Search

Background: Lip investigations and characterizations in the literature are less prevalent than for skin, particularly on the topic of color diversity. However, as the consumer demand increases for a nude lip makeup result, that is, shades close to the bare lip color, the identification and modification of lip color is essential for the cosmetic industry. Objective: The objective was to highlight lip color diversity among three ethnicities (Caucasian, African and Hispanic), through the use of a spectral color measurement device especially adapted to the lip area, and to consider lip color ethnic specificities and overlaps. Materials and Methods: The inferior natural lip color was measured with a full‐face hyperspectral imaging system, SpectraFace (Newtone Technologies, Lyon, France), on 410 healthy women aged 19 to 68 (Caucasian French, Caucasian American, African American, and Hispanic American women). A hierarchical ascending classification, was deployed to determine clusters based on the lip colorimetric parameters along two strategies to identify the best statistical analysis to preserve the lip color diversity. Results: Lip color is a continuous color space, with great intra‐ethnic and inter‐ethnic diversity, especially for African American women in terms of chroma and lightness. Among the two strategies of data analysis, our two‐step statistical clustering analysis yielded 11 groups (i.e., 11 lip tones), revealing an accurate representation of the scope of diversity, but also of the overlaps. Conclusion: The 11 lip tones/colors could potentially serve as target shades for the development of a more diverse and inclusive range of lip cosmetics, such as nude lipsticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building façade colors play an important role in influencing urban imageability, attraction and citizens' experience. However, the relations between street functions and the building façade color distribution, color harmony and color diversity have not been thoroughly examined. We obtained the dominant colors of building façades in Changning District, Shanghai, utilizing Baidu street view images, image semantic segmentation technology and the K-means algorithm. The variations in building façades' dominant colors, color harmony and diversity across different types of functional streets were examined through logistic regression and ANOVA analyses. The results indicate that, compared to industrial streets, red hues are more common in science education streets, residential streets and mixed functional streets. Business streets are more likely to have hues of green, red and red–purple. Residential streets' saturation is overall higher than that of industrial streets. In business streets, the medium–high value occurs less frequently than other streets. Moreover, we found that the street building façade colors in industrial streets were more harmonious and less diversified than that in other functional streets. This study has implications for urban color planning practices. Color harmony and color diversity should be well considered in future planning. The role of street functions should also be addressed in building façade color planning, to improve existing planning frameworks as well as related strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial radiative cooling is an intriguing way to mitigate the accelerating cooling demands in the residential and commercial sectors by offering zero‐energy cooling. However, the ultra‐white or mirror‐like appearance of radiative coolers can be visually sterile and raise safety issues when applied to building facades and vehicles en masse. To overcome the fundamental trade‐off between color diversity and cooling performance, a radiatively integrated, conductively insulated material system is proposed that exploits thermal non‐equilibrium between colorants and thermal emitters. This allows such radiative coolers to be cooled below the ambient temperature at all times of the day while exhibiting any desired exterior color including black without using vacuum insulation. This work experimentally demonstrates that even black coolers, absorbing 646 W m−2 of solar power under AM1.5 conditions, cool down to a maximum of 6.9 K (average of 3.5 K) below the ambient temperature during the daytime. These systems can potentially be used in outdoor applications, especially in commercial buildings and residential houses, where carbon‐free thermal management is in high demand but diversity of colors is also important for visual appeal and comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Asian cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.), as a precious germplasm resource of cotton with insect resistance and stress tolerance, possesses a broad spectrum of phenotypic variation related to pigmentation. Flower color affects insect pollination and the ornamental value of plants. Studying flower color of Asian cotton varieties improves the rate of hybridization and thus enriches the diversity of germplasm resources. Meanwhile, it also impacts the development of the horticultural industry. Unfortunately, there is a clear lack of studies concerning intricate mechanisms of cotton flower-color differentiation. Hereby, we report an integrative approach utilizing transcriptome and metabolome concerning flower color variation in three Gossypium arboreum cultivars. Results A total of 215 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, including 83 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs). Colorless kaempferol was more abundant in white flowers, while gossypetin-fer showed specificity in white flowers. Quercetin and gossypetin were the main contributors to yellow petal formation. Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-(6''-Malonylglucoside) showed high accumulation levels in purple petals. Quercetin and gossypetin pigments also promoted purple flower coloration. Moreover, 8178 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing. The correlation results between total anthocyanins and DEGs were explored, indicating that 10 key structural genes and 29 transcription factors promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis and could be candidates for anthocyanin accumulation. Ultimately, we constructed co-expression networks of key DAFs and DEGs and demonstrated the interactions between specific metabolites and transcripts in different color flowers. Conclusion This study provides new insights into elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of cotton flower color and lays a potential foundation for generate cotton varieties with highly attractive flowers for pollinators.

