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The objective of this research was to study the production of coating films with sweet potato starch (SPS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from water hyacinth and to study the effect of the coating on the storage life extension of mangoes. The coating film was prepared by dissolving sweet potato starch in water at a concentration of 5 % w/v and adding CMC from water hyacinth at 5 different concentrations: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % based on the weight of the starch. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer at 20 % of the weight of the starch solution. The mixture was then dried at 65 °C for 18 h. The study found that the thickness of the film decreased with higher concentrations of CMC from water hyacinth. The water activity (aw) ranged from 0.35 to 0.42, and the solubility and water vapor permeability of the film decreased with increasing CMC concentration. In the degradation study, it was observed that the films could biodegrade from 42 to 100 % for 8 weeks, with degradation rates decreasing as the amount of CMC from water hyacinth increased. Coating Mango with 10 % w/w CMC helped delay weight loss, skin color changes, and extended the shelf life of mango for up to 18 days at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2 % RH), compared to the control group with a shelf life of 12 days. These results indicate that films made from SPS/CMC from water hyacinth, with glycerol as the plasticizer, can effectively be used for preserving fruits and creating biodegradable films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of sodium alginate microcapsules is crucial aspect of microcapsule technology. However, probiotic capsules made solely from sodium alginate tend to have pores and cracks, by using different wall materials combined with sodium alginate to form composite sodium alginate microcapsules, it can play a more effective protective effect on probiotics. This paper provides a summary of the research progress made in compounding sodium alginate microcapsules using three different materials, including addition of prebiotics to enhance the growth of probiotics, the blending of nanomaterials to enhance mechanical properties, and the utilization of coating film-forming materials to minimize the ingress of external substances or the permeation of internal core materials. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pros and cons of different embedding structures, and provides a projection of the future development of probiotic microcapsule embedding. The ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights for scientific inquiry and experimentation in the field of compound sodium alginate of probiotic microcapsules.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To improve plasma and chemical resistance on various vacuum components used for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, various ceramic coating techniques have been applied. Among these methods for ceramic coating, the well-known atmospheric plasma spray (APS) is advantageous for providing thick film (100 µm or more) deposition. However, there are problems associated with the phase transition of the coating film and poor film quality due to formation of voids. To solve these problems, the aerosol deposition (AD) method has been developed. This method provides nice ceramic film quality. However, the coating rate is quite slow and has difficulty producing thick films (>30 µm). To overcome these limitations, microwave plasma-assisted aerosol deposition (μ-PAD) is applied at low vacuum conditions without the AD nozzle. This method uses a microwave plasma source during the AD process. After enduring a long-term durability test, as a trial run, μ-PAD has been applied on the actual process site. With the Al2O3 powder, μ-PAD shows a coating rate that is 12 times higher than the AD method. In addition, the formation of a thicker film (96 µm) deposition has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the coating film hardness, porosity, adhesion, and withstand voltage characteristics were confirmed to be less than the AD method.

In this work, a uniform superhydrophilic coating was prepared by grafting N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane oligomers(AEAOS) onto nanosilica by using silane coupling agent modification and coated on the surface of aluminum alloys to reduce water droplet generation. The grafting and dispersibility of modified nanosilica and aminosilane oligomers were characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The surface state, composition, and roughness of the coatings were characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and optical profilometer. The hydroxyl and organic content of modified nanosilica was analyzed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The compactness of the coating film is analyzed by an electrochemical impedance. The hydrophilicity and adhesion of the coating films were evaluated by contact angle and adhesion testing. By adjusting the concentration of amino groups in the nanosilica sol, the results show that the amino groups promote the silane grafting on the surface of nanosilica. The 10% addition of AEAOS gives the modified silica film a contact angle of <5° with superhydrophilic properties. The polarization resistance of the superhydrophilic coating film is about 10 times higher than that of the original aluminum alloy. The surface of the coated films is homogeneous and dense, showing high resistance to polarization and good corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work was made to investigate how nucleation and growth behavior of the coating film were affected by surface topographies of Mg–Al–Zn alloy substrate during the initial stage of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). To satisfy this end, a single substrate was prepared by mechanical treatment exhibiting rough and smooth regions with an equal area on the surface. The rough region with prominent hills and grooves induced the breakdown of passive film, which was indicated by an early appearance of plasma discharge on the rough region since nucleation of coating film occurred preferentially around the hills. However, the coating film grown on the grooves was somewhat thicker and more porous than the film grown on the hills and smooth regions. This was due to the fact that the growth of the coating film was found to be localized in the presence of rough region, which was in line with the discharge activities. Herein, the nucleation and growth behavior during the initial stage of PEO will be discussed schematically on the basis of microstructural interpretation.

