in weak governance and governability. Las lagunas costeras tienen una función importante en la regulación de ciclos biogeoquímicos y en el suministro de recursos naturales a escala regional, los cuales son altamente valorados por la población. Nuestra investigación presenta un análisis socioambiental de la Laguna de Tres Palos, Guerrero, con un enfoque socioecosistémico a partir de un taller para el llenado de la matriz de análisis estructural y un juicio de expertos. La información obtenida se analizó con los métodos de análisis estructural y la herramienta MICMAC. Identificamos las variables con mayor influencia y dependencia del sistema; sobresalió la educación ambiental como altamente determinante, y destacaron calidad de vida, residuos sólidos, capital social y deforestación como variables dependientes. Los hallazgos apuntan a que el origen del deterioro socioambiental de la zona radica en la corrupción de las autoridades y en la débil gobernanza y gobernabilidad. Las lagunes côtières jouent un rôle fondamental pour la régulation des cycles géo biochimiques et pour les ressources naturelles régionales qui sont grandement valorisées par la population. Notre recherche présente une analyse socio-environnementale de la lagune de Tres Palos au Guerrero à partir d'une approche socio-écosystémique sur la base d'un atelier destiné à remplir une matrice d'analyse structurelle et une opinion d'expert. L'information obtenue fut analysée suivant les méthodes de l'analyse structurelle et l'outil MICMAC. Nous avons identifié les variables qui ont le plus d'influence et de dépendance sur le système ; l'éducation à l'environnement s'est avérée être un facteur déterminant, avec la qualité de vie, les déchets solides, le capital social et la déforestation comme variable dépendantes. Les résultats suggèrent que la cause première de la détérioration socio-environnementale dans la région réside dans la corruption des autorités et la faiblesse de la gouvernance et de la gouvernabilité. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The turn of the twenty-first century was characterised by 'spiritual revolution', with claims that interest in New Age spirituality was eclipsing religion and would continue to do so in the future. Since then, scholars of religion have been more focused on religious diversity and the rise of the non-religious. While interest in spirituality, uptake of spiritual practices, and identification as 'spiritual but not religious' have continued to grow, spirituality is typically not taken as seriously as religion, at least in political spheres or by academia. This article examines the history and contemporary dynamics of spiritual complexity in Australia, drawing on the findings of two Australian Research Council–funded studies 'The Worldviews of Australia's Generation Z' and 'Religious Diversity in Australia' and on a recent project '(Con)spirituality, Science and COVID-19 in Australia'. It argues that it is certainly time for spirituality to be taken more seriously in this country and globally, given spirituality's concern with personal and planetary wellbeing, and also the potential risks spirituality can pose due to its association with dis/misinformation, neoliberalism, and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a common assumption in sociology that the usefulness of knowledge on 'the social' is largely dependent on its ability to offer a truthful, complete and reliable account of social life. However, the efforts to produce instrumental social knowledge or to establish the 'applied sociology' have often been viewed as hindered by such difficulties as the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena and the alleged epistemological 'deficiencies' of the social sciences. This article starts by revisiting these arguments as underpinned by the representational understanding of knowledge as 'the mirror of the world', and then draws on social studies of science to articulate a different, pragmatic and translational understanding of knowledge as 'a tool'. The two analytical views are then employed to account for the practical success of so-called user experience research – a relatively new and increasingly popular domain of the production of social knowledge to be used in the process of designing digital products like mobile apps and services. The article argues that the usefulness of knowledge generated in this field cannot be attributed to its epistemological superiority or theoretical edge, but rather to maximising the ability to engage, provoke understanding, foster collaboration and create action possibilities for the specific recipients of knowledge. These effects are achieved by simplifying the analytical framework and loosening methodological rigour, but also by offering innovative methods of articulation of research results and benefiting from the generative capabilities of knowledge. The article concludes by outlining the complex consequences of the translational and pragmatic approach to producing social knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the profound paradigm crisis that affects modernity and threatens the destiny of humanity. This crisis results from the lack of perspective offered by the paradigm of modernity with its emphasis on unilateral rationality, scientific objectivity, and exploitation of natural resources by a hyper development of an inflated Hero archetype. The emergence of a new paradigm of complexity, C. G. Jung's complex psychology, and Ameridian perspectivism, may offer new paths to approach these serious problems lived by modern man. A clinical vignette illustrates how complex psychology may also help with individual patients suffering from psychosomatic complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author explores some of the issues raised by the practice of online analysis. In particular, he emphasizes the difference between the setting and the frame and proposes a theoretical approach of the latter as emerging within the transferential dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introduction : Des indicateurs cliniques de fragilité et de complexité des situations de soins à domicile sont dérivés de l’interRAI HC, mais leur implémentation dans la pratique demande une analyse précise et préalable du contexte de soins dans lequel ils pourraient être utilisés. L’Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM) est