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Traditionally viewed as static repositories, archives are now seen as dynamic entities capable of continuous reconfiguration and reinterpretation. This study examines how digital practices in comic book archiving maintain historical and emotional integrity, while making these artefacts relevant to contemporary audiences. This paper explores the theories of Wolfgang Ernst, Michel Foucault, Lev Manovich, and others in order to explain digital archiving as a dynamic and interpretive act that shapes historical narratives and cultural memory. Digital restoration of comic books focuses on preserving the original aesthetic and historical context, while recoloring revitalizes visual elements to enhance appeal. Reimagining involves comprehensive reinterpretation and aligns with new media theories in order to offer fresh perspectives on historical narratives. The discussion shows how these practices democratize access to cultural heritage, transforming archives into active sites of cultural engagement and potentiality. By balancing technical precision and interpretive insight, digital artists and archivists aim at ensuring that comic books remain vibrant and meaningful cultural treasures for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafik roman, kelimeler ve görselleri bir araya getirerek bütüncül bir hikaye anlatan ve genellikle kitap formatında sunulan bir tür çizgi romandır. Bu çalışma, grafik romanların akademik literatürdeki yerini ve etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, 1990 ile 2024 yılları arasında grafik romanlar alanında yapılan akademik yayınlar analiz edilmiştir. Veri toplama sürecinde Scopus ve Web of Science (WoS) veritabanları kullanılmış ve "graphic novel" anahtar kelimesiyle yapılan aramalar sonucunda elde edilen çalışmalar bibliyometrik yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Bibliyometrik analizde atıf sayısı, makale başına düşen ortalama atıf sayısı, yazar işbirlikleri ve yayınların etki düzeyi gibi metrikler kullanılmıştır. Araştırma performansı analizi ve bilimsel alan haritalama teknikleri uygulanmış, atıf analizi, eş-atıf analizi, bibliyografik eşleşme analizi, eş-yazar analizi ve ortak kelime analizi gibi çeşitli bibliyometrik analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma, grafik romanlar alanındaki akademik üretkenlik ve etki üzerine nicel bir değerlendirme sunarak, bu alandaki çalışmaların uluslararası ölçekteki gelişimini ve değerlendirilmesini ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, gelecekteki araştırmalar için içgörüler sunmakta ve grafik romanlar alanındaki bilimsel çalışmaların iki veritabanı üzerinden karşılaştırmalı bir bibliyometrik analizini sağlayarak, bu alandaki bilimsel katkıların anlaşılmasını artırmaktadır.

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of education in the twenty-first century is to help students acquire critical thinking abilities, creativity and innovation, communication, dan collaboration however as seen by pupils' poor critical thinking scores, this goal is really beginning to be disregarded. Another reality is that textbooks make learning less effective since they are stiff and boring, which makes pupils less interested in reading them. The goal of this project is to create comics that highlight critical thinking abilities in relation to changes in material form. Utilizing the Borg & Gall paradigm, research and development is the research methodology. According to the feasibility test findings, the practicality test yielded 88.8% of teacher replies and 90% of student responses in the very feasible category, while the feasibility level reached 89.2% from material experts, 92.6% from media experts, and a very viable category. Field test findings indicate that users find the generated comics to be engaging and motivating for learning. Using the N gain score formula, determine how well the product affects students' critical thinking scores. The improvement criterion resulted in a gain score of 0.8 in the High category, with an average pretest score of 63.25 and an average posttest score of 92.2. According to research findings, using comic books that encourage critical thinking on the topic of substance changes as a teaching tool is a very realistic, useful, and successful way to enhance students' understanding of science courses in SD/MI and to highlight the importance of critical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon her introduction as the new Ms. Marvel in 2013, the Pakistani-American superhero Kamala Khan was celebrated, by audiences and critics alike, as a welcome addition to the world of superhero comics. Familiar superhero tropes and ethical dilemmas were given an added twist for Marvel's first Muslim protagonist as the teenage girl strives to reconcile her newfound powers with the moral authorities of her family and her faith. Many comics scholars reserved special praise for the nuanced and unobtrusive way in which the new Ms. Marvel introduces American readers to Muslim culture by following its eminently 'relatable' heroine on her search for moral guidance, whereas others were more sceptical of the extent to which the comic's representation of Muslims can be considered progress. This article probes this ambivalence by analysing the cultural authorities invoked in the first eleven issues of the series. Instead of resolving the critical disagreement, a close reading of Kamala Khan's implicit and explicit appeals to authority allows for a more complicated and richer understanding