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Anesthesia is applied to protect fish welfare for reducing employee workload in aquaculture. The efficacy of the anesthetic agent varies depending on the fish species. In this study, the effect of a commercial anesthetic (VetiVital AquaSED) manufactured mainly with herbal extracts (includes eugenol, linalool, linalyl acetat etc.) on three different fish species (rainbow trout, common carp, and Danube sturgeon) was investigated. In addition, the best available concentration of the anesthetic mixture for each species was determined using the PROMETHEE decision model. Danube sturgeon showed more resistance to anesthetics than the other two species. It was determined that the increase in concentration caused histological deterioration in fish. On the other hand, hematological parameters were affected by the anesthetic mixture, and this effect returned to normal levels after 8 h. According to the multi-criteria decision model, the best available concentrations determined by considering 10 different criteria are 400, 480, and 675 mg L−1 for rainbow trout, common carp and Danube sturgeon, respectively. Future studies should focus on developing the most appropriate anesthesia mixture in terms of physiological and anesthesia effectiveness for the target fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation significantly contributes to muscle deterioration, with heme protein oxidation playing a crucial role in this process. This study investigated the inhibition of heme protein oxidation by Maillard reaction products (MRPs) using a washed muscle model combining washed carp with myoglobin (Mb). Protein oxidation products, protein texture, and lipid oxidation levels were assessed. Results showed that metmyoglobin (MetMb) is a primary driver of lipid oxidation in meat, likely due to Mb oxidation, exposing hydrophobic groups that bind to lipids. MRPs at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% effectively inhibited Mb oxidation. Specifically, treatment with 1% MRPs reduced MetMb formation by 15.38%, protein carbonyl content by 6.53%, hydroxyl radical content by 20.37%, protein aggregation by 40.81%, and particle size by 36.95% during later storage stages, thereby preserving Mb stability. In the Mb‐mediated oxidation model, 1% MRPs inhibited the formation of primary and secondary oxidative metabolites by 59.47% and 68.19%, respectively, while maintaining muscle tissue texture integrity. Practical Application: The antioxidation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) improves the stability of common carp. By inhibiting the autoxidation of myoglobin and lipid, MRPs help preserve the texture and color of fish muscle while extending its shelf life. This study provides a valuable reference for effectively controlling lipid oxidation in refrigerated fish products and enhancing their overall quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed an injectable DNA vaccine targeting the aopB gene of Aeromonas hydrophila, encapsulated within poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, for use in common carp. Juvenile common carp were divided into six groups with three replicates each. Groups A and B received intramuscular injections of the plasmid containing the target gene (pCDNA3.1‐aopB) with or without encapsulation, respectively. Groups C and D received the plasmid lacking the target gene via the same route. Group E received PLGA, while Group F (control) received phosphate‐buffered saline. Sampling occurred on days 0, 30, and 60, and hematological and immunological indices were compared among the groups. On day 60, all groups were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, and cumulative mortality rates were assessed. Our results indicated successful detection of the target gene in various tissues of vaccinated fish. Notably, vaccinated groups exhibited a significant decrease in cumulative mortality (p < 0.05). Immunological indices, such as serum antibody titer and nonspecific immune responses, significantly improved in vaccinated groups, particularly those receiving the DNA vaccine with PLGA encapsulation (p < 0.05). Overall, the DNA vaccine, especially when nanoencapsulated with PLGA, demonstrated efficacy and immunogenicity against A. Hydrophila in common carp, suggesting its potential as a vaccination strategy against this infection. Further research could optimize its effectiveness and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenyltin (TPT) is a commonly encountered organotin compound known for its endocrine-disrupting properties; it frequently interacts with antibiotics in aquatic environments. In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (17.43 ± 4.34 g, 11.84 ± 0.88 cm) were chosen as the experimental organisms. According to the environmental concentration in the heavily polluted area, the control group and the experimental groups were exposed for 21 days to the following treatments: 1 μg/L TPT, 1 mg/L NOR, and a combination of 1 μg/L TPT plus 1 mg/L NOR. The investigation examined the individual and combined toxicities of TPT and norfloxacin (NOR) on the gill, liver, and gut tissues of common carp in highly polluted areas. The findings revealed tissue-specific variations in 1L-1β enzyme activity; specifically, 1L-1β enzyme activity exhibited a significant reduction in liver tissue under both NOR exposure and combined exposure, indicating that high concentrations of NOR had the most pronounced impact on the immune system of liver tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of IL-1β, Lysozyme-C, NKA, and CPT1 in the liver, intestinal, and gill tissues showed differences after exposure. In addition, TPT exerted the most significant effect on intestinal tissue, followed by the liver and gill tissues. Interestingly, when TPT and NOR were exposed together, the toxic effects on all tissues were reduced, suggesting the existence of antagonistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian aquaculture facility. The sperm was frozen in 5 mL straws using an extender method that was previously tested in common carp. Sperm motility was monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The hatching and malformation rates among the specimens were recorded before the stocking of larvae in both groups. The growth (body weight, total length) and survival rates of the fish were measured during the pre-nursing (from May to June: between 1 and 26 days post hatching) and grow-out periods (from June to October: between 26 and 105 days post hatching) of the same year. The fresh sperm, which was collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106 µm s−1), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84 µm). Prior to the fertilization trial of the cryopreserved sperm, low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61 µm s−1) values were observed in frozen-thawed sperm. A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the fresh sperm group (87%) when compared to the cryopreserved sperm group (42%). No significant difference in the overall malformation rate was observed in larvae originating from either the fresh or frozen sperm. A significant difference between the two test groups was observed in the incidence of deformed tails (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%). Except for one sampling period, no significant difference in the body weight and total length of the fish larvae was found between the two groups throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A significantly higher larvae survival rate was noted in the fresh sperm (72%) as compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) by the end of the pre-nursing stage. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) by the end of the grow-out stage. The results of this study showed, for the first time in large-scale pond culturing, an equal growth and viability in larvae propagated from cryopreserved sperm when compared to fresh sperm (despite the limited available rearing ponds provided by the commercial company). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with densities of 6, 12, 24 and 48kg/m3 (D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively) were stocked in biofloc environment with acute hypoxia stress in order to investigate the physiological response of fish. At the first stage, the fish were kept in biofloc conditions for 28 days, and then in the second stage of the experiment, the fish were separately divided in 12 tanks with a water volume of 25 liters (4 treatments × 3 replicates) with the same biological conditions, and the only variable was the stocking density of fish. Increasing stocking density in D4 treatment significantly increased WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit, but decreased lymphocytes and liver enzymes (P<0.05). Stocking density significantly increased total Immunoglobulin, lysozyme and ACH50 were observed in D1and D2 treatments (6 and 12k/m³) (P<0.05). The stress index had a significant increase in D3 and D4 treatments (P<0.05). Stocking density in D1 and D2 treatments significantly increased superoxide dismutase enzyme and decreased malondialdehyde enzyme (P<0.05). In general, the storage density between 6 and 12kg/m³ is recommended to control the hypoxia stress in the biofloc environment, so that the problem can be solved within one to two hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel (Ni) is considered a toxic heavy metal that causes serious diseases in humans and animals. Therefore, this study was conducted on common carp, which is considered an essential food item for humans. This study was designed to investigate the effect of nickel on the hepatic and antioxidant enzymes of Cyprinus carpio after 3 and 6 weeks of exposure to water contaminated with Ni. C. carpio fingerlings were purchased from a neighboring fish hatchery. The morphometric characteristics of the experimental fish were documented. All fish were stocked, regardless of gender. The fish were exposed to different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) to obtain the LC50 for Ni during 96 hours, and the median lethal concentration of Ni was 80 mg/L through 96 hours. The fish were exposed to two safe concentrations, 1 ppm and 5 ppm. The results after 3 and 6 weeks were as follows: When compared to the control groups, all treated groups had significantly higher levels of liver function parameters (ALT and AST). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity measurement (CAT) enzyme levels were considerably higher in all treated groups after 3 and 6 weeks as compared to control groups. These changes are trustworthy indications of the cellular and humoral immune responses in C. carpio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic pyrethroid pesticide fenpropathrin (FEN) is extensively used worldwide and has frequently been detected in biota and the environment, whilst the negative effects and toxicological mechanisms of FEN on non-target organisms are still unknown. In the present study, healthy immature common carp were treated with FEN (0.45 and 1.35 μg/L) for a duration of 14 days, and the negative impacts and possible mechanisms of FEN on fish were investigated. Biochemical analyses results showed that FEN exposure altered the levels of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) in carp serum, and caused histological injury of the liver and kidney, indicating that FEN may cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in carp. In addition, FEN also altered the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in carp serum, upregulated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidney. Meanwhile, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were also upregulated, indicating that oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction may be involved in the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by FEN. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis results revealed that FEN treatment induced a diverse array of transcriptional changes in the liver and kidney and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were concentrated in multiple pathways, especially cell cycle and DNA replication, suggesting that FEN may induce cell cycle arrest of hepatocytes and renal cells, subsequently inducing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Overall, the present study enhances our comprehension of the toxic effects of FEN and provides empirical evidence to support the risk assessment of FEN for non-target organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common or European carp (Cyprinus carpio) were eliminated from Lake Winona during a 1973 lake reclamation project. Multiple efforts to prevent their return and eliminate spawning opportunities have failed. Carp have remained in the lake for the past 50 years, but more recent observations of spawning activity in the lake suggest that their numbers have increased. We used shoreline electrofishing data from Lake Winona (2005–2021), along with carp abundance and effects models, to estimate the abundance of carp in Lake Winona, and to evaluate the need for future carp management within the lake. Carp size (mean TL = 614 mm, mean weight = 3.42 kg) did not differ between eastern and western basins, but densities were three times higher in the western basin (105 compared to 34 fish/hectare), and carp had significantly higher relative weights in the western (117%) versus the eastern (107%) basin. Carp biomass estimates for the eastern (116 kg/hectare) and western (360 kg/hectare) basins suggest that the lake may soon experience significant declines in macrophyte cover and other ecological damage associated with that loss. With an estimated adult carp population of >6900 fish and a carp biomass (23,750 kg) 1.5 times greater than the biomass of all carp killed during the 1973 reclamation, carp management activities (e.g., fish removal and spawning migration barriers) should be initiated soon to protect the Lake Winona game fish community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fucoidan levels (0 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 1,500 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg) on the hepatic ultrastructure and the transcriptomic landscape within the liver tissue of common carp. The results revealed that the addition of 1,000 mg/kg fucoidan to the diet significantly altered the ultrastructure of hepatocytes. Notably, the quantities of lipid droplets, autolysosomes, enlarged mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum were increased in the hepatocytes. The liver transcriptome analysis revealed that DEGs were notably abundant in the 1,000-mg/kg fucoidan group in glucolipid metabolism signaling pathways, including eukaryotes and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and PPAR signaling pathways. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed an excellent agreement on those of RNA-seq for both up- and down-regulated genes (a total of 13 genes selected for validation). Furthermore, fucoidan significantly influenced hepatic glucolipid metabolism of common carp at the mRNA level. Notably, the inclusion of lower concentrations of fucoidan in the diet, specifically at 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg, was found to significantly enhance the expression of mRNA for genes involved in glycolysis, including hk, gk, and pk, as well as genes linked to lipogenesis, such as srebf1, fasn, elovl5, acsl3a, scd, fads2, and cyp24a1. Conversely, higher concentrations of dietary fucoidan, at 1,500 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg, were observed to markedly upregulate the mRNA expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis, including pck1, pck2, gs, gsk3a, gsk3b, and g6pca.1, along with genes related to lipolysis, such as hadhb, acadl, ecil, acacba, cpt1, fabp1, and fabp3. In summary, varying levels of fucoidan intake appear to exert differential influences on the hepatic glucolipid metabolism of common carp, suggesting a complex dose-dependent regulatory mechanism. For the first time, this research has established that fucoidan possesses a pronounced regulatory influence on the hepatic glucolipid metabolism in fish. This discovery not only underscores its potential as an immunostimulant but also opens new avenues for its application as a feed additive, with implications for modulating the nutritional metabolism of aquatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duckweed grown in the water treatment unit of the Nineveh Pharmaceutical Factory contribute to reducing the level of pollution, and are used as a partial substitute for animal protein in common carp fingerling diets, in a growth experiment that lasted for 56 days, where the replacement rates reached 16.67, 33.33, and 50%, that is, a replacement rate, 0%, 2.6%, 5.2%, and 7.8% for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 of the total diet, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the fishes that fed the third diet were significantly superior (P≤0.05) to the other experimental diets in terms of criteria, final weight, total growth, daily gain, relative and specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the highest percentage of pollutant removal from the water cleared from the treatment unit was in the spring season, which was represented by both total solids and phosphate compared to the winter and autumn seasons, while the highest percentage of nitrates was in the autumn season. It is clear from what was mentioned above that it is possible to partially replace duckweed with animal protein and that it is effective in reducing pollution of the water discharged from the process unit of the pharmaceutical factory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus faecium, a member of the Enterococcus genus, has emerged as a significant concern in aquaculture due to its potential pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate the molecular diagnosis and characterization of six different Enterococcus species isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and to evaluate their genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance profiles, and potential virulence factors. Among the isolates, 65.3% of the common carp and 60.8% of the tilapia were identified as E. faecium. All six species demonstrated the ability to metabolize various carbohydrates, indicating a broad metabolic capacity. Some species showed variability in their utilization of specific carbohydrates. For example, E. faecium and E. faecalis uniquely fermented adonitol, while E. avium and E. hirae were the only ones capable of fermenting D-arabitol. Additionally, Voges-Proskauer positivity was exclusively observed in E. faecalis. In terms of growth conditions, all species thrived at both 4°C and 45°C, except for E. faecalis, which failed to grow at 10°C. E. faecium and E. faecalis grew well at pH 9.6. Hemolysis tests revealed differences among the species: E. faecalis displayed beta-hemolysis, while E. gallinarum exhibited alpha-hemolysis. Motility was observed only in E. gallinarum, and esculin hydrolysis was exclusive to E. faecalis. Environmental adaptability varied among the species. E. avium showed limited growth in 6.5% NaCl, and some species exhibited little to no growth in 0.1% methylene blue milk. E. faecalis and E. faecium demonstrated survival at 60°C for 15 minutes, with E. faecium showing limited survival at 30 minutes, distinguishing them from the other species. The strains isolated from Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus collected from local fish farms in Basrah City were confirmed as E. faecium through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A PCR study using specific primers identified all isolates as E. faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated how feeding the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at multiple protein levels affected their growth and body composition during the winter season. Four experimental diets with varying protein levels were tested, with protein levels of 30% (T1), 28% (T2), 26% (T3), and 35% (T4), respectively. Fish were obtained and kept in a water culture pond with dimensions of 4x4x3 meters. Fish average weight was 148.7± 5.76g, while its length measurements were recorded at 24.33± 2.45cm, fork length at 21.15± 2.34cm, and standard length at 18.96± 1.66cm. The fish were purchased from a hatchery farm in Mosul City, northern Iraq. For 90 days, the fish were fed experimental feed once daily until they reached satiation. Compared to other treatments, fish fed T2 (28% protein) showed higher daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight growth rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate. The feed diet T2 had the highest Fulton and modified condition factor, reaching 4.84± 0.14; 2.81± 0.03, whereas the highest condition factor was recorded (3.34± 0.16; 2.1± 0.03) for feed treatment T3. Feeding indicators in the feed treatment T2, such as total feed intake, daily feed consumption, and total protein productivity, were greater. The protein efficiency ratios of the fish groups fed formulations T2, T1, and T3 were recorded at 1.32± 0.004, 1.34b± 0.004, and 1.425c± 0.007%, respectively. In comparison, a significant difference was detected for the fish group consuming feed T4, with a value of 1.058d± 0.009%. For the length-weight relationships, an isometric growth (26, 35%) was recorded for T3, an allometric positive growth for T2, and a