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Coconut pulp fermented with Aspergillus niger can be used as an alternative ingredient in the manufacture of tilapia (O. niloticus) feed. This study aims to determine the nutritional content of fermented coconut dregs and the growth of tilapia after being fed a feed made from fermented coconut dregs with Aspergillus niger. Tilapia (O. niloticus) feed is made by mixing fermented coconut pulp and artificial feed. The combination of feed used in this study was A (control, 100% artificial feed), B (10% coconut pulp: 90% artificial feed), C (20% coconut pulp: 80% artificial feed), D (30% coconut pulp : artificial feed 70%), E (coconut pulp 40%: artificial feed 60%) and F (coconut pulp 50%: artificial feed 50%). Based on the proximate analysis that has been carried out, it shows that treatment B has the most optimal nutritional content for tilapia (O. niloticus). The nutritional content of feed B was 7.26% water content, 7.19% ash, 23,21% crude protein, 8,93% crude fat and 16,23% crude fiber. The results showed that treatment B gave the most significant growth rate and relative growth rate of 0,77 g/day and 3,04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaline extraction of soluble fiber from coconut pulp using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated. Extraction by NaOH solution for 2 h at 2 M and 55 °C released a significant amount of soluble fiber from the pulp. The soluble fiber was then recovered by single-step and sequential precipitations with different ethanol concentrations. Single-step precipitation with high ethanol concentration was effective because it produced a higher yield within a shorter time using less solvent and energy than the sequential method. Extraction under the selected condition, followed by filtration, centrifugation, and single-step precipitation using 75% ethanol, resulted in a soluble fiber product and two residue by-products with yields of 26.6%, 40.4%, and 10.6%, respectively. For the soluble fiber, the relative amount of oligosaccharide or saccharide species smaller than DP 15 was 45.5%, while the rest (54.5%) were polysaccharides with DPs from 15 to 312. The fiber was composed mainly of mannose (66.4%), followed by arabinose (15.9%), galactose/xylose (8.6%), glucose (5.7%), and 3.5% unknown. The soluble fiber was readily soluble in water, while residue #1, which remained after filtration, formed a cloudy white soft gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to know the impact of methane reduction in ruminants using coconut pulp as feed substrate on the quality of goat meat. This study used coconut pulp as an antimetanogenic substrate and was added to ruminant feed. There were twenty goats aged + 1 year. The feed was given with a formulation of 60: 40% forage and concentrate in dry matter with a composition according to the needs of the goats. This research was carried out by treating coconut pulp with four levels of different treatment, namely 5, 10, 15, and 20% and compared with the treatment without using coconut pulp (0%). This experiment used a completely randomized design with four replications. The average difference of treatment was continued with the Duncan Multi Range Test (DMRT) test. The goats were kept for 60 days and they were slaughtered to measure the quality of meat. The variables measured were physical and chemical quality of goat meat. The results showed that the physical quality and the chemical quality of the meat had no significant effect. The conclusion of this research is the use of coconut pulp as an antimethanogenic substrate for goat feed can maintain the physical and chemical quality of meat and reduce meat cholesterol.