un cadre de référence mobilisable pour l’ensemble du processus d’implémentation notamment pour la pré-implémentation, une étape indispensable, bien que souvent négligée. Objectif : Cet article vise à présenter une démarche d’application du modèle IRLM qui précise les éléments clés (déterminants, stratégies, mécanismes et retombées) de l’étape de pré-implémentation. Démarche : L’implémentation prend place à l’institution genevoise de maintien à domicile (imad) en Suisse. Les données recueillies (ex. caractéristiques de l’institution, questionnaire auprès des infirmières) sont classées dans l’IRLM par un groupe de travail. Évaluation : L’analyse des éléments de pré-implémentation pointe les déterminants contextuels pouvant favoriser l’implémentation (ex. disponibilité des indicateurs cliniques et protocoles de prise en soins) ou la freiner (ex. multiplicité des informations). Par ailleurs, les stratégies mises en place et les retombées recueillies à ce stade (ex. intégration des indicateurs dans le dossier du patient, peu de résistance au changement) sont décrites. Discussion et conclusion : L’anticipation et l’analyse des conditions dans lesquelles prend place l’implémentation dès la phase de pré-implémentation permettent de recueillir des informations essentielles sur des recommandations d’adaptation des actions aux contextes spécifiques et aux réalités concrètes. La mise en place de stratégies étape par étape devrait contribuer à relever le défi du transfert de nouvelles connaissances à la pratique clinique contextualisée.

This article addresses the criticism made by Lima, Ribeiro, La Guardia and Nagem (2020) about the scarce development of a theory of the activity within the approaches of Work Sciences. Based on a non-comprehensive revision of the contributions and insufficiencies of the referred article, the purpose of this text is to encourage scientific debate to make progress in the reflection about the limits of activity analysis in those approaches. Although the criticism made by Lima et al. (2020) is legitim, its construction has flaws, as the authors seem to mistakenly generalize the way the debate is held in each approach, hence neglecting the contributions it brings. In addition, the case study shown by the authors seems insufficient and it contradicts the arguments they develop, because the method they defend is not fully applied, nor are the generated transformations properly demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Íkala: Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper attempts to join the dots between psychoanalytic and post-psychoanalytic perspectives in relation to climate change and the ecological crisis and to begin a discussion on the role of joy in sustaining ourselves in the face of the global catastrophe. There is a vital expanding psychoanalytic literature addressing itself to the environmental crisis but a striking absence on joy and what stands in its way. This paper explores what psychoanalysis has to offer in the context of planetary emergency and also asks psychoanalysis to look beyond itself and reimagine what it can be. Joy involves a simultaneous affirmation of both our uniqueness and our togetherness, not only as humans but with all forms of life and the web of life itself. If we were to allow ourselves to actually enjoy our lives, we just might fight harder against our extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative & International Education is the property of Canadian & International Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human knowledge has gone through a satisfactory state of simplification and reduction that dominated scientific thought after the scientific revolution of the 16th century, which reduced all reality to the smallest partial components, and separated the fields of knowledge from each other. Edgar Moran has tried to reform knowledge by advocating complex thought as a key to contemporary scientific knowledge, challenging and motivating the mind to deal with uncertainties, contradictions and uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of surveys in the European project ALMPUB on the role of archives, libraries and museums for democracy in the digital age show that these information and cultural heritage institutions enjoy an extraordinarily high level of trust among the population compared to other social institutions. The article elaborates the consequences of this observation and concludes that information institutions in the broad sense have a high social responsibility. It is stated that the complementary topic of "trust and responsibility" still has research and reflection desiderata in information science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Africa Journal of Public Sector Development & Governance (AJPSDG) is the property of African Management Development Institute Network (AMDIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Les textes offrent la possibilité de manipulations calcultoires via leur matérialité sémiotique : les symboles informatiques codant les caractères permettent la mobilisation d’algorithmes et outils informatiques. Cependant, ces traitements butent sur ce que nous appelons la duplicité du sémiotique, selon laquelle les symboles informatiques ne sont pas des signes dans la mesure où les premiers ne signifient rien contrairement aux seconds : les calculs sont effectués indépendamment de l’interprétation des signes textuels. Manipulation computationnelle et interprétation herméneutique sont donc hétérogènes et distincts, la première ne peut qu’approximer et simuler la seconde. Cet écart procède de la nature du sens et de ce qui manque aux machines pour y accéder. Cet article considère les différents types de complexité, analytique, synthétique et herméneutique pour voir dans la dernière ce qui résiste à réduction calculatoire. Ce constat est approfondi en revenant à la constitution phénoménologique du sens et ce qui fait que le sens d’un texte n’est accessible qu’à une entité ayant la notion d’un environnement qui l’excède et d’un ailleurs qui lui manque. Cet écart irréductible ne disqualifie pas l’intérêt des traitements algorithmiques : ils permettent bien au contraire de s’émanciper des contraintes du sens. Mais les résultats doivent être finalement repris et réassumés dans une entreprise herméneutique, pour transformer les données résultats en textes à comprendre.

