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This study uses a hybrid concept to propose an optimal textured surface morphology for enhancing water condensation. The natural phenomenon-inspired morphology, which combined different degrees of wettability presented on the surface, documented their advantage in water harvesting compared to untreated surfaces. These superiorities might be explained by the appropriate combination of nucleation and water-driven ability facilitated by the superhydrophobic surrounding area. The uniform condensed droplets are effectively agglomerated to achieve the critical size. The best combination was found on a superhydrophobic-hydrophilic hybrid sample that improved water collection efficiency by up to 50% compared to bare Al. Condensation performance also illustrated an interesting tendency that revealed the great contribution of wettability on hydrophilic dots and the water-driven ability of the high-hydrophobicity area. The results were supported by a theoretical model which predicts the critical volume of a single droplet before it has departed from the surface. The findings reveal a good level of agreement between theory and real-time measurement, demonstrating the potential of combinations of hybrid samples to induce water collection efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a hybrid concept to propose an optimal textured surface morphology for enhancing water condensation. The natural phenomenon-inspired morphology, which combined different degrees of wettability presented on the surface, documented their advantage in water harvesting compared to untreated surfaces. These superiorities might be explained by the appropriate combination of nucleation and water-driven ability facilitated by the superhydrophobic surrounding area. The uniform condensed droplets are effectively agglomerated to achieve the critical size. The best combination was found on a superhydrophobic-hydrophilic hybrid sample that improved water collection efficiency by up to 50% compared to bare Al. Condensation performance also illustrated an interesting tendency that revealed the great contribution of wettability on hydrophilic dots and the water-driven ability of the high-hydrophobicity area. The results were supported by a theoretical model which predicts the critical volume of a single droplet before it has departed from the surface. The findings reveal a good level of agreement between theory and real-time measurement, demonstrating the potential of combinations of hybrid samples to induce water collection efficiency.

Abstract Background Earthquakes and landslides pose significant threats to human safety and property, necessitating early warning systems. However, the high construction costs of earthquake early warning systems present a challenge. Purpose Landslide warnings are more prevalent, so linking them to earthquake warnings could address cost concerns. Hence, it is crucial to validate the feasibility of utilizing GNSS landslide monitoring as assistance for earthquake early warning systems. Methods This paper analyzes acceleration anomaly data from 31 GNSS landslide monitoring points near the epicenter of the May 2, 2023, MW = 5.2 Baoshan earthquake in Yunnan. The response time was determined as the time difference between an earthquake's occurrence and GNSS's acceleration anomalies. This calculation helps measure the time delay and sensitivity between these two events. Data were obtained from the geological disaster monitoring and early warning management system. Results GNSS landslide monitoring showed high sensitivity to nearby earthquakes. The fastest response time among the 31 data points was 8 seconds, while the slowest was 56 seconds, all falling within the one-minute mark. A linear correlation was found between acceleration anomaly response time and distance from the epicenter, indicating the feasibility of GNSS landslide monitoring-assisted earthquake monitoring. Conclusion A proposal is made for a GNSS landslide monitoring cluster to establish a multi-dimensional landslideearthquake disaster warning system. This approach offers new methods for combining earthquake and landslide early warning systems, leveraging existing infrastructure for cost-effectiveness and enhancing disaster preparedness.

Wheat is the most important crop and food in the feed consumption pattern. By reducing wheat loss in the harvesting stage, it is possible to significantly increase the production of this crop. Due to the acceptance of farmers in the use of straw collecting combines, the number of this type of combines is increasing, especially for harvesting wheat. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of spike density per unit area (340, 350 and 440) and the combine forward speed (1, 2 and 3 km/h) on the percentage of quality loss of wheat in harvesting with a straw collecting combine in Khorramabad city. In this research, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model and minimize the wheat quality loss. The results showed that process variable was statistically significant as quadratic regression model for response (p

Background: Earthquakes and landslides pose significant threats to human safety and property, necessitating early warning systems. However, the high construction costs of earthquake early warning systems present a challenge. Purpose: Landslide warnings are more prevalent, so linking them to earthquake warnings could address cost concerns. Hence, it is crucial to validate the feasibility of utilizing GNSS landslide monitoring as assistance for earthquake early warning systems. Methods: This paper analyzes acceleration anomaly data from 31 GNSS landslide monitoring points near the epicenter of the May 2, 2023, MW = 5.2 Baoshan earthquake in Yunnan. The response time was determined as the time difference between an earthquake's occurrence and GNSS's acceleration anomalies. This calculation helps measure the time delay and sensitivity between these two events. Data were obtained from the geological disaster monitoring and early warning management system. Results: GNSS landslide monitoring showed high sensitivity to nearby earthquakes. The fastest response time among the 31 data points was 8 seconds, while the slowest was 56 seconds, all falling within the one-minute mark. A linear correlation was found between acceleration anomaly response time and distance from the epicenter, indicating the feasibility of GNSS landslide monitoring-assisted earthquake monitoring. Conclusion: A proposal is made for a GNSS landslide monitoring cluster to establish a multi-dimensional landslideearthquake disaster warning system. This approach offers new methods for combining earthquake and landslide early warning systems, leveraging existing infrastructure for cost-effectiveness and enhancing disaster preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat is the most important crop and food in the feed consumption pattern. By reducing wheat loss in the harvesting stage, it is possible to significantly increase the production of this crop. Due to the acceptance of farmers in the use of straw collecting combines, the number of this type of combines is increasing, especially for harvesting wheat. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of spike density per unit area (340, 350 and 440) and the combine forward speed (1, 2 and 3 km/h) on the percentage of quality loss of wheat in harvesting with a straw collecting combine in Khorramabad city. In this research, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model and minimize the wheat quality loss. The results showed that process variable was statistically significant as quadratic regression model for response (p<0.01). The wheat quality loss is strongly influenced by the combine forward speed and the spike density per unit area. The lowest percentage of wheat quality loss (1.9%) was related to the speed of 1 km/h and the spike density of 340 spikes/m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper has presented the study results for the period of 2020–2022 to determine the effect of injury on the quality indicators of seed material in primary seed production of winter wheat varieties (‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Etyud’, Asket, ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Ambar’) during harvesting and post-harvest processing of seeds. There has been established that at different stages of technology in agricultural machines and grain cleaning equipment, during grain production, there was damage to the seed material. There have been identified certain types of injuries that most significantly worsen the sowing quality of seeds and reduce winter wheat productivity. The purpose of the study was to estimate the sowing seed qualities of winter bread wheat varieties of different maturity groups developed by the FSBSI «ARC «Donskoy» depending on their injury by the combine harvester and grain cleaning machines in the primary stages of seed production. The estimation of the quality of winter wheat seed material was carried out on the material obtained during winter wheat harvesting, such as manual threshing (control), threshing with the combine ‘Wintersteiger Classic’, after seed cleaning and sorting equipment VIM-1 «Selection» and Petkus K-531 «Gigant». When harvesting with the combine ‘Wintersteiger Classic’, two threshing modes were used: 1) recommended – 1500 rpm-1; 2) with a reduced speed of the threshing drum – 1000 rpm-1. There has been found that the highest level of seed injury was observed when threshing with a grain harvester (33–54 %). There has been determined that, depending on the type of the trial, the germination energy indicators varied from 89 to 98 %, and laboratory germination from 94 to 99 %. Caryopsis with damage in the embryo area had a high germination rate in laboratory conditions. With an increase in microtraumas, field germination has decreased by 4–17 % compared to the control. The maximum injury and reduction in field germination of seeds was observed in the varieties of the early maturing group. Post-harvest processing of seeds has led to an increase in the percentage of their injury by 1–6 %, regardless of the type of equipment used.