Aromatic coconut represents an exceptional variety of coconut known for its distinct and delightful flavor and aroma, both of which are highly cherished by consumers. Despite its popularity, there has been a lack of systematic research on aroma components and the associated synthetic genes. In this report, we developed the metabolite profiles of terpenoids by targeted metabolomics and obtained the expression profile of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis by RNA-seq during different coconut fruit developmental stages. Totally, we separated 26 different terpenoids in aromatic coconut pulp, among which, geranyl acetate and (−)-isosyngene emerged as the most abundant. The integrated analysis of metabolism and RNA-seq data showed that HMGS2 , HMGS3 , IPI/IDI1 , HMGR1 , HMGR3 , and CMK2 as potentially key genes involved in the synthesis of terpenoids in aromatic coconut. To validate these findings, qRT-PCR was conducted on terpenoid-related genes. These findings lay a foundation for understanding aroma formation and the molecular mechanism of terpenoids in coconut fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, E.C. 3.1.1.3 are a class of enzymes that catalyze several important reactions viz. hydrolysis, aminolysis, alcoholysis, and esterification. Hence, switching to lipase production using low-cost cultivation media through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industry biomass may prove beneficial in lowering the production cost. In this study, mold isolated from fermented soybean was selected for producing lipase through SSF using coconut pulp as the substrate. Results revealed that a 4-day incubation was optimum for the SSF of coconut pulp to produce the highest lipase activity and protein content, which are 12.0 U ml-1 and 0.75 mg ml-1, respectively. Specific activity of the lipase reached its maximum at 15.9 U mg-1 with incubation at 35°C and pH 7.5. Moreover, it catalyzed the hydrolysis of olive oil with an activation energy of 43.46 kJ mol-1. Results demonstrated that the strategy adopted in this study to produce lipase by SSF of coconut pulp appeared to be a promising approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the adding of coconut pulp in ruminant feed on methane reduction in vitro. Rumen fluid and substrate of forage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 were in this study. This experiment consisted of five treatments of coconut pulp as followed: R1: feed substrates without the coconut pulp; R2: substrate feed with coconut pulp 5%; R3: substrate feed with coconut pulp 10%; R4: Substrate feed with coconut pulp 15% and R5: substrate feed with coconut pulp 20%. Each treatment was conducted to four replications. Fermentation was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) incubated at 39oC for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation was determined production of methane, parameters of fermentation, microbial activity, feed digestibility and fatty acids profile of the ruminal fluid. Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance using completely randomized design. The differences of mean values were analyzed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that methane production has decreased about 13.74%-17.39% when the feed was given coconut dregs 15-20%. Based on the results of the study was concluded that the supplementation of coconut pulp up to 15-20% of 100% dry matter can be used as a substrate of ruminant feed, because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity in the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro. The supplementation of coconut pulp can be a referencein designing the methanogenic inhibitor feed.

Coconut is a Tropical fruit of interest for Colombia; one part of its production is used at industrial level; nonetheless, there is little diversification of products with added value and lack of availing of coconut water, the husk, and peel. The aim of this research was to evaluate the behavior of the physical and physical-chemical properties of coconut pulp (CP) and its coconut water (CW) during storage at 25 °C, to determine the adequate time for use as raw material for its transformation, using a completely random design (CRD) via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests, with 5% significance level. Where the independent variable were the control times at 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, and 50 days after harvest, at the rate of 3 coconuts/lot for each control time. Among the response variables we determined the percentage distribution of the CP, CW, and inner shell (endocarp), as well as properties of Xw, pH, soluble solids, acidity, aw, color (L*, a*, b*), viscosity, and texture. Results showed general CP and CW deterioration after de 36 days of storage, mainly due to increased acidity, fermentation odors, loss of Xw, lipid oxidation (LO), and CP softening and discoloration, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Whole coconut pulp was used for Pickering emulsion stabilizer preparation. • Citric acid modified coconut pulp was effective in stabilization of o/w emulsion. • Higher degree of substitution, better ability in emulsion stabilization. • Hydrophobicity, particle size and surface charge are important factors. • The modified coconut pulp powders had yellowish-white color and high lightness. Coconut pulp, a by-product of coconut milk extraction, was used to prepare Pickering emulsion–stabilizing particles by modification with citric acid (CA) through dry heat treatment. The treatment temperature (100, 120, and 140 °C) and CA concentration (0.7, 2.0, and 3.3 % w/v) were varied. Modification at 100 °C and high concentration of CA gave products with satisfactory appearance and surface characteristics. The product obtained by treatment at 3.3 % CA and 100 °C had a yellowish white color with a light and porous surface, 0.08 degree of substitution (DS), 70° water contact angle, −50 mv zeta potential, and an average particle size after homogenization of 8.4 µm. Unmodified CP powders