negative growth for T1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEfficient and safe extraction of microRNAs (miRNAs) from biological samples is pivotal for genetic regulation studies and biotechnological applications. This study focuses on optimizing the microRNA extraction process from the plasma of common carp, a significant species in aquaculture. Recognizing the limitations and hazards of commercial extraction kits, which often employ toxic chemicals like phenol and chloroform, we sought to develop a safer and more effective alternative. Our optimized protocol utilizes guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) and sarkosyl, omitting hazardous substances. We explored several parameters including GITC concentration, the addition of sarkosyl, and the role of sodium chloride in enhancing miRNA yield. Our findings demonstrate that optimal conditions involve a GITC concentration of 4.2 M, a 3% sarkosyl concentration, and the use of sodium chloride at 0.5 M. We also investigated the utility of glycogen as a nucleic acid carrier, finding 160 µg to be the optimal concentration. Comparative analysis with commercial kits indicated our method provides higher miRNA yields with reduced cycle threshold values, underscoring the effectiveness of our custom protocol. This optimized approach not only enhances miRNA recovery but also emphasizes safety and cost-effectiveness, making it a valuable method for both research and practical applications in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn has the functions of antioxidation, antitumor, anti‐inflammation and regulating energy metabolism. In order to investigate the effects of sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids on the antioxidant properties, immune function and muscle fatty acid composition of common carp, an oral feeding experiment was carried out. RESULTS: The administration of glucose significantly reduced the levels of glutathione and the activity of total antioxidant capacity enzyme in serum and hepatopancreas, while concurrently upregulating the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(P < 0.05). Conversely, oral intake of sea buckthorn powder and flavonoids increased antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased MDA levels. In terms of antioxidant molecular indicators, sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly increased the mRNA levels of nuclear factor NF‐E2‐related factor (nrf2) in the hepatopancreas and muscle. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of downstream antioxidant‐related genes (gr, cat, gpx, and sod) regulated by Nrf2 were also upregulated. In the immune aspects, the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐6 (il‐6), interleukin‐1β (il‐1β) and nuclear factor‐κB (nf‐κb), were reduced but the expressions of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, such as growth factor‐β (tgf‐β) and interleukin‐10 (il‐10), were enhanced in the head kidney and spleen tissues after oral administration with sea buckthorn. In terms of muscle fatty acid composition, the ratio of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/n‐6 PUFA was notably higher after administering sea buckthorn flavonoids than that of the glucose group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that oral administration of sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune response and improved the muscle fatty acid compositions in common carp, and also mitigated the adverse effects of glucose treatment to a certain extent. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a class of key regulatory factors in eukaryotes that can inhibit viral replication by influencing autophagy. Currently, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) poses a serious threat to common carp culture. However, PI3K has not yet been identified in common carp. In this study, full-length PI3KC3 from common carp (CcPI3KC3), consisting of an open reading frame (ORF) of 2664 bp encoding a polypeptide of 887 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 101.19 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.97, was cloned. The amino acid and nucleotide sequences of CcPI3KC3 displayed high similarity to yellow catfish’s (Tachysurus fulvidraco) PI3KC3. The tissue expression profile revealed that the mRNA levels of CcPI3KC3 in the liver, spleen, and head kidney were significantly greater than those in the brain, heart, intestines, gills, eyes, testes, and ovaries of common carp. We compared the expression patterns of CcPI3KC3 between “Longke-11” mirror carp (CyHV-3-resistant carp) and German mirror carp (non-resistant to CyHV-3) at different times (0, 48, 96, 144 h, 192, 240, 288 h post-infection (hpi)) after CyHV-3 infection. The results revealed that CcPI3KC3 mRNA expression significantly increased in the early infection stage. In the CyHV-3-resistant mirror carp variety, the relative expression of CcPI3KC3 was significantly greater at 48, 96, and 144 hpi compared with the nonbreeding strain groups after infection (p < 0.001). These results indicate that the full-length CcPI3KC3 sequence was successfully cloned from common carp for the first time, and it might play an important role in the immune system of common carp against CyHV-3 infection. This study provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of CyHV-3 resistance.

Nickel (Ni) is considered a toxic heavy metal that causes serious diseases in humans and animals. Therefore, this study was conducted on common carp, which is considered an essential food item for humans. This study was designed to investigate the effect of nickel on the hepatic and antioxidant enzymes of Cyprinus carpio after 3 and 6 weeks of exposure to water contaminated with Ni. C. carpio fingerlings were purchased from a neighboring fish hatchery. The morphometric characteristics of the experimental fish were documented. All fish were stocked, regardless of gender. The fish were exposed to different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) to obtain the LC50 for Ni during 96 hours, and the median lethal concentration of Ni was 80 mg/L through 96 hours. The fish were exposed to two safe concentrations, 1 ppm and 5 ppm. The results after 3 and 6 weeks were as follows: When compared to the control groups, all treated groups had significantly higher levels of liver function parameters (ALT and AST). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity measurement (CAT) enzyme levels were considerably higher in all treated groups after 3 and 6 weeks as compared to control groups. These changes are trustworthy indications of the cellular and humoral immune responses in C. carpio.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, biochemical parameters, biological traits and hematology on common carp. For this purpose, 108 fingerlings of cyprinus carpio weight ranged between 75.18 -75.36 g were randomly distributed into four treatment groups. Fish were fed with different thyme concentrations: 1% (T2), 1.5% (T3) and 2% (T4).The first group (T1) was serve as control group without any addition of thyme. The experiment was conducted at animal sceicne department/ college of agricultural engineering sceinces/university of Sulaimani. The experiement was continued for 8 weeks, after 60 days of feeding, blood samples were collected for determination of hematological and biochemical parameters. Results of feeding trail in treated groups with thyme supplementation showed significant increase (P

Purpose. To investigate the pathomorphological and cytometric parameters of red blood cells in commercial fish species of the Cyprinidae family inhabiting the Samara River. Methodology. Fish were sampled in August-September 2023 in the mouth section of the Samara River. The study objects were red blood cells of three cyprinids: common bream (Abramis brama), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and roach (Rutilus rutilus). For hematological studies, 10 age-3+ individuals of each fish species were collected. Blood was collected from the heart. Blood smears were stained using the Romanowsky-Giemsa method. In each smear, 100 fields of view were examined at 40x magnification. Morphometric examinations of erythrocytes were conducted using a universal computer analysis of microphotographs taken with a “Sciencelab T500 5.17 M” digital camera attached to a “Biolam 70” microscope. To characterize the state of red blood cells, a count of mature and immature blast forms of erythrocytes was performed; cytometric parameters of mature erythrocytes were determined, including measurements of the large longitudinal (D) and minor transverse (d) diameters, erythrocyte area (S), and erythrocyte nucleus area (s); ellipticity coefficients of erythrocytes, nucleus-cytoplasmic ratios, and the relative number of pathological changes in cells and nuclei were calculated. The obtained results were compared using statistical analysis with the Student’s t-test. Findings. Mature erythrocytes constituted the largest group of red blood cells in all studied fish species (97.3–98.9%). The relative number of immature erythrocyte forms in carp was 1.5 times higher compared to bream and 2.5 times higher compared to roach. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of erythrocytes were significantly higher in carp and bream compared to roach. The ellipticity coefficient of erythrocytes in bream and carp had similar values (0.31±0.06 and 0.34±0.03, respectively) and was significantly higher than in roach. The area of mature erythrocytes was also the largest in carp and bream (78.33±1.012 μm² and 73.70±1.303 μm², respectively) and significantly exceeded that in roach (56.75±1.134 μm²). The highest nucleus-cytoplasmic ratio was observed in roach erythrocytes (0.45±0.004), exceeding this parameter in bream by 69% and in carp by 38%. Pathological changes in erythrocytes were typical for all three fish species; in carp, these changes mainly manifested as membrane deformation and cell shape changes (poikilocytosis). In bream and especially in roach, erythrocyte agglutination was more frequently observed. Nuclear pathologies (lysis, pyknosis) were mainly typical for bream and roach. Originality. This is the first study of the morphological and cytometric parameters of red blood cells in bream, carp, and roach inhabiting the Samara River; specific structural conditions of erythrocytes in different cyprinid species under elevated water mineralization, as a primary hydroecological factor of technogenic origin, have been identified. Practicalvalue. The study results can be used in fish farming practices to assess the adaptive capabilities of commercial fish species in response to high mineralization and other anthropogenic hydrochemical factors characteristic of the Samara River.