of the comic's, as well as its eponymous intersectional superheroine's, ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of the present research were to: (1) describe the scientific outputs indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, from now onWoS, regarding the use of comic books as didactic resources in the teaching-learning of the sciences, and; (2) establish the conceptual structure of scientific output regarding the use of comic books as didactic resources in the teaching-learning of science. A quantitative-bibliometric methodology was followed on a sample of 60 scientific documents recovered using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses strategy, from now on PRISMA. Findings suggest that the topic is still emerging given the novelty of the discipline and that published studies tend to be low impact in terms of the number of citations they receive. With regards to the conceptual structure, the most relevant themes and trends to emerge pertained to medical education, comic books and illustrations, and the use of mobile devices. Finally, analysis of the keywords used by the top 20 most relevant authors, it was possible to infer a degree of correspondence between sources, keywords and the continents responsible for the greatest scientific output on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culturas Midiáticas is the property of Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a contextualization of the didactic comic book Aguinha!! De Cabo Verde às Canári-as... e vice-versa. The comic book in question emerged as part of the institutional project financed by European funds, but at the plot level it hides any explicit affinities with Europe. For this reason, we chose to analyze the contents of the book in the transinsular order and to draw both on the concept of environ-mental education and on border thinking. It is also proposed to frame this comic book as a complementary, non-autonomous didactic material

This article discusses Super Bodies: Comic Book Illustration, Artistic Styles, and Narrative Impact by Jeffrey A.Brown (University of Texas Press, 2023). The book covers six modern artistic styles prevalent in American superhero comics, as well as providing background on the historical reception of comic book art. The review concludes that, while the text maybe less approachable for non-specialists, the book highlights a comparatively underexamined aspect of the field of Comics Studies and is a valuable resource.

This article will describe the long-time use of sound symbolic forms (including ideophones and interjections) in Italian Disney comic book publications, from the 1930s until recent times. This is achieved through the diachronic analysis of ∼4,700 entries coming from a corpus of sound symbolic forms as compiled by the author, taken from 210 Disney stories. Each of the entries was classified according to five different sound symbolic types based on the event, scenario, or situation they referred to. This analysis will provide an ideal chance to comment on several features exploited in the creation and use of sound symbolic forms and will be offered together with elucidations on a few under-researched areas within the linguistic study of sound symbolism. Quantitative data will be provided on (1) the lexical status of these forms, (2) their language of origin, and (3) the frequency of the five sound symbolic types. Additional commentary will also be offered on the various lexical and phonaesthetic experimentations featured in the comic strips. The results will be based on the comparison of the data coming from the corpus with existing research on these topics.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze literacy practices and representations in the comic books genre produced by undergraduates taking the Rural Education degree. The research is based on literacy theories and is situated in the applied field of language. This is a participatory research, with a qualitative-interpretative approach. The corpus consists of texts from six examples of the comic books genre, and (transcribed) excepts from three interviews conducted with research collaborators. Because this genre has a union of different language systems (verbal and non-verbal), the research revealed traces of literacy that students have in their life experiences. As the research collaborators come from different communities located in rural areas, they present diverse and peculiar literacy practices and representations.

”It Seems to Be a Complicated Question”: Humor as Strategy in Scandinavian Facts-of-Life-Books The aim of this article is to examine how a selection of Scandinavian children’s books, spanning from the 1970s up until today, have addressed questions concerning where children come from. Previous research has shown that various forms of humor have been used in the dissemination of information on intercourse and conception. In our article, we examine how and why humor is used when presenting adult sexuality in books for children. We consider humor to be a strategy to take the edge off a challenging topic. However, this strategy does not come without a cost. With the help of critical theory and humor theory, we problematize the strategic use of humor, as it may contribute to the reproduction of heteronormative notions and patterns. In the article, we map several recurring tactics, which we have categorized into five humoristic expressions: transgression of taboos, humorous recognition, absurd humor, naivistic humor, and anthropomorphic humor.

Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Etudes Americaines is the property of Editions Belin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This Dialogues contribution reviews the work Hshouma: Corps et Sexualité au Maroc (Hshouma: Body and Sexuality in Morocco) by Zainab Fasiki and includes an interview of the author. Hshouma is a graphic novel comic book that has received great acclaim for its direct confrontation of shame and taboos in Morocco. However, the book and the author have also received a lot of criticism for Fasiki's use of nudity and her secular approach. What follows is background of the author and discussion of the word hshouma, a review of the work, and a transcription of the May 2022 interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the adaptation of Alan Moore and Brian Bolland's graphic novel The Killing Joke. While the original graphic novel is heralded as a foundational text in the artform, audiences and critics alike were less enthusiastic about its adapted form as an animated film release in 2016. This study explores how shifts in medium can alter what rhetorical scholar Kenneth Burke terms frames of acceptance, or how audiences relate texts to their everyday lived experiences. I offer an analysis of both forms of The Killing Joke examining how the different mediums articulate specific frames for audiences to interpret. Ultimately, this article argues that certain mediums offer audiences more opportunity for self-reflection, which helps explain why some adaptations of graphic novels fail to satisfy audiences. This study offers scholars a new lens in which to research adaptations of graphic novels and comics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the earliest days, Irish characters have played a prominent role in American comics. The hero of Hogan's Alley, the first American comic strip to feature a speech balloon, was an Irish child named Mickey Dugan, a.k.a. "The Yellow Kid". Likewise, the star of Happy Hooligan, the first US comic strip to employ speech balloons on a regular basis, was Irish. Thus, not only are Irish characters important in the early history of American comics, their speech is too. The way that this was represented resembled existing portrayals in pop culture, involving respellings, non-standard grammar and lexical items deemed typical of the variety. While some of these continued to index Irishness in comics, others also emerged. Building on previous research, this study examines a corpus of American comics from numerous genres and publishing houses to offer the most comprehensive overview yet of Irish speech in the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Theoretical Educational Science / Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chris Claremont, primary author of the X-Men from 1975 to 1991, introduced Judaism into the X-Men metaphor, in large part by making the series' primary antagonist, Magneto, a Holocaust survivor working to prevent mutants from suffering the same plight. In 2003, Grant Morrison pushed Magneto back towards the origins of the character as a charismatic terrorist (later overruled by Claremont and others). The 2008 work X-Men: Magneto Testament rooted the character's history in the Holocaust. Through a deep reading of these texts, we use an analogy related to Maus author Art Spiegelman depicting the 'tug of war' between the vulgar and the genteel in comics. Magneto embodies this struggle–the trauma of the Holocaust and the desire for reprisal by its victims. The interplay between the vulgar and the genteel, told through Magneto as a cultural icon, opens up a space for thinking through the Holocaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2022, a first-year PhD student published his first peer-reviewed article in the journal Qualitative Research. Less than four months later, amid viral public outrage, that article, Karl Andersson's "I am not alone – we are all alone: Using masturbation as an ethnographic method in research on shota subculture in Japan," was removed from publication and formally retracted by the Journal Editors. This paper explores the controversy surrounding the so-called "masturbation article" and its relevance to the field of publishing studies. I begin with a general overview of the shota manga genre and its legal context and provide a factual short history of the affair. I then demonstrate what a good-faith positive peer review of Andersson's article may have included and critically assess Qualitative Research's Retraction Notice, alongside other published ethical complaints. I conclude by showing how both Andersson's article and the Japanese manga he studies have been censored for the same reasons, with troubling implications for freedom of speech in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of visual phraseological units in graphic literature is a common occurrence that has not received much attention from the scholarly community, having nonetheless been analysed in advertising and journalism. This lack of interest has been caused, at least partially, by the low esteem that academia has for this genre, which has undergone great development over the last few decades, growing both in complexity and in popularity among the reading public. Furthermore, this type of literature provides unmatched creative opportunities for authors and artists to explore different resources for multimodal communication, which also impacts the labour of translators and how the work, either in its original version or as a translation, is understood by readers. This article explores the use of visual phraseologisms in the series of children's graphic novels Dog Man to determine how visual phraseological units are used in the various volumes and to analyse how this practice affects the translation of a genre, including the added difficulty for translators of having to preserve the connection between text and picture as intended by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a contextualization of the didactic comic book Aguinha!! De Cabo Verde às Canárias... e vice-versa. The comic book in question emerged as part of the institutional project financed by European funds, but at the plot level it hides any explicit affinities with Europe. For this reason, we chose to analyze the contents of the book in the transinsular order and to draw both on the concept of environmental education and on border thinking. It is also proposed to frame this comic book as a complementary, non-autonomous didactic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines how Black girl