could not stabilize the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, and phase separation occurred rapidly at 25 °C, while CP modified using 2.0 % and 3.3 % CA at 100 °C could stabilize the emulsion for at least 30 d. The oil droplet size decreased as the DS of the particles increased from 77.3 to 33.3 µm and 18.6 µm for the particles with DS of 0.046, 0.072, and 0.082, respectively. The higher hydrophobicity imparted by CA modification strongly affected the oil droplet size, while the negative surface charge of particles supported the uniform dispersion of free CP particles in the interspace among the oil droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the adding of coconut pulp in ruminant feed on methane reduction in vitro. Rumen fluid and substrate of forage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 were in this study. This experiment consisted of five treatments of coconut pulp as followed: R1: feed substrates without the coconut pulp; R2: substrate feed with coconut pulp 5%; R3: substrate feed with coconut pulp 10%; R4: Substrate feed with coconut pulp 15% and R5: substrate feed with coconut pulp 20%. Each treatment was conducted to four replications. Fermentation was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) incubated at 39oC for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation was determined production of methane, parameters of fermentation, microbial activity, feed digestibility and fatty acids profile of the ruminal fluid. Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance using completely randomized design. The differences of mean values were analyzed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that methane production has decreased about 13.74%-17.39% when the feed was given coconut dregs 15-20%. Based on the results of the study was concluded that the supplementation of coconut pulp up to 15-20% of 100% dry matter can be used as a substrate of ruminant feed, because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity in the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro. The supplementation of coconut pulp can be a reference in designing the methanogenic inhibitor feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides is directly linked to improvements in productivity and to the preservation of coconut palms. However pesticide analysis is necessary to determine whether pesticide residues in the food products containing coconut are within the maximum residue limits (MRLs), ensuring the quality of these products. This work aimed to develop a method for multiresidue determination of ten pesticides in coconut water and pulp using QuEChERS and LC–MS/MS. The method was effective in terms of selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision, providing LOD of 3 μg kg −1 , LOQ of 10 μg kg −1 and recoveries between 70 and 120% with RSD lower than 20%. The developed method was applied to 36 samples in which residues of carbendazim, carbofuran, cyproconazole and thiabendazole were found below the LOQ in coconut water and pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple and effective extraction method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was developed to determine dimethoate, malathion, lufenuron, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, thiabendazole, difenoconazole and trichlorfon in coconut pulp using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC/MS, SIM). Different parameters of the method were evaluated, such as type of solid-phase (C18, alumina, silica-gel and Florisil), the amount of solid-phase and eluent (dichloromethane, acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, n-hexane and n-hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v)). The best results were obtained using 0.5g of coconut pulp, 1.0g of C18 as dispersant sorbent, 1.0g of Florisil as clean-up sorbent and acetonitrile saturated with n-hexane as eluting solvent. The method was validated using coconut pulp samples fortified with pesticides at different concentration levels (0.25–1.0mgkg−1). Average recoveries (four replicates) ranged from 70.1% to 98.7%, with relative standard deviations between 2.7% and 14.7%, except for lufenuron and difenoconazole, for which recoveries were 47.2% and 48.2%, respectively. Detection and quantification limits for coconut pulp ranged from 0.02 to 0.17mgkg−1 and from 0.15 to 0.25mgkg−1, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in coconut crop. • An effective sample preparation is needed to overcome the complexity of the matrix. • Modified QuEChERS followed by LC–MS/MS and GC–MS/MS method were used. • Pesticides residues in coconut endosperm (water and pulp) was determined. Several pesticides are used in the cultivation of coconut palm, hence evaluation of the residues from these substances must be analyzed in the fruit, to provide and ensure the food safety. Therefore, the development and validation of comprehensive and effective methods becomes crucial, given the complexity of the matrix. Thus, a novel method was developed for the determination of 10 different pesticides residues in coconut endosperm. QuEChERS showed to be an efficient method for sample preparation to overcome the complexity of the matrix. To extend the analytical scope, including a wide range of polarities, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC--MS/MS) were employed. Triple quadrupole spectrometer was used in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) on both detectors, providing high sensitivity and selectivity. These approaches showed to be optimal, considering the parameters of linearity (r ≥ 0.99), matrix effect (0–50 %), LOQ (5 μg kg−1, except for thiamethoxam (20 μg kg−1)), specificity, trueness (60–118 %) and precision (repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility) ≤ 20 %. The concentration levels obtained were higher than the MRL recommended for thiamethoxam (EU regulation <10 μg kg−1), justifying the analysis of such residues in commercial coconut endosperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]