Duckweed grown in the water treatment unit of the Nineveh Pharmaceutical Factory contribute to reducing the level of pollution, and are used as a partial substitute for animal protein in common carp fingerling diets, in a growth experiment that lasted for 56 days, where the replacement rates reached 16.67, 33.33, and 50%, that is, a replacement rate, 0%, 2.6%, 5.2%, and 7.8% for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 of the total diet, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the fishes that fed the third diet were significantly superior (P≤0.05) to the other experimental diets in terms of criteria, final weight, total growth, daily gain, relative and specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the highest percentage of pollutant removal from the water cleared from the treatment unit was in the spring season, which was represented by both total solids and phosphate compared to the winter and autumn seasons, while the highest percentage of nitrates was in the autumn season. It is clear from what was mentioned above that it is possible to partially replace duckweed with animal protein and that it is effective in reducing pollution of the water discharged from the process unit of the pharmaceutical factory.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation products of yeast (SFPY) on liver and intestinal health and disease resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 200 common carp with an initial average weight of 2.55 ± 0.004 g were divided into 5 groups (4 replications per group and 10 fish per replication), and were fed with one of five diets, including a control diet and 4 diets supplemented with 2‰ (Y2), 3‰ (Y3), 4‰ (Y4), or 5‰ (Y5) SFPY, respectively, for 8 weeks. Results indicated that, the addition of SFPY to the diet of common carp did not affect the growth performance or survival rate of fish (P = 0.253). Interestingly, with the addition of SFPY, the triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the liver presented a linear decreasing tendency (P = 0.004), with significantly decreased in Y4 and Y5 groups (P = 0.035) compared with control. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity presented a negative linear relationship with the addition of SFPY (P = 0.015, P = 0.030), while serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) content first decreased and then increased (P

The study describes the anatomy vertebrae of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio; Linnaeus, 1758) using 3D micro-CT and Semiquantitative Elemental Microanalysis (EDX), which helps to understand the ontogeny and factors that determine the biomechanics of bones in wild fish. The study of Common carp vertebrae revealed a complex and heterogeneous structure, with a variety of components contributing to their function and stability. The vertebral bodies were composed of lamellar trabeculae and internal hollow spaces, while the neural and hemal arches were composed of bony trabeculae and connected by a lace-like structure. The results of EDX analysis demonstrated the presence of oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, carbon, magnesium, and chlorine, among others. The calcium to phosphorus ratio was within the ranges described in teleost, suggesting good bone health. The presence of magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and nitrogen is due to their essential role in different biological processes. In addition, a difference was observed between the trabeculae present in the vertebrae of the abdominal and caudal segments, suggesting a relationship between the density of each bone and its function. These findings contribute to the understanding of the structure and function of vertebrae in wild Common carp and may have implications for understanding the evolution of the vertebral column in fish in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to explore alternative and advantageous additives due to the essential requirement for ensuring the safety and well-being of aquatic animals. The present study investigated the role of Lactobacillus helveticus (Lh) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) on growth performance, hematology factors, digestive capacity, antioxidant activity, and stress in tissue prior and post-exposure to heat shock on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 240 common carp with mean weight of 23.79 ± 0.49 g were allocated into four groups (20 fish each) and fed for 56 days on 0, 10 7 CFU g-1 Lh, 550 mg kg-1 CGA, and a combination of both elements (10 7 CFU g-1 + 550 mg kg-1 CGA) (T0, T1, T2, and T3). At the end of feeding period (56 days), growth performance, hematology indexes, digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, stress, and immunity factors were evaluated. Thereafter, common carp was exposed to heat shock and levels of antioxidant enzymes and stress factors were estimated. There was an observable disparity in the growth parameters among various treatments, and the most prominent level was discovered in T3. There were no significant disparities in hematology indicators (p > 0.05). The levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and protease were significantly higher in common carp fed with CGA and Lh. The total protein exhibited a significant increase in common carp fed with CGA and Lh (p < 0.05). The addition of CGA and Lh had no significant impact on urea and triglyceride content (p > 0.05). The lysozyme activity, ACH50, and total immunoglobulin exhibited a significant increase in common carp when subjected to CGA and Lh (p < 0.05). The effects of CGA and Lh on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significant both before and after heat stress. Moreover, these effects were more pronounced in fish that were fed with supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels demonstrated a significant decrease among the treatments before and after the heat challenge and the lowest level of MDA was recorded in T3 during both phases (p < 0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, and cortisol levels also showed a significant decline in fish that were fed with supplemented diets both before and after heat stress (p < 0.05). Given the importance of L. helveticus and chlorogenic acid, the incorporation of both substances exhibits a powerful synergistic effect, thereby maximizing their advantageous properties in enhancing growth efficiency, digestion, hematological profile, biochemical markers, and immune-antioxidant capacity in common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven experimental diets were prepared to feed the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.They are the control diet without additives T1 and three diets to which sweet bean seed powder was added in three proportions, namely 0.5%,1% and1.5%, respectively, for the diets T2, T3 and T4, and the diets contained T5 and T6. And T7 on Gujarat seed powder at rates of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, in an experiment that lasted for 60 days. The T5, T6, and T7 treatments, which contained Roselle seeds weighing (21.24, 24.07, 22.12) grams, respectively, were superior in weight gain to the control treatment T1 and T4 (18.06, 19.29) grams in weight gain of fish for all treatments compared with the control treatment and the rest of the treatments. Treatment T6 recorded a daily growth rate of 0.401 gm, superior to control treatment T1 (0.250 gm) and to the rest of the treatments. The specific growth rate increased signific in the Roselle seed powder treatments over the control treatment and the sweet bean seed powder treatments, where the T5 0.216 g/day treatment outperformed all treatments,including the control treatment. TheT2 treatment(0.168 g/day)outperformed the control treatment and the T3 and T4 treatments (0.143, 0.111)g/day. The relative growth rate increased significin treatments T5, T6, and T7 with percentages of (13.873, 11.035, and 11.053) %, respectively,over treatments T1,T3،T4,.Treatments T1 and T4 recorded (8.322 and 8.289) grams, respectively, superior to all the remaining treatments. The feed efficiency rate increased in treatment T6, amounting to 19.256%