IntroductionThe harvesting stage is the most crucial phase in peanut production. In other words, one of the critical stages in producing this product is the harvest stage. Although it has its difficulties, this stage is associated with significant losses, which experts attribute to the high economic value of peanuts. In recent years, farmers in the Moghan Plain have also started considering this product due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. In 2020, this study investigated three methods of peanut harvesting in two stages: manual, tractor-mounted thresher (semi-mechanized), and harvesting with a pull-type combine. The first stage involves the complete removal of the plants from the soil, while the second stage involves drying and separating the peanut pod from the plant in Moghan.Methods and MaterialsThe experiment followed a split-plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The main plot consisted of soil moisture levels at harvest time, which were tested at three different levels: a1- 21%, a2- 18%, and a3- 15%. The sub-plot involved testing the separation of peanut pods from the plant using three different methods: b1- combine harvesting, b2- harvesting with a tractor-mounted thresher, and b3- manual harvesting. The study evaluated important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss (first and second-stage losses), actual field capacity, harvest time, and the number of required laborers. The results led to the identification of the best harvesting system.Results and DiscussionThe study revealed that the optimal soil moisture content for the initial stage of harvest was 18%. For most parameters, there was a significant difference observed among treatments at the 1% level. The pull-type combine method had the highest farm capacity with a maximum of 0.46 ha per hour, while the manual harvesting method had the lowest capacity with a minimum of 0.006 ha per hour. The total losses ranged between 5.95% and 10.58%, with the manual harvesting method exhibiting the lowest loss and the pull-type combine method showing the highest loss. Furthermore, the manual harvesting method required more labor compared to the other methods.ConclusionBased on the obtained results, it is recommended to use a pull-type combine for the early harvesting of peanuts and a manual method for obtaining high-quality peanuts in the Moghan region.

PURPOSETo evaluate the local efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of combined radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and multipronged ethanol ablation (EA) in the treatment of unfavorable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to determine the prognostic factors for survival.METHODSBetween August 2009 and December 2017, 98 patients with 110 unfavorable HCC nodules who underwent combined RFA and multipronged EA were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Unfavorable HCC was defined as a medium (3.1–5.0 cm) or large (5.1–7.0 cm) HCC nodule, a tumor located at a high-risk site, or a perivascular tumor. The treatment response, overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to evaluate the prognostic factors.RESULTSComplete ablation was obtained in 80.9% (89/110) of the tumors after initial treatment. Major complications were observed in 3 (3.1%) patients. The cumulative incidence of local tumor progression (LTP) was 23.5% at five years, and no variable was found to be an independent predictive factor for LTP. The five-year OS and RFS rates were 41.9% and 34.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the serum alpha-fetoprotein level, tumor size, presence of residual tumor after ablation, and extrahepatic metastases were significant prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.023, P = 0.030, P = 0.001, and P = 0.010, respectively). Tumor type and the number of tumors were predictive factors for RFS (P = 0.029 and P = 0.001, respectively). A perivascular tumor was not an independent predictive factor for OS or RFS.CONCLUSIONCombined RFA and multipronged EA is a safe and effective treatment for unfavorable HCC, especially for perivascular tumors.

