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Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) offer extensive benefits for wastewater treatment in developing countries in terms of cost-effectiveness, industrial synergy, and resource conservation. Evaluating the performance of CETPs is essential to ensure sustainable practices in wastewater management. The present study aims to assess the environmental impacts of a CETP situated in Maharashtra, India, using the life cycle assessment method (LCA) as per ISO 14040:14044. The plant comprises a primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment unit along with a sludge handling unit. The inventory analysis was performed using the averaged data collected from the plant for a year. The secondary inputs were taken from the GaBi 10.6 database suited to the Indian context. The study employed a gate-to-grave LCA approach and the functional unit was assumed to be 1000 m3 of treated water. The impact analysis was conducted with the help of the CML 2001: Aug 2016 method. It was found that the primary and secondary treatment units offered the highest environmental burden. Both the treatment units contribute about 70–80 % to all the categories except for ADP-elemental, where the contribution is about 98 %. Electricity was identified as a predominant factor contributing to the impacts under most midpoint categories except for ADP-elemental. A scenario analysis was undertaken to estimate the possibility of adapting to renewable energy to reduce environmental footprints. The impacts generated under such a scenario were lower than the original observations, except for the ADP–elemental category. The study emphasizes how LCA helps optimize areas under investigation and fosters sustainable treatment practices in wastewater treatment.

The toxicity, Leachate Pollution Index (LPI), and risk assessment of the leachate of hazardous sludge are very rarely and scantly studied. This study evaluates the leachate characteristics of the textile industry–central effluent treatment plant sludge. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis determines the sludge's chemical composition. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is a sample extraction method performed to simulate the leaching through landfills. The leachate samples are tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) techniques for the metal ions. The 30 TCLP tests are performed as per the scheme generated by the Central Composite Design of Experiment (CCDoE). The study provides a novel and flexible framework for developing the Textile-Leachate Pollution Index (T-LPI) using a hybrid fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP). The metal ions' weights in the leachate (Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, K, Mg, Ca) are obtained using FAHP infused with inter-valued triangular fuzzy numbers. The membership grade functions are derived for each metal ion, and the Leachate Pollution Index is estimated for 30 experiments. The experimental runs are ranked based on their LPI values. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicates a poor association between the metal ions and their presence from different sources. The Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) of metal ions (Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni) present in leachate shows the potential non-carcinogenic impact by Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn. In contrast, Fe and Al have shown no adverse non-carcinogenic effect. The carcinogenic risk by Pb and Cr metal ions in leachate lies in the high- and very high-risk levels. The ranking of hazardous sludge sites can help in the immediate disposal of higher LPI value sludge to treatment storage disposal facilities (TSDF) as compared to the sludge with lower LPI. The study provides insight into the human health risk associated with the consumption (oral intake and skin absorption) of leachate-polluted surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work investigates the efficacy of acoustic cavitation (AC) based pretreatment as a process intensification method for improving the conventional biological oxidation (BO) treatment of the effluent from common effluent treatment plant (CETP) mainly containing pharmaceutical compounds. The effluent acclimatized with cow dung-based sludge was utilized for the aerobic oxidation with an optimum condition of 1:3 ratio of sludge to effluent and 6 h as duration. COD reduction of 19.58% was achieved with the conventional biological oxidation, which was demonstrated to be improved by incorporating acoustic cavitation-based pretreatment approaches under optimized conditions of 125 W and 70% duty cycle for only AC as well as oxidant loadings as 1000 mg/L for H2O2, 250 mg/L Fe(II) with 1000 mg/L H2O2 for Fenton, 1000 mg/L for KPS and 0.5 L/min for the O3 during the combination approaches. The improved COD reduction after the use of pretreatment approaches followed by the BO of 6 h duration was 29.26%, 72.42%, 85.47%, 45.68% and 69.26% for the AC, AC + H2O2, AC + Fenton, AC + KPS and AC + O3 based approaches respectively. The toxicity assay of the effluent before and after every pretreatment approach using bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ensured the biodegradability of the treated effluent as no toxic intermediates could be seen. Overall, the present work elucidated the effectiveness of acoustic cavitation-based pretreatment approaches for the improvement of conventional BO of CETP effluent.

Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) wastewater poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating advanced treatment technologies to meet discharge standards. This study focuses on the collection and characterisation of wastewater from CETP Vatva, Ahmedabad, to evaluate physicochemical parameters heavy metal concentrations, and identify indigenous bacterial species. Using Taguchi’s systematic orthogonal array, an effective indigenous bacterial consortium (EIBC) was created for bioreactor-based CETP wastewater treatment. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed the presence of various bacterial strains, including the newly reclassified bacteria Stutzerimonas stutzeri. The analysis of the SI sample indicated substantial reductions in the concentrations of total dissolved solids (1090 mg L ^−1 ), biological oxygen demand (28 mg l ^−1 ), chemical oxygen demand (180 mg l ^−1 ), and total phosphorus (1.4 mg l ^−1 ) compared to their initial values of 7504 mg l ^−1 , 29 6 mg l ^−1 , 58 8 mg l ^−1 , and 3.04 mg l ^−1 , respectively, with a similar trend observed in samples SII and SIII. While turbidity was significantly reduced from initial concentrations ranging between 36–42 NTU to 4 NTU in SI, 5 NTU in SII, and 3 NTU in SIII samples, resulting in clear water, odour remained a persistent concern throughout the study. Heavy metal concentrations were within permissible discharge limits, with notable removal rates for Cu, Fe, and Cd. The study concludes that integrating systematic design modelling with bioreactor-based remediation effectively mitigates water pollution and safeguards human well-being.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat that demands surveillance to identify and analyze trends of the emerging antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potential microbial carriers. The influent of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) reflects the microbes derived from the population and effluent being the source of dissemination of potential pathogenic microbes and AMR. The present study aimed to monitor microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in WWTPs employing a whole metagenome shotgun sequencing approach. The samples were collected from a sewage treatment plant (STP) and a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) in Delhi, India. The results showed the influent of STP to be rich in Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Escherichia, Arcobacter, and Pseudomonas residents of gut microbiota and known to cause diseases in humans and animals; whereas the CETP sample was abundant in Aeromonas, Escherichia, and Shewanella known to be involved in the degradation of different compounds. Interestingly, the effluent samples from both STPs and CETP were rich in microbial diversity, comprising organic and xenobiotic compound degrading and disease-causing bacteria, indicating the effluent being the source of dissemination of concerning bacteria to the environment. The functional profile at both sites displayed similarity with an abundance of housekeeping function genes as analyzed by Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG), KEGG Orthology (KO), and subsystem databases. Resistome profiling by MEGARes showed the dominance of ARGs corresponding to beta-lactams having relative abundance ranging from 16% to 34% in all the metagenome datasets, followed by tetracycline (8%–16%), aminoglycosides (7%–9%), multi-drug (5%–9%), and rifampin (3%–9%). Also, AMR genes oxa , ant3-DPRIME , and rpoB, which are of clinical importance were predominantly and most prevalently present in all the samples. The presence of AMR in effluents from both types of treatment plants indicates that wastewater from both sources contributes to the spread of pathogenic bacteria and resistance genes, increasing the environmental AMR burden and therefore requires tertiary treatment before discharge. This work will facilitate further research towards the identification of suitable biomarkers for monitoring antibiotic resistance. • The study investigates the wastewater microbiome by employing a whole metagenome sequencing approach. • The microbial composition and antibiotic resistance genes differ significantly in the STP and CETP samples. • The treatment process alters the bacterial diversity and the pathogenic bacterial load in the effluent is concerning. • Effluent from WWTPs is a potential source of dissemination of ARGs in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stringency in effluent discharge and reuse standards has made it extremely expensive to discharge the effluents safely or reuse them. Therefore, existing wastewater treatment plants should be evaluated and improved or augmented. With this aim, five existing common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) in North India were evaluated, including: the State infrastructure Development Corporation Uttrakhand Limited (SIDCUL) Haridwar, which processes 4.5 Million Liters per day (MLD); the Industrial Model Township (IMT) Manesar Gurgaon, 55 MLD (comprising two streams of 25 and 30 MLD each); the Lawrence Road Industrial Area (LRIA), Delhi, 12MLD (12MLD LRIA); Mayapuri Industrial Area (MIA), Delhi, 12MLD; and the Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) SIDCUL Pantnagar, 4.0 MLD. These plants were designed to produce treated effluent for non-potable reuse. Results showed that the integrated efficiency (IEa) of all CETPs was 10–20% larger than standard integrated efficiency (IEs), indicating the suitability of the technology, except for 12MLD at MIA CETP where the IEa was 20% lower than IEs, due to the absence of any biological unit in the process. Combined post-treatment of secondary effluent by coagulation, Ultrafiltration (UF), followed by ozonation for CETP SIDCUL Haridwar, was also conducted for its non-potable water reuse. This process was able to reduce Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 77%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 76%, turbidity by 96%, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by 100%. All these parameters confirmed the effluent standards for non-potable reuse. The color was reduced to 4.0 from 42.0 Pt-Co units by the exposure ozone concentration of 8.3 mg/L for up to 4.0 min on the treated water from SIDCUL CETP, which reduced the color by 90% and complied with reuse standards. Hence Combined post treatment by coagulation, UF followed Ozonation of secondary treated effluent could be a better option for the potable reuse of treated water in various domestic and industrial applications.