This study's gaol is to ascertain the impact of diazinon about the condition of common carp, a significant fish species used for food in aquaculture (Cyprinus carpio). The LC50 of diazinon after 96 h was 9.5 mg/L in C. carpio (78.8 ± 5 g in weight). The fish were divided into six tanks as two treatments in order to ascertain the long-term effects of diazinon (three tanks per treatment). They were subjected to diazinon (2.37 mg/L; 25% LC50-96 h concentration) and 0 (control) for 4 days, 14 days, and 28 days before blood biochemical assays were performed on samples taken. Dry-chemistry analyzer was used to determination the Liver Function enzyme, also SOD and CAT was estimated by use spectrophotometer. At day four and day fourteen, the plasma SOD activity of the diazinonexposed fish did not significantly decrease in comparison to the control group; however, after day twenty-eight, the plasma SOD activity of the diazinon-exposed fish significantly increased in comparison to the control group. Diazinon exposure and control report a significant increase in serum CAT activity. Diazinon exposure increased significantly in serum ALT, AST and ALP activity compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to observe the digestibility performance, digestive enzyme activity, and growth performance of the common carp using corn-steep liquor (CSL). The reference diet used commercial feed with 30% protein, and the test diet used CSL at 0% (CSL0), 10% (CSL10), 20% (CSL20), and 30% (CSL30). Common carp (9.38 ± 0.73 g) were stocked at 10 fish per aquarium. Feeding was performed until apparent satiation thrice daily for the 45-day maintenance period. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The results showed that CSL contained 44.04% protein and an essential amino acid index of 0.80. The additional dose of CSL reduced feed pH and stomach pH compared to the control due to the lactic acid content. In addition, CSL elevated the activity of protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes in the digestive tract of common carp. By applying 20% dose in formulated diet, CSL could increase the total digestibility, ingredient digestibility, protein digestibility, lipid digestibility, and energy digestibility. The high feed digestibility value in the CSL20 treatment was due to the fish ability to utilize carbohydrates and fats as non-protein energy sources, thus producing higher final weight, daily growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. The results of this study indicate that CSL can be used as a source of plant protein for the common carp diet, whereas an administration of CSL at 20% in diet improves the digestibility performance, digestive enzyme activity, and growth performance of common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice–fish co-culture is an important model of carp farming in China; however, research on the dynamics and assembly of water bacterial communities in this system remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the dynamics and assembly of bacterial communities, as well as their correlation with environmental factors in paddy water. For these purposes, this study was divided into two groups: a rice–carp co-culture (WRC) group and a rice monoculture (WRM) group, with 20 rice fields in each group. After 60 days of farming, the concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2−-N, TN, and PO43− were significantly higher in the WRC group than those in the WRM group. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Shannon index in the WRC group was significantly decreased compared with the WRM group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in the paddy water of the WRC group. The neutral community model (NCM) indicated that a random process played a dominant role in the construction of bacterial communities in the two groups, and common carp cultivation increased migration rates, thereby affecting community assembly. The co-occurrence network displayed that common carp cultivation led to looser interactions between bacterial communities. In addition, the contents of nutrients significantly affected the abundance of bacteria in paddy water. In summary, carp cultivation decreased the diversity of bacteria and changed the relative abundance of dominant bacteria, thereby affecting the stability and assembly of bacterial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish commonly farmed in rice fields, yet there were few studies on the intestinal functions and microbial community structure of common carp in the rice–carp co-culture system. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of different stocking densities on the growth, antioxidant status, and intestinal bacterial composition of common carp in this system. This study was divided into three different stocking densities, including low density (LD, 10 fish, 52.9 g/m2), medium density (MD, 20 fish, 105.8 g/m2), and high density (HD, 30 fish, 158.7 g/m2), with a culturing period of 60 days. The results indicated that HD treatment inhibited the growth of common carp, as evidenced by the reduced final weight, WG, and SGR. In serum, the TG content in the HD group and the Cor content in the MD group were significantly increased. Meanwhile, HD treatment induced oxidative stress, manifesting specifically as increased SOD and CAT activities in the intestine or serum while reducing Gpx, GSH, and T-AOC in the serum. The 16S rDNA analysis indicated that the Simpson and Shannon indices of intestinal microbiota in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the LD group. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes were dominant microbial communities in two groups. In addition, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the abundances of Actinobacterota and Bifidobacterium. Based on growth performances, biochemical indicators, and microbial diversity in rice–carp co-culture, low density (52.9 g/m2) may be more suitable in the rice–carp co-culture systems. In summary, this study contributes to a better understanding of common carp response to different stocking densities in the rice–carp co-culture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ohmic heating (OH) at different conditions (voltage: 15, 20, 25 V; frequency: 1, 5, 10 kHz) and one‐step water bath (WB) were used to heat wash and unwash surimi prepared from fresh pre‐rigor common carp. The optimal heating conditions were established through assessments of gel strength, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), water‐holding capacity (WHC), whiteness, and sensory evaluation. Then, the impact of heating modes on gelation properties of unwashed surimi based on the optimal heating conditions was investigated. The study findings indicated a significant enhancement in gel properties compared to WB. Unwashed surimi gel properties showed improvement when derived from freshly caught raw fish and subjected to OH treatment. Moreover, variations in frequencies and voltages were observed to influence the heating rate. Optimal gel quality was achieved at 10 kHz 20 V (10 V/cm), facilitating swift progression through the gel deterioration stage, inhibition of protein hydrolyzing enzymes activity, and establishment of a stable gel network. Continuing to increase the heating rate would disrupt its network structure, resulting in diminished gel strength and WHC. The best quality of unwashed surimi gel was achieved by heating to 40°C for 30 min, followed by heating to 90°C for another 30 min (40°C 30 min + 90°C 30 min) under 10 kHz 20 V. The gel strength increased when held for 1 h at 40°C. For optimal heating efficiency, the heating mode of 40°C 30 min + 90°C 30 min is recommended to prepare unwashed surimi gel. Practical Application: Ohmic heating, as a rapid food heat treatment method, can both increase the heating rate and improve the gelation properties of freshwater surimi. There is a wide range of potential applications for the heat treatment of the surimi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To investigate the pathomorphological and cytometric parameters of red blood cells in commercial fish species of the Cyprinidae family inhabiting the Samara River. Methodology. Fish were sampled in August-September 2023 in the mouth section of the Samara River. The study objects were red blood cells of three cyprinids: common bream (Abramis brama), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and roach (Rutilus rutilus). For hematological studies, 10 age-3+ individuals of each fish species were collected. Blood was collected from the heart. Blood smears were stained using the Romanowsky-Giemsa method. In each smear, 100 fields of view were examined at 40x magnification. Morphometric examinations of erythrocytes were conducted using a universal computer analysis of microphotographs taken with a "Sciencelab T500 5.17 M" digital camera attached to a "Biolam 70" microscope. To characterize the state of red blood cells, a count of mature and immature blast forms of erythrocytes was performed; cytometric parameters of mature erythrocytes were determined, including measurements of the large longitudinal (D) and minor transverse (d) diameters, erythrocyte area (S), and erythrocyte nucleus area (s); ellipticity coefficients of erythrocytes, nucleus-cytoplasmic ratios, and the relative number of pathological changes in cells and nuclei were calculated. The obtained results were compared using statistical analysis with the Student's t-test. Findings. Mature erythrocytes constituted the largest group of red blood cells in all studied fish species (97.3-98.9%). The relative number of immature erythrocyte forms in carp was 1.5 times higher compared to bream and 2.5 times higher compared to roach. The longitudinal and transverse diameters of erythrocytes were significantly higher in carp and bream compared to roach. The ellipticity coefficient of erythrocytes in bream and carp had similar values (0.31±0.06 and 0.34±0.03, respectively) and was significantly higher than in roach. The area of mature erythrocytes was also the largest in carp and bream (78.33±1.012 μm² and 73.70±1.303 μm², respectively) and significantly exceeded that in roach (56.75±1.134 μm²). The highest nucleus-cytoplasmic ratio was observed in roach erythrocytes (0.45±0.004), exceeding this parameter in bream by 69% and in carp by 38%. Pathological changes in erythrocytes were typical for all three fish species; in carp, these changes mainly manifested as membrane deformation and cell shape changes (poikilocytosis). In bream and especially in roach, erythrocyte agglutination was more frequently observed. Nuclear pathologies (lysis, pyknosis) were mainly typical for bream and roach. Originality. This is the first study of the