A fascinating part of collage is the possibility of bringing together image fragments from very different contexts in a new creative whole. In the process, unfamiliar strands of association and interpretation emerge on the level of content. But before this happens, an interesting and complex process of perception and imagination takes place. This process can be seen as a basic prerequisite for collaging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The harvesting stage is the most crucial phase in peanut production. In other words, one of the critical stages in producing this product is the harvest stage. Although it has its difficulties, this stage is associated with significant losses, which experts attribute to the high economic value of peanuts. In recent years, farmers in the Moghan Plain have also started considering this product due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. In 2020, this study investigated three methods of peanut harvesting in two stages: manual, tractor-mounted thresher (semi-mechanized), and harvesting with a pull-type combine. The first stage involves the complete removal of the plants from the soil, while the second stage involves drying and separating the peanut pod from the plant in Moghan. Methods and Materials: The experiment followed a split-plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The main plot consisted of soil moisture levels at harvest time, which were tested at three different levels: a1- 21%, a2- 18%, and a3- 15%. The sub-plot involved testing the separation of peanut pods from the plant using three different methods: b1- combine harvesting, b2- harvesting with a tractor-mounted thresher, and b3- manual harvesting. The study evaluated important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss (first and second-stage losses), actual field capacity, harvest time, and the number of required laborers. The results led to the identification of the best harvesting system. Results and Discussion: The study revealed that the optimal soil moisture content for the initial stage of harvest was 18%. For most parameters, there was a significant difference observed among treatments at the 1% level. The pull-type combine method had the highest farm capacity with a maximum of 0.46 ha per hour, while the manual harvesting method had the lowest capacity with a minimum of 0.006 ha per hour. The total losses ranged between 5.95% and 10.58%, with the manual harvesting method exhibiting the lowest loss and the pull-type combine method showing the highest loss. Furthermore, the manual harvesting method required more labor compared to the other methods. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use a pull-type combine for the early harvesting of peanuts and a manual method for obtaining high-quality peanuts in the Moghan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Rauschenberg is not usually thought to have had much contact with Surrealism and even spoke openly about his disdain for the movement on some occasions. However, through the period 1958–69, the Surrealists showed great enthusiasm for the 'poetic', 'metaphorical' resonance of Rauschenberg's work, a positive response that has since largely been lost. In place of that history, the interpretation of Rauschenberg by John Cage as a 'literalist' or 'factualist' gained ground and even came to define the artist's œuvre in some quarters, a reading that Rauschenberg himself approved. Caught in the middle of these two versions of Rauschenberg are the largely untranslated texts of French poet, critic, and ex-Surrealist Alain Jouffroy (1928–2015), which form the substance of this article. Jouffroy pioneered the positive critical reception of Rauschenberg in France from 1961 while he continued to be influenced by his Surrealist past, to the point that his writings on Rauschenberg reveal consistent contradiction under close reading. The highest point of tension was reached across 1963–64 when Jouffroy wrote eulogistic poems devoted to Rauschenberg's massive silkscreen painting Barge (1962–63) and to Surrealism in L'Antichambre de la nature (1966, written in 1964), alongside key texts of art criticism on Rauschenberg. Culminating in an analysis of the silkscreen and poems, this article argues that while Jouffroy's writings seem ostensibly to further the Cagean interpretation of the artist, they are riven by an awkward dual loyalty that can be read in support of a 'poetic' 'Surrealist Rauschenberg'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPrior to the annual National Football League (NFL) Draft, the top college football prospects are evaluated by medical personnel from each team at the NFL Scouting Combine. On the basis of these evaluations, each athlete is assigned an orthopaedic grade from the medical staff of each club, which aims to predict the impact of an athlete's injury history on his ability to participate in the NFL.Purpose(1) To identify clinical predictors of signs, symptoms, and subsequent professional participation associated with football-related injuries identified at the NFL Combine and (2) to assess the methodological quality of the evidence currently published.Study designSystematic review; Level of evidence, 3.MethodsA systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We reviewed all studies that examined musculoskeletal injuries identified among athletes at the NFL Combine and associated outcomes. Data on signs, symptoms, and subsequent NFL participation were collected, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed.ResultsOverall, 32 studies, including 30 injury-specific studies, met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies analyzed data collected at the NFL Combine from 2009 and later. When compared with matched controls, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, superior labrum anterior-posterior repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, full-thickness chondral lesions of the knee, or Lisfranc injury played in significantly fewer games early in their NFL careers. Additionally, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, and navicular injury had decreased career lengths versus controls. Defensive players and linemen were found to have decreased participation in the NFL for several injuries, including prior meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and shoulder instability. Career length follow-up, measures of athletic participation, and matching criteria were highly variable among studies.ConclusionFor medical professionals caring for professional football athletes, this information can help guide orthopaedic grading of prospects at the NFL Combine and counseling of athletes on the potential impact of prior injuries on their professional careers. For future studies, improvements in study methodology will provide greater insight into the efficacy of current treatments and areas that require further understanding.

The Chinese nation has 5000 years of history and culture, carrying the historical development of various periods and has a broad and profound Chinese culture. As a part of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, the intangible cultural heritage is the key to improving the national cultural soft power and plays a decisive role in future cultural communication. The construction of 'Belt and Road' has provided a lot of opportunities for national development, and countries along the 'Belt and Road' have benefited a lot from it. National culture, as an important element, reflects the cultural level of a country. The study and protection of history and culture have shown the brilliant process of national development. In Xunhua and Hualong counties of Qinghai Province, long-honoured Salars gather, who inherit the traditional culture through oral transmission. Salar folk songs are one of the national intangible cultural heritages. They combine the elements of Tibetan, Han, Mongolian, and religious music. Salar music is diverse, rich in content, and unique, forming a unique charming culture. This article studies the display of cultural heritage elements in Salar music of Qinghai Province through the intangible cultural heritage perspective of 'Belt and Road'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, based on the Lagrange principle, the fundamental elements of the mechanics of continuous media with moving boundaries in relation to hydraulic drive systems of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters are developed, which allows to expand the field of research and modeling diagnostics of these systems. The elements of the theory, the method of calculation of nonstationary processes of one - dimensional motions of uncompressed liquid media with moving media boundaries in hydraulic channels of complex geometric shapes of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters are developed in the article. The analysis of methods of numerical solution of systems of ordinary differential equations with discontinuous coefficients is performed. It is shown that the Bless method is a more effective method of numerical solution of such systems of equations in the studied area. It is shown that for one-dimensional motions of uncompressed liquid media moving in the channel and bounded by moving boundaries, the calculation is reduced to solving the equation a a(x,t)ẍ= b(x, t)ẋ 2 + c(x, t). Here x = x (t) is the coordinate of the front or rear boundary of the liquid medium moving in the channel. It is shown that this equation is a generalized Bernoulli equation in the case of the motion of incompressible liquid media with moving boundaries. This equation is similar to the equation of motion of bodies with variable mass, and is convenient for use in CAD. The theory and method of calculation of processes of incomplete hydraulic shock arising at filling of liquid or gas-liquid environments of channels with local hydraulic support of difficult geometrical forms, for example, the centrifugal pump of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters are created.The method of engineering calculation is obtained, which allows to determine the coefficient ε of compression of the liquid jet and the value of ∆p̅ = (p1 - p0 )/p0 relative shock pressure increase with incomplete hydraulic impact on local hydraulic resistance of complex geometric shape of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters. Thus, the elements of the theory are created, as well as the method of calculating non-stationary processes of movement of uncompressed liquid media in the channels of complex geometric shapes of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters. The method is used in the calculation of the dynamics of the start of the ampouled hydraulic system of the drive of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters with minimum volumes of 1...10% of gas cavities for storage of the working fluid of the drive. The elements of the theory described above and the created calculation methods allow to expand the field of research of dynamic modes of operation of hydraulic systems of power drive of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters in the process of filling working fluid channels of hydraulic systems with branches and hydraulic supports. Their application has allowed to increase the accuracy and reliability of diagnosing real processes characteristic of hydraulic drive systems of hydrostatic transmissions of combine harvesters, especially in difficult conditions of their amputation