narratives are finding and making space and place in the arena of comic books and television. With the rise in Black girl (super)hero protagonists on the comic book pages and adapted television shows, it is essential to explore the significance of their rising inclusion, visibility, and popularity and understand how they contribute to the discourse surrounding the next generation of heroes. Guided by an Afrofuturist, Black feminist, and intersectional framework, I discuss the progressive possibilities of popular media culture in depicting Black girlhood and adolescence. In Marvel Comics' "RiRi Williams/Ironheart", DC Comics' "Naomi McDuffie", and Boom! Studios' "Eve", these possibilities are evident. Blending aspects of adventure, fantasy, sci-fi, and STEM, each character offers fictional insight into the lived experiences of Black girl youth from historical, aesthetic, and expressive perspectives. Moreover, as talented and adventurous characters, their storylines, whether on the comic book pages or the television screen, reveal a necessary change to the landscape of popular media culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic libraries' graphic novel and comic book collections hold a wide appeal for both scholarly study and personal reading. Programming around these materials can attract diverse audiences to promote library services and resources in a distinctive way. Wichita State University Libraries hosted their first Halloween ComicFest in 2017 and it has grown into an annual event from the success of this initial endeavor. In this article, the authors discuss the challenges of planning and hosting a comic convention in an academic library as well as the potential benefits such events hold for both libraries and their patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The representation of superheroines in comic books and comic book movies tend to subscribe to the patriarchal logic of the male gaze, with male subjects looking at women as hypersexualized objects and corporeal spectacles. Black Widow is the most fiercely feminist offering in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to date, featuring young women resisting a powerful, rich, old, white male villain and fighting against his evil design to control the world. There are multiple refreshing developments in this "Phase Four" film from Marvel Studios. Drawing on feminist textual readings of superheroines' depictions in comics and cinema, this article (1) engages a shift away from the male gaze and its impact on the representation of strong female characters without the trappings of hypersexualization, and (2) suggests what films like Black Widow can offer regarding notions of what relationships constitute "family" in our society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Created in the 19th century as an “evolution” of cartoons, comics have occupied a kind of non-place in contemporary theoretical studies as they depend on multiple arts (drawing, script, final artwork, etc.). Consumed in Brazil mainly by youths, as a recent Pró-Livro’s survey (FAILLA, 2021) revels, comics end up approaching an equally marginalized academic field, children’s literature, whose epistemological obstacles have already been demonstrated by Rose (1988) and Hunt (2013). Aware of these issues, I propose, in this essay, to study what I call the “Marvel case”, in order both to point out the historical approximations between comics and literature, and to understand what specific aspects differentiate two Muslim female characters created by Marvel: whether Dust (Sooraya Qadir) exemplifies a case of “failure”, both for its rejection by the public and by critics, the teenager Kamala Khan is considered the biggest recent success of the company, yielding, to its creators, in addition to several awards, a television adaptation produced by Disney streaming. In addition to the fact that the arguments bequeathed by Said (1996) are fundamental to justify these differences, the new Ms. Marvel summarizes the identity assumptions studied by Hall (2003), Bhabha (2013) and Spivak (2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to understand the process of literacy and formation of readers from the perspective of the didactic transposition of classic literature into comic books for students in the 1st year of elementary school. We adopted a qualitative approach, of the research-action type, having as participants children from a kindergarten class. The activities related to the classic work "Os Miseráveis" (The Miserable's) allowed us to understand that the literacy process was well perceived during the activities. This process was significant for the children to expand their knowledge of the world. The research also showed that from the activities carried out in the reading of the literary work, most students are at a literacy level above what is expected for their age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Turkey's ruling party's (Justice and Development Party, the AKP) nation-building and desired citizen creation policies have been studied, its use of necropolitical narratives and propaganda in education has not been investigated. This paper addresses this gap by examining how the Turkish state ruled by the AKP has propagated its religious necropolitical narrative through the national curriculum and Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) in school textbooks, and magazines and comic books for children. The paper shows that these texts and comics try to indoctrinate children into a religious cult of martyrdom in different ways by encouraging them to view tragic death and getting killed for the nation as a positive event. This paper argues that these propaganda efforts are part of a religious necropolitical indoctrination campaign that seeks to create a new Islamist and jihadist generation of lifelong supporters of the AKP, which portrays itself in the educational texts as the embodiment of Islam, the Muslim Turkish nation and even the global Muslim community (ummah). This new religious generation is expected to believe that dying for the Islamist populist authoritarian regime is the greatest honour a person can bring upon themselves. This paper contributes to the necropolitics literature by showing that not only adults but also children have been targeted by authoritarian rulers' necropolitical propaganda attempts to create desired citizens who are ready to die for the regime, believing this is a religious obligation. Further research is needed to assess if and to what extent this propaganda has an impact on