Objective: In this article, monomers (tannic acid (TA) and m- phenylenediamine (MPD)) were used in the fabrication of a novel PES based thin-film composite nanofiltration (TFC-NF) membrane for the treatment of a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) of textile industrial wastewater. Membrane synthesis: PES support sheets and TFC layers were fabricated via non-solvent induced phase inversion and in-situ interfacial polymerization (IP) process. The ultra-thin active layer was synthesized via the IP process with monomers such as tannic acid (TA) and m- phenylenediamine (MPD). T and M series membranes correspond to (PES/x wt% TA, x = 2, 4, 6) as T1, T2, T3 -TA and (PES/x wt% MPD, x = 2, 4, 6) as M1, M2, M3–MPD respectively. M0 corresponds to PES which is the virgin membrane. Results: The chemical structure, surface morphology, surface roughness and surface properties were explored using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle, respectively. The filtration performance of the thin-film composite nanofiltration (TFC-NF) membranes was investigated by various properties like pure water flux, salt rejection, porosity, mean pore radius and antifouling analysis. Conclusion: T1-TA membrane showed better water permeability, high salt rejection and better industrial effluent rejection with 94.4% of TDS that are suitable for industrial reuse and agricultural irrigation. Moreover, for T1-TA membrane, the water flux, porosity, mean pore radius, salt rejection, surface roughness and contact angle of 43.5lm− 2h− 1, 47.1%, 16.7nm, 72.7%, 11.7nm and 41.48°was achieved respectively that was found to be higher than that of all the other fabricated membranes. Further, the rejection efficiency rate of textile effluent characteristics such as pH, turbidity, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD were also achieved with maximum deduction in the T1-TA TFC-NF membrane compared to the M0-Virgin PES membrane. From the results, it can be confirmed that the T1-TA membrane significantly reduced the alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD rejections of 78%, 77.3%, 58.5% and 67.5% respectively, present in the effluent. Water flux recovery ratio (FRR) was improved from 74.6% for M0-Virgin PES membrane to 94.8% for T1-TA membrane. The modified TFC-NF membranes especially T1-TA, had better anti-fouling property and excellent hydrophilicity than the unmodified M0-Virgin PES membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting of sludge is suitable waste management option as it maintains all essential physicochemical parameters, stability parameters and maturity parameters as per standard norms. The present study was carried out to investigate the applicability of the rotary drum composting technique for the stabilization of sludge from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP). Rotary drum composting was performed in two runs i.e., winter run and summer run. During the whole composting period in the two runs, the continuous monitoring of the physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile solids, total organic carbon, ash content, NH4 +-N, NO3 - -N and phosphorus was made. All these parameters are in the agreement with recommended standards of the mature compost. It can be concluded that rotary drum composting could produce acceptable quality of compost which can be used further as fertilizer or soil amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) have been considered as one of the best cooperative solutions for industrial clusters in India. The concept of CETPs has been propagated to assist small industries who lack financial and technical capability to treat their individual units' effluent. The operational aspects of CETPs are critical for their optimum functioning. This article presents a comparative study on reliability of ten CETPs operating in Maharashtra state of India, along with their removal efficiencies (RE). An established methodology has been used to determine the coefficient of reliability (COR) for biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and oil and grease for the effluent from these CETPs. The design concentrations required for meeting the specified standards as prescribed by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board along with the expected percentages of compliance have been calculated from the obtained COR values. A novel method of comparing the relationship of RE with its reliability for each CETP has been established in the form of regression equations. The obtained coefficient of determination values (R2) has been further used to assess the working of treatment units and identify problem areas. Results indicate that R2 values > 75% are observed for the treatment units functioning optimally as per design. The values are also dependent on the types of member industries to the CETP and the status of the effluent variability. A novel method of estimating