Engineering management of the technical condition of combine harvesters is mainly entrusted to the combine operator or service team, for which the greatest difficulty is related to information and intellectual aspects, which determine the high requirements for operator qualification, to the level of technical diagnostic tools. The solution of manually littlestudied and complex problems of technical diagnostics of combine harvesters encounters natural difficulties associated with the need for heuristic processing of large amounts of information and logical analysis of complex interconnected processes. The value of these factors is exacerbated by the rapidity of the harvesting process, the high risk of erroneous or delayed assessment of the technical condition of the combine, which leads to significant crop losses and does not allow to obtain a possible effect. Thus, ensuring high quality maintenance of the combine harvester largely depends on the professional competence of staff, which is a deep knowledge of the design of the machine and its subsystems: mechanical systems, hydraulics, electrical equipment

Phosphorus has been one of the most limiting factors in the nonrenewable natural resource to the food security in modern agriculture. The availability of phosphorus is reduced in coastal saline soil, due to the influence of pH value and salt. Biochar can be expected to serve as a coastal saline soil amendment for better soil properties. However, a new slow-release fertilizer, ammonium polyphosphate cannot be easy to be fixed in the soil. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the effects of ammonium polyphosphate combined with biochar and straw on the transformation characteristics of available phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus in the coastal saline soil. An indoor culture experiment was conducted. Five treatments were set as the blank (CK), ammonium polyphosphate (OA), ammonium polyphosphate with biochar (AB), ammonium polyphosphate with straw (AS), and ammonium polyphosphate with biochar and straw (ABS). The improved Hedley phosphorus grading method with a 100-mesh sieve was used to grind the soil in the different culture periods. A total of six inorganic phosphorus and forms content were obtained after continuous extraction, such as resin-exchanged phosphorus (Resin-P), NaHCO3-extracted phosphorus (NaHCO3-P), NaOH-extracted phosphorus (NaOH-P), 1mol/L HCl-extracted phosphorus (D. HCl-P), concentrated hydrochloric acid-extracted phosphorus (C. HCl-P), and residual phosphorus (Residue-P). The correlation was analyzed between the pH, available phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus forms. The results showed that: 1) The available phosphorus content of ammonium polyphosphate treatment significantly increased by 2.46-4.02 times (P<0.05), compared with the CK, during the incubation period. The ABS treatment significantly increased by 15.01% and 19.20% at the end of culture, compared with the AB and AS (P<0.05). 2) There were different trends in the content of Resin-P under different treatments with the prolongation of culture time. The OA and AB treatments showed an increasing trend, whereas, the AS and ABS treatments showed a decreasing trend. At the end of the culture, the content of Resin-P in the AS and ABS treatments was significantly lower than that in the OA treatment by 39.98% and 31.06%, respectively. The content of NaHCO3-P increased first and then decreased with time, reaching the maximum on the 28th day of culture. The maximum was found in the ABS treatment. The content of NaOH-P and D. HCl-P increased with the prolongation of culture time. The content of NaOH-P in the ABS treatment was significantly higher than that in the OA by 54.07% (P<0.05) at the end of the culture. The contents of C. HCl-P and Residue-P decreased as a whole. The contents of Residue-P in the AB and ABS treatments significantly increased by 34.01% and 26.12%, compared with the OA (P<0.05). 3) Phosphorus in the coastal saline soil mainly existed in the form of HCl-P and Residue-P, accounting for 88.60%-92.20%. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between different phosphorus forms and soil-available phosphorus were in the order of D. HCl-P> Resin-P> NaOH-P> NaHCO3-P> Residue-P>C. HCl-P. Except for the C. HCl-P, there was a significant positive correlation between other inorganic phosphorus forms. In summary, the ammonium polyphosphate combined with the biochar and straw (ABS) is superior to improve the effectiveness of phosphorus literacy in the coastal saline soil, while, the Resin-P and D. HCl-P contributed the most to the available phosphorus. This finding can provide an important theoretical reference for the phosphorus availability and utilization rate in coastal saline soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrations are dynamic phenomena occurring in elastic or quasi-elastic media after a local excitation and becoming manifested by propagating the excitation within the medium in the form of some elastic oscillations. Thus, depending on the phenomenon dynamics, there can be met vibrations with low variation frequencies, characteristic to the mechanical structures, structures in constructions and earthquake waves, as well as vibrations with high variation frequencies. The vibration measuring is performed on a straw cereal harvesting machine with an axial threshing apparatus ("CASE IH") in two conditions: in a stationary position and during work, by using transducers for each of the main working parts of the harvester: thresher, header (stripper), chassis and operator's chair. On the basis of the values of longitudinal, cross and vertical accelerations, measured at various frequencies in the two operating conditions of the harvester (at stationary and during work), the effect of the vibrations is established on each of these parts and, finally, cumulated, the vibrations sent to the operator's chair, the nomograms following to be traced and to be established the range with the limits up to which these are not dangerous for the operator's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-Cov-2 is the essential enzyme for maturation of functional proteins implicated in viral replication and transcription. The peculiarity of its specific cleavage site joint with its high degree of conservation among all coronaviruses promote it as an attractive target to develop broad-spectrum inhibitors, with high selectivity and tolerable safety profile. Herein is reported a combination of three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3-D QSAR) and comparative molecular binding energy (COMBINE) analysis to build robust and predictive ligand-based and structure-based statistical models, respectively. Models were trained on experimental binding poses of co-crystallized Mpro-inhibitors and validated on available literature data. By means of deep optimization both models' goodness and robustness reached final statistical values of r2/q2 values of 0.97/0.79 and 0.93/0.79 for the 3-D QSAR and COMBINE approaches respectively, and an overall predictiveness values of 0.68 and 0.57 for the SDEPPRED and AAEP metrics after application to a test set of 60 compounds covered by the training set applicability domain. Despite the different nature (ligand-based and structure-based) of the employed methods, their outcome fully converged. Furthermore, joint ligand- and structure-based structure–activity relationships were found in good agreement with nirmatrelvir chemical features properties, a novel oral Mpro-inhibitor that has recently received U.S. FDA emergency use authorization (EUA) for the oral treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infected patients. The obtained results will guide future rational design and/or virtual screening campaigns with the aim of discovering new potential anti-coronavirus lead candidates, minimizing both time and financial resources. Moreover, as most of calculation were performed through the well-established web portal 3d-qsar.com the results confirm the portal as a useful tool for drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture and plant cultivation has been and will continue to be a vital field of human activity, since the beginning of mankind, agriculture has been part of man's daily life. Man instead looked for methods, mechanisms and technologies to ease the work and capitalize on the biological potential of cultivated crops. As a result, this field, which is a science in and of itself, has had a constant need for advancement and knowledge. The transition from manual tools to modern, self-guiding machines and from manual grain harvesting to the creation of true mobile processing factories known as generic combine harvesters makes this technological advancement represent a true revolution of modern technologies, integrated in the most important activity sector of humanity, agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate clinical prediction supports the effective treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other psychiatric disorders. Traditional statistical techniques have identified patient characteristics associated with treatment outcomes. However, less work has focused on systematically leveraging these associations to create optimal predictive models. The current study demonstrates how machine learning can be used to predict clinical outcomes in people completing outpatient AUD treatment. Method: We used data from the COMBINE multisite clinical trial (n = 1383) to develop and test predictive models. We identified three priority prediction targets, including (1) heavy drinking during the first month of treatment, (2) heavy drinking during the last month of treatment, and (3) heavy drinking between weekly/bi‐weekly sessions. Models were generated using the random forest algorithm. We used "leave sites out" partitioning to externally validate the models in trial sites that were not included in the model training. Stratified model development was used to test for sex differences in the relative importance of predictive features. Results: Models predicting heavy alcohol use during the first and last months of treatment showed internal cross‐validation area under the curve (AUC) scores ranging from 0.67 to 0.74. AUC was comparable in the external validation using data from held‐out sites (AUC range = 0.69 to 0.72). The model predicting between‐session heavy drinking showed strong classification accuracy in internal cross‐validation (AUC = 0.89) and external test samples (AUC range = 0.80 to 0.87). Stratified analyses showed substantial sex differences in optimal feature sets. Conclusion: Machine learning techniques can predict alcohol treatment outcomes using routinely collected clinical data. This technique has the potential to greatly improve clinical prediction accuracy without requiring expensive or invasive assessment methods. More research is needed to understand how best to deploy these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machinery & Energetics is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a report on outcomes of the 10th Computational Modeling in Biology Network (COMBINE) meeting that was held in Heidelberg, Germany, in July of 2019. The annual event brings together researchers, biocurators and software engineers to present recent results and discuss future work in the area of standards for systems and synthetic biology. The COMBINE initiative coordinates the development of various community standards and formats for computational models in the life sciences. Over the past 10 years, COMBINE has brought together standard communities that have further developed and harmonized their standards for better interoperability of models and data. COMBINE 2019 was co-located with a stakeholder workshop of the European EU-STANDS4PM initiative that aims at harmonized data and model standardization for in silico models in the field of personalized medicine, as well as with the FAIRDOM PALs meeting to discuss findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) data sharing. This report briefly describes the work discussed in invited and contributed talks as well as during breakout sessions. It also highlights recent advancements in data, model, and annotation standardization efforts. Finally, this report concludes with some challenges and opportunities that this community will face during the next 10 years.