children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to examine how a selection of Scandinavian children's books, spanning from the 1970s up until today, have addressed questions concerning where children come from. Previous research has shown that various forms of humor have been used in the dissemination of information on intercourse and conception. In our article, we examine how and why humor is used when presenting adult sexuality in books for children. We consider humor to be a strategy to take the edge off a challenging topic. However, this strategy does not come without a cost. With the help of critical theory and humor theory, we problematize the strategic use of humor, as it may contribute to the reproduction of heteronormative notions and patterns. In the article, we map several recurring tactics, which we have categorized into five humoristic expressions: transgression of taboos, humorous recognition, absurd humor, naivistic humor, and anthropomorphic humor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging K-5 future citizen scientists is a challenge which balances effective outreach science and curriculum development, as well as in and out-ofclassroom experiences. Environmental education programs should be designed to both engage and inform the public on important conservation issues related to local biodiversity. Amphibians, especially salamanders, are experiencing worldwide declines, but are relatively overlooked by the public when compared with frogs and other more charismatic species. To this end, we developed a hellbender-focused, outreach-education coloring book, which was provided to either stream visitors as part of ongoing education programming or in classroom/summer camp settings, in two states where eastern hellbender salamanders occur. We assessed whether this coloring book activity engaged and informed K-5 level participants by performing a short, post-implementation survey. Results indicate that the hellbender coloring book was effective as an educational tool and provided an engaging experience for participants, while concomitantly teaching that moving rocks within streams can be potentially harmful for aquatic organisms, including larval hellbenders. We recommend conservation managers from state and federal agencies work closely with community educators to implement similar programs to inform the local general public on environmental programs using conservation themed coloring books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comic books are taking a new turn as a medium of learning. The combination of visual and verbal modes in comics is a rich source of meanings. They are arguably one of the contributors to why comic books are considered a form of reading material for the purpose of language learning. With this regard, the present study is looking into a comic book series targeted for young readers, entitled 'Little Dim Sum Warriors'. The overall aim of the study is to comprehend how the readers are likely to learn language with the comic. More specifically, the study addresses the details of the verbal-visual relation in LDSW and the prediction on how readers might be able to perceive the meaning-making process in LDSW. In doing so, the study analyzes the first two installments of the series in terms of the relationships between the verbal texts and visual images in terms of the ideational meanings. Data analysis is facilitated primarily using Royce's (1998) framework of ideational Intersemiotic Complementarity to map out and categorize any instances of visual-verbal relation in the data in terms of the instances of repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, and collocation. Through the analysis, the study found that the verbal-visual relations mostly fall into the categories of repetition and collocation, which further indicate that the repeated meaning in both verbal and visual aspects are found effective in learning language. Other relations, however, such as those that appeared as anonymy or synonymy, might require the attendance of teachers or parents to create a discussion with the young readers regarding the meaning-making process. The results of the study also implied some hints on how reading activities between parents and children may be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cataloguing single-issue comic books has been a challenge that has flustered librarians for nearly half a century. At one Mid-Atlantic public university's library, rapid growth of their trade comic book collection necessitated finding ways to make its contents more useful, usable, and accessible in the library catalogue. Familiar tags meant to increase the findability of these comics, such as pencillers, inkers, characters, and story arcs, were added to these records. The need for this project accelerated as the library began developing a collection of Black comic books, highlighted by characters such as Black Panther and Vixen and creators like Dwayne McDuffie and Ta-Nehisi Coates. This required an acknowledgement of the historically silenced contributions of members of the African diaspora and how things such as Library of Congress Subject Headings have ascribed normativity to white comic book characters and creators while tokenising the contributions of those from marginalised groups. This essay explores the technical and ethical challenges of demographic metadata using bibliographic and authority records. The aspiration of this project is increased access to the entire comic book collection, especially through socially-engaged metadata enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides support for the argument that horror media "works" by activating evolved cognitive and affective systems that are flexibly tailored to local socio-ecological contexts. Guided by previous work using evolutionary theory to study horror literature (e.g., Clasen 2012, 2018, 2019), I investigate horror manga's popularity and international market, which indicate a cross-cultural preoccupation with horror transmedia that is explicable in terms of the form's ability to target evolved psychological systems. Specifically, these multimodal texts elicit the evolved emotions of anxiety, fear, and disgust in response to culturally specific and evolutionarily relevant narratives, characters, antagonists, and environments. Thus, horror manga reflects the myths, folklore, and religious traditions of Japanese society in addition to salient ubiquitous evolutionary threats such as predators, antisocial conspecifics, and infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]