the functioning of effluent treatment units has been thus examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Managing polluted industrial waste from small firms in poor communities is a challenge in many developing countries. In recent years, partnerships among national governments, private sector actors, investors, and foreign aid donors have become popular solutions to address the problem. We argue, however, some partnerships may exhibit a boom and bust pattern that potentially leaves communities worse off in the long run. We test this argument by analyzing variations in the effectiveness of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) built in India. We first examine the boom-bust cycle in a public-private partnership CETP in the city of Kanpur. We then extend the analysis to all 88 CETPs in India between 1986 and 2004. We use difference-in-difference techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of CETPs that are fully public, fully private, and those that augmented capacity via partnerships among governments, private sector actors and foreign donors. Our findings suggest that these public-private partnerships tend to follow distinct patterns of success and failure over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the performance of a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) treating tannery wastewater. The CETP treats the effluent from over 122 units located in the Pallavaram region of Tamil Nadu, India. A Levenberg– Marquardt feed forward back-propagation neural network with two hidden layers and 200 hidden neurons was used to develop the model. The raw and treated wastewater quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand, the total dissolved solids, the total suspended solids, chlorides, total alkalinity, and total hardness covering a period of 1 year was taken to construct the model. A total of 240 such sets of data were used for the training and validation of the network. The network was developed and trained using 200 of the 240 data sets. The fitness of the ANN model to predict the treated effluent quality and from that the plant performance was assessed on the basis of the correlation between the predicted values and the observed values, the normalized root mean square error, and the percentage averaged relative error. The trained model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.999, a normalized root mean square error of less than 0.2, and an averaged relative error of less than 18%. The accuracy of the model was further assessed for the prediction of the water quality of the remaining 40 data sets out of the total of 240 that had not been used for training the model. It was found that the model was able to predict the effluent wastewater quality with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. Thus the developed ANN model has been found to be suitable for assessing the performance of the CETP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cavitation based pretreatment to improve the biological oxidation. • First study on CETP effluent containing pharmaceutical contaminants. • Comparison of different hybrid oxidation schemes as pretreatment. • Cavitation + Fenton is the best pretreatment resulting in maximum COD reduction. • Toxicity analysis confirmed no negative effects of cavitation based pretreatment. The current work investigates the efficacy of acoustic cavitation (AC) based pretreatment as a process intensification method for improving the conventional biological oxidation (BO) treatment of the effluent from common effluent treatment plant (CETP) mainly containing pharmaceutical compounds. The effluent acclimatized with cow dung-based sludge was utilized for the aerobic oxidation with an optimum condition of 1:3 ratio of sludge to effluent and 6 h as duration. COD reduction of 19.58% was achieved with the conventional biological oxidation, which was demonstrated to be improved by incorporating acoustic cavitation-based pretreatment approaches under optimized conditions of 125 W and 70% duty cycle for only AC as well as oxidant loadings as 1000 mg/L for H 2 O 2 , 250 mg/L Fe(II) with 1000 mg/L H 2 O 2 for Fenton, 1000 mg/L for KPS and 0.5 L/min for the O 3 during the combination approaches. The improved COD reduction after the use of pretreatment approaches followed by the BO of 6 h duration was 29.26%, 72.42%, 85.47%, 45.68% and 69.26% for the AC, AC + H 2 O 2 , AC + Fenton, AC + KPS and AC + O 3 based approaches respectively. The toxicity assay of the effluent before and after every pretreatment approach using bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ensured the biodegradability of the treated effluent as no toxic intermediates could be seen. Overall, the present work elucidated the effectiveness of acoustic cavitation-based pretreatment approaches for the improvement of conventional BO of CETP effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory-scale