Community Readiness Model (CRM) through pragmatic mixed methods design, combining quantitative CRM survey with qualitative data, was used to assess the level of preparedness and readiness among local leaders, employers and community members in supporting working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. The study was conducted in one of the tea state farms in Kericho County of Kenya. A total of 17 purposively selected men (fathers), lactating mothers, peer educators, health professionals (doctors, nurses and nutritionists), tea plantation managers and grandmothers were interviewed. The CRM that has six different dimensions was applied to determine the stage of readiness to support working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. Community Readiness Score (CRS) was calculated descriptively as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Thematic analysis using NVIVO software was used to analyse qualitative data. We found that the mean (±SD) CRS was 7.3 (1.9), which corresponded to the third highest level of the nine stages or the 'stabilization' stage of community readiness. Dimensionally, the mean CRS was the highest (8.3 ± 1.9) for leadership followed by community efforts (7.5 ± 2.1), whereas the lowest CRS was observed for knowledge of efforts (6.6 ± 2.3) and availability of resources (6.6 ± 1.9). In conclusion, high level of readiness to support working women to combine work with breastfeeding with suboptimal knowledge of efforts and availability of resources was observed in the area. Future interventions should focus on enabling the community to feel more comfortable and creating detailed and refined knowledge on combining breastfeeding with work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Community Readiness Model (CRM) through pragmatic mixed methods design, combining quantitative CRM survey with qualitative data, was used to assess the level of preparedness and readiness among local leaders, employers and community members in supporting working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. The study was conducted in one of the tea state farms in Kericho County of Kenya. A total of 17 purposively selected men (fathers), lactating mothers, peer educators, health professionals (doctors, nurses and nutritionists), tea plantation managers and grandmothers were interviewed. The CRM that has six different dimensions was applied to determine the stage of readiness to support working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. Community Readiness Score (CRS) was calculated descriptively as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Thematic analysis using NVIVO software was used to analyse qualitative data. We found that the mean (±SD) CRS was 7.3 (1.9), which corresponded to the third highest level of the nine stages or the ‘stabilization’ stage of community readiness. Dimensionally, the mean CRS was the highest (8.3 ± 1.9) for leadership followed by community efforts (7.5 ± 2.1), whereas the lowest CRS was observed for knowledge of efforts (6.6 ± 2.3) and availability of resources (6.6 ± 1.9). In conclusion, high level of readiness to support working women to combine work with breastfeeding with suboptimal knowledge of efforts and availability of resources was observed in the area. Future interventions should focus on enabling the community to feel more comfortable and creating detailed and refined knowledge on combining breastfeeding with work.

The purpose of this study: the identification of the relationship between certain types of sport climbing in the Olympic discipline rock climbing "all-round" at boys 16-17 years old. Material and methods. The study was attended by 16 -17-year-old athletes, youth championships in 2017 in Innsbruck (Austria). Results of the analysis of 79 youngsters of climbers aged 16-17 years, representing 36 countries of the world. It was analyzed the results of the all-round, shown by the participants of the competition, and time passing the reference tracks on the speed. In the framework of the conducted research, protocols of competitions from all-rounders were analyzed, and to the points scored by each participant of the competition was added his time passing the route to speed. Results 1. Between results in certain types of rock climbing and all-round, reliable interrelationships were found between the results in the "Multiplayer" and "Difficulty" types (r = 0.69, p 0,05). Conclusion. For a high result in all-round competition, athletes who specialize in the disciplines "Difficulty" and "Bouldering" are more likely to have more chances, as the results in these disciplines are interrelated. For athletes who specialize in the "Speed" discipline, achieving a high score is a difficult task, since the results in the discipline "speed" are not related to the results in the disciplines "Difficulty" and "Bouldering" and do not significantly affect the outcome in all-round.

