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in this article we describe in cooperative learning, students work together in small groups on a structured activity. They are individually accountable for their work, and the work of the group as a whole is also assessed. Cooperative groups work face-to-face and learn to work as a team.

Societas (društvena pogodba, ortaštvo) je konsenzualni kontrakt u rimskom pravu koji se sklapa u svrhu postizanja zajedničkog cilja članova. Sporazum volja (consensus), kojim nastaje, temelji se na načelu bona fides (dobra vjera). Societas je dvostrano obvezujući pravni posao s načelno jednakim pravima i dužnostima članova, koji se nazivaju socii (ortaci). Oni udružuju svoju imovinu ili rad, ili i jedno i drugo, radi ostvarenja zajedničkog, pravno dopuštenog cilja. U doba rimskog carstva societas je bio u vrlo širokoj primjeni, a rezultat toga bio je razvitak četiri vrste ovog ugovora. Svim vrstama zajednička je njegova lukrativna narav, zbog čega on dobiva svoj puni zamah paralelno s razvitkom gospodarstva, robno-novčanog prometa i trgovine. Osim ekonomske, societas ima i socijalno-etičku dimenziju jer je ovaj oblik zajedništva, u antičko vrijeme, bio temeljen na bliskim, prijateljskim i bratskim odnosima među članovima (ortacima), a ti su odnosi počivali na načelima solidarnosti i međusobnog povjerenja. Ovaj se ugovor do danas u bitnome nije izmijenio, štoviše, progresivno se razvio u skladu s modernim prilikama, od antičke Grčke, Babilona i Rimskog carstva, preko Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, pa - unatoč pravnom vakuumu za vrijeme jugoslavenske komunističke vladavine - sve do suvremenog hrvatskog prava., Societas (social contract, partnership) is a consensual contract in Roman law concluded for the purpose of achieving a common goal of the members. The agreement of will (consensus), by which it is formed, is based on the principle of bona fides (good faith). Societas is a bilaterally binding contract with basically equal rights and duties of the members, who are called socii (partners). They pool their property or labor, or both, to achieve a common, legally permissible goal. In the era of the Roman Empire, societas was very widely used and the result was the development of four types of this contract. Its lucrative nature is common to all species, which is why it gains its full momentum simultaneously with the development of the economy, goods and money circulation, as trade as well. In addition to the economic, societas also has a social-ethical dimension because this form of community, in ancient times, was based on close, friendly and fraternal relations between members (partners), and these relations rested on the principles of solidarity and mutual trust. This contract has not been substantially changed to this day, moreover, it has progressively developed in accordance with modern circumstances, from ancient Greece, Babylon and the Roman Empire, through the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and - despite the legal vacuum during the Yugoslav communist rule - up to the present day Croatian law.

Los beneficios que plantea el big data, van desde un ámbito empresarial hasta gubernamental o climático, ya que se promueve un crecimiento y desarrollo adecuado en los distintos entornos globales basándose en una metodología de recolección de datos que proyecta una mejora común a todos aquellos que encuentren el gran valor que proporciona este tipo de información, aunque se puedan presentar distintos aspectos negativos el big data trabaja de forma transparente y organizada, permitiéndole al usuario autorizar o no el tratamiento de sus datos, que a su vez son utilizados por las distintas compañías para promover, prevenir o generar mejoras en sus distintos factores de producción esenciales dentro de cada sector productivo. The benefits of big data range from a business to a government or climate sphere, since it promotes adequate growth and development in different global environments in a data collection methodology that projects a common improvement for all those who find the great value provided by this type of information, although there may be different negative aspects, big data works in a transparent and organized way, allowing the user to authorize or not the processing of their data, which in turn is used by the different companies to promote , prevent or generate improvements in its different essential factors of production within each productive sector. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

The article is devoted to organizational and economic systems based on international outsourcing. A model of the economic system based on the goals and needs of the participants in the chain of creating the final value is proposed. The author points out that the proposed approach does not deny the use of subsystems based on a functional feature, but allows constructing economic network structures taking into account the need for structural coordination, as well as the presence of the general and private goals of the participants in the final value chain, which, according to the author, distinguishes an economic system based on international outsourcing from any other networked economic system.

What is required for several agents to intentionally \(\varphi\) together? I argue that each of them must believe or assume that their \(\varphi\)-ing is a single end that each intends to contribute to. Various analogies between intentional singular action and intentional joint action show that this doxastic single end condition captures a feature at the very heart of the phenomenon of intentional joint action. For instance, just as several simple actions are only unified into a complex intentional singular activity if the agent believes or assumes that there is a single end that each action is directed to, so several agents’ actions are only unified into an intentional joint activity if each agent believes or assumes that there is a single end that each intends to contribute to. Influential accounts of intentional joint action, including Christopher Kutz’s and Michael Bratman’s, implicitly include this condition only if participants must intend to contribute to the end under the same conception. While such a requirement successfully rules out some counterexamples, it also makes the accounts unable to appropriately accommodate and explain clear cases of intentional joint action that they ought to be able to accommodate and explain.