morphological and cytometric parameters of red blood cells in bream, carp, and roach inhabiting the Samara River; specific structural conditions of erythrocytes in different cyprinid species under elevated water mineralization, as a primary hydroecological factor of technogenic origin, have been identified. Practical value. The study results can be used in fish farming practices to assess the adaptive capabilities of commercial fish species in response to high mineralization and other anthropogenic hydrochemical factors characteristic of the Samara River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the methods of protection and slow release of vaccine antigens is the use of biodegradable natural polymers such as chitin in the bacterial biofilm substrate. The bacterium is complex and protected by the polymer substrate in the conditions of the digestive system, and finally, healthier vaccine antigens with better immunogenicity are provided to the intestine mucosal immune system of the fish. In this method, biofilm vaccine of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria was done by culturing the bacteria in TSB medium (0.225% W/V) along with chitin (0.3% W/V) for 4 days in a shaker incubator. Afterward bacteria were washed with sterile PBS and were inactivated by heat. A number of common carp of 32 ± 11 g were divided into 5 equal treatments and each treatment was repeated three times as follows: the first to fourth treatment with biofilm vaccine, bacterin, media chitin and chitin + TSB respectively, by oral method during 10 days were immunized; the fifth treatment without vaccine administration was considered as the control group. Sampling of fish serum was done on days 0, 20, 40 and 60. Antibacterial antibody level in the samples was evaluated by ELISA test and by monoclonal antibody. The results showed that the antibody level of Aeromonas hydrophila in oral biofilm treatment on day 20 was significant compared to the other treatments, but it was not significant on days of 40 and 60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial additive in various personal and health care products, has been widely detected in aquatic environment around the world. The present study investigated the impacts of TCS in the gills of the fish, Cyprinus carpio employing histopathological, biochemical, molecular docking and simulation analysis. The 96 h LC50 value of TCS in C. carpio was found to be 0.968 mg/L. Fish were exposed to 1/1000th (1 µg/L), 1/100th (10 µg/L), and 1/10th (100 µg/L) of 96 h LC50 value for a period of 28 days. The histopathological alterations observed in the gills were hypertrophy, hyperplasia, edematous swellings, and fusion of secondary lamellae in TCS exposed groups. The severity of these alterations increased with both the concentration as well as the duration of exposure. The present study revealed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both concentration and duration dependent manner. However, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activity of the metabolic enzymes such as acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was observed in all three exposure concentrations of TCS from 7 to 28 days. The activity of acetylcholinesterase declined significantly (p < 0.05) from 7 to 28 days whereas the content of acetylcholine increased significantly at the end of 28 day. The experimental results were further confirmed by molecular docking and simulation analysis that showed strong binding of TCS with acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The study revealed that long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of TCS can lead to severe physiological and histopathological alterations in the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational angling is a major introduction pathway for non-native fish into freshwaters, where multiple non-native fishes are often released into waterbodies to diversify the angling opportunities. When these non-native fishes are taxonomically similar, then there is concern that their hybridisation will result in F1 generations comprising of novel phenotypes that outperform their parental species, resulting in the impacts of these ecological engineering species being accelerated. Across two water temperatures (18 °C, 26 °C), comparative functional response analyses (CFR) quantified the consumption patterns of the globally invasive freshwater fish common carp Cyprinus carpio and goldfish Carassius auratus, plus their F1 hybrids, before testing differences in their specific growth rates (SGRs). In CFRs, carp consumed significantly more prey at 18 °C than the other fishes, and with no differences between any of the fishes at 26 °C. SGRs also did not differ substantially between the fishes at either temperature. These results suggest that hybridisation between the high impacting parental species did not produce novel phenotypes of high ecological performance that could accelerate their ecological impacts in invaded ecosystems. Accordingly, the ecological risks of their use in recreational angling remain an issue that is primarily associated with the parent populations, and this can be reflected in their invasion management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Bread is an important staple food and is widely consumed throughout the world. Therefore, its enrichment can improve consumers' health. Bread enrichment is done in different ways. This study aims to enrich bread with one of the world's most widely farmed fish species, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which has a lower market price than other warm-water fish species due to the unpleasant smell of its flesh. In addition, fresh fish meat is used for bread enrichment to maintain fish quality and eliminate drying costs. Materials and methods: Common carp meat paste was used to enrich the wheat bread at amounts of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, and the impact of this enrichment on the bread's physicochemical, textural, and sensory characteristics was investigated. Results and conclusion: The bread samples' moisture content and specific volume were measured in the range of 38.85-48.40% and 1.74-3.18 (cm³ /g), respectively. Meat pastes higher than 10% in bread formulation significantly increased the moisture and reduced the specific volume of the bread. Texture analysis results showed that by increasing the amount of meat paste to 20%, the bread's hardness, gumminess, resilience, and springiness did not change significantly. The maximum hardness (1305 g) and gumminess (515.66 g), and minimum resilience (0.147 ratio) and springiness (0.64 ratio) were achieved in the treatment with 25% meat paste. The cohesiveness and chewiness of the resulting bread did not have significant differences. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that all formulations were acceptable. According to the results, using common carp meat paste up to 20% in bread formulation can produce bread with acceptable texture and flavor. However, the production of bread with lower meat paste (10%) resulting a product with a better specific volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this research, 240 pieces of sea carp fry (with an average weight of 5±1 g) were transported at 4 different salinity treatments of 0, 1, 3 and 6 g/l in three replicates (in plastic bags) for one hour. In order to check the blood parameters of the baby fish at the end of the experiment, blood was taken from the samples by cutting the tail stem. According to the results of measuring some biochemical parameters of blood serum, the amount of total protein did not show a significant difference between different treatments (P>0.05), but the amount of glucose and cortisol showed a significant decrease in saline treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). The results of measuring liver enzymes in the amount of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase showed no significant difference between different treatments (P>0.05). The results of measuring some blood hematology factors also indicated no significant difference in the number of red and white blood cells, hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin level in the treatments. (P>0.05). In general, it can be concluted that Fewer stress indicators were observed in the transported fish treated with 3 grams of salt per liter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to establish an optimal protocol for the vitrification of common carp embryos. Additionally, the cryoprotective efficiency of natural honey as a non-permeable cryoprotectant was also examined. Six methanol-based vitrification solutions (V1–V6) were designed to be checked for their effects on the heartbeat stage embryos using a four-step protocol. Methanol-based vitrification solutions contained 4 M methanol + one or two other permeable cryoprotectants + 20% sucrose or natural honey. Toxicity tests showed that the hatching rates of embryos after exposure to V5 and V6 were significantly higher than those of other solutions (P < 0.05). Embryos were cryopreserved in the six vitrification solutions in liquid nitrogen (LN2, − 196 °C) for 30 and 60 min. After thawing (in a water bath at 24 °C for 30 s), all vitrification solutions produced hatched larvae. The results revealed that V6 (4 M methanol + 3 M dimethyl sulfoxide + 2 M propylene glycol + 20% honey) was the most effective for cryopreservation of common carp embryos. The