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Backgrounds: This study aimed to compare the effects of different energy drinks on the surface roughness, weight loss, and color change of various bioactive restorative materials. Methods: Charisma Diamond One, Activa™ BioActive Restorative, Activa™ Presto™ and Equia Forte HT Fil samples were prepared using plastic molds (8 × 2 mm) (n = 10/groups). After polishing, the samples were weighed, their colors were recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIEDE2000 system, and their surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. The samples were immersed in Powerade, Burn, Monster and distilled water for 7 days. After immersion, all the measurements were repeated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann‒Whitney U test (p < 0.05). Results: All energy drinks roughened the surface of Equia Forte HT Fil (p < 0.05). Powerade and Monster increased the Ra of all materials after 7 days (p < 0.05). Burns affected all materials except the Activa Bioactive (p < 0.05). Significant weight loss was observed in the Equia Forte group after immersion in all the energy drinks, whereas no weight loss was observed in the other groups. According to the color measurements, ΔE00 values were greater in the Burn and Monster groups, except for the Equia Forte HT Fil group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Energy drinks affected bioactive materials to varying degrees. The glass hybrid material was the most affected, and the bioactive restorative materials based on the resin matrix were the least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients tend to favor the whitening mouthwashes as they are easily applied and affordable. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide versus charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes on color, surface roughness, and color stability of enamel. In the current study, the whitening mouthwashes used have the ability to stop future stains due to their white seal technology. Methods: A total of 21 permanent central incisor teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used in the present study. Teeth roots were sectioned and crowns were mounted in self-cured acrylic resin blocks. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) according to the tested whitening mouthwash: Control group ‟ DW" (Distilled water), ‟OW" group: Peroxide-based mouthwash (Colgate Optic White) and ‟CP" group: Charcoal-based mouthwash (Colgate® Plax Charcoal). Regarding ‟OW" and ‟CP" groups, the specimens were immersed in 20 ml of the tested mouthwash in each corresponding group for 1 min twice daily (morning and evening) for a total of 12 uninterrupted weeks. Color change was assessed using VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer and surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a white light interferometer. The specimens were stained using black tea solution and color was measured after 24 h of immersion for assessment of color stability. Results: Color change results revealed that both whitening mouthwashes were able to restore color comparable to the control group with no significant difference between them. Regarding surface roughness, the control group showed the highest mean Ra value, followed by ‟OW" group while ‟CP" group showed the lowest mean Ra value. While color stability after staining, the control group showed a significantly higher value than the ‟CP" and ‟OW" groups. Conclusion: Hydrogen peroxide and charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes improve the color of enamel with no adverse effect on the surface roughness. Both whitening mouthwashes were beneficial to maintain the color after staining and prevent future enamel stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was aimed to obtain an experimental bleaching agent by adding casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) in order to eliminate the mineral loss on the tooth surface after bleaching and to evaluate the bleaching effectiveness. Materials and Methods: In this study, experimental bleaching agents containing 1%, 3% CPP‐ACP and without CPP‐ACP were obtained. Bleaching effectiveness (color change), the effect of bleaching agents on mineral content (energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscope), and surface hardness of enamel (Vicker's microhardness) before and after bleaching were evaluated. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: When the bleaching levels of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP‐ACP groups (p > 0.05) while the addition of 3% CPP‐ACP decreased significantly the effectiveness of the bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the effects of experimental bleaching agents on surface hardness were examined, while the enamel surface hardness decreased statistically significantly after application in the control group (p < 0.05), no statistically significant change was observed in surface hardness after the application of 1% CPP‐ACP containing bleaching agent (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant increase was observed in surface hardness after the application of 3% CPP‐ACP containing bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the Ca and P ratio of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP‐ACP groups (p > 0.05), while they increased significantly in 3% CPP‐ACP group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of 1% CPP‐ACP to the bleaching agent had positive effects on the mineral content and surface hardness of the enamel, and did not negatively affect the whitening effectiveness. Clinical Significance: Adding CPP‐ACP to the bleaching agent at appropriate concentrations can eliminate possible negative effects without compromising the effectiveness of the bleaching agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the impact of three different chemical denture cleansers (CDCs) (Corega, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide) on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of 3D‐printed, computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) milled, and heat‐polymerized denture base material (DBM). Materials and Methods: A total of 420 disc‐shaped specimens (10 ± 0.1 × 2 ±0.1 mm) were fabricated using three different construction techniques: three‐dimensional (3D) printing (n = 140), CAD‐CAM milling (n = 140), and heat‐polymerization (n = 140). Sixty specimens (20 of each DBM) were used for baseline (pre‐immersion) measurements (T1) for the tested surface properties (hardness [n = 10/material] and roughness [n = 10/material]). The remaining 360 specimens (n = 120/material) were investigated for surface roughness, microhardness, and color change after immersion for 1 year (T2) in distilled water or CDCs (n = 30/solution and n = 10/test). The data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA, one‐way ANOVA followed by post‐hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed in the effects of the tested CDCs on the surface roughness, micro‐hardness, and color stability of varying DBM specimens (p < 0.05). Corega showed the highest surface roughness and color change in all DBMs while H2O2 resulted in the lowest microhardness for all DBMs. The lowest changes in all tested properties were seen with distilled water followed by chlorhexidine. A significant effect of type of cleanser, denture base material, and the interaction between the two was seen on all measured properties (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The tested CDCs significantly affected the surface properties of all DBMs but at varying degrees. Corega produced the highest negative effect on roughness and color change while H2O2 dramatically affected the microhardness. Prolonged use of CDCs should be cautiously followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Esthetic orthodontic wires are preferred for their ease to fit in with natural tooth color, but their susceptibility to staining in the oral environment poses a concern. Various Coatings such as Teflon and Epoxy aim to enhance appearance and biocompatibility but may still result in discoloration. Understanding the color stability of these wires under different staining conditions is crucial for a better and enhanced treatment plan. This study intended to assess the color stability of esthetic orthodontic wires under various staining solutions that are often used in daily life. Color changes of Teflon and Epoxy-coated esthetic orthodontic wires were meticulously measured at baseline, 7, 14, and 21-day intervals utilizing the precise CIE Lab* color measurement system. A total of thirty-two samples of wires from each brand were prepared (n= 8/group) and immersed in staining solutions (coffee, tea, cola, and saffron). The