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This paper examines the significant agrarian transformations in India's Himalayan region of Kashmir, which is witnessing a rapid transition into commercial farming and, simultaneously, an increasing trend of deagrarianisation. The study uses a mixed-method approach to investigate why farmers adopt commercial farming in this region and how the processes of deagrarianisation, reconfiguration of land use, and deepening commodification have become inevitable for many small and medium-scale farmers as a result of this process. In the analysis, our empirically tested theoretical model confirms that institutional factors in terms of state support work as a significant driver toward commercialisation. We then argue that combined with the stimulus of the state, a vigorous process of neo-extractivism is being promoted, which renders the substantive changes in agrarian transitions by displacing the subsistence sector. The study highlights that this contemporary commercialisation is altering the social and physical landscape and driving broader forms of dispossession and consolidation of farmlands at micro-levels. Furthermore, it raises questions about the fundamental role of the Indian state's neo-extractivist policies in a politically contested region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While marketing on social media fan pages has received widespread research attention, few studies have investigated the impact of adding a showroom to a social media fan page. Showrooms on social media fan pages are unique in that they can amplify the conflicts between businesses' commercial purposes (selling) and customers' expectations (socializing) on social media, making it unclear how they might influence customer behavior. In this study, we open this black box by using data from a leading fashion retailer. We found that adding a showroom to a fan page has both positive implications, in that it leads to more user engagement and purchases, and negative implications, in that it leads users to "unfollow" the retailer's social media fan page. We further found that such impact is moderated by customer willingness to disclose private information. Specifically, the positive (negative) implication is significantly greater (smaller) for customers who are willing to disclose their private information to the retailer on social media. Mechanism-level analyses suggest that adding a showroom to a fan page can increase customer purchases both directly and indirectly by facilitating their engagement with the fan page and that customer willingness to disclose private information negatively moderates the mediation effect of user engagement on purchase behavior. In addition, results from an online experiment indicate that such showrooms can increase unfollowing by undermining users' social perception of the fan page and raising users' privacy concerns. Our findings suggest that even when firms see a significant increase in user purchase and activities after adding a showroom on their fan pages, they should carefully consider the potential risk of driving away customers and strategically target users who are less privacy sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the growing commercial marketplace for teachers' digital data, a new organization that includes educational data brokers has evolved. Educational data brokerage is relatively intangible due to the ease of de-identified data being collected and sold via educational technology. There is an urgent need to expose how the brokerage of educational data relates to the commercial mediation of consent and privacy in educational settings. It is difficult due to a lack of consistent terminology about organizations that buy and sell data. This paper offers an extensive analysis of the social learning platform Edmodo and provides evidence that justifies the term 'educational data broker'. The results aim to provide new terminology to a largely obfuscated process in educational settings and bring to light a concrete example of brokerage activity focusing on teachers' online activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky famously stated that while the Earth serves as the birthplace of humanity, it is not a place where mankind can indefinitely remain. Perhaps during that period, the prospect of exploring the mysteries of outer space appeared to be an unattainable aspiration. However, in the present day, there are no longer any limitations, not even the sky, since human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity. This access is not just for the purposes of research and exploration but also for economic endeavours. Until now, the commercial utilisation of outer space has advanced at a very sluggish rate. However, firms including SpaceX, Orion Span, Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin have achieved significant advancements in the growth of the space industry. The revenue generated by various space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. The global space economy, estimated to be valued at USD one trillion in the coming years, is primarily driven by commercial activities. This presents a formidable challenge to the existing national and international taxation systems. Similar to the open seas, space is also considered res communis omnium, meaning it belongs to the entire community, and presents comparable taxing challenges with potentially uncertain solutions. The three fundamental elements of every taxation regulation, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention, are the taxpayer's place of residence, the origin of their income, and the methods by which they generate their money. The current tax system does not have the necessary concepts and provisions to adapt to the rapid advancements in commercial space technology. This paper examines the legal issues surrounding commercial activities conducted in space, including the nature and handling of the income generated in various legal systems. It also addresses concerns such as tax avoidance and excessive taxation, emphasising the necessity for a globally coordinated approach to effectively tax commercial activities in space. • Human ingenuity has facilitated access to outer space for humanity, for the purposes of research and exploration and also for economic endeavours. • Space-related endeavours has experienced a significant 73% increase over the last ten years. • Commercial activities conducted in space require concerted action at international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement of large-scale expensive cancer screening trials spanning decades creates considerable barriers to the development, commercialisation, and implementation of novel screening tests. One way to address these problems is to use surrogate endpoints for the ultimate endpoint of interest, cancer mortality, at an earlier timepoint. This Review aims to highlight the issues underlying the choice and use of surrogate endpoints for cancer screening trials, to propose criteria for when and how we might use such endpoints, and to suggest possible candidates. We present the current landscape and challenges, and discuss lessons and shortcomings from the therapeutic trial setting. It is hugely challenging to validate a surrogate endpoint, even with carefully designed clinical studies. Nevertheless, we consider whether there are candidates that might satisfy the requirements defined by research and regulatory bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The projected growth of the nanomedicine market mirrors the increase in commercial interest and investment in the field. Yet, amidst this optimism, research efforts have often been geared towards developing innovative materials, and less on bringing these innovations to market. In this article, we present a strategic approach of 'commercialization by design' to overcome various challenges related to commercialization. This approach shifts the focus from materials-centric development to one driven by market demands, evaluating nanomedicines considering factors like reimbursement restrictions and unmet medical needs, and aiming to generate robust evidence for regulatory authorities, Health Technology Assessment bodies and Payers alike. We highlight the linkages from the market backwards to the preclinical phase, where nanomedicines are tailored to specific clinician-identified requirements. Transitioning from a technology 'push' model to one with market 'pull' will enhance the commercial success of nanomedicines. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional manufacture of the vueltiao hat is a symbol of identity in the Colombian Caribbean. In recent decades, it has become a symbol and primary source of income for numerous indigenous Zenú families in Tuchín (Córdoba-Colombia). In this study, through qualitative methods, we document narratives around the vueltiao hat supply chain. As a result, we describe the current practices surrounding the cultivation, transformation and braiding of cañaflecha, related with the dynamics of commercialization of this handcrafted object, considering the different sociocultural dynamics of its crafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising awareness of various lifestyle diseases and illnesses has led to an increased understanding of healthy eating habits, the increased demand for African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs), and a strict healthier diet in Kenya. Apart from the awareness about the benefits of consuming the AIVs, their commercialization is still low due to how producers are less informed and not connected to market actors beyond their community. On the other hand, the literature on factors that influence commercialization is still limited. The purpose of this study is to sought to reduce that gap by determining the factors that influenced the commercialization of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) among smallholder farmers in Bungoma County. In order to identify 384 respondents from whom data was collected, multistage sampling was used through personally administered questionnaires. The fractional regression model (FRM) was used to determine factors influencing the commercialization of AIVs in Bungoma County. The FRM results indicate that the eight explanatory variables included in the model significantly influenced the commercialization of AIVs among smallholder farmers. These variables are the gender of the farmer, land size, mode of payment, distance to the markets, AIV yields, AIV cost of production, duration to reach the market, and value addition. The researcher recommended that all gender should be engaged in the commercialization of AIVs and that the government to put in place policies and regulations that support the commercialization of AIVs, as they support other cash crops, which would equally enhance the quality and quantity improvement of AIVs that are distributed to various markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofits must navigate a unique tension—meeting the financial demands of the market while pursuing a social mission. As a result, market and mission concerns are often framed in a competitive, dualistic relationship. However, organizational communication scholars argue that the mission-market tension is a natural, even ontologically defining feature of nonprofits. Thus, rather than seek to resolve these tensions, scholars should examine how organizational members construct the market-mission relationship, as these understandings are essential to strategically navigating market-mission concerns. This study examines how organizational members construct the market-mission relationship at 18 organizations that serve survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, 15 of which operate social enterprises. The findings indicate that organizations frame "the market is the mission but much more," positioning mission and market in a synergistic relationship that births creative possibility and organizational third space. This article charts the local-level tensions organizational members experience, identifying how they are discursively framed and pragmatically navigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-pressure microfluidization on the physicochemical attributes, antioxidant, enzymatic, and microbiological activity of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) juice at different microfluidization pressures (68.94, 103.42, and 137.89 MPa) and cycles (1, 2, and 3). An important physical attribute, the mean particle size of ginger rhizome juice, was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 15.85 (control) to 12.86 µm at 137.89 MPa and 1 cycle, which was further supported by microscopic inspection revealing cell disintegration. Due to the release of phenolic compounds and pigments brought on by cell disruption, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity assay DPPH, and ABTS values increased from 56.79 to 65.28 mg GAE/100 mL, 69.99 to 77.51% inhibition, and 74.61 to 84.74% inhibition, respectively, at 103.42 MPa and 3 cycles. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was shown to be baroresistant because microfluidization had no noticeable impact on its relative activity. A higher microfluidization pressure of 137.89 MPa resulted in the complete reduction of aerobic bacteria, yeast, and molds. Due to its solvent-free nature and success in microbial reduction, microfluidization may aid in the delivery of high quality clean-labeled ginger juice. The findings demonstrated that microfluidization treatment has the potential to produce clean-labeled, safe ginger juice with improved overall quality. This study provides useful information to industries for the commercialization of ginger juice and will assist in promoting the usage of undervalued rhizome species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From ancient times, fermentation has been utilized globally by various ethnic communities to preserve and store locally available food items. Traditionally, fermented food and beverages have been an integral part of cultural and social ceremonies of these communities. Fermented food products have been shown to have immense health benefits and are slowly gaining popularity among younger generations. The state of West Bengal (India) has an array of geographically diverse ethnic communities and rich food culture. In this article, a few of the most popular fermented food and beverages across entire West Bengal have been looked into from microbiological and nutritional point of view. The preparation process of each product has been discussed in brief along with the positive and negative aspects of fermented food and beverages. We also compared the main ingredients and end product of fermentation with respect to nutritional value. Many families earn livelihood from selling homemade fermented food and beverages but they should be trained properly to avoid food borne infections, poisoning or fatalities from consumption of fermented products. Development is also needed in making specific government regulations regarding the fermented food and beverages. It is also essential to document and study the existing as well as unexplored fermented food and beverages and standardizing their preparation process as there is a huge scope of commercialization of fermented food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper grapples with the challenges posed to critical geography educators by STEMification, or the enshrinement of market-oriented forms of science and technology education as the normative ideal for education in general. In both reactionary and progressive contexts, STEMification decontextualizes scientific