anoxic-oxic sequential reactor system was seeded with acclimatized mixed microbial consortium for the treatment of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) wastewater having 7000-7400 mg L of COD and 3000-3400 mg L of BOD. Initially, CETP wastewater was treated under anoxic reactor at 5000 mg L of MLSS concentrations, 5.26 ± 0.27 kg COD m day of organic loading rate (OLR) and 36 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). Further, the effluent of anoxic reactor was treated in oxic reactor with an OLR of 6.6 ± 0.31 kg COD m day and 18 h HRT. Maximum color and COD removal were found to be 72 and 85 % at total HRT of 2.25 days under anoxic-oxic sequential reactor at 37 °C and pH 7.0. The UV-VIS, FTIR, NMR and GCMS studies showed that majority of peaks observed in untreated wastewater were either shifted or disappeared after sequential treatment. Phytotoxicity study with the seeds of Vigna radiata and Triticum aestivum showed more sensitivity toward the CETP wastewater, while the products obtained after sequential treatment does not have any inhibitory effects. The results demonstrated that the anoxic-oxic reactor fed with bacterial consortium VN11 could bring about efficient bioremediation of industrial wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa a metal tolerant strain was not only applied for heavy metal removal but also to the solublization performance of the precipitated metal ions during effluent treatment. The synergistic effect of the isolate and Fe0 enhanced the metal removal potential to 72.97% and 87.63% for Cr(VI) and cadmium, respectively. The decrease in cadmium ion removal to 43.65% (aeration+stirring reactors), 21.33% (aerated reactors), and 18.95% (without aerated+without stirring) with an increase in incubation period not only indicate the presence of soluble less toxic complexes, but also help in exploration of the balancing potential for valuable metal recovery. A relatively best fit and significant values of the correlation coefficient 0.912, 0.959, and 0.9314 for mixed effluent (Paint Industry effluent+CETP Wazirpur, effluent), CETP, Wazirpur, and control effluents, respectively, indicating first-order formulation and provide a reasonable description of COD kinetic data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sludge from common effluent treatment plant (CETP) receiving effluents from textile industries at Mandia Road, Pali, was analyzed to assess the level of mutagenicity. Mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 98 and TA 100 gave positive results, thus suggesting presence of genotoxic contaminants in the samples investigated. Further, mutagenic activity of chemical sludge was found to be lesser than that of biological sludge. This result is very surprising and unexpected as it is indicating that some mutagenic compounds are either being formed or certain promutagenic compounds are being converted into stable mutagenic metabolites during the biological treatment of the wastewater effluents. There have been no previous reports giving similar or contrary results. Most of the previous studies have reported effects of single combined sludge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Small scale industries can not own individual wastewater treatment facility due to non-availability of land and skilled manpower for operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants. A centralized wastewater treatment facility for clusters of small scale industries is appropriate. This concept is gaining popularity in recent years. In India, various textile process operations are undertaken by individual small scale units. The wastewater generated at these units is conveyed to a common effluent treatment facility comprising of equalization, flocculation-clarification, activated sludge process, secondary clarification and finally discharge into inland surface water bodies. The wastewater from small scale cotton textile processing units was highly coloured and alkaline with average BOD and COD concentration of 205 and 790 mgl-1, respectively. Due to the presence of several dyes, particularly reactive dyes, the biological treatment is often found less effective. Therefore, applicability of various physico-chemical treatment methods needs to be investigated in pursuit of an alternative to biological treatment of textile wastewater. A physico-chemical treatment scheme, involving chemical coagulation-sedimentation, dual media filtration, activated carbon adsorption followed by chemical oxidation was investigated in this paper. The quality of final treated wastewater in terms of BOD and COD was 18-24 and 230-240 mgl-1, respectively through this scheme. A scheme of treatment comprising coagulation-sedimentation, dual media filtration, activated carbon, chemical oxidation may be considered as an alternative to biological treatment of textile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]