Combine has been well adopted by smallholders in lowlands of Cambodia and is contributing to the development of mechanized rice production for commercial purposes. Broken rice is a major issue for the commercial rice product, and fissured grain at harvest leads to broken rice and lowers head rice yield (HRY) during milling. Factors that determine grain fissures and broken rice were obtained from three studies: an on-farm study of fissured grain, a research station experiment of fissured grain and broken rice harvested at different ripening stages and a mill study of fissured and broken rice during drying and milling processes in Cambodia. There was significant variation in fissured rice percentage among 20 farms sampled, and the fissured grain was negatively correlated with grain moisture content at harvest. Time of harvesting was crucial, as delay in harvesting after 25 days after flowering (DAF) often resulted in lower grain moisture content and higher fissured grain, which subsequently reduced HRY. However, the optimum time of harvesting varied across four seasons for crops harvested manually or by combine. In some years, crops harvested at 35 DAF had rather low per cent fissured grain with subsequently high HRY, this may have been associated with slightly lower temperatures. The mill study showed that fissured grain developed during the drying, storage and milling processes. It is concluded that while grain moisture content at the time of harvest may be used as an indication of subsequent HRY, the latter was more strongly related to fissured grain at harvest.

The objective was to explore the value of serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) combined with N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in predicting the clinical prognosis of patients with acute heart failure (AHF). We prospectively observed 213 patients with AHF. CA125 (U/ml) and NT-proBNP (pg/ml) were dichotomised based on ROC curve analysised prognostic cutpoints, and a variable with four groups was formed (CA125 and NT-proBNP): C1 = CA125 < 47.6 and NT-proBNP <3790 (n = 100); C2 = CA125 < 47.6 and NT-proBNP ≥3790 (n = 29); C3 = CA125 ≥ 47.6 and NT-proBNP < 3790 (n = 26); C4 = CA125 ≥ 47.6 and NT-proBNP ≥3790 (n = 58). Kaplan–Meier curve was drawn and multivariate COX regression analysis was performed to analyse the prognostic efficacy of CA125 combined with NT-ProBNP in patients with AHF. The levels of CA125 and NT-proBNP in death group were obviously higher than those in non-death group [56.20 (45.70, 78.00) vs 31.10 (19.48, 47.68), p < 0.001; 5619.00 (2924.00, 10066.00) vs 2203.00 (1460.50, 5070.25), p < 0.001]. The ROC curve showed that the best cut-off values of CA125 and NT-proBNP for predicting the prognosis of AHF were 47.6 and 3790, respectively. Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that CA125 ≥ 47.6 and NT-proBNP ≥ 3790 were independent predictors of 1-year all-cause death in patients with AHF (HR = 3.05, 95%CI: 1.50–6.20, p = 0.002) and (HR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.19–4.61, p = 0.014). At 12 months, 55 deaths (25.8%) were identified. The cumulative rate of mortality was highest for patients in C4 (56.9%), intermediate for C2 and C3 (24.1% and 34.6%, respectively), and lowest for C1 (6.0%), and p-value for trend <0.05. After adjusting for established clinical risk factors, compared with C1: C2 (HR = 4.58, 95%CI: 1.53–13.77, p = 0.007), C3 (HR = 5.24, 95%CI: 1.85–14.82, p = 0.002), C4 (HR = 7.75, 95%CI: 3.09–19.45, p < 0.001). Elevated CA125 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with AHF, and combined with NT-proBNP can improve the efficiency of risk identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction One of the problems which considered in recent years for grain harvesting is loss of wheat during production until consumption and tenders the offers for prevention of its especially in harvesting times by combine harvesting machine. Grain harvesting combines are good examples of an operation where a compromise must be made. One would expect increased costs because of natural loss before harvesting, because of cutter bar loss, because of threshing loss, because of greater losses over the sieve and because of the reduced forward speed necessary to permit the through put material to feed passed the cylinder. The ability to recognize and evaluate compromise solutions and be able to predict the loosed grain is a valuable trait of the harvesting machine manager. By understanding the detailed operation of machines, be able to check their performance, and then arrive at adjustments or operating producers which produce the greatest economic return. Voicu et al. (2007) predicted the grain loss in cleaning part of the combine harvester by using the laboratory simulator based on dimensional analysis method. The obtained model was capable to predict the grain loss perfectly. Soleimani and Kasraei (2012) designed and developed a header simulator to optimize the combine header in rapeseed harvesting. Parameters of interest were: forward speed, cutter bar speed and reel index. The results showed that all the factors were significant in 5% probability. Also in the case of forward speed was 2 km h-1, cutter bar speed was 1400 rpm and reel index was 1.5, the grain loss had minimum quantity. The main purpose of this research was to develop an equation for predicting grain loss in combine header simulator. Modeling of the header grain loss was conducted using dimensional analysis approach. Effective factors on grain loss in combine header unit were: forward speed, reel speed and cutter bar height. Materials and Methods For studying the effective parameters on head loss in grain combine harvester, a header simulator with the following components was built in Biosystems Engineering Department of Shiraz University. Reel unit The reel size was 120 cm length and 100 cm diameter. This reel was removed from an old combine header and installed on a fixed bed. For changing the rotational speed of the reel, an electrical inverter (N50-007SF, Korea) was used. Cutter bar unit The cutter bar length was 120 cm. Knifes were installed on this section. Reciprocating motion was transmitted to the cutter bar through a slider crank attached to a variable speed electric motor (1.5kw, 1400 rpm, Poland). The motor was fixed on the bed. Feeder unit This section was consisted of a rail and a virtual ground. This ground was a tray that the wheat stems were staying on it manually. The rail was the path of virtual ground. Treatments consisted of three levels of rotational speed of reel (21, 25 and 30 rpm), three levels of forward speed of virtual ground (2, 3 and 4 km h-1), three levels of cutter bar height (15, 25 and 35 cm) and three replications. In other words, 81 tests were done. The basis of choosing levels of treatments was combine harvester manuals and driver’s experiences. The dependent variable (H.L) was calculated as below: (1) Where L.G is the mass of loss grains and H.G is the mass of harvested grains. Results and Discussion Generally results of ANOVA test showed that the cutter bar height, rotational speed of reel and forward speed had significant effect on head loss. Also interaction of rotational speed and forward speed, cutter bar height and forward speed had significant effect on head loss. These findings were based on Soleimani and Kasraei (2012) research. Therefore, the cutter bar height, rotational speed of reel and forward speed were three independent parameters on head loss as a dependent parameter. By results of laboratory data, the equation for predicting grain loss by header simulator was obtained. Conclusions The statistical results of F- test in 5% probability showed that there were no significant difference between measured and predicted amounts for laboratory data.