The Crataegus genus has many species growing as wild that have positive effects on human health. The information about the phenotypic diversity of this species is rather inadequate. Phenotypic diversity among forty-four genotypes belonging to four Crataegus species (C. monogyna, C. orientalis, C. astrosanguinea, and C. meyeri) was determined based on morphological and physicochemical characteristics. Significant differences were observed among the species in terms of studied characteristics. Fruit weight ranges from 1.60 to 2.50 g for C. orientalis, 1.53 to 2.33 g for C. meyeri, 1.26 to 2.41 g for C. astrosanguinea, and 0.38 to 1.98 g for C. monogyna. The highest fruit length (15.19 mm) and width (17.58 mm) were determined in C. orientalis. The heights color values, L*, a*, and hueo values were highest in C. meyeri, while b* value was highest in C. monogyna and Chroma* was in C. orientalis. The highest TSS and pH were found in C. monogyna as 3.99% and 4.33%, respectively. TA was highest in C. monogyna with 1.83 mg L-1. Seed size ranged from 1.36 (C. monogyna) to 4.33 (C. orientalis), while seed weight ranged from 0.23 g to 0.45 g in C. mongyna and C. astrosanguinea, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between morphological characters. The principal component and clustering analyses revealed high phenotypic variety among and within the species, showing that the studied characters were useful for describing Crataegus species. The results provided valuable insights for morphological and colorimetric characterization of hawthorn species and their utilization.

Lagerstroemia indica has great economic value due to its ecological, medicinal, and ornamental properties. Because its bloom color is one of the most essential characteristics, research into its color development is a hot topic. In this study, five representative colored cultivars were chosen, each representing a different color, such as white, red, pink, violet, and purple. Fully bloomed flowers were used to detect flavonoids in the petals. Anthocyanin is the main factor for the color formation of L. indica. 14 anthocyanins were discovered among the 299 flavonoids. Among 14 anthocyanins, malvidin- 3,5-di-O-glucoside varied greatly among four colored samples and is the main contributor to color diversity. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that compared to white flowers, Anthocyanin pathway genes appear to be more active in colored samples. Analyzing the correlation network between metabolites and differential expressed genes, 53 key structural genes, and 24 TFs were detected that may play an essential role in the formation of color in L. indica flowers. Among these, the differential expression of F3'5'H and F3'H between all samples are contributors to color diversity. These findings lay the foundation for discovering the molecular mechanism of L. indica flower color diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asian cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.), as a precious germplasm resource of cotton with insect resistance and stress tolerance, possesses a broad spectrum of phenotypic variation related to pigmentation. Flower color affects insect pollination and the ornamental value of plants. Studying flower color of Asian cotton varieties improves the rate of hybridization and thus enriches the diversity of germplasm resources. Meanwhile, it also impacts the development of the horticultural industry. Unfortunately, there is a clear lack of studies concerning intricate mechanisms of cotton flower-color differentiation. Hereby, we report an integrative approach utilizing transcriptome and metabolome concerning flower color variation in three Gossypium arboreum cultivars. Results: A total of 215 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, including 83 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs). Colorless kaempferol was more abundant in white flowers, while gossypetin-fer showed specificity in white flowers. Quercetin and gossypetin were the main contributors to yellow petal formation. Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-(6''-Malonylglucoside) showed high accumulation levels in purple petals. Quercetin and gossypetin pigments also promoted purple flower coloration. Moreover, 8178 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing. The correlation results between total anthocyanins and DEGs were explored, indicating that 10 key structural genes and 29 transcription factors promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis and could be candidates for anthocyanin accumulation. Ultimately, we constructed co-expression networks of key DAFs and DEGs and demonstrated the interactions between specific metabolites and transcripts in different color flowers. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of cotton flower color and lays a potential foundation for generate cotton varieties with highly attractive flowers for pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Range & Desert Research is the property of Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • The color space of urban birds was reduced compared to non-urban species. • Urbanization influenced the homogenization of bird plumage color in China. • Urbanization altered the latitudinal gradients in avian colorfulness diversity. • We recommend urban design to consider how landscape changes affect animal coloration. Urbanization has altered natural landscapes and serves as an environmental filter that selects species with specific traits. Coloration is an important trait associated with biotic interactions and thermoregulation, enabling species' survival and reproductive success. However, few studies have focused on how species coloration changes in response to urbanization. Here, we used 547 passerine bird species from 42 cities and their corresponding non-urban communities in China to test whether urban species are darker and if they have duller plumage colors than their non-urban counterparts. Furthermore, we examined whether and how urbanization influences avian plumage color homogenization and the extent to which urbanization has altered the strength of the color–latitude geographic pattern in passerine birds across China. We found a 3.2% loss in the coloration space of birds after urbanization, although there were no significant differences in the individual dimensions of colorfulness and lightness between urban and non-urban birds. Avian communities in cities exhibited more plumage color homogenization than those in non-urban communities. There were significant latitudinal gradients in plumage colorfulness and lightness in non-urban communities, but these correlations were weaker in urban communities. Non-urban communities that were more colorful and lighter tended to be duller and darker in urban environments, and vice versa. Our results provide national-scale evidence that urbanization has led to reduced color diversity, increased color-based community similarity, and altered geographic patterns of avian plumage color gradients in China. These findings provide new insights into how rapid human-induced environmental changes have affected animal coloration during the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia japonica petals are colorful, rich in anthocyanins, and possess important ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. However, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in C. japonica is still unclear. In this study, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was conducted in five C. japonica cultivars with different petal colors. Overall, a total of 187 flavonoids were identified (including 25 anthocyanins), and 11 anthocyanins were markedly differentially accumulated among these petals, contributing to the different petal colors in C. japonica. Moreover, cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl) glucoside was confirmed as the main contributor to the red petal phenotype, while cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were responsible for the deep coloration of the C. japonica petals. Furthermore, a total of 12,531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and overlapping DEGs (634 DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The candidate genes regulating anthocyanin accumulation in the C. japonica petals were identified and included 37 structural genes (especially CjANS and Cj4CL), 18 keys differentially expressed transcription factors (such as GATA, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC), and 16 other regulators (mainly including transporter proteins, zinc-finger proteins, and others). Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in C. japonica petal color expression.

Camellia japonica petals are colorful, rich in anthocyanins, and possess important ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. However, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in C. japonica is still unclear. In this study, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was conducted in five C. japonica cultivars with different petal colors. Overall, a total of 187 flavonoids were identified (including 25 anthocyanins), and 11 anthocyanins were markedly differentially accumulated among these petals, contributing to the different petal colors in C. japonica. Moreover, cyanidin-3- O- (6″- O- malonyl) glucoside was confirmed as the main contributor to the red petal phenotype, while cyanidin-3- O- rutinoside, peonidin-3- O- glucoside, cyanidin-3- O- glucoside, and pelargonidin-3- O- glucoside were responsible for the deep coloration of the C. japonica petals. Furthermore, a total of 12,531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and overlapping DEGs (634 DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The candidate genes regulating anthocyanin accumulation in the C. japonica petals were identified and included 37 structural genes (especially CjANS and Cj4CL), 18 keys differentially expressed transcription factors (such as GATA , MYB , bHLH , WRKY , and NAC), and 16 other regulators (mainly including transporter proteins, zinc-finger proteins, and others). Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in C. japonica petal color expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a general framework to study the relationship between the price of a painting and its color‐related attributes. To this end we focus on four key aspects: dominant colors, features of the color palette, color harmony, and color emotions. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach with an example based on Mark Rothko's post‐1950 paintings (the "rectangular" series), and auction data from the 1994 to 2018 period. We identify two distinct price‐color regimes in Rothko's market: (a) [1994‐2005], a period in which prices are explained mainly by the growing popularity of the artist regardless of the color attributes of the paintings sold; and (b) [2006‐2018], a period in which color‐related attributes explain most of the prices. Furthermore, we find that in this second period, the dominant colors and the diversity of the color palette, are by far the most relevant attributes that influence the price; color harmony and color emotions hold almost no explanatory power during this period. Finally, we propose a new metric based on the Herfindahl Index to describe color diversity; this metric seems to be promising at characterizing the effect of the color palette on the price of a painting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Business Administration (1025-9627) is the property of National Taipei University, Department of Business Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To identify surface properties independently of the illumination the visual system must make assumptions about the statistics of scenes and their illumination. Are assumptions about the intensity of the illumination independent of assumptions about its chromaticity? To find out, we asked participants to judge whether test patches within three different sets of surrounding surfaces were white or grey. Two sets were matched in terms of their maximal luminance, their mean luminance and chromaticity, and the variability in their luminance and chromaticity, but differed in how luminance and chromaticity were associated: the highest luminance was either associated with colorful surfaces or with achromatic ones. We found that test patches had to have a higher luminance to appear white when the highest luminance in the surrounding was associated with colorful surfaces. This makes sense if one considers that being colorful implies that a surface only reflects part of the light that falls on it, meaning that the illumination must have a higher luminance (a perfectly white surface reflects all of the light falling on it). In the third set, the colorful surfaces had the same luminance as in the set in which they were associated with the highest luminance, but the achromatic surfaces had a lower luminance so that the overall mean luminance was lower. Despite the constraints on the illumination being identical, test patches did not have to have as high luminance to appear white for the third set. Considering the layout of the surfaces in the surrounding revealed that test patches did have to have the same high luminance if the high luminance colorful surfaces were adjacent to the target patch. Thus, the assumptions about the possible illumination are applied locally. A possible mechanism is relying on the contrast within each type of cone: for a surface to appear white it must stimulate each of the three kinds of cones substantially more than do any neighboring surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonality is a typical characteristic of Beijing's regional vegetation, and plant color is one of the most prominent visual factors of vegetation dynamic. In this research, we explored the composition and dynamic characteristics of plant color in Beijing's urban vegetation, involving the analysis of overall characteristics and respective features of leaf, flower, and fruit colors. Color data was collected from 177 woody plant species in Beijing Botanical Garden, spanning their annual life cycle, and identified with the colorimetry of the Natural Color System (NCS). Correlation and regression analyses were applied to reveal the temporal dynamic features of overall plant color richness. Cluster analysis was applied to categorize tree species based on typical colors of various plant organs. Color richness and color dispersion were introduced as two factors to measure color diversity of various tree species, applied in species evaluation by sorting and principal component analysis (PCA). Color dispersion of three‐dimensional NCS data was measured with a modified SD based on the calculation of mean spatial distance in the NCS space. Main results are as follows. The first part is plant color composition. The composition of all plant colors contains 862 NCS color species, 20 blackness species ranging from 3 to 90, 20 chromaticness species ranging from 0 to 90, 35 hue species ranging from G10Y‐B90G, and N. The second part is temporal dynamic of overall color richness. Leaf color richness and total color richness are significantly positively correlated with pentad (5‐day) sequence; flower color richness is significantly negatively correlated with pentad sequence; and fruit color richness first increases and then decreases over time. The third part is cluster analysis of tree species. Based on typical growing‐leaf color, various tree species were clustered into 6 categories; based on typical senescent‐leaf color, various tree species were clustered into 6 categories; based on typical flower color, various tree species were clustered into 15 categories; based on typical fruit color, various tree species were clustered into 7 categories. The fourth part is color diversity evaluation of various tree species with PCA. According to the PCA of flower‐leaf color diversity, the species with higher leaf color diversity and higher flower color diversity include Cotinus coggygria, Lagerstroemia indica, and Amygdalus triloba; the species with higher flower color diversity and lower leaf color diversity include Campsis radicans and Tamarix chinensis; the species with higher leaf color diversity and lower flower color diversity include Acer ginnala and Crataegus pinnatifida; the species with lower color diversity both for flower and leaf colors include Fontanesia fortune and