and technological activity and deepens existing hierarchies of knowledge based on quantification, perceived scientific rigour, commercialisation, and employability. Critical geographical knowledges often incur misrecognition, dismissal, and in some cases, outright prohibition under such conditions. Offering strategies for navigating and contesting STEMification, this paper draws on collective auto-methods, analysing narrative vignettes from our pedagogical practices as critical geography educators. We offer the notion of seeking leverage in the face of STEMification: protecting ourselves and seeking traction within our institutions by translating our goals into familiar or sanctioned forms, while using those forms to alternative ends. To that end, we highlight seven pedagogical strategies: (1) meeting students where they are, (2) using applied examples, (3) grappling with the limits of problem-based learning, (4) disalienating students from assessment, (5) integrating critique with alternatives, (6) anticipating both resistance to and desire for critical content from students and colleagues, and (7) recognising the limits of institutional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has entered a new era of globalization and industrialization, which pose several challenges to ensuring food security. Beef cattle production is one of the fastest-growing subsectors that has the capacity to meet protein demand. Due to growing demand of meat and protein and a market-oriented production system, small-scale beef cattle production contribute most to marginal farmers as a means of rising income in many developing nations like Bangladesh. Though production and commercialization are not easier for households' due to various factors and a lack of market efficiency. To determine beef cattle commercialization and market inefficiency, the current study focused on the determinants of beef cattle commercialization and the challenges to the of market efficiency. Heckman's two-stage model used to determine the factors that influence households' commercialization decisions, and the two-stage least squares method is used to examine the constraints of market inefficiencies. However, commercialization decisions offer twofold decision of commercialization and degree of commercialization. The result showed that commercialization decisions are significantly influenced by households' age, extension services, and production costs. The degree of commercialization was affected by education, marketing costs, income from dairy, transportation costs, and training access. On the other hand, market inefficiency was influenced by formal market access, distance, extension services, and earning from cattle. As extension services worsen both commercialization decisions and market efficiency, the government should focus on extension services and offer farmers opportunities to increase their understanding and knowledge of marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractInnovation, defined as the successful implementation at scale of a new invention, is key for continued success of the drug development enterprise. In this article we focus on statistical innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. We discuss both components, invention and implementation at scale, typically called commercialization, of innovation for statistical methods. These concepts are illustrated using three examples that we successfully implemented in our company. We summarize factors that foster or hinder invention and commercialization. A discussion of the mindset we consider supportive of innovation and how organizational leaders and professional organizations can generate an environment that fosters innovation concludes the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in government policy and funding structures, alongside a rapidly evolving (international) market for education have made education provision a key revenue driver for UK higher education institutions. In this setting, the Russell Group of Universities (RGU), a self-selected association of elite, research-intensive universities and Business Schools (BSs) appear to be at the forefront of commercialising their educational activities at an institutional and a discipline level to enhance revenues. Using interview evidence from established academics, and drawing on the framework of academic capitalism and notions of morality in higher education, respectively, this study explores the play-out of the commercialisation of educational activities at a selection of RGU BSs and its implications for education provision. Results suggest major shifts in university cultures and systems – aligning them to capitalise on the market for (international) education. Activities include the creation of a suite of demand- and efficiency-led programmes in response to market intelligence, establishment of financial targets to nurture growth, efforts to seek out new markets and influencing admissions practices. The ensuing changes have disrupted extensively the educational spaces at the micro level in which meaningful learning for business students, as nurtured by values of academic care and responsibility, can take place. Operating at a distance from their students and in restrictive ways in response to large student numbers, faculty are limited in the extent to which they can enrich these students' experiences and enable them to reach their full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of platformisation has been used throughout contemporary Chinese sociology and media studies to explain the process by which emerging local digital platforms facilitate and revolutionise daily life. Scholars have also examined how fans of ACGN (anime, comics, games, and novels) create heterotopias through the development of virtual communities and the departure of online territory from more conventional cultural and heteronormative norms. This article analyses an often-overlooked subject: the mainstreaming, platformisation, and re-conventionalisation of digital platforms and their impact on creative video production and fandom culture. We investigate Bilibili, a video-sharing social media which can be considered as the former home of Chinese ACGN culture, with a particular focus on the current commercial expansion that has seen it deviate from ACGN's cultural themes. Howard Becker's (1982) categorisation of innovative creators (mainstreams, mavericks, misfits) and Jones et al. amphibians are utilised to examine the ways in which the various video creators and former ACGN fans have (or have not) adapted to the platform's commercialisation, mainstreaming, and re-conventionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, video games have been characterized as new forms of art and, at the same time, they are important elements of mass consumption, creating a highly successful industry with millions of fans around the world. But during its first decades of commercialization in the domestic sector, the content of video games was limited in terms of its graphic power, and its advertising resorted to the use of hand-drawn covers to better represent the game content. What is proposed is that art was used strategically to generate desire for consumption, therefore, the purpose of the work will be to reflect on the social uses of art focused on consumption, through the analysis of the discourse of some video game covers in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background In recent years, there has been a notable resurgence of medium-scale commercial farms in Africa. However, scholarly focus on their capacity to drive structural transformation, promote inclusivity, empower communities, generate wealth, and enhance livelihoods has been limited. Specifically examining the Zimbabwean context, this article contends that medium-scale farms play pivotal roles in