Background: One of the challenges in early‐stage clinical research aimed at developing novel treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is that the enrolled participants are heavy drinkers, but do not seek treatment for AUD. Aims: To compare nontreatment seekers with alcohol dependence (AD) from 4 human laboratory studies conducted at Brown University (N = 240; 65.4% male) to treatment seekers with AD from the multisite COMBINE study (N = 1,383; 69.1% male) across sociodemographic and alcohol‐related clinical variables and to evaluate whether the variables that significantly differentiate the 2 samples predict the 3 main COMBINE clinical outcomes: time to relapse, percent days abstinent (PDA), and good clinical outcome. Methods: Sample characteristics were assessed by parametric and nonparametric testing. Three regression models measured the association between the differing variables and the 3 main COMBINE clinical outcomes. Results: The nontreatment seekers, compared to the treatment seekers, were more ethnically diverse, less educated, single, and working part‐time or unemployed (p's < 0.05); they met fewer DSM‐IV AD criteria and had significantly lower scores on alcohol‐related scales (p's < 0.05); they were less likely to have a father with alcohol problems (p < 0.0001) and had a significantly earlier age of onset and longer duration of AD (p's < 0.05); they also had significantly more total drinks, drinks per drinking day, heavy drinking days (HDD), and lower PDA in the 30 days prior to baseline (p's < 0.0001 to <0.05). Having more HDD in the 30 days prior to baseline predicted all of the 3 COMBINE clinical outcomes. All the other characteristics mentioned above that differed significantly between the 2 groups predicted at least 1 of the 3 COMBINE clinical outcomes, except for level of education, age of onset, and duration of AD. Conclusions: The observed differences between groups should be considered in efforts across participant recruitment at different stages of the development of new treatments for AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on combining molecular therapies that increase survival motor neuron protein for spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is lacking.Methods: This was a retrospective study describing our centers' experiences in treating SMA1 patients with combination therapy.Results: Five children received nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi (onasemnogene). Four were receiving nusinersen prior to onasemnogene. Nusinersen was continued in three. Marked liver enzyme elevations resulted in prolonged corticosteroid treatment in two patients with hospitalization and liver biopsy in one; milder liver enzyme elevations were noted in the other two. One patient received onasemnogene first, and then nusinersen. No adverse effects were noted. All patients improved.Conclusions: Combination molecular therapy is tolerated in SMA1 patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether there are circumstances in which combination therapy would be more efficacious than either monotherapy. Prolonged corticosteroid use and liver toxicity monitoring may be necessary with onasemnogene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent research indicates some individuals who engage in heavy drinking following treatment for alcohol use disorder fare as well as those who abstain with respect to psychosocial functioning, employment, life satisfaction, and mental health. The current study evaluated whether these findings replicated in an independent sample and examined associations between recovery profiles and functioning up to 6 years later. Methods: Data were from the 3‐year and 7‐ to 9‐year follow‐ups of subsamples initially recruited for the COMBINE study (3‐year follow‐up: n = 694; 30.1% female, 21.0% non‐White; 7‐ to 9‐year follow‐up: n = 127; 38.9% female, 27.8% non‐White). Recovery at 3 years was defined by latent profile analyses including measures of health functioning, quality of life, employment, alcohol consumption, and cannabis and other drug use. Functioning at the 7‐ to 9‐year follow‐up was assessed using single items of self‐rated general health, hospitalizations, and alcohol consumption. Results: We identified 4 profiles at the 3‐year follow‐up: (i) low‐functioning frequent heavy drinkers (13.9%), (ii) low‐functioning infrequent heavy drinkers (15.8%), (iii) high‐functioning heavy drinkers (19.4%), and (iv) high‐functioning infrequent drinkers (50.9%). At the 7‐ to 9‐year follow‐up, the 2 high‐functioning profiles had the best self‐rated health, and the high‐functioning heavy drinking profile had significantly fewer hospitalizations than the low‐functioning frequent heavy drinking profile. Conclusions: Previous findings showing heterogeneity in recovery outcomes were replicated. Most treatment recipients functioned well for years after treatment, and a subset who achieved stable recovery engaged in heavy drinking and reported good health outcomes up to 9 years after treatment. Results question the long‐standing emphasis on drinking practices as a primary outcome, as well as abstinence as a recovery criterion in epidemiologic and treatment outcome research and among stakeholder groups and funding/regulatory agencies. Findings support an expanded recovery research agenda that considers drinking patterns, health, life satisfaction, and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Modifications were made to a conventional ear-snapper corn header to increase corn stover yield when a single-pass round baling system was integrated with a combine harvester. To collect more leaves and top portions of stalks, knives oriented parallel to the deck plates were added to shear crop material above the ear-snapper rolls. Stover yield was primarily altered by the number of knives on the header; and to a lesser extent by the fore-and-aft position of the knives and the header height. The number of knives on a 12-row header was varied from two to six in increments of two. Stover yield increased linearly with the number of knives, and dry basis stover yield ranged from 1.1 Mg ha-1 (no knives) to 3.6 Mg ha-1 (six knives) over the five years of data collected (2012 to 2016). Combine productivity decreased linearly and specific fuel consumption increased linearly with greater stover yield. Combine productivity declined by as much as 50% when six knives were used. Dry basis bale density decreased linearly with the number of knives because the dense cobs became a smaller fraction of the total bale mass. In three of the five years, bale moisture increased linearly with the number of knives; in those three years, bale moisture was typically greater than 30% (wet basis). Adding knives to the header increased single-pass stover yield but at considerable cost to combine harvester productivity, and aerobic bale conservation would be challenged by high bale moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directions for the development of diagnostics of domestic automotive and combine machinery are considered in the paper. The target analysis of the current situation was carried out, and perspective directions of agricultural engineering development were defined. Innovative methods and technology of continuous performance (remote diagnostics) and quality control of domestic automotive and agricultural machinery are presented. A distinctive feature of the method is periodically performed remote technical diagnostics and, as a result, early detection and prediction of defects and malfunctions, which contributes to the timely elimination of technical failures during motor maintenance, improving the reliability and efficiency of operation of automotive and combine machinery. The novelty of the proposed technology is remote diagnostics with the use of a continuous diagnostics system, which makes it possible to predict the malfunctioning behavior and recommend measures to change the properties of the exposed object. The system provides both the owner and the service company with information about upcoming events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of farmers in