To improve plasma and chemical resistance on various vacuum components used for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, various ceramic coating techniques have been applied. Among these methods for ceramic coating, the well-known atmospheric plasma spray (APS) is advantageous for providing thick film (100 µm or more) deposition. However, there are problems associated with the phase transition of the coating film and poor film quality due to formation of voids. To solve these problems, the aerosol deposition (AD) method has been developed. This method provides nice ceramic film quality. However, the coating rate is quite slow and has difficulty producing thick films (>30 µm). To overcome these limitations, microwave plasma-assisted aerosol deposition (μ-PAD) is applied at low vacuum conditions without the AD nozzle. This method uses a microwave plasma source during the AD process. After enduring a long-term durability test, as a trial run, μ-PAD has been applied on the actual process site. With the Al2O3 powder, μ-PAD shows a coating rate that is 12 times higher than the AD method. In addition, the formation of a thicker film (96 µm) deposition has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the coating film hardness, porosity, adhesion, and withstand voltage characteristics were confirmed to be less than the AD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) is one of the important seafood in China. Its shelf-life under refrigerated storage exponentially deteriorate due to the growth of spoilage microorganisms, protein degradation and lipid oxidation. In this study, 4 coating materials namely, konjac glucomannan-whey protein isolate (KGM-WPI) film, chitosan-sweet potato starch (CHI-SPS) film, chitosan-bamboo fungus (CHI-BF) film, and chitosan-boehmite alumina (CHI-BAH) have been explored to enhance the shelf life of sea bass during 8 days of refrigerated storage. Overall, CHI-BF was observed to be best in retaining hardness, gumminess and maintaining total volatile basic nitrogen value. Whereas CHI-SPS was found to retain chewiness and maintain lower values for drip loss and peroxide value. CHI-BAH coating was observed to maintain the lower values for pH and EC values of sea bass under refrigerated storage. However, the least increase in total viable count and minimum change in b* value was observed in the case of sea bass coated with KGM-WPI. The current research findings provide a new practical storage method for the entire fresh fish. The fresh fish can be coated with different coating materials and store on the ice at 4°C without packaging during retailing. These film coated whole fresh fish retains its microbial and sensory quality.

In this work, organic coating films loaded with leachable anticorrosive pigments, cerium 4-hydroxycinnamate (Ce(4OHCin)3) and strontium zinc phosphosilicate (SZP 391) were immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution at pH 3, pH 5.6, and pH 10. Extracts from each bulk solutions were taken after 24 h, 72 h, 168 h, 240 h, and 336 h to quantitatively measure the leaching of the inhibitive species as a function of time using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Other part of the extracts was also employed as test solution to monitor the inhibitive properties of the leached species on AA2198-T851 substrates using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After the immersion process, the unexposed and exposed film surfaces were characterized using optical microscopy, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (TEM & SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The leaching test results confirmed the release of inhibitive species from the coating films into the test solutions, whose rate increased with immersion time but decrease with increasing pH of the bulk solution. Greater leaching rate was observed at the lowest pH, whose release follows non-Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, the EIS results indicated significant protection of the alloy and the efficiency increased with increasing immersion time and decreasing pH. The extract with Ce(4OHCin)3 pigment shows comparatively higher release rate and better inhibitive properties, with the best at the lowest pH 3. This is attributed to its smaller cluster size and high solubility. The optical and electron Microscopy, XRD and FT-IR of coating films have further complemented the leaching process by revealing pores left behind due to dissolution of large clusters. The pores networks provided excellent transport path for both inward migration of aggressive solution and the release of dissolved inhibitive species.