International audience; Our communication deals with the idea that some emerging problems have no technical solutions. In order to tackle this kind of situation and issue, it is necessary to look for the free and voluntary joint-involvement of a plurality of stakeholders around a common goal. Relying on the various interventions they made for different institutions, both private and public, the authors conclude that territory, viewed as an unitas multiplex, constitutes a strategic entity in the prospect of taking care of complex matters. However, this requires to recognize that stakeholders have a genuine capacity of expertise and action, and to try to mobilize it thanks to appropriate means. Thus, the coconstruction of a multiactors response to complex problems or projects and the territorialisation process can mutually enhance one another.; Face à l’émergence de problèmes complexes sur lesquels les solutions techniques s’avèrent largement inopérantes, la communication explore les conditions susceptibles de favoriser l’implication conjointe, libre et volontaire, d’une pluralité d’acteurs et d’institutions autour d’un objectif commun. Sur la base des nombreuses interventions qu’ils ont réalisées à la demande de commanditaires variés, les auteurs aboutissent au résultat que le territoire, en raison de son caractère d’unitas multiplex, constitue une entité stratégique pour la prise en charge de réalités complexes. Cela suppose toutefois de reconnaître que les acteurs de terrain disposent effectivement d’une capacité d’expertise et d’action et de la mobiliser activement, selon des modalités adaptées. Ainsi, co-construction d’une réponse multiacteurs à des problèmes ou projets complexes et processus de territorialisation vont généralement de pair et se renforcent mutuellement.

We consider a framework where the optimal decision rule determining the collective choice depends in a simple way on the decision makers' posterior probabilities of a particular state of nature. Nevertheless, voting is generally an inefficient way to make collective choices and this paper sheds light on the relationship between the optimal decision rule and voting mechanisms. The paper derives the conditions under which the optimal decision rule is equivalent to some well-known voting procedure (weighted supermajority, weighted majority, and simple majority) and shows that these are very stringent. The paper also considers more general voting procedures, as for example allowing for abstentions, and shows that the conditions for reaching the optimal collective choice remain very stringent.

La Directiva marco del agua es una norma del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de la Unión Europea por la que se establece un marco de actuación comunitario en el ámbito de la política de aguas. Sus objetivos se orientan para garantiza la protección de las aguas y promover un gestión participada de los recursos naturales. En el presente artículo presentares algunas propuestas de salidas para las estrategia públicas de comunicación participativa para la planificación de los programas de gestión del agua.-------------------------------------------------------------------The Water Framework Directive is a European Union directive which commits European Union member states to achieve good qualitative and quantitative status of all water bodies. It is a framework in the sense that it prescribes steps to reach the common goal. In this paper we propose a communication strategy for the public politics for citizen participation in the frame to public management of common water., Artículo revisado por pares

Politico reported today that “ Governor Bill Richardson is set to announce today that he’s hosting a pair of fundraising events for Hillary Clinton in New Mexico August 17, which is being cast as one of the higher-profile installments of Obama’s effort to help Clinton retire her debt.” [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Argus Leader endorsed Hillary Clinton today noting for “the first time in memory, every state will play a role in choosing a nominee for the nation’s highest office.” The endorsement speaks for itself:  …Clinton is the strongest Democratic candidate for South Dakota. Her mastery of complex policy detail is broad and deep, and her experience as a senator and former first lady matches that. Measured against her opponent, Clinton is philosophically more moderate. That is likely a good thing for South Dakota. Clinton’s energy policy is forward thinking and wise. She advocates a broad federal research initiative to help solve our looming oil crisis. It’s a plan that would join university researchers, private industry and individual inventors behind a common goal. Is ethanol part of the answer? Clinton believes it is but not necessarily corn ethanol. That is not precisely the answer South Dakota wants to hear. Corn-based ethanol has been a boon for farmers here. But the simple fact is that she probably is correct. Advances in cellulosic ethanol technologies could render corn ethanol obsolete and wasteful. Happily, South Dakota is poised to be a major player in the push to experiment with other kinds of ethanol. Clinton has demonstrated a real commitment to Native American issues and will have visited several South Dakota reservations before the race is over. Clinton is precisely correct when she says that people outside the region have a poor understanding of the troubling trends on our reservations. Federal attention could help. That includes but is not limited to higher-ranking posts in the federal bureaucracy. Her truly universal health care plan would be welcomed by thousands of South Dakotans. Even on reservations, where health care is nominally universal already, such a plan would be welcome. The federal government would never be allowed to subject everyday Americans to the kind of care Native Americans living on reservations routinely receive. Obama is justifiably credited as a powerful speaker, but Clinton holds her own easily. As those who have attended her South Dakota rallies can attest, she is quick on her feet and energetic. She frames her ideas clearly in speeches and answers questions with genuine directness. Her resilience and determination never should be questioned. She has met or overcome every challenge or roadblock in her way, and there have been many. Her determination to carry the nomination process through to its real conclusion has perhaps earned her a grudging respect from those who would never support her. Clinton might not win this race. In fact, it’s a long shot. But whatever some might say, the race is not over, and her name is on the ballot. Win or lose, she’s also the best Democratic candidate for South Dakota. Evidently the Argus Leader didn’t let the hoopla created by Obama supporters over Clinton’s RFK remarks stand in the way of their opinion. Tags: Argus Leader, Boon, Common Goal, Corn Ethanol, Democratic Candidate, Energy Policy, Everyday Americans, Federal Attention, Federal Bureaucracy, Health Care Plan, Hillary Clinton, Inventors, Native Americans, Oil Crisis, Private Industry, Research Initiative, Simple Fact, South Dakotans, Universal Health Care, University Researchers [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]