color change within and between the groups was statistically evaluated (p< 0.05). Significant variations in color stability were observed across different staining solutions. Saffron emerged as the most potent agent, inducing the most pronounced color changes, whereas cola demonstrated the least impact. Furthermore, Epoxy-coated wires consistently exhibited superior color stability compared to their Teflon-coated counterparts across all staining solutions and time intervals. This study underlines the significance for orthodontists to consider staining agents’ possible effects on orthodontic wires into account when selecting the orthodontic wires. The findings suggest that Epoxy-coated wires hold promise in mitigating discoloration issues during orthodontic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of air heat treatment were evaluated on six Korean oak woods: Quercus serrata (Qs), Quercus mongolica (Qm), Quercus acutissima (Qac), Quercus aliena (Qal), Quercus dentata (Qd), and Quercus variabilis (Qv). Color change (ΔE*), weight loss, and density loss were examined using flat-sawn heartwood boards before and after treatment at 160 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃, and 220 ℃ for 2 h. Overall, the ΔE*, weight loss, and density loss increased with temperature. The properties between temperature and species showed distinct differences. A change to a darker color was observed in all species after treatment at 200 ℃. Qm and Qd exhibited the highest and lowest L*, a*, and b* values after treatment at 220 ℃, respectively. The highest ΔE* values were obtained in Qd at 160 ℃, Qs at 180 ℃ and 200 ℃, and Qv at 220 ℃. Qd and Qv exhibited the highest and lowest weight losses at 160 ℃, respectively. Qac and Qal showed the highest and lowest weight losses at 220 ℃, respectively. Qm showed the highest density loss at all temperatures, whereas Qs had the lowest at 160 ℃, and Qac had the lowest values at 180 ℃, 200 ℃, and 220 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate some characteristics of thermally treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens such as air-dried density, color change, average surface roughness, and sound absorption capacity. Heat treatment of Scots pine wood was performed at atmospheric pressure at 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C for 2 h. As a result, the air-dried density values of the thermally treated wood decreased as the temperature of the thermal treatment increased. With the increase of thermal treatment temperature, an increase in total color change values was detected on the surfaces of the samples and the color of the samples became darker. The average surface roughness (Ra) value of samples improved due to thermal treatment conditions and the highest value was determined in thermally treated samples at 200 °C as 3.59 µm. At 140 °C the value of maximum sound absorption coefficient was observed to be 0.48 at 2500 Hz and the highest sound transmission loss value, which was 36.7 dB, was measured at 6300 Hz and at 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color-changing effect of tannin, which is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material used in wood preservation, was studied on varnished and un-varnished wood samples. For this purpose, walnut tannin was applied on samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood in accordance with ISO 3129 (2019) standard with a brush, and then samples were coated with polyurethane varnish and water-based varnish according to ASTM D3023-98 (2017) principles. Color changes were determined according to ASTM D2244-21 (2021). The obtained data indicated that the highest value in the red color tone (a*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+polyurethane varnish (PU) (14.4) and the lowest was in Scots pine+control+unvarnished (Uvr) (6.5). The highest value for the yellow color tone (b*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+PU (34.1), the lowest was in walnut+control+Uvr (14.4), and the highest color lightness value (L*) was obtained in Scots pine+control+Uvr (77.0), and the lowest was obtained in walnut+tannin+PU (18.9). The tannin application, which darkened the wood surface, increased the a* and b* values in both wood types while decreasing the color lightness values 60% to 70%. Tannin application caused a noticeable decrease in total color changes in Scots pine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is aimed to evaluate the color changes of upper central incisor teeth with different root maturation levels after 15 min of dehydration and rehydration. Materials and Methods: Using the Cvek classification, 60 participants were divided into five groups. A spectrophotometer, equipped with a specially designed jig, was utilized for color measurements. Following isolation, color measurements were conducted at the dehydration process intervals of baseline, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, and 15th minutes. After mouth rinsing, measurements were repeated at the same time intervals during the rehydration process. CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) values and the Whiteness Index (WID) were obtained to compare the color changes between the initial readings and each interval. Friedman and Repeated Measures ANOVA were applied to compare classes by time during the dehydration and rehydration periods, as well as ANOVA and Kruskal‐Wallis tests to compare by classes for each time (p < 0.05). Results: Significant differences emerged in the mean ΔE00 values during dehydration and rehydration periods across all Cvek Classes (p < 0.05). While no statistically significant differences were observed among Classes at different minutes during the rehydration period (p > 0.05), it was particularly noted that the mean ΔE00 values of Classes 2, 3, and 5 at the 2nd minute of dehydration were statistically significantly higher than the mean of Class 1 (p < 0.05). However, when evaluating the starting and ending measurements of both dehydration and rehydration processes, and the overall change in ΔE00 and ΔWID, no significant variations were detected across the Classes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In teeth that have just erupted and are still undergoing root development, dehydration in the initial minutes results in noticeable color changes. However, the change in ΔE00 and ΔWID of the teeth was found to be similar after the dehydration and rehydration processes. Clinical Significance: According to the Cvek classification, the lower color change in Class 1 teeth within the first 2 min of dehydration and the need for more than 15 min of rehydration for immature teeth with an open apex to return to their initial state after a 15‐min dehydration are crucial for clinicians in terms of color assessment timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria are widely utilized for biological control. However, whether nematode-derived signals influence the immune response of insects remains unexplored. In this study, we provide comprehensive insight into the interactions among symbiotic bacteria, nematode pheromone ascarosides, and the G. mellonella insect host. Our findings reveal that under the induction of Photorhabdus bacteria, ascarosides enhance the host's immunity response. Specifically, they suppress the intensity of body color change and increase the expression of related-immunity gene expression. Additionally, ascarosides reduce the Photorhabdus cell load and delay G. mellonella larval mortality. These results imply that G. mellonella larvae may employ nematode pheromones to enhance insect immunity in the presence of symbiotic bacteria, thereby enhancing the resistance to invasive bacteria. Insects protect themselves through their immune systems. Entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts are widely used for the biocontrol of economically important pests. Ascarosides are pheromones that regulate nematode behaviors, such as aggregation, avoidance, mating, dispersal, and dauer recovery and formation. However, whether ascarosides influence the immune response of insects remains unexplored. In this study, we co-injected ascarosides and symbiotic Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii H06 bacteria derived from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 into the last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. We recorded larval mortality and analyzed the expressions of AMPs, ROS/RNS, and LPSs. Our results revealed a process in which ascarosides, acting as enhancers of the symbiotic bacteria, co-induced G. mellonella immunity by significantly increasing oxidative stress responses and secreting AMPs (gallerimycin, gloverin, and cecropin). This led to a reduction in color intensity and the symbiotic