production, social reproduction, income generation, commercialisation, investment and capital accumulation. These contributions have been significant in facilitating structural transformation, wealth generation, and improved livelihoods. Goal and Objectives: The paper is primarily concerned with exploring the extent to which mediumscale commercial agriculture contributes to structural transformation, wealth creation and enhanced livelihoods in the Zimbabwean and wider African context. Methodology: The paper utilized a mixed methods research approach comprising of a survey and in-depth interviews which targeted 200 resettled households in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Results: Medium-scale farms possess the ability to play a role in structural transformation, wealth generation, and improved livelihoods. Factors such as land access, a supportive macroeconomic and policy environment, robust and inclusive land governance, and efficient administrative institutions hold promise in addressing and mitigating the challenges related to poverty, disenfranchisement, marginalization, and inequalities in power and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background: Occupant satisfaction is very important for the prosperity of Airbnb investment. The interest of this research is in the private homes that are commercialized into Airbnb rentals, which primarily were not meant for such uses and now there is a hybrid of residential properties and hotel properties. In a sense that, they are to offer comfort of a hotel with facilities of a home. Goal and objectives: To address this, the study intends to investigate the level of Airbnb occupant satisfaction with the factors such as location, services, property and hospitality. Methodology: The study employed quantitative approach, were questionnaires containing 5-point Likert scale questions were distributed to Airbnb occupants and Airbnb homeowners, 93 responses were obtained. Results: The study revealed that, despite the Airbnb homes not primarily suitable for hosting visitors with the available facilities, they are still satisfactory to the occupants but subjected to improvements in some aspects within the factors. The Airbnb owners should adapt to customer first culture, responding to changing guests' requirements and awareness creation on factors valued most by guests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private equity has rapidly enlarged its presence in the health care sector, expanding its investment targets from hospitals and nursing facilities to physician practices. The incursion of private equity is the latest manifestation of a long trend toward the corporatization and financialization of medicine. Private equity pools investments from large private investors to buy controlling stakes in companies through leveraged buyouts or similar arrangements that use the companies' own assets to finance debt. These investors seek to earn handsome profits by rapidly increasing revenues before selling off the investment. Private equity's incursion into health care is especially concerning. The drive for quick revenue generation threatens to increase costs, lower health care quality, and contribute to physician burnout and moral distress. These harms stem from market consolidation, overutilization and upcoding, constraints on physicians' clinical autonomy, and compromises in patient care. Policymakers attempting to counter these threats can barely keep up. Like a cloud of locusts, private equity moves so quickly that by the time lawmakers become aware of the problem and researchers study the effects, private equity has moved on to other investment targets. While it remains unclear whether private equity investment is fundamentally more threatening to health policy than other forms of acquisition and financial investment--whether by publicly traded companies, conglomerate health systems, or health insurers-private equity presents a heightened threat of commercialization. Even if private equity is not uniquely harmful, it is extremely adept at identifying and exploiting market failures and payment loopholes. The emphasis on short-term returns and exit, the heavy reliance on debt, and the insulation from professional and ethical norms make private equity investors more avid to exploit revenue opportunities than institutional repeat players. Thus, this Article’s central claim is that the influx of private equity into health care poses sufficient risks to warrant an immediate legal and policy response. Public policy should primarily target market failures and payment loopholes and only secondarily curb private equity investment per se. The good news is that we already have many tools under federal and state law with the potential to address the harms of commercialization. These can be used or sharpened to address the particular concerns raised by private equity’s incursion into physician markets. Key tools include antitrust oversight, fraud and abuse enforcement, and state laws regulating the corporate practice of medicine and the terms of physician employment. In some instances, legislative or regulatory action may be needed to adapt existing laws. In other instances, new laws may be needed to close payment loopholes or correct market distortions. A leading example is the recent No Surprises Act, which curtails surprise outof- network medical billing. While the Article lays out a roadmap for additional legal and policy actions to protect the health system from the acute risks of private equity, these are patches rather than systemic solutions. If these patches fail to stave off the incessant march toward commercialization of health care, we may see renewed calls to fundamentally rethink the market orientation of the U.S. health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercialization of agricultural produce through cooperatives that undertake collective marketing can decrease transactions costs for smallholder farmers. This study investigated the factors influencing smallholder bean producers' decision to participate and intensity of participation in collective marketing in Kawambwa, Luwingu and Senga Hill districts of Zambia. A multi-stage sampling design was used to draw 150 smallholder farmers from cooperatives from the three districts. Cross sectional data were collected through semi structured questionnaire and in-depth focused group discussions were also conducted with the three cooperatives. Double hurdle results revealed that the decision to participate in collective marketing was influenced by age, gender, household size, farm size, output price, farm income, hybrid seed, access to market information, ownership of a bicycle, radio and mobile phone. On the other hand, the determinants of intensity of participation in collective marketing were education level of the household head, bean output and distance to the nearest market. To increase smallholder farmers' participation in collective marketing, there is need to focus on policies that enhance access to market information, promotion and adoption of hybrid bean varieties, increased bean production and construction of bulking facilities in rural areas away from main markets. Smallholder farmers who have attained at least primary level education should be targeted as well as encourage youth and women participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major problem retarding the commercialization of biodiesel is the derivation of catalysts and feedstocks from high‐cost materials. Hence, the following proposal is being put forward to mitigate this challenge: Extract and characterize castor oil, synthesize and characterize cocoa pod ash as the base catalyst, and apply the base catalyst for biodiesel production. Cocoa pods were heated at 600 °C for 35 min in a muffle furnace and the product sieved to obtain ash with uniform size distribution. The yield of castor oil extracted was 42 %, and the synthesized catalyst was capable of transesterifying the extracted oil. Castor oil was converted to biodiesel with cocoa pod ash as catalyst. A biodiesel yield of 88 % was obtained. The catalyst was characterized by various methods to confirm the presence of active sites. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel product are consistent with literature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although innovation from analytics is surging in the manufacturing sector, the understanding of the data-driven innovation (DDI) process remains a challenge. Drawing on a systematic literature review, thematic analysis and qualitative interview findings, this study presents a seven-step process to understand DDI in the context of the UK manufacturing sector. The findings discuss the significance of critical seven-step in DDI, ranging from conceptualisation to commercialisation of innovative data products. The results reveal that the steps in DDI are sequential, but they are all interlinked. The proposed seven-step DDI process with solid evidence from the UK manufacturing and research implications based on dynamic capability theory, institutional theory and TOE framework establish the building blocks for future studies and industry practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As battery technologies that can potentially increase the energy density and expand application scenarios of the lithium‐ion batteries, rechargeable metal‒air batteries have attracted extensive research interests. Among a variety types of metal anodes investigated, zinc (Zn)‒air and lithium (Li)‒air batteries hold best prospects for real‐world applications and attract the most scientific community interests. It has been more than 10 years since Cho et al. first compared Li–air and Zn–air batteries, during which great progress has been made. In this review, these two representative metal‒air battery technologies are compared in view of the most recent progresses and improvements in the last decade, especially efforts that push these technologies toward real world applications. It starts with the fundamentals of Zn–air and Li–air batteries, and discusses the progress made in electrolyte design, anode protection, and cathode catalysts development. It ends with an evaluation of the current research state along with an overall future perspective. Such a comprehensive comparison of typical non‐aqueous and aqueous battery systems with a focus on practical application criteria would be a timely review of metal‒air battery development in the last decade, which shed light for fundamental and applied research, eventually leading to real‐world application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic biology encompasses different modalities, and their manufacturing processes may be vastly different. However, there are many similarities that run across the different modalities during the drug product (DP) development process and manufacturing. Similarities include the need for Quality Target Product Profile (QTTP), analytical development, formulation development, container/closure studies, drug product process development, manufacturing and technical requirements set out by numerous regulatory documents such as the FDA, EMA, and ICH for pharmaceuticals for human use and other country specific requirements. While there is a plethora of knowledge on studies needed for development of a drug product, there is no specific guidance set out in a phase dependent manner delineating what studies should be completed in alignment with the different phases of clinical development from pre-clinical through commercialization. Because of this reason, we assembled a high-level drug product development and manufacturing roadmap. The roadmap is applicable across the different modalities with the intention of providing a unified framework from early phase development to commercialization of biologic drug products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delineates how actors invoke nationalizing accounts—accounts that turn local conditions, actions, and actors into national ones—in everyday talk. Taking the case of Japanese university scientists depicting their commercialization trajectories after the adoption of a set of policies that originated from the U.S., the article delineates how scientists stipulate what they do is Japanese. I outline the discursive practices through which they posit that the cause of others' actions, or of they themselves, derives from some kind of ethno-national distinctiveness. Interviews show how such nationalizing accounts were made through the inevitable gaps between local practices and formal global structures. Scientific and commercialization practices in Japan that deviated from the original form were explained not only through the institutional differences between the U.S. and Japan, but also through lay categories of "culture," ethno-psychology, and readily available tropes about Japanese history. In such nationalizing accounts, what the Japanese scientists did under these new, and explicitly global policies, was argued to be fundamentally Japanese because they were rooted in and caused by the ethno-national character. As new institutional theory suggests, a decoupling between formal rules and local contingencies is a hallmark of any institution. The article further shows that such decoupling could then be used as a resource for everyday nationalism. At least in some cases, the global adoption and the localization of a global form may create an opportunity to enact the nation, contributing to a discourse that posits that an imagined community is distinct and special, precisely as the world becomes more globalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is the fourth largest institute in the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Surprisingly, there is a conspicuous void of policy studies related to the research activities of NHLBI in comparison to NIH or the National Cancer Institute. This paper investigates the likelihood that a business funded through NHLBI's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program will commercialize from its Phase IIB translational support. Commercialization is one performance metric that quantifies a policy dimension of the success of the funded SBIR project. Based on an empirical analysis of sixty-one Phase IIB projects, we find that the most significant covariate with the likelihood of commercialization is the growth in human capital within the business since the Phase IIB award. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social enterprise model, which is characterized by economic, social, and governance dimensions, has become a key aspect of modern welfare states in Europe. Despite its potential to increase revenue diversification for nonprofits, particularly through commercial income, its effects in the context of Mediterranean countries within the European Union are untested. This study aims to examine the adoption of the social enterprise model by Mediterranean nonprofits. The results suggest that organizations with high levels of diversification through commercial income exhibit some characteristics of the social enterprise model, and this behavior is influenced by factors such as the type of promoter, user, organizational aims, and activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport, in particular football, can provide a useful means through which to explore the related issues of migration and national identity. Sports stars migrate from one country to another often mirroring patterns of more widespread migration from periphery to core. Such movements are influenced by a range of factors. In an increasingly commercialised and globalised sport, the exploration of footballers' roots and the routes they take feeds into