highest hatching rates after storage for 30 and 60 min in LN2 were 44.76% and 17.14%, and the highest survival rates were 36.19% and 11.42%, respectively. The mean normal development rates for vitrified-thawed embryos after 30 and 60 min of storage in LN2 were 14.28% and 2.38%, respectively. As natural honey showed greater cryoprotective efficiency than sucrose for common carp embryos, it is suggested that it can be used instead of sucrose, which is traditionally used in fish embryo cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven experimental diets were prepared to feed the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. They are the control diet without additives T1 and three diets to which sweet bean seed powder was added in three proportions, namely 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, respectively, for the diets T2, T3 and T4, and the diets contained T5 and T6. And T7 on Roselle seed powder at rates of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, in an experiment that lasted for 60 days. The results showed a greater weight elevate in the T5, T6, and T7 treatments (21.24, 24.07, and 22.12 grams) compared to the T1 and T4 control treatments (18.06, 19.29) grams. These treatments contained Roselle seeds. At 0.401 grams per day, treatment T6 exceeds all other treatments and control treatment, which recorded 0.250 grams per day. Between the roselle seed powder treatments and the control and sweet bean seed powder treatments, there was a substantial (P≤0.05) increase in the specific growth rate. With percentages of 13.873, 11.035, and 11.053%, respectively, the relative growth rate increased significantly (P≤0.05) in treatments T5, T6, and T7 compared to treatments T1, T3, and T4. Continuous feed conversion rate. In treatment T6, the feed efficiency rate increased up to 19.26%. This study concludes that the addition of sweet bean powder and Roselle's to fish meals enhances the nutritional value of the diets as well as the fish's development, and general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sorghum is a nutritious crop that thrives in diverse climates and can withstand harsh growing conditions, making it an attractive option for feeding farmed fish in various regions around the world. In this study, the effects of different sorghum-containing diets on carp were tested, revealing a reduction in growth rates, notable changes in flesh protein content, and significant effects on intestinal microbiota and oxidative stress. This indicates sorghum's potential health and metabolic impacts on Cyprinus carpio. This study investigates the impact of including sorghum in the diet of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on its growth, blood parameters, meat composition, intestinal microbiota, and oxidative stress. Experimental diets with varying sorghum content (0%—V0 or control, 10%—V1, 20%—V2, and 30%—V3) were administered to carp weighing 43 g initially. Notably, in the 30% variant, sorghum entirely replaced corn and barley in the diet. Chemical analysis of sorghum unveiled a protein content of 14% and a fat content of 3.9%. Sorghum inclusion led to a decline in final body weight and weight gain, particularly notable in the V3 group with 30% sorghum. However, other physiological parameters, such as feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and organ indices, remained unaffected. Protein and salt content in carp flesh increased with higher sorghum inclusion levels, while hematological parameters showed minimal variations. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed increases in both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial populations with sorghum inclusion. Furthermore, sorghum concentration inversely correlated with glutathione levels and positively correlated with malondialdehyde content, indicating a disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms and elevated oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ever-increasing demand for meat, it has become necessary to identify cheap and sustainable sources of protein for animal feed. Feathers are the major byproduct of poultry industry, which are rich in hard-to-degrade keratin protein. Previously we found that intact feathers can be digested into free amino acids, short peptides, and nano-/micro-keratin particles by the strain Bacillus licheniformis WHU in water, and the resulting feather hydrolysates exhibit prebiotic effects on mice. To explore the potential utilization of feather hydrolysate in the feed industry, we investigated its effects on the gut microbiota of broilers and fish. Our results suggest that feather hydrolysates significantly decrease and increase the diversity of gut microbial communities in broilers and fish, respectively. The composition of the gut microbiota was markedly altered in both of the animals. The abundance of bacteria with potentially pathogenic phenotypes in the gut microbial community of the fish significantly decreased. Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Neisseria spp., Achromobacter spp. were significantly inhibited by the feather hydrolysates. In addition, feather hydrolysates significantly improved proteolytic activity in the guts of broilers and fish. In fish, the expression levels of ZO-1 and TGF-α significantly improved after administration of feather hydrolysates. The results presented here suggest that feather hydrolysates generated by B. licheniformis WHU could be an alternative protein source in aquaculture and could exert beneficial effects on fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anesthesia is applied to protect fish welfare for reducing employee workload in aquaculture. The efficacy of the anesthetic agent varies depending on the fish species. In this study, the effect of a commercial anesthetic (VetiVital AquaSED) manufactured mainly with herbal extracts (includes eugenol, linalool, linalyl acetat etc.) on three different fish species (rainbow trout, common carp, and Danube sturgeon) was investigated. In addition, the best available concentration of the anesthetic mixture for each species was determined using the PROMETHEE decision model. Danube sturgeon showed more resistance to anesthetics than the other two species. It was determined that the increase in concentration caused histological deterioration in fish. On the other hand, hematological parameters were affected by the anesthetic mixture, and this effect returned to normal levels after 8 h. According to the multi-criteria decision model, the best available concentrations determined by considering 10 different criteria are 400, 480, and 675 mg L−1 for rainbow trout, common carp and Danube sturgeon, respectively. Future studies should focus on developing the most appropriate anesthesia mixture in terms of physiological and anesthesia effectiveness for the target fish species.

Cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to the survival of fish because of the hepatotoxicity of microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis. Many studies have investigated the hepatotoxicity of microcystins in common carp, a freshwater fish distributed worldwide, but the hepatotoxicity mechanism has not been fully clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the hepatic inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis induced by acute microcystin-LR exposure via intraperitoneal injection (71 μg/kg and 119 μg/kg) or gavage (357.08 μg/kg) and chronic exposure to toxic Microcystis blooms. The results of acute exposure revealed that microcystin-LR caused an increase in serum transaminase activity and increased the levels of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators, inducing a significant inflammatory response in the liver of common carp. Moreover, biochemical detection revealed that hepatocyte apoptosis occurred in the fish. Moreover, chronic toxic Microcystis exposure also caused hepatic inflammation and subsequent apoptosis mediated by the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pathway and the mitochondrial pathway similar to acute exposure. Therefore, our study suggests that the inflammatory response induced by microcystin-LR exacerbates apoptosis, likely mediated by TNF-α. In summary, both acute microcystin-LR exposure and chronic toxic Microcystis exposure can cause inflammation in the liver of common carp, which subsequently triggers hepatocyte apoptosis mediated by the TNF-α pathway and the mitochondrial pathway. This study helps elucidate the mechanism of liver damage induced by cyanobacterial blooms in natural water.

The aim of this study is to analyse the development of artisanal fish catch by species in the Croatian section of the Sava River. For Abramis brama and Silurus glanis, a significant decline in catches (in kg) was observed throughout the study period (2004-2021). Since 2013, this has also been the case for Cyprinus carpio, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca, other autochthonous species and alochthonous species, while catches of Leuciscus idus have declined significantly since 2014. The catches of three species (Acipenser ruthenus, Leuciscus aspius and Tinca tinca) fluctuated without a trend, which can be attributed to the low quantities. This decline in catches of the most sought-after species in the Sava was greater than that of the other less sought-after autochthonous species (mainly other cyprinids), whose share of the total catch increased significantly.