bacteria load, ultimately resulting in delayed host mortality compared to either ascarosides or symbiotic bacteria. These findings demonstrate the cross-kingdom regulation of insects and symbiotic bacteria by nematode pheromones. Furthermore, our results suggest that G. mellonella larvae may employ nematode pheromones secreted by IJs to modulate insect immunity during early infection, particularly in the presence of symbiotic bacteria, for enhancing resistance to invasive bacteria in the hemolymph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to offer an effective nanocomposite for potential use to consolidate and protect deteriorated archaeological pottery. Design/methodology/approach: Three nanocomposites were used in the experimental study. This study used nano Primal AC33, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles to protect and consolidate pottery specimens. Pottery specimens were made at 800°C for this investigation. Consolidation materials were applied with a brush. The properties of the treated pottery specimens were assessed using several methods such as digital and scanning electron microscopes, static water contact angle, color alteration, physical properties and compressive strength. Findings: Microscopic examination indicated the ability of the nano Primal AC33/MMT nanocomposites to cover the outer surface well and bind the inner granules. Concerning specimens with code F treated with nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites, it achieved an increase in contact angle (120°), density (1.23 g/cm3) and compressive strength (561 kg/cm2), as well as a decrease in color change (ΔE = 2.62), water absorption (4.45%) and porosity (5.46%). The novelty of the results is due to the characteristics of nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites used in the current study. Originality/value: This study describes the significant results of the analytical methods used for evaluating consolidation materials used in this study. The findings offer useful information for the protection of archaeological pottery. The investigation indicated that nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites gave the best results. Therefore, it is recommended to use this nanocomposite to consolidate archaeological pottery. As a result, the current work provides a promising first step in conserving archaeological pottery for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficiency of diode laser-activated bleaching systems for color change of teeth. 75 extracted teeth were studied in five different bleaching protocols. Group 1: diode laser 445 nm, 320 µm fiber, 0.5W, continuous wave mode, dose 53 J/cm2. Group 2: diode laser 970 nm, 320 µm fiber, 1W, continuous wave mode, dose 106.10 J/cm2. Group 3: diode laser 940 nm, bleaching handpiece, 7W, continuous wave mode, dose 105 J/cm2. Group 4: diode laser 940 nm, 300 µm fiber, 2W, continuous wave mode, dose 47.16 J/cm2. Group 5: bleaching process without laser activation. In groups 1, 2 and 5, teeth were bleached with Perfect Bleach Office + and in groups 3 and 4, LaserWhite20 bleaching gel was used. Tooth color was determined immediately after the bleaching process using a spectrophotometer. Color change data on the CIE L * a * b* system was analyzed statistically by the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. All bleaching procedures resulted in a change of color. All laser groups (∆E * ab > 3) have statistically larger ∆E * ab values than the control group (∆E * ab = 0.73) (p < 0.05). The diode laser 445 nm has the largest ∆E * ab value (∆E * ab = 4.65) and results in a significantly higher color difference than all other groups. In terms of color score difference in VITA Shades, all laser-activated groups lead to a lightening effect while the control group leads to only a slight lightening effect. The diode laser 445 nm produced the greatest color difference. Laser-activated bleaching is more effective than conventional bleaching without light activation. The diode laser 445 nm performs best in this in vitro study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth color is a major driver of facial esthetics. While permanent changes in tooth shade can be achieved by bleaching and restorations, there is a need for cosmetic products that can cause reversible color changes. This randomized controlled clinical study assessed the effectiveness and safety of a novel color-correcting product (Hismile™ V34 Color Corrector Serum™) versus a placebo (vehicle control lacking the color-change dyes). A single-center, randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, two-group, parallel design, single-use study design was followed. The test products were applied on a cotton bud for 30 s, and then, rinsed off. Tooth shade for maxillary central incisors was measured at baseline, immediately, and at 30 and 60 min, using the Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master® Shade Guide and the EasyShade Advanced 4.0 spectrophotometer (for determining values of L*a*b*). The subjects (N = 60) had a baseline shade of 1M2 (rank 9) or darker. A single application of the test product resulted in an immediate and significant (p < 0.001) three shade improvement (26.2%) according to the shade guide, and the same significant benefits extended to 30 and 60 min. The placebo product did not alter tooth shade (p = 0.326). These changes were accompanied by significant improvements in the L value (whiteness) up to 30 min, and a reduction in b* (yellowness) for up to 60 min. Two-thirds of subjects using the test product stated in a survey that their teeth appeared both whiter and brighter. No safety issues arose from the use of the test product or vehicle control. These results indicate that using a color corrector can achieve worthwhile changes to tooth shade for up to 60 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Backgrounds This study aimed to compare the effects of different energy drinks on the surface roughness, weight loss, and color change of various bioactive restorative materials. Methods Charisma Diamond One, Activa™ BioActive Restorative, Activa™ Presto™ and Equia Forte HT Fil samples were prepared using plastic molds (8 × 2 mm) (n = 10/groups). After polishing, the samples were weighed, their colors were recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIEDE2000 system, and their surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. The samples were immersed in Powerade, Burn, Monster and distilled water for 7 days. After immersion, all the measurements were repeated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann‒Whitney U test (p

Abstract Background Patients tend to favor the whitening mouthwashes as they are easily applied and affordable. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide versus charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes on color, surface roughness, and color stability of enamel. In the current study, the whitening mouthwashes used have the ability to stop future stains due to their white seal technology. Methods A total of 21 permanent central incisor teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used in the present study. Teeth roots were sectioned and crowns were mounted in self-cured acrylic resin blocks. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) according to the tested whitening mouthwash: Control group ‟ DW” (Distilled water), ‟OW” group: Peroxide-based mouthwash (Colgate Optic White) and ‟CP” group: Charcoal-based mouthwash (Colgate® Plax Charcoal). Regarding ‟OW” and ‟CP” groups, the specimens were immersed in 20 ml of the tested mouthwash in each corresponding group for 1 min twice daily (morning and evening) for a total of 12 uninterrupted weeks. Color change was assessed using VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer and surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a white light interferometer. The specimens were stained using black tea solution and color was measured after 24 h of immersion for assessment of color stability. Results Color change results revealed that both whitening mouthwashes were able to restore color comparable to the control group with no significant difference between them. Regarding surface roughness, the control group showed the highest mean Ra value, followed by ‟OW” group while ‟CP” group showed the lowest mean Ra value. While color stability after staining, the control group showed a significantly higher value than the ‟CP” and ‟OW” groups. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide and charcoal-based whitening mouthwashes improve the color of enamel with no adverse effect on the surface roughness. Both whitening mouthwashes were beneficial to maintain the color after staining and prevent future enamel stains.