India especially in Vidarbha Maharashtra is decreasing due to the continuous loss in cultivation. Harvesting technique is one of the primary reasons behind losses. Manual harvesting is dreary and tedious. To overcome this issue harvesting machines are accessible yet these are substantial and costly. Since farmers with small lands have constrained utilization and furthermore harvesting is done hardly twice or thrice in a year, so it is difficult to afford expensive machines. So, there is a need to develop a small scale and cost-efficient harvesting machine which is affordable and also evacuates the issue of manual harvesting. In the proposed research work combined harvester is manufactured and tested for wheat and rice. The examination work is on the simplicity of harvesting operation to the small landholders for harvesting wheat and rice crops in minimum time and at a minimum operating cost in view of various factors. Experimentation results are compared with traditional manual harvesting and standard tractor harvesting with regarding different parameters. Manufactured harvester found adequate with respect to time, labor and operating cost for small farm farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-propelled combines enter plots without prior opening of roads. It is indicated, however, that, at the end of the plot from the access road, two to three furrows are initially harvested to allow the entry of the means of transport and other means necessary for harvesting. For the rational use of the means of transport, of the work of each combine independently, for better supervision and faster organization of technical assistance, it is recommended to use group work, with each combine on its work post. The width of the posts should be 0.15-0.25 L (L = plot length) so as to allow the combine to work at least one day on the same post. In low-length chains, the width should be higher reaching the same size as the length of the plot. In the case of grounded crops, the direction of the plants grounded should be taken into account to ensure the harvesting in both directions with minimal loss without useless movements. In the case of uneven maturation plots, the areas of plants that cannot be harvested can be delimited, entering combines in the field and harvesting only areas with mature plants. The main agri-technical requirements for the harvesting of grassy cereals are the following: the harvest shall be done in the optimum period, the grain losses shall not exceed 3%, and the purity of the grains shall be at least 97%. Exceptionally, if there are not enough combines, the harvest period can increase by 1-3 days after the full maturation phase and, after the end of this phase, properly adjusting the machines; because grains are heavier in the maturation phase, the loss in not threshed grains grow and, in the over-maturation phase, the straw crumble greatly, making the process of threshing, shaking and separation more difficult. In order to ensure maximum working capacity and minimum consumption of fuels, the combines should be adequately ensured with sufficient means of transport of harvested products. The number of means of transport should correlate according to the hourly productivity of the combines and the distance of transport of the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Nowadays, many studies were performed about noise source and its type and effects related to duration of sound emission. Most of these researches just report sound pressure level in frequency or time domain. These researches should be continued in order to find better absorber material in noise pollution. Use of fractal geometry is a new method in this filed. Wave fractal dimension value is a strong tool for diagnosis of signal instability and fractal analysis is a good method to finding sound signal characteristics. Therefore the aim of this study is on the fractal geometry of SAMPO 3065 combine harvester signals and determine the fractal dimension value of these signals in different operational conditions by Katz, Sevcik, Higuchi and MRBC methods. Materials and Methods In this research, sound signals of SAMPO 3065 harvester combine that were recorded by Maleki and Lashgari (2014), were analyzed. Engine speed (high and low), gear ratio (neutral, 1st, 2nd, 3rd gear), type of operation (traveling and harvesting) and microphone position (in and out of the cabin) were the main factors of this research. For determining signal fractal dimension value in time domain, wave shape supposed as a geometrical shape and for calculation of fractal dimension value of these signals, total area of wave shape was divided into boxes in 50, 100, 200 milliseconds with an interval 25 millisecond box. Then Fractal dimension value of these boxes was calculated by Katz, Sevcik, Higuchi and MRBC methods using MATLAB (2010a) software. SPSS (Ver.20) software was used for further analysis. Results and Discussion Results showed mean effects of engine speed, microphone position, gear ratio, type of operation, box length, calculation method and all of two way interaction effects were significant. Means of Fractal Dimension in the road and field position were 1.4 and 1.28 respectively. The Maximum growth ratio of fractal dimension value during engine speed levels was related to road position. By increasing of box length and number of data points in each box, the fractal dimension value was increased. Investigation of fractal dimension methods showed changes of box length did not affect fractal dimension value in Higuchi method and range of this factor while box length varied were 0.001, 0.171, 0.005 and 0.024 in Higuchi, Katz, MRBC and Sevcik method respectively. These results showed that Katz method has maximum sensitivity and MRBC method like Higuchi method had the minimum sensitivity by changing of box length. In this research fractal dimension value of SAMPO Combine signals in the time domain in different operation conditions were investigated by Katz, Sevcik, Higuchi and MRBC methods. These values varied from 1 to 1.5 in different conditions. Maximum fractal dimension value was 1.63 in case of no cabin by MRBC method. Increasing of box length or further the data point cause of increasing fractal dimension value with increasing of sound pressure level of combine due to increasing of engine speed and working of different parts of harvesting combine. Due to define of sound pressure level, and increasing of this item in each gear ratio ,this can be justify that in high engine speed, wave turbulent is higher than low speed and this turbulent appeared in fractal dimension value. Conclusions One of the important factors in the evaluation of the time series disturbance is fractal dimension. Therefore, the study of sound signals can be an effective role in this regard. Factors such as the cabin existence, gear type, engine speed and operational state of combining parts had a considerable role in distribution of combinimg sound signals and fractal dimention of these signals. For example cabin acts as a barrier in the sound wave and decrease the sound pressure level near driver ear and cause decrease fractal dimention of signals. The study of time series with different lengths have shown that the duration time of the calculation in various methods had a significant effect. Increasing the length of signals due to a higher number of signal data cause to increase calculation time of fractal dimension calculation, while the changes of fractal dimension in increasing of the number of data is minimum and negligible. Therefore, the choice of the appropriate length of the signal is important.

Standards are essential to the advancement of Systems and Synthetic Biology. COMBINE provides a formal body and a centralised platform to help develop and disseminate relevant standards and related resources. The regular special issue of the Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics aims to support the exchange, distribution and archiving of these standards by providing unified, easily citable access. This paper provides an overview of existing COMBINE standards and presents developments of the last year.