The rice-fish co-culture system (RFS) is a traditional cooperative farming model employed in southern China that can achieve doubling the harvest of rice (Oryza sp.) and fish. Most studies on RFS have focused on ecological mechanisms, benefits, ecosystem services, and agroecosystem functions; however, little is known about the baseline dietary composition in common carp of RFS, particularly across different developmental stages. In this study, we applied DNA metabarcoding of invertebrates (COI) and plants (Rbcl) to investigate the natural diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) across three developmental stages: juvenile (May), sub-adult (July), and adult (September). The animal-derived diets of common carp were dominated by prey from the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera, and the main plant-derived food items belonged to the families Poaceae, Araceae, and Hydrocharitaceae. We examined variations in the dietary compositions of common carp across three developmental stages to capture adaptations to seasonal changes in food resource availability. Additionally, we detected insect pests (species from the genera Macrosteles and Mythimna) and weeds (Eleusine indica, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Mazus japonicus, and Poa annua) in the diets of common carp, confirming the ecological benefits of common carp in rice fields by reducing insect pests and weeds. Characterizing the dietary composition and variation of common carp over developmental stages contributes to our understanding of its foraging ecology, dietary niche, and dynamics of trophic interactions, and provides critical information for evaluating the ecological benefits of common carp in RFS.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), an economically important freshwater fish species, is worldwide farmed especially in Europe and Asia. The current high-density intensive rearing way leading to a high susceptibility to various pathogens, and Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most frequently encountered bacteria, causing huge economic losses to the common carp industry. The mucosal barrier of fish constitutes the first line of defense against various pathogens, and some level of inter-connectivity exists among teleost mucosal tissues. However, the molecular basis for a common mucosal immune response at multiple sites or response at one site but during different timepoints following stimulation remains to be studied. In this study, we examined and systematically analyzed a total of 144 transcriptome files from three primary common carp mucosal tissues at four early timepoints following the infection of A. hydrophila. A total of 410 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed in all tested mucosal tissues. Through GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis, 28 key genes which might played critical roles in the common mucosal immune response of common carp during the early stage of bacterial infection were identified. Further WGCNA analysis showed that, besides the common response, three mucosal tissues exhibited tissue-specific gene regulatory network. Meanwhile, candidate hub genes in each tissue were identified, including trim3, rpl14, tln2, itpr1, and others. Our results will provide a fundamental basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of teleost mucosal immunity, and might suggest strategies for developing novel teleost mucosal vaccines in aquaculture.

Common carp is a globally farmed and economically important freshwater fish species. Due to the intensive culture conditions, the farmed common carp are susceptible to various pathogens, causing high mortality and serious economic losses to the carp culture industry. The route of infection is usually through the main mucosal tissues. In order to generate an effective strategy to better manage the fish disease, it is important to understand mucosal immune related genes as well as their expressions during infection. In this study, the common carp mucin gene family were identified and characterized through bioinformatics analysis, and their expression patterns were examined in healthy tissues of common carp as well as the mucosal tissues after the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Our results showed that, there were a set of 11 mucin genes across the entire common carp genome. Functional domain prediction and phylogenetic analysis supported their annotation and orthologies. Examining gene copy number across several vertebrates showed that muc4 and muc6 genes were present in other vertebrate, but were lost in teleost fish, which appeared as a result of gene loss after the split of teleost fish from tetrapods during evolution. The mucin genes presented tissue-specific expression patterns in various healthy common carp tissues, with relatively high expression levels in mucosal tissues, indicating their important roles likely in mucosal immune response. Furthermore, the expression of all mucin genes except for muc2-1 were significantly regulated at one or more timepoints in minimum one mucosal tissue after bacterial infection, suggesting that the mucin gene family played critical roles in the mucosal immunity of common carp in response to pathogenic invasion. Collectively, our findings provided fundamental genomic resources for better understanding the vital roles of mucin genes in the defense against pathogen invasion in teleost.

Extraction and mineral processing, as well as the waste generated by old abandoned mining sites, are the main sources of contamination of water bodies and lands by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) has been reported to be a good ecological indicator of environmental pollution in water bodies. Hence, we evaluated the concentration of eleven PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in different tissues of common carp in two reservoirs of the province of Jaén, southern Spain: El Tranco de Beas (S1) and La Fernandina (S2). We also assessed the concentration of PTEs in water and sediment samples. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for all the collected samples. We found high concentrations of As and Fe in water in the S2 reservoir, above the maximum limits allowed by the sanitary criteria in Spain; however, the analysis of sediments indicated low ecological risk in S1 and moderate ecological risk for As in S2. The concentration of PTEs in common carp was higher in the S2 reservoir, exceeding the permissible limits in the case of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. As and Cd showed higher concentrations in the kidney; Cu, Fe, and Zn showed higher concentrations in the liver; and Pb and Mn presented higher concentrations in the gill and gill bone. There was a good correlation between the concentrations found in water/sediment samples and those in common carp, corroborating its usefulness as a good ecological indicator, allowing the detection of environmental pollution and inferring previous or current anthropogenic activities such as mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effects of dietary alfalfa, Medicago sativa leaves, on growth performance, carcass composition, enzymatic activity, biochemical indices, intestinal histomorphometry, and disease resistance in fingerlings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. A feeding trial of 60 days was carried out in which common carp fingerlings were fed on experimental diets supplemented with alfalfa extract at rates of 0.0% (T0) control, 0.25% (T1), 0.50% (T2), 0.75% (T3), and 1.0% (T4). At the end of the feeding trial, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) in groups fed on diet supplemented with alfalfa in a dose-dependent manner. The blood biochemical parameters and the activity of the digestive enzymes were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the alfalfa supplemented groups in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, T4 had significantly (P < 0.05) more protein in fish carcasses than the control group. Intestinal histomorphometry and the relative percent survival following the challenge trial with Aeromonas hydrophila were also significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by dietary alfalfa. The study concludes that alfalfa extract possesses antioxidant and immune-enhancing potential, which by improving growth and increasing the capacity to combat bacterial infections in fish proves beneficial for sustainable aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five diets were prepared using dry bread residues from popular Iraqi restaurants. The leftover bread (LB) was used at percentages of 0, 0.5, 2, and 3% for a period of 72 days in feeding the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish. The study was conducted to assess the effect of the leftover bread (LB) in fish diets and their impact on growth indicators, feed utilization, and fish body composition chemically. The experiment was designed with five treatments and three replicates, with 9 fish allocated to each treatment. Significantly superior results (P≤ 0.05) were observed for final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and daily weight gain (WGD) for the treatment (LB 2%). The highest final weight was recorded in the LB 2% treatment (50.78±0.42 gram). The results of weight gain (WG) and daily weight gain (WGD) were significantly higher for the (LB 2%) treatment, recording 43.04±0.34 and 0.55±0.003gram, respectively. Treatments (LB 2%) and (LB 3%) outperformed significantly (P≤ 0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) efficiency, giving values of 2.36±0.12 and 2.35±0.05, respectively. The feed conversion efficiency percentage (FCE%) for the LB 2% treatment (44.48±0.00) was significantly higher than the other treatments. Both the specific growth ratio (SGR %) and relative growth ratio (RGR %) significantly outperformed (P≤ 0.05) in the (LB 2%) treatment compared to other treatments, recording 2.19±0.005 for SGR % and 386.70±0.01 for RGR %. The protein efficiency ratio (RER) was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in treatments (LB 2% and LB 3%), recording (1.62±0.000 and 1.64±0.02), respectively. The chemical analysis of fish bodies indicated that the protein content in fish bodies significantly surpassed (P ≤ 0.05) in treatments LB 2% and LB 3% compared to the other treatments, recording (70.85±0.6) and (69.47±0.07), respectively. The results also showed that the fat content in fish bodies in the experimental groups significantly exceeded (P≤ 0.05) in treatments LB 0.5%, LB 1%, and LB 3% compared to the other treatments. The significance of this study lies in determining the optimal utilization of bread residues in fish diets and reduce the disposal of dry bread as waste, with reassuring results by adding 2% of dry bread to the diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]