The effects of air heat treatment were evaluated on six Korean oak woods: Quercus serrata (Qs), Quercus mongolica (Qm), Quercus acutissima (Qac), Quercus aliena (Qal), Quercus dentata (Qd), and Quercus variabilis (Qv). Color change (ΔE*), weight loss, and density loss were examined using flat-sawn heartwood boards before and after treatment at 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C for 2 h. Overall, the ΔE*, weight loss, and density loss increased with temperature. The properties between temperature and species showed distinct differences. A change to a darker color was observed in all species after treatment at 200 °C. Qm and Qd exhibited the highest and lowest L*, a*, and b* values after treatment at 220 °C, respectively. The highest ΔE* values were obtained in Qd at 160 °C, Qs at 180 °C and 200 °C, and Qv at 220 °C. Qd and Qv exhibited the highest and lowest weight losses at 160 °C, respectively. Qac and Qal showed the highest and lowest weight losses at 220 °C, respectively. Qm showed the highest density loss at all temperatures, whereas Qs had the lowest at 160 °C, and Qac had the lowest values at 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C.

This study was conducted to investigate some characteristics of thermally treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens such as air-dried density, color change, average surface roughness, and sound absorption capacity. Heat treatment of Scots pine wood was performed at atmospheric pressure at 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C for 2 h. As a result, the air-dried density values of the thermally treated wood decreased as the temperature of the thermal treatment increased. With the increase of thermal treatment temperature, an increase in total color change values was detected on the surfaces of the samples and the color of the samples became darker. The average surface roughness (Ra) value of samples improved due to thermal treatment conditions and the highest value was determined in thermally treated samples at 200 °C as 3.59 μm. At 140 °C the value of maximum sound absorption coefficient was observed to be 0.48 at 2500 Hz and the highest sound transmission loss value, which was 36.7 dB, was measured at 6300 Hz and at 200 °C.

Recycling high-density micronized (HDM) heat-press glass ceramic ingots to press several restorations would be economical and reduce waste. However, to achieve this, the effects of re-pressing on the optical properties and long-term durability of HDM glass ceramics must be completely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of re-pressing and glazing on the optical properties of HDM heat-press glass ceramic. Twenty-one HDM glass ceramic (Initial LiSi Press) discs were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 7 per group): single heat pressing, double heat pressing, and triple heat pressing. Optical properties, surface roughness, and crystalline structure were measured for each group at three time points: before glazing and thermocycling, after glazing, and after thermocycling. The effect of these independent variables on optical properties were assessed by two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test assessed the differences between groups. Heat re-pressing HDM glass ceramic significantly altered its color, reduced translucency, and reduced surface roughness (P < 0.001). After the second heat-press, the color (ΔΕ 00) and translucency parameter changes (ΔTP 00) exceeded perceptible thresholds but not clinically acceptable thresholds, but these were exceeded after the third press for ΔΕ 00. Additionally, glazing lightened the shade of the ceramic, reduced translucency, and reduced surface roughness (P < 0.001), with ΔΕ 00 and ΔTP 00 changes exceeding the perceptible but not the clinically acceptable threshold. Thermocycling produced ΔTP 00 changes that exceeded the clinically acceptable threshold. Further studies of the effects of heat re-pressing on HDM glass ceramic are now needed to progress toward clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To evaluate the effect of the low-viscosity Icon resin infiltrate application on the color change of white spot enamel lesions (WSLs) over 3-, 6-, and 12-m follow-up periods. Methods Ninety-six teeth diagnosis with WSLs using the ICDAS scoring system in 49 participants were assessed for their color change using the Icon resin infiltration technique. The Icon kit was applied to WSLs as instructed by the manufacturer. Icon-Etch (15% hydrofluoric acid) was applied to the lesions for 2 min, and then, it was rinsed off with copious amount of water for 30 s. Then, Icon-Dry (99% ethanol) was applied to the etched lesions for 30-s followed by the application of the Icon resin infiltrate that was light cured for 40 s. Color change assessment was performed using Vita Easyshade V spectrophotometer at baseline and immediately after Icon resin infiltration, then at 3-, 6-, and 12-m follow-up periods. Analysis of the data was performed using the test of repeated measure ANOVA and the paired sample t test. Results There was a statistically significant difference in ∆E between the different follow-up periods at immediate, 3-m, 6-m, and 12-m. The highest mean value was found in the immediate follow-up period, while the lowest mean value was found in 12-m follow-up period. Conclusions Low-viscosity Icon resin infiltration has the ability for immediate diffusion into the WSLs giving an immediate improvement in the esthetic outcome of the WSLs. However, its long-term outcomes might not be consistent for the color change of the WSLs.

The color-changing effect of tannin, which is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material used in wood preservation, was studied on varnished and un-varnished wood samples. For this purpose, walnut tannin was applied on samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood in accordance with ISO 3129 (2019) standard with a brush, and then samples were coated with polyurethane varnish and water-based varnish according to ASTM D3023-98 (2017) principles. Color changes were determined according to ASTM D2244-21 (2021). The obtained data indicated that the highest value in the red color tone (a*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+polyurethane varnish (PU) (14.4) and the lowest was in Scots pine+control+unvarnished (Uvr) (6.5). The highest value for the yellow color tone (b*) was observed in Scots pine+tannin+PU (34.1), the lowest was in walnut+control+Uvr (14.4), and the highest color lightness value (L*) was obtained in Scots pine+control+Uvr (77.0), and the lowest was obtained in walnut+tannin+PU (18.9). The tannin application, which darkened the wood surface, increased the a* and b* values in both wood types while decreasing the color lightness values 60% to 70%. Tannin application caused a noticeable decrease in total color changes in Scots pine.