La première épidémie de maladie à virus Ebola en Guinée, entre 2013 et 2016, a été révélatrice des défaillances organisationnelles des institutions guinéennes dans la gestion de la crise et de la dépendance aux partenaires techniques et financiers internationaux. On a maintes fois accusé les déficits en matière de résilience pour expliquer les difficultés de gestion de la crise. Cet article a pour objectif de s’interroger sur la manière de renforcer la résilience pour améliorer la réponse aux crises sanitaires dans les États fragiles. La collecte de données de cette étude qualitative a été réalisée dans la période post-Ebola en 2017, grâce à des entretiens semi-dirigés, à une observation d’événements liés à la gestion des crises ou au relèvement post-crise, et à une analyse documentaire approfondie. Présentant les bonnes pratiques pour renforcer la gestion des crises sanitaires dans les États fragiles et un modèle tridimensionnel d’analyse de la gestion résiliente des crises sanitaires dans les États fragiles, cette étude permet de noter que la gestion des épidémies repose sur un état initial et un contexte spécifique, mais également sur les dimensions intra-organisationnelle et inter-organisationnelle puisque plusieurs organisations doivent collaborer. La dernière dimension du modèle d’analyse permet d’apprécier la résilience sanitaire selon les 5 caractéristiques de Kruk et al. (2015), soit la conscience, la diversité, l’autorégulation, l’intégration et l’adaptabilité.

"Psychomotor Profession" presents the themes that animate my practice as a psychomotor therapist trained in observation according to E. Bick in CAMSP, in 7 points: - a specific, novel, complex place; - in search of capacity; - from a focus on the bodily, the present, the details; - on emotional presence... (doing is not everything); - emphasizing the importance of the written word, of narrativity; - "3 times" (the three); - complexity, uncertainty, capacity for daydreaming, and negative capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why are existing global governance structures "not fit for purpose" when it comes to addressing complex global catastrophic risks (CGCRs) such as climate breakdown, ecosystem collapse, or parasitic artificial general intelligence? This article argues that a deeper appreciation of these risks as complex—as opposed to complicated—is vital to an effective global governance response. It joins other IR scholarship seeking to invigorate a rigorous research agenda on complex system dynamics within world politics, highlighting the value of complexity theory, not simply as a contextual descriptor, but as a conceptual toolkit to inform CGCR governance research and action. Taking seriously the implications of "restricted complexity," it interrogates why the legacy governing toolkit—the assumptions, heuristics, models, and practices conventionally employed to solve international collective action problems—are unlikely to suffice. It further draws laterally upon design science to offer a novel design model for governing complex systems, with broad application across global policy domains. A case study of the COVID-19 pandemic response illustrates the importance of supplementing inherited "complicated" governance system design and practices with design principles explicitly oriented to working with complexity, rather than against it. We contend that IR scholars and practitioners must update old ways of thinking in light of a complexification of the discipline. Such a shift involves both revisiting the design logics underlying how we build global governance structures, as well as pursuing a generative research agenda more capable of responding adequately to instability, surprise, and extraordinary change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cet article est une réflexion sur le hasard en tant qu'objet scientifique, et en partant d'un point de vue matérialiste. On considère la relation entre mouvement et complexité en introduisant la notion de système ouvert et les catégories qui en découlent : état de la Nature et observables, ce qui permet de revoir le débat sur le hasard et la certitude

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Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the interface between schools, museums and other locales of scientific and technical culture. Our goal is to define the terms for a partnership aimed at nurturing science education. After we analyze the literature and research results derived from the areas of "education for," we examine the possibility of utilizing the concepts of "boundary objects" and "islands of rationality" to explain and model the complexity of the crossroads of innovation between formal and non-formal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Facilement comprise au quotidien comme un signal d'alarme d'une perturbation somatique, la douleur ne peut s'appréhender si simplement. Définition et clinique de la douleur nous rappellent un principe essentiel : il n'y a pas de douleur physique sans contrepartie psychologique et la réciproque est vraie, il n'y a pas de trouble psychique sans corrélation physique. Mais la complexité en la clinique de la douleur ne s'arrête pas là. On peut isoler au moins six dimensions importantes qui nous permettent de répondre à l'incertitude et à