a consideration of issues of place identity and belonging. In international sporting competition, competitors don the national colours, sing the anthem and "fly the flag", and in doing so become the embodiment of the wider imagined community. Traditionally those who compete for countries have usually been born and raised there or have lived there for sizeable periods of their lives. In recent years, however, the selection by international sports teams of competitors born in other countries has become increasingly common. The use of these footballing examples provides insights into migration, diaspora, citizenship, globalisation, and the multi-layered and contingent nature of national identity. Sport can offer a useful means of illuminating these various geographic themes and socio-spatial processes, thereby rendering them more accessible and interesting to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout human history, individuals, communities and societies have always had to confront and tackle the problem of death. Consequently, death remains a topic of social scientific relevance, highlighting the need for its study and for theorising around it. This article analyses the development of the social scientific study of death and dying, taking inspiration from Philippe Ariès's historical stages to discuss the recent developments in the field, namely the study of digital death. The article begins with a discussion of the visibility of death in modern society in the context of spectacular death. The analysis emphasises its four dimensions: mediatisation, commercialisation, re-ritualisation and the revolution in end-of-life care. The article moves on to discuss the emergence of digital death as the current stage and reflects on its similarities to spectacular death and its transformation of public imaginaries around death in contemporary society. The article concludes with a reflection on future developments in the field, specifically the emergence and study of artificial intelligence (AI) in digitalised death culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNESCO defines intangible cultural heritage (ICH), in contrast to conservation-oriented models, as "living" and as playing a dynamic role in contemporary society, thus bringing to the fore a controversial entanglement with the market. On the basis of multilevel and multipositioned participant observation of the ICH global governance apparatus, I focus on displays of embarrassment (and preventive prudishness) triggered by this entanglement among actors with normative agency in the implementation of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH. In shedding light on their disorientation vis-à-vis the intrinsic commercial dimension of cultural practices recognized as ICH, I highlight the role of affects and emotions in UNESCO's lifeworld. Distress triggered by the violation of assimilated cultural codes defining heritage as inalienable reveals the cultural intimacy that binds a transnational epistemic community of heritage professionals. Challenging UNESCO's polished self-representation as a dispassionate, rational bureaucracy, I consider the major international clearing house for heritage policies as a social world with its own affective life. I argue that these affects have a performative influence on the practice of heritage making, despite official, rationalizing narratives such as that of "good" versus "bad" commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable optoelectronic properties of organometal halide perovskite solar cells have captivated significant attention in the energy sector. Nevertheless, the instability of 3D perovskites, despite their extensive study and attainment of high-power conversion efficiency, remains a substantial obstacle in advancing PSCs for practical applications and eventual commercialization. To tackle this issue, researchers have devised mixed-dimensional perovskite structures combining 1D and 3D components. This innovative approach entails incorporating stable 1D perovskites into 3D perovskite matrices, yielding a significant improvement in long-term stability against various challenges, including moisture, continuous illumination, and thermal stress. Notably, the incorporation of 1D perovskite yields a multitude of advantages. Firstly, it efficiently passivates defects, thereby improving the overall device quality. Secondly, it retards ion migration, a pivotal factor in degradation, thus further bolstering stability. Lastly, the inclusion of 1D perovskite facilitates charge transport, ultimately resulting in an elevated device efficiency. In this succinct review, we thoroughly encapsulate the recent progress in PSCs utilizing 1D/3D mixed-dimensional architectures. These advancements encompass both stacked bilayer configurations of 1D/3D structures and mixed monolayer structures of 1D/3D. Additionally, we tackle critical challenges that must be surmounted and offer insights into the prospects for further advancements in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiative cooling, a technology that lowers the temperature of terrestrial objects by dissipating heat into outer space, presents a promising ecologically‐benign solution for sustainable cooling. Recent years witness substantial progress in radiative cooling technologies, bringing them closer to commercialization. This comprehensive review provides a structured overview of radiative cooling technologies, encompassing essential principles, fabrication techniques, and practical applications, with the goal of guiding researchers toward successful commercialization. The review begins by introducing the fundamentals of radiative cooling and the associated design strategies to achieve it. Then, various fabrication methods utilized for the realization of radiative cooling devices are thoroughly discussed. This discussion includes detailed assessments of scalability, fabrication costs, and performance considerations, encompassing both structural designs and fabrication techniques. Building upon these insights, potential fabrication approaches suitable for practical applications and commercialization are proposed. Further, the recent efforts made toward the practical applications of radiative cooling technology, including its visual appearance, switching capability, and compatibility are examined. By encompassing a broad range of topics, from fundamental principles to fabrication and applications, this review aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and real‐world implementation, fostering the advancement and widespread adoption of radiative cooling technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses topics about marijuana, particularly its potential effects on developing brains and the laws enacted in the U.S. that have led to its massive commercialization. Other topics include how the Green Rush led to the rise of the marijuana industry, its adverse impact on the mental health of American youth, and why countries like Sweden and Australia continue to criminalize marijuana.