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a typical climacteric fruit with a brief shelf life due to the rapid degradation of quality during post-ripening, necessitating appropriate postharvest management to address this challenge. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of thyme oil nanoemulsion (TO-NE) coating and utilize its benefits for preserving papaya. This study also investigated the physiological properties and quality changes of papaya storage at 20 ℃ and, in parallel, examined the effects of TO-NE coating to mitigate microbial infection of papaya during storage. The postharvest papaya was soaked in different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/g) of TO-NE for coating. At the same time, the decay loss rate and effective shelf life were also evaluated. This study revealed that polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinesterase (PME) activities were inhibited during the storage of papaya treated with 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated compared to the control group. This resulted in the preservation of the firmness of papaya fruits, in addition to a higher ascorbic acid content, delayed total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation, and total chlorophyll content (TCC) degradation, with a lagging color change for two days. The respiration rate and ethylene production were suppressed, while the 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated group at day 14 (ethylene peak) were 63.2 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1 and 7.3 µL kg−1 h−1, lower than control. The 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coating treatment significantly reduced the decay rate for 10 days of storage, preserving their appearance and facilitating ripening. This is a viable option for extending Tainung No.2 papaya shelf life. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Nymphaea (waterlily) is known for its rich colors and role as an important aquatic ornamental plant globally. Nymphaea atrans and some hybrids, including N. ‘Feitian 2,’ are more appealing due to the gradual color change of their petals at different flower developmental stages. The petals of N. ‘Feitian 2’ gradually change color from light blue-purple to deep rose-red throughout flowering. The mechanism of the phenomenon remains unclear. Results In this work, flavonoids in the petals of N. ‘Feitian 2’ at six flowering stages were examined to identify the influence of flavonoid components on flower color changes. Additionally, six cDNA libraries of N. ‘Feitian 2’ over two blooming stages were developed, and the transcriptome was sequenced to identify the molecular mechanism governing petal color changes. As a result, 18 flavonoid metabolites were identified, including five anthocyanins and 13 flavonols. Anthocyanin accumulation during flower development is the primary driver of petal color change. A total of 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were uncovered, and these DEGs were significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Six structural genes were ultimately focused on, as their expression levels varied significantly across different flowering stages. Moreover, 104 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) were uncovered, and three MYBs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were screened. The RT-qPCR results were generally aligned with high-throughput sequencing results. Conclusions This research offers a foundation to clarify the mechanisms underlying changes in the petal color of waterlilies.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric acid on the color and translucency of different indirect restorative materials. Materials and methods A total of 36 disc-shaped samples were cut by using an isomet saw and divided into four equal groups (n = 9) according to the material type: Group Z: translucent zirconia (Ceramill® Zolid ht.+ preshade, Amann Girrbach, Koblach, Austria); Group E: lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein); Group C: resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart, GC, Tokyo, Japan); Group P: polyether ether ketone (PEEK) (Bettin Zirconia Dentale Italy) veneered with indirect high impact polymer composite (HIPC) (breCAM HIPC, Bredent GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). The samples were immersed in simulated gastric acid (HCl, pH 1.2) for 96 hours at 37 °C in an incubator. The color change (ΔE00) and translucency (RTP00) were measured every 9.6 hours (one-year clinical simulation) of immersion in simulated gastric acid. Results For color change (∆E00) and translucency (RTP00) among the tested materials, there was a highly statistically significant difference (P

The objective of the research was to develop an image processing algorithm for analyzing the color change of leafy green salad using Green Oak as a sample. The research was divided into two parts. The initial step was to construct an image acquisition system. To provide uniform light intensity across the samples, two D65 lamps were mounted 30 cm above the samples at a 45° angle to the sample plane. The second step was to develop an image processing algorithm to analyze the color change of Green Oak salad. For analysis, the algorithm employs the H (hue angle) value. In the image of Green Oak salad, H can be indicated browning. The browning zone is indicated by a H value of 35° to 79°, and the regular color of Green Oak salad is indicated by a H value of 80° to 135°. An experiment with Green Oak salad vegetables stored at 5°, 10°, and 15° revealed that the amount of brown area in the salad vegetables was greater than 9% of the total area. Green Oak salad vegetables are irregular quality, exceeding acceptable limits.

This article focuses on polyamide materials T1 and B1, and uses two types of fungi to conduct anti mold tests on them. It conducts in-depth exploration and research on the failure mechanism during the co cultivation process!* of fungi and polyamide. Through infrared spectroscopy analysis;, it was; found that mold growth can absorb oxygen from the outside, which can cause the methylene on the polyamide molecular chain to break and react with it to form carbonyl groups, causing changes in the internal structure of the molecule. Through UV spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, it can be seen that due to the presence of highly reactive methylene structures on the internal molecular chains of polyamide, the color of polyamide and mold will change during the co cultivation process. It will react with the outside world to generate methylene free radicals, further react with oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide, and then isomerize to generate carbonyl groups. The carbonyl groups then combine with other active groups to produce carbonyl imines. As a result, the conjugated chains on the polyamide molecular chains will increase, and the maximum absorption wavelength will be seen in the visible light region, which is macroscopically manifested as the color change of the polyamide material. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that fungi can obtain nutrients from the surface of polyamide for reproduction, and the surface structure will undergo significant damage and changes. Mechanical performance tests have shown that mold can cause a decrease in the tensile, bending, and impact properties of polyamide materials, and the two types of mold can cause different degrees of attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the effect of the low-viscosity Icon resin infiltrate application on the color change of white spot enamel lesions (WSLs) over 3-, 6-, and 12-m follow-up periods. Methods: Ninety-six teeth diagnosis with WSLs using the ICDAS scoring system in 49 participants were assessed for their color change using the Icon resin infiltration technique. The Icon kit was applied to WSLs as instructed by the manufacturer. Icon-Etch (15% hydrofluoric acid) was applied to the lesions for 2 min, and then, it was rinsed off with copious amount of water for 30 s. Then, Icon-Dry (99% ethanol) was applied to the etched lesions for 30-s followed by the application of the Icon resin infiltrate that was light cured for 40 s. Color change assessment was performed using Vita Easyshade V spectrophotometer at baseline and immediately after Icon resin infiltration, then at 3-, 6-, and 12-m follow-up periods. Analysis of the data was performed using the test of repeated measure ANOVA and the paired sample t test. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in ∆E between the different follow-up periods at immediate, 3-m, 6-m, and 12-m. The highest mean value was found in the immediate follow-up period, while the lowest mean value was found in 12-m follow-up period. Conclusions: Low-viscosity Icon resin infiltration has the ability for immediate diffusion into the WSLs giving an immediate improvement in the esthetic outcome of the WSLs. However, its long-term outcomes might not be consistent for the color change of the WSLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many animals exhibit remarkable colors that are produced by the constructive interference of light reflected from arrays of intracellular guanine crystals. These animals can fine-tune their crystal-based structural colors to communicate with each other, regulate body temperature, and create camouflage. While it is known that these changes in color are caused by changes in the angle of the crystal arrays relative to incident light, the cellular machinery that drives color change is not understood. Here, using a combination of 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), micro-focused X-ray diffraction, superresolution fluorescence light microscopy, and pharmacological perturbations, we characterized the dynamics and 3D cellular reorganization of crystal arrays within zebrafish iridophores during norepinephrine (NE)-induced color change. We found that color change results from a coordinated 20° tilting of the intracellular crystals, which alters both crystal packing and the angle at which impinging light hits the crystals. Importantly, addition of the dynein inhibitor dynapyrazole-a completely blocked this NE-induced red shift by hindering crystal dynamics upon NE addition. FIB-SEM and microtubule organizing center (MTOC) mapping showed that microtubules arise from two MTOCs located near the poles of the iridophore and run parallel to, and in between, individual crystals. This suggests that dynein drives crystal angle change in response to NE by binding to the limiting membrane surrounding individual crystals and walking toward microtubule minus ends. Finally, we found that intracellular cAMP regulates the color change process. Together, our results provide mechanistic insight into the cellular machinery that drives structural color change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose detectors, as green sensors, are some of the defensive mechanisms of plants which combat environmental stresses. However, extracted cellulose struggles to fulfil these functionalities due to its rigid physical/chemical properties. In this study, a novel cellulose dual-crosslinked framework (CDCF) is proposed. This comprises a denser temporary physical crosslinking bond (hydrogen bonding) and a looser covalent crosslinking bond (N,N-methylenebisacrylamide), which create deformable spaces between the two crosslinking sites. Abundant pH-sensitive carboxyl groups and ultralight, highly porous structures make CDCF response very sensitive in acid/alkaline vapor environments. Hence, a significant shrinkage of CDCF was observed following exposure to vapors. Moreover, a curcumin-incorporated CDCF exhibited dual shape and color changes when exposed to acid/alkaline vapors, demonstrating great potential for the multi-detection of acid/alkaline vapors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a typical climacteric fruit with a brief shelf life due to the rapid degradation of quality during post-ripening, necessitating appropriate postharvest management to address this challenge. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of thyme oil nanoemulsion (TO-NE) coating and utilize its benefits for preserving papaya. This study also investigated the physiological properties and quality changes of papaya storage at 20 ℃ and, in parallel, examined the effects of TO-NE coating to mitigate microbial infection of papaya during storage. The postharvest papaya was soaked in different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/g) of TO-NE for coating. At the same time, the decay loss rate and effective shelf life were also evaluated. This study revealed that polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinesterase (PME) activities were inhibited during the storage of papaya treated with 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated compared to the control group. This resulted in the preservation of the firmness of papaya fruits, in addition to a higher ascorbic acid content, delayed total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation, and total chlorophyll content (TCC) degradation, with a lagging color change for two days. The respiration rate and ethylene production were suppressed, while the 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated group at day 14 (ethylene peak) were 63.2 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1 and 7.3 µL kg−1 h−1, lower than control. The 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coating treatment significantly reduced the decay rate for 10 days of storage, preserving their appearance and facilitating ripening. This is a viable option for extending Tainung No.2 papaya shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nymphaea (waterlily) is known for its rich colors and role as an important aquatic ornamental plant globally. Nymphaea atrans and some hybrids, including N. 'Feitian 2,' are more appealing due to the gradual color change of their petals at different flower developmental stages. The petals of N. 'Feitian 2' gradually change color from light blue-purple to deep rose-red throughout flowering. The mechanism of the phenomenon remains unclear. Results: In this work, flavonoids in the petals of N. 'Feitian 2' at six flowering stages were examined to identify the influence of flavonoid components on flower color changes. Additionally, six cDNA libraries of N. 'Feitian 2' over two blooming stages were developed, and the transcriptome was sequenced to identify the molecular mechanism governing petal color changes. As a result, 18 flavonoid metabolites were identified, including five anthocyanins and 13 flavonols. Anthocyanin accumulation during flower development is the primary driver of petal color change. A total of 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were uncovered, and these DEGs were significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Six structural genes were ultimately focused on, as their expression levels varied significantly across different flowering stages. Moreover, 104 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) were uncovered, and three MYBs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were screened. The RT-qPCR results were generally aligned with high-throughput sequencing results. Conclusions: This research offers a foundation to clarify the mechanisms underlying changes in the petal color of waterlilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base resins (DBRs) with inorganic fillers with superior properties and accepted aesthetics are favored and still a big dilemma. This study was undertaken to evaluate the color change, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity of heat-polymerized DBR material modified with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZNPs). Methods: Sixty acrylic specimens (30/color test, 30/flexural properties) were fabricated and divided according to nanoparticles type and addition into 3 groups (n = 10). Group-I; unmodified specimens, Group-II; modified specimens with 0.5wt% AgNPs (PMMA/AgNPs), and Group-III; modified specimens with 7.5wt% ZNPs (PMMA/ZNPs). Disc-shape (20 × 3 mm) and bar-shape (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) specimens were fabricated for color and flexural properties, respectively. The spectrophotometer was used for evaluation of the color change (∆E). The flexural strength and elastic modulus evaluation was carried out using a 3-point bending test (5 mm/min). Tukey’s post hoc and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data at a significant level P ≤ 0.05. Results: PMMA/AgNPs group exhibited a significant increase in color change when compared with PMMA/ZNPs. PMMA/ZNPs showed significantly the highest flexural strength value when compared with unmodified and PMMA/AgNPs groups (P < 0.001), however, there was an absence of significant differences in terms of flexural strength values between PMMA/AgNPs and unmodified groups (P > 0.05). PMMA/AgNPs insignificantly increased its modulus of elasticity strength (P = 0.09410) while PMMA/ZNPs significantly increased its modulus of elasticity strength (P = 0.00396). Conclusion: The AgNPs and ZNPs addition to PMMA increased the color change and AgNPs change the color of DBRs. The flexural attributes of DBRs have been increased by ZNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anthracene thiazole based Schiff base L was synthesized and employed for fluorescence switch-on detection of maleic acid in aqueous DMSO. The non-fluorescent L (10–5 M) showed an instantaneous and selective fluorescence enhancement at 506 nm upon interaction with maleic acid (10–5 M). Other potential carboxylic acids (10–5 M), such as malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, cinnamic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and malonic acid failed to alter the chromo-fluorogenic properties of L. Probe L can be employed to detect maleic acid down to 2.74 × 10–6 M. The probe L showed good linearity from 2.97 to 6.87 µM. Analytical utility of L was examined by detecting maleic acid in various food additives and drosophila larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the impact of beverage temperature on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of monoshade composite resin. A batch of 70 monoshade composite resin specimens manufactured by Charisma Diamond ONE (Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) was