la difficulté de l'appréhender : au niveau du langage, de la culture, des représentations, des organisations de personnalités, des fonctions de la douleur et quelques complications supplémentaires dues à la confusion qui règne dans les appellations et les différents classements nosographiques. La douleur est en limite de tous les savoirs, médicaux, infirmiers, psy, et nous invite tous à nous confronter à d'autres modes de pensées et à travailler ensemble pour entendre ce qui se dit et ne se dit pas chez le sujet. Dans cette clinique singulière, la spécificité du psychologue et l'importance de son regard résident précisément dans une appréciation de la dynamique psychique du patient qui interagit avec la douleur et qui s'exprime au sein de la plainte douloureuse au-delà des aspects somatiques. Easily understood on a daily basis as a signal for somatic disturbance, pain cannot be apprehended so easily. Definition and clinical of pain remind us of a key principle: there is no physical pain without psychological counterpart, and vice versa; and there is no psychological disorder without a physical correlation. However, the complex nature of the pain clinic does not stop there. We can distinguish is at least six dimensions allowing us to answer the uncertainty and the difficulty of its apprehension: through language, through culture, through representation, through personality organization, through pain's functions and other additional complications due to the confusion taking place in the designations, and through the different nosographic classifications. Pain is the limit of all knowledge, may it be medical, nursing, psychology, and invites us all to confront with other schools of thought and to work together to hear what is said and not said by the subject. In this singular clinic, the specificity of the psychologue and the importance of his view reside precisely in an appreciation of the psychic dynamics of the patient which interact with pain and which express itself within pain beyond somatic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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L’IA est souvent présentée comme un modèle devenu un concurrent de l’intelligence humaine. Mais si on la caractérise qu’elle est une manière artificielle de résoudre des problèmes qui requièrent de la part des humains de l’intelligence, rien n’implique qu’il lui soit nécessaire de faire preuve d’intelligence. Dans cet article, nous abordons cette question à deux niveaux : à un niveau ontologique, la machine est-elle aussi intelligente que l’humain, ou l’humain aussi stupide qu’une machine ? à un niveau sociologique, la machine n’est-elle pas appelée à remplacer l’humain du fait de nos sociétés modernes dont la rationalité calculante confine les personnes à des tâches machinales et répétitives ? Nous argumentons que la machine reste ontologiquement stupide à la différence des êtres humains, les trois énigmes du brin d’herbe, de la caresse et du regard marquant un écart irréductible, mais que la véritable question est de savoir penser une société moderne misant sur l’intelligence humaine où la machine est son complément et non son concurrent.

Ce travail a pour but de cerner le rôle de la complexité pour les subordonnées relatives en français langue maternelle et langue seconde. La complexité déterminerait en effet les manifestations des relatives suivant la hiérarchie d’accessibilité (Keenan, Comrie 1977). Si c’est le cas, ces relatives devraient avoir des comportements comparables en L1 et L2, et quelle que soit la langue maternelle dans ce dernier cas. Ces comportements sont ici examinés sous le rapport du nombre respectif de pronoms relatifs produits, de la proportion de leurs collocations et par les taux de disfluences. On s’attend en effet qu’un relatif plus accessible soit plus fréquent, entrent moins dans des collocations et soit moins l’objet de disfluences qu’un relatif moins accessible. Ces attentes sont confirmées par l’analyse des productions de natifs et d’apprenants norvégiens du français dans un corpus de conversations libres, sauf pour les collocations, dont le nombre est inversement proportionnel à l’accessibilité des marqueurs. Cela amène à discuter la cause de cette hiérarchie d’accessibilité dans son rapport avec la notion de fréquence.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’acquisition du système possessif en français comme L2. Sur la base d’une description comparative des systèmes possessifs en français et en norvégien, nous nous sommes limité essentiellement aux possessifs de la troisième personne du singulier et du pluriel où les différences entre les deux systèmes sont particulièrement révélateurs. Contrairement au français, le norvégien oppose des formes réfléchies à des formes non réfléchies. De plus, seul le norvégien marque le genre et le sens humain-non humain du possesseur. Sur la base de quatre facteurs de complexité variable entre les deux systèmes – le nombre du possesseur, les formes en s*, l’orientation du possesseur et la position du possesseur – nous avons testé l’acquisition du système possessif par des apprenants universitaires norvégiens. Avec les résultats de notre enquête, il est possible de prévoir les défis que représente pour les étudiants norvégiens l’acquisition du système possessif en français.