Globalization shows up as a phenomenon that affects human life all over the world and it has affected the field of education. Globalization has detracted universities from being institutions which are science-based and think critically. It’s transformed them into economics-based institutions. This situation has led both the universities to be commercialized and commodification of academic knowledge. At this point, the aim is to find the impact of globalization on the universities which are at the highest level of educational organizations. With this purpose, at first globalization and universities then the privatization and commercializations of universities, academic freedom, change in the management of universities, loss of autonomy, the situation in research funds, directed research, indexed publication, diploma and certificate purposed education, lack of critical thinking subjects are mentioned. Analysis was made by comparing the situations all over the world and Turkey. As a result, the impacts of globalization which is rapidly felt at all stages of education on universities have been tried to be explained with different dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Did parliamentary constraints foster economic activity or was activity the cause of constraints? This article addresses the first part of this question by examining the long‐term effects of belonging to the Duchy of Württemberg wherein the parliament placed considerable checks on the various dukes from 1495 to 1796. I use a geographic natural experiment and compare areas just inside of the Duchy with adjacent areas outside of it. Economically similar prior to 1495, areas within the Duchy had a higher degree of urbanization and commercialization in the subsequent period. I provide further evidence that this difference reflects three mechanisms: local representation in parliament, improved local public‐goods provision, and attraction of upper‐tail human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the more than seven decades since Indian independence, the relationship between artisan and art in India has radically changed. Having lived in the Kutch region of Gujarat for thirty years and worked with traditional artisans there for fifty, the author presents a rich case study of the impact of commercialisation of textile traditions on artisan communities. The article examines changing patterns of patronage and production among textile artisan communities in Kutch. Drawing on extensive interviews with artisan graduates of a design education program that the author initiated in 2005, it documents how men as well as women tapped into creativity and gained individual recognition. But the success they sought ultimately entailed operation in a market beyond their social sphere. In the realm of the little-known market, men restrained their creativity. For women, persistent social constraints made familiarisation with the market much harder to achieve. However, women graduates who were able to consider crossing gender lines, similarly limited their creativity when they engaged with the market. The author argues that gender per se did not shape an artisan's traditional relationship to craft and creativity, but rather the relationship to the consumer, which had been determined by gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the production of novels in Costa Rica from 1873 to 1989 based on a systematic quantification of data from various bibliographic catalogues. Attention is paid to their temporal and geographical distribution, the means used to publish them --newspapers, magazines or books-- and the number of editions and translations they achieved, that instead of analyzing the literary dimension of the works. Likewise, novelists are considered in terms of their nationality and gender, the age at which their first novel was published, as well as their occupation, education, and productivity. It is concluded that, despite the efforts of the State to improve the conditions of publication and commercialization, the Costa Rican novel did not become an activity that allowed writers to live off the income generated by copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) is an economically important tree widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The multifaceted uses of the Palmyra palm fruit as food, wood, and medicine, make it a viable industrial crop. It is among the most beneficial species that have economic and medicinal value. It is found to posses antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and anti-oxidant properties. The plant has a very close connection with the rural livelihood, and cottage and agro-based industries of Indian economy. Unfortunately, over 60% of the annual fruit yield is often lost within ten days after harvesting due to rot in storage. The value of Palmyra fruit is not yet materialized, as no Palmyra products are commercialized so far. Even though Palmyra is an economically important palm for its nutritional aspects, it is underutilized and has not received proper attention in agricultural research, since it is a very slowly growing palm and is mostly found in the wild state. Hence, this paper attempts to give a view on Palmyra fruit's historical importance, chemistry, nutritional properties, medicinal properties, and commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a definition of the Industrial Internet and expounds on the academic connotation of the future Industrial Internet. From this foundation, we outline the development and current status of the Industrial Internet in China and globally. Moreover, we detail the avant-garde paradigms encompassed within the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)'s "Future Industrial Internet Fundamental Theory and Key Technologies" research plan and its corresponding management strategies. This research initiative endeavors to enhance interdisciplinary collaborations, aiming for a synergistic alignment of industry, academia, research, and practical implementations. The primary focus of the research plan is on the pivotal scientific challenges inherent to the future industrial internet. It is poised to traverse the "first mile ", encompassing foundational research and pioneering innovations specific to the industrial internet, and seamlessly bridges to the "last mile ", ensuring the effective commercialization of scientific and technological breakthroughs into tangible industrial market applications. The anticipated contributions from this initiative are projected to solidify both the theoretical and practical scaffolding essential for the cultivation of a globally competitive industrial internet infrastructure in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As national and global policies emphasise the significance of social inclusion, a sense of belonging has increasingly become economically rationalised. Social exclusion is posed as an economic risk, and so neoliberal systems have commercialised and commodified social inclusion, promoting a transactional and privatised approach to 'belonging'. This issue is particularly significant in culturally diversifying urban contexts, as a desire to develop a transnational sense of belonging can be a central motivation for participants in recreational arts learning. In this article, we focus on how this economic mandate presents tensions in the non-formal arts education sector. While arts education businesses seek to gain the financial benefits of promoting a sense of belonging, they can wrestle with pedagogical philosophies that actively promote competition and hierarchies amongst learners. Our study, therefore, critically examines the experiences of migrant dance learners attending casual hip-hop classes in New Zealand. Engaging a qualitative, phenomenological research paradigm, our study gathers the personal narratives of these dance learners to reveal how the nexus of neoliberalism and inclusion is creating unresolved tensions in the hip-hop studio. While arts learning providers actively promote a sense of belonging as a dimension of their service, our study shows that learner expectations of and investment in social inclusion are confronted by prevailing studio pedagogies. This challenges common perceptions of non-formal arts education as inherently inclusive and establishes a framework for further critical research into the commodification of inclusion in the arts education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the unexpected connection between trademark law, traditionally associated with commercial symbols, and the art market. It explores how trademark law aligns with art's concerns about authenticity, provenance, and the artist's reputation. The historical origins of trademark law and its evolving relationship with the art market are discussed, challenging notions of art's purity in the face of increasing commercialization and collaborations between artists and luxury brands.