prepared. Initial readings for surface roughness, microhardness, and color were recorded. The specimens were then divided into seven groupings of ten each: Distilled water (control group), Nescafe coffee at 70 °C and 5 °C, Arabic coffee at 70 °C and 37 °C, and cola at 7 °C and 24 °C. These samples underwent 30-min daily immersion in their respective beverages for a duration of 30 days. Final measurements were then taken. A non-contact profilometer was used for measuring surface roughness, a Vickers microhardness machine from Contour GT-I (Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany) for microhardness, and a Color-Eye 7000A Spectrophotometer (X-Rite, GretagMacbeth, Michigan USA) for color stability. Statistical analyses, including repeated measure ANOVA for microhardness, roughness, and color, were executed using SPSS version 23. All beverages led to changes in composite color and properties. Notably, coffee at 70 °C resulted in significant discoloration of the composite resin surface (p < 0.0001). The beverage that most affected the surface hardness and roughness of the monoshade composite resin was cola at 7 °C (p = 0.008) The inherent chemicals in beverages, coupled with their temperatures, can influence the composite properties of resin, specifically surface discoloration, hardness, and roughness. Clinicians may, therefore, consider instructing patients about the potential negative effects of these beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of volatile amines is necessary due to the serious toxicity hazards they pose to human skin, respiratory systems, and nervous systems. However, traditional amines detection methods require bulky equipment, high costs, and complex measurements. Herein, we report a new simple, rapid, convenient, and visual method for the detection of volatile amines based on the gas–solid reactions of tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (TCBQ) and volatile amines. The gas–solid reactions of TCBQ with a variety of volatile amines showed a visually distinct color in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, TCBQ can be easily fabricated into simple and flexible rapid test strips for detecting and distinguishing n-propylamine from other volatile amines, including ethylamine, n-butyamine, n-pentamine, n-butyamine and dimethylamine, in less than 3 s without any equipment assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric acid on the color and translucency of different indirect restorative materials. Materials and methods: A total of 36 disc-shaped samples were cut by using an isomet saw and divided into four equal groups (n = 9) according to the material type: Group Z: translucent zirconia (Ceramill® Zolid ht.+ preshade, Amann Girrbach, Koblach, Austria); Group E: lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein); Group C: resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart, GC, Tokyo, Japan); Group P: polyether ether ketone (PEEK) (Bettin Zirconia Dentale Italy) veneered with indirect high impact polymer composite (HIPC) (breCAM HIPC, Bredent GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). The samples were immersed in simulated gastric acid (HCl, pH 1.2) for 96 hours at 37 °C in an incubator. The color change (ΔE00) and translucency (RTP00) were measured every 9.6 hours (one-year clinical simulation) of immersion in simulated gastric acid. Results: For color change (∆E00) and translucency (RTP00) among the tested materials, there was a highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) after every year of follow-up. The color change in both Z and G groups was the lowest after 1 year of acid immersion, followed by that in group H, and the highest change in color was recorded in group P. Conclusion: High translucent zirconia is recommended in patients who are concerned about esthetic, especially with acidic oral environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing is a newly developed method that provides a compelling and practical alternative to conventional subtractive manufacturing methods. Therefore, this study evaluates and compares the color stability and microhardness of two types of 3D-printed definitive hybrid ceramic materials after storage in different staining solutions. A total of 180 rectangular shape samples were fabricated from Crowntec, VarseoSmile Crown Plus and Vita Enamic. 90 samples (14×12×1 mm) were stored in different staining solutions. The color measurements were taken at the baseline and after three different periods (one week, two weeks and one month) using an Easyshade advance 4.0 spectrophotometer. Another 90 samples (14×12×5 mm) were subjected to a one-week storage period. The Microhardness measurements were taken at the baseline and after a one-week staining period using a digital Vickers microhardness tester. Three-way ANOVA test at a 0.05 significance level followed by Tukey's for pairwise comparison among the groups. The CT had the highest color change (ΔE) compared to VS and VE. VE displayed the lowest ΔE value among different materials. Coffee caused a greater color change compared to tea and distilled water. In contrast, the lowest (ΔE) was observed in the distilled water. Regarding the microhardness test, the results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between VE and 3D printed materials, with no significant difference between CT and VS. VE displayed the highest Microhardness value, while the lowest Microhardness was observed in VS material. 3D-printed hybrid materials seem to offer less color stability and lower microhardness when compared to CAD CAM material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Fiber Inspection is the property of China Fiber Inspection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract “Golden Hook” beans turn purple to different degrees due to the different compositions and contents of flavonoids during storage. At the same time, quality losses due to softening or pathogen invasion, and the deteriorations of flavor associated with carbohydrate metabolism occur. To reveal the effect of nitric oxide (NO) generated from sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the postharvest quality of “Golden Hook” beans, we used metabolome, transcriptome, and assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin with high‐throughput sequencing approaches to compare beans at the time of treatment with untreated and SNP‐treated beans stored at 8°C for 12 days. The results showed that NO induced the expression of CERK1, FLS2, JAZ, and MYC2, stimulated the expression of polyphenol oxidase, CAT, and l‐ascorbate oxidase, the accumulation of flavonoids, and the synthesis of lignin in the antioxidant system, improving the ability of beans to resist stress while maintaining the balance of reactive oxygen species. High expressions of F3′H, FLS, INV, SUS, BCAT, and the accumulation of 6‐C‐methylquercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside were associated with the maintenance of the fresh purplish red appearance of the beans in the SNP‐12d group, without loss of flavor. SNP treatment downregulated the transcription factors blimp‐1, OBP1, COG1, and AT1G6957 associated with bean senescence. These results provide insight into the postharvest quality control of “Golden Hook” beans.

Abstract Objectives Assessment of the effect of incorporation of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs), different concentrations into resin composite with different thicknesses on its color modulation. Materials and methods GONPs were prepared using the chemical reduction method and characterized using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The minimum concentrations of GONPs that provided the most effective antibacterial action (0.05 wt% and 0.2 wt%.) were prepared to be the concentration added to the tested resin composite. Calculations were done to find the required volume of the GONPs solution needed according to the mass of the resin composite. 70 nano-filled resin composite discs were prepared with 10 mm diameter × 3 mm height. 10 resin composite discs were prepared without GONPs incorporation and served as a control (G0). The other 60 resin composite specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (G1& G2) according to the concentration of the loaded nanoparticles in the specimens. Each group was divided into 3 equal subgroups according to the thickness of the resin composite containing GONPs; [T1: GONPs dispersed in the bottom 1 mm of the disc, while the top 2 mm of the disc was of resin composite only. T2: GONPs dispersed only in the bottom 2 mm of the disc and T3: GONPs dispersed in the total thickness of the disc (3 mm)]. ∆E values were calculated using a Vita Easy shade Spectrophotometer. Results Incorporation of GONPs into resin composite induced significant color change and among all the 6 experimental groups, G1T1 group (of 0.05 wt% concentration GONPs dispersed only in the bottom 1 mm of the disc) showed a non-significant color change. Conclusion Dispersion of GONPs has a detectable effect on the color change of resin composite. Meanwhile, dispersion in low concentration for only the bottom 1 mm thickness of resin composite has an undetectable effect on its color.