Gleditsia sinensis. According to the PCA of leaf color diversity, the species with higher leaf color diversity in both leaf growth period and leaf senescence period include Diospyros kaki, Lagerstroemia indica and Paeonia suffruticosa; the species with higher leaf color diversity in leaf growth period and lower leaf color diversity in leaf senescence period include Amygdalus persica 'Atropurpurea' and Prunus virginiana 'Canada Red'; the species with higher leaf color diversity in leaf senescent period and lower color diversity in leaf growth period include Quercus palustris, Armeniaca sibirica, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides; the species with lower leaf color diversity for the whole leaf development period include Gleditsia sinensis and Swida walteri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits of kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa) generally have green or yellow flesh when ripe. A small number of genotypes have red flesh but this coloration is usually restricted to the inner pericarp. Three kiwifruit cultivars having red (‘Hongyang’), or yellow (‘Jinnong-2’), or green (‘Hayward’) flesh were investigated for their color characteristics and pigment contents during development and ripening. The results show the yellow of the ‘Jinnong-2’ fruit is due to the combined effects of chlorophyll degradation and of beta-carotene accumulation. The red inner pericarps of ‘Hongyang’ fruit are due to anthocyanin accumulation. Expression differences of the pathway genes in the inner pericarps of the three different kiwifruits suggest that stay-green (SGR) controls the degradation of chlorophylls, while lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-β) controls the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. The abundance of anthocyanin in the inner pericarps of the ‘Hongyang’ fruit is the results of high expressions of UDP flavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGT). At the same time, expressions of anthocyanin transcription factors show that AcMYBF110 expression parallels changes in anthocyanin concentration, so seems to be a key R2R3 MYB, regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, transient color assays reveal that AcMYBF110 can autonomously induce anthocyanin accumulation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves by activating the transcription of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (NtDFR), anthocyanidin synthase (NtANS) and NtUFGT. For basic helix-loop-helix proteins (bHLHs) and WD-repeat proteins (WD40s), expression differences show these may depend on AcMYBF110 forming a MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, instead of it having a direct involvement.

To overcome inherent limitations in perceptual bandwidth, many aspects of the visual world are represented as summary statistics (e.g., average size, orientation, or density of objects). Here, we investigated the relationship between summary (ensemble) statistics and visual attention. Recently, it was claimed that one ensemble statistic in particular, color diversity, can be perceived without focal attention. However, a broader debate exists over the attentional requirements of conscious perception, and it is possible that some form of attention is necessary for ensemble perception. To test this idea, we employed a modified inattentional blindness paradigm and found that multiple types of summary statistics (color and size) often go unnoticed without attention. In addition, we found attentional costs in dual-task situations, further implicating a role for attention in statistical perception. Overall, we conclude that while visual ensembles may be processed efficiently, some amount of attention is necessary for conscious perception of ensemble statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flesh color were compared between two yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars. • 'Jinshi 1′ has stronger yellow flesh color than 'Hort16A'. • 'Jinshi 1′ has higher carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio. • β-cryptoxanthin is specific detected in 'Jinshi 1′. To identify the biochemical and molecular factors causing flesh-color variation between two yellow-flesh kiwifruit cultivars 'Jinshi 1′ and 'Jinyan', the composition of carotenoids and chlorophyll, and associated gene expression profile in their pulp were investigated during fruit development. At harvest, 'Jinshi 1′ exhibited brighter yellow flesh than 'Hort16A' with a lower color hue angle, although they had a similar total carotenoid content. At the molecular level, 'Jinshi 1′ exhibited higher expression level of chlorophyll catabolic genes (CBR , PPH , and PAO), leading to lower accumulation of chlorophyll in the flesh. Meanwhile, higher expression levels of NCED1 resulted in greater carotenoid degradation in 'Hort16A'. In addition, 'Hort16A' had a higher content of lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene, whereas 'Jinshi 1′ had specific β-cryptoxanthin on ripening, accordingly, the expression of CHYB1, which encodes the enzyme for the formation of zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, was higher during the last developmental stage in 'Jinshi 1′ than in 'Hort16A'. These results suggested that the higher carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, as well as the higher β-cryptoxanthin proportion are the important reasons for the brighter yellow flesh color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]