This article discusses the British occultist Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) as an advertiser of the occult. Relying on theories of advertising and branding, it is argued that Crowley's main branding strategy was the use of irony and humor in order to distance himself from other actors on the occult market. Furthermore, it is argued that this can be understood as a strategy of legitimization rooted in class consciousness, and more specifically in the elite intellectualism of turn-of-the-century Oxbridge. Crowley's brand identity as the Great Beast 666, the Prophet of a New Age or Aeon, is analyzed with a special focus on his branding strategies in advertising, divided into (1) advertisements in books, (2) prospectuses, (3) marketing campaigns, and (4) the marketing of Crowley as a spiritual teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts arise because of deficient coordination between actors during the exchange of goods and services in agribusiness systems. The aim of the study was to assess conflicts at the smallholder level by reviewing literature resources. From the systemic analysis, it is evident that price imposition is the main conflict that smallholders face during commercialization with suppliers and agro-industries. Conflicts arise due to the high bargaining power of large corporations. The concentration of companies in input supply and processing markets also generates conflict environments during transactions. Collective forms and the use of contracts are conflict mitigation alternatives in agrifood chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable jet fuel (RJF) production has been recognized as a promising approach for reducing the aviation sector's carbon footprint. Over the last decade, the commercial production of RJF has piqued the interest of airlines and governments around the world. However, RJF production can be challenging due to its dispersed supply resources. Furthermore, the production of RJF is more costly compared to producing conventional jet fuel. In this study, using a mixed integer linear programming (MILP), we design a corn-stover-based RJF supply chain network in which we obtain an optimized configuration of the supply chain and determine operational decisions required to meet RJF demand at airports. To accelerate the commercialization of RJF production, we examined four incentive programs designed to cover the supply chain's costs, with agricultural statistics districts serving as the designated supply regions. This study is validated by employing the model to design the supply chain in the Midwestern United States. The results from this study are promising as they show the supply chain can achieve commercialization with partial financial coverage from the incentive programs. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers can devise policies to commercialize RJF production and accelerate its adoption by the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an age of climate and ecological breakdown, questions of how we relate to the natural world and the more-than-human beings around us are more important than ever. This ethnography seeks to bring these questions to the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town, South Africa, a place known for its conservation and tourism value, by taking an experimental multispecies approach. Multispecies ethnography is particularly useful for these types of explorations as it allows the stories of the more-than-human to emerge from the periphery and be put in conversation with the human. This ethnography found that despite Kirstenbosch's socioecological benefits, the intimacy fostered between humans and more-than-humans in the gardens is distinctly human-centric and centres on a colonial construction of nature and natural beauty. Practices of photography and viewing and the commercialisation of the gardens reinforce such a relationship, producing a space where human needs and desires are prioritised and the boundary between humans and more-than-humans reified. This multispecies approach to human–environment interactions highlights the potential failures of western conservation practices and contributes to the growing exploration of complex human–nature relationships in ways that are deeper and kinder and that recognise nature's agency and animacy in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) methods have made meaningful contributions in a wide variety of scientific research fields. In structural biology, cryo-EM routinely elucidates molecular structure from isolated biological macromolecular complexes or in a cellular context by harnessing the high-resolution power of the electron in order to image samples in a frozen, hydrated environment. For structural chemistry, the cryo-EM method popularly known as microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has facilitated atomic structure generation of peptides and small molecules from their three-dimensional crystal forms. As cryo-EM has grown from an emerging technology, it has undergone modernization to enable multimodal transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques becoming more routine, reproducible, and accessible to accelerate research across multiple disciplines. We review recent advances in modern cryo-EM and assess how they are contributing to the future of the field with an eye to the past. [Display omitted] In this review, de la Cruz and Eng discuss major developments in single-particle analysis, electron tomography, and microcrystal electron diffraction to show how cryo-EM has matured to become an ever-improving technology for visualizing molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major competition regulators, and substantial portions of the scholarly community, have rapidly adopted the view that "killer acquisitions" and "kill zones" constitute significant sources of competitive risk arising from incumbent acquisitions of emerging firms in digital markets. Based on this view, policymakers in the United States, European Union, and other jurisdictions have advocated for, and in some cases have taken, substantial changes to merger review policies that would erect significant obstacles to incumbent/startup acquisitions. A review of the relevant body of evidence finds that these widely-held views concerning incumbent/ startup acquisitions rest on meager support, confined to ambiguous evidence drawn from a small portion of the total universe of acquisitions in the pharmaceutical market and theoretical models of acquisition transactions in information technology markets. Moreover, the emergent regulatory and scholarly consensus fails to take into account the rich body of evidence showing the critical function played by incumbent/startup acquisitions in supplying a monetization mechanism that induces venture-capital investment and promotes startup entry in technology markets. The prospect of an acquisition transaction in the case of technical and commercial success generally promotes innovation and competition by providing a transactional device that expands startups' access to the capital inputs required to undertake R&D and the commercialization services required to convert R&D outputs into commercially viable products. At the same time, these acquisitions enable incumbents to access the specialized innovation capacities of smaller firms. Proposed changes to merger review standards would disrupt these efficient transactional mechanisms and are likely to have counterproductive effects on competitive conditions in innovation markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]