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanin-based pH-sensing films have been widely fabricated for potential application in monitoring food freshness. However, the color fading of anthocyanins limits their application for the food industry due to their low stability. In addition, the color sensitivity and pH indicator ability of anthocyanin-based films currently available are not satisfied and need to be improved. RESULTS: Chitosan/xanthan gum (CX)-based colorimetric films with addition of purple cabbage anthocyanin (PAN) and different amounts of rosmarinic acid (RA) were fabricated. RA copigmentation in chitosan/xanthan gum--purple cabbage anthocyanin-- rosmarinic acid (CX-P-RA) films significantly improved the stability and pH response sensitivity of PAN, and the combined copigmentation of RA and xanthan gum exhibited an additive effect. The addition of RA significantly improved the tensile strength and elongation at break, thermal stability, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of CX-P-RA films. Moreover, addition of RA enhanced the pH sensitivity and colorimetry of CX-P-RA films, which exhibited a good response to different pH values. CX-P-RA2 film was tested to monitor the freshness of pork. It showed visible color changes during the storage of pork. In addition, the ΔE of CX-P-RA2 film was highly correlated with changes in total volatile basic nitrogen in pork (R² = 0.951). CONCLUSION: These results indicated that CX-P-RA2 film can be used as a pH-sensing indicator with good stability and high sensitivity for real-time monitoring of pork freshness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Dental Journal is the property of Selcuk Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Assessment of the effect of incorporation of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs), different concentrations into resin composite with different thicknesses on its color modulation. Materials and methods: GONPs were prepared using the chemical reduction method and characterized using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The minimum concentrations of GONPs that provided the most effective antibacterial action (0.05 wt% and 0.2 wt%.) were prepared to be the concentration added to the tested resin composite. Calculations were done to find the required volume of the GONPs solution needed according to the mass of the resin composite. 70 nano-filled resin composite discs were prepared with 10 mm diameter × 3 mm height. 10 resin composite discs were prepared without GONPs incorporation and served as a control (G0). The other 60 resin composite specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (G1& G2) according to the concentration of the loaded nanoparticles in the specimens. Each group was divided into 3 equal subgroups according to the thickness of the resin composite containing GONPs; [T1: GONPs dispersed in the bottom 1 mm of the disc, while the top 2 mm of the disc was of resin composite only. T2: GONPs dispersed only in the bottom 2 mm of the disc and T3: GONPs dispersed in the total thickness of the disc (3 mm)]. ∆E values were calculated using a Vita Easy shade Spectrophotometer. Results: Incorporation of GONPs into resin composite induced significant color change and among all the 6 experimental groups, G1T1 group (of 0.05 wt% concentration GONPs dispersed only in the bottom 1 mm of the disc) showed a non-significant color change. Conclusion: Dispersion of GONPs has a detectable effect on the color change of resin composite. Meanwhile, dispersion in low concentration for only the bottom 1 mm thickness of resin composite has an undetectable effect on its color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timely and cost-effective identification of the onset of corrosion and its progress would be critical for effectively maintaining structural integrity. Consequently, a series of fundamental experiments were conducted to capture the corrosion process on a steel plate using a new type of plastic optical fiber (POF) sensor. Electrolytic corrosion experiments were performed on a 5 mm thick steel plate immersed in an aqueous solution. The POF sensor installed on the upper side of the plate and directed downward detected the upward progression of the corrosion zone that formed on the underside of the plate. The results showed that the POF sensors could detect the onset of the upward-progressing corrosion front as it passed the 1 and 2 mm marks related to the thickness of the corroded zone. The POF sensors were designed to optically identify corrosion; therefore, the data obtained by these sensors could be processed using a newly developed graphic application software for smartphones and also identified by the naked eye. This method offered an easy and cost-effective solution for verifying the corrosion state of structural components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure-induced color change in the nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride has triggered extensive discussions about the underlying physics and potential applications. Here, we study the optical response of LuH2±xNy in a broad frequency range at ambient pressure and its evolution with pressure in the visible spectral range. The broad-band optical spectra at ambient pressure reveal a Drude component associated with intra-band electronic transitions and two Lorentz components (L1 and L2) arising from inter-band electronic transitions. The application of pressure causes a spectral weight transfer from L1 to the Drude component, leading to a blue shift of the plasma edge in the reflectivity spectrum alongside a reduction of the high-frequency reflectivity. Our results suggest that the pressure-induced color change in LuH2±xNy is closely related to the transformation between intra- and inter-band electronic transitions, providing new insights into the mechanism of the pressure-induced color change in LuH2±xNy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research primarily delves into a comprehensive investigation concerning the synergistic effects of fly ash (FA) with yellow pigment (YP) and red pigment (RP) in the workability, physical characteristics, and mechanical properties of colored mortars, both pre-and post-exposure to high temperatures. Within the experimental design, FA was employed as a 20% substitute for cement, while YP and RP were systematically incorporated into the cement mixtures at varying concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5% by weight). The specimens underwent controlled exposure to high temperatures, ranging from 300 °C to 800 °C. This study's outcomes unveiled that while the introduction of FA positively influenced mortar workability, including YP and RP adversely impacted spreading diameters (SD), resulting in a discernible reduction in overall workability. Despite these effects, FA emerged as a pivotal factor to enhancing the residual compressive strength (RCS) and residual flexural strength (RFS) of the colored mortars. For instance, after 90 days at 800 °C, the control concrete (R0) exhibited a notable 66.13% decrease in RCS, and the sample solely incorporating FA (R1) demonstrated a reduced reduction of 55.39%. Similarly, mortars with YP additives (R2–R4) and RP additives (R5–R7) showcased RCS reductions within the range of 53.32% to 55.12% and 54.51% to 56.04%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of a two‐step temperature method (TTM) on dehydration parameters, color deterioration of dried samples, and specific energy consumption (SEC), spearmint leaves were dried using infrared (IR) undergoing the TTM. Moreover, 14 mathematical models were compared based on the adjusted correlation coefficient, reduced chi‐square, and root mean square error to estimate drying curves. Changes in the color of the dried product at two‐step temperatures of 70to60°C, 60to50°C, and 50to40°C led to decreases of 2.69,.81, and 3.34 compared to fixed temperatures of 70, 60, and 50°C, respectively. On the other hand, the specific energy consumption (SEC) increased by 5.43, 10.92, and 22 MJ.g−1 H2O at 70to60°C, 60to50°C, and 50to40°C compared to 70, 60, and 50°C, respectively. To interpret the results from another point of view, three basic objectives of shortening drying time, reducing energy consumption, and raising the quality of the dried product are achieved in the TTM. For instance, the drying time and energy consumption are reduced at a two‐step temperature of 70to60°C compared to the fixed temperature of 60°C, along with a decrease in the color change compared to the fixed temperature of 70°C. The results indicated that Midilli et al. model resulted in the best fitness in explaining the IR drying behavior of spearmint leaves. Practical applications: During the falling rate period in drying process and especially at higher temperatures and powers, there is a potential for a decrease in the quality of the dried product, and even the risk of thermal runaway due to excessive temperature increase. Certainly, at lower powers and temperatures, the quality of the dried product can be enhanced. However, in this situation, the duration of the process and the energy consumed, which are two crucial factors in the drying process, increase, leading to financial losses for the producer. In the two‐step temperature method (TTM), due to the temperature reduction during the critical period of falling rate, the quality of the dried product improves by considering the processing time and energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]