This work was made to investigate how nucleation and growth behavior of the coating film were affected by surface topographies of Mg–Al–Zn alloy substrate during the initial stage of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). To satisfy this end, a single substrate was prepared by mechanical treatment exhibiting rough and smooth regions with an equal area on the surface. The rough region with prominent hills and grooves induced the breakdown of passive film, which was indicated by an early appearance of plasma discharge on the rough region since nucleation of coating film occurred preferentially around the hills. However, the coating film grown on the grooves was somewhat thicker and more porous than the film grown on the hills and smooth regions. This was due to the fact that the growth of the coating film was found to be localized in the presence of rough region, which was in line with the discharge activities. Herein, the nucleation and growth behavior during the initial stage of PEO will be discussed schematically on the basis of microstructural interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to control potato pathogens using metal nanoparticles that can be integrated into potato disease management strategies. The preparation containing iron, zinc, copper and molybdenum nanoparticles (NPs) in a polymer film formed from a mixture of Na-carboxymethylcellulose and polyethylene glycol-400 was developed for potato protection from early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer), black scurf and stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary A) diseases. The optimal concentrations of metal NPs, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo were 10–6%, 10–2%, 10–8% and 10–8%. Potato tubers were coated with metal NPs containing film before planting. Field trials were conducted in 2018 and 2019. Averaged over the 2 years, pre-planting treatment of seed tubers with nanopreparations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo reduced the prevalence and development degree of Alternaria spp. from 29.2% and 7.4%, respectively, to 10.8% and 2.0% and Phytophthora infestans from 12.8% and 2.1% to 0.9% and 0.1%, and the prevalence of Rhizoctonia solani from 8.4 to 6.5%. The pre-sowing treatment of potato tubers with metal NPs in the polymer composition increased crop yield by 25.7% (2018) and 28.1% (2019) and the yield of commercial tubers by 11.7% (2018) and 31.2% (2019) and did not affect the starch content and consumer qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries have been widely used in portable appliances and medical and aerospace devices, and further improving the energy density and power density is of great significance to the future development of related technologies. In this work, a high-dielectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) coating film was designed and realized on Cu foil by a polar solution-induced phase transition method. The PVDF40 coating film prepared at 40 °C displays a high β-phase content (91.68 %) and strong dielectric properties, which can effectively promote the dissociation of Li salt, and exhibits superior ionic conductivity of 4.06 × 10−4 S cm−1 and greatly increased Li transference number of 0.652. The Li-CF x battery with coating film delivers an excellent specific discharge capacity of 947 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, and a superior rate capacity of 634 mAh g−1 even at 5C, attributed to the improved dissociate of lithium salt, Li coordination environment and ion transport. This study demonstrates a dielectric film protection strategy to achieve high-performance lithium batteries. [Display omitted] • β-phase PVDF is controllably synthesized by a polar solvent induction method. • The dielectric PVDF improves Li salt dissociation and Li+ transference number. • High ionic conductivity of 4.06 × 10−4 S cm−1 is obtained. • The assembled Li-CF x battery demonstrates outstanding capacity and rate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) has some defects, including poor fluidity, high cross-linking density, high curing shrinkage rate, and a tendency to cause brittle fracture in cured films. These factors pose significant obstacles for the direct application of MF in coatings. In this study, a novel purified palmitoylated melamine (PM) intermediate was synthesized by acylation reaction between equal molar palmitoyl chloride (Pc) and melamine(M), and then mixed with M (with 10% mass substitution of M). The mixture was reacted with formaldehyde, butanol, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) to prepare palmitoylated melamine-formaldehyde resin (PMF). The prepared PMF displays excellent direct coating ability on various hard substrate surfaces, with a cured coating film surface that is uniform and smooth. In addition, the coating exhibits excellent surface hydrophobic function (with a water contact angle is up to 100°), high light transmittance (with a gloss of 135° and a light transmittance of 95.8%), intrinsic flame retardancy (with a limiting oxygen index is 27.6% and a surface resistance to cigarette burning of 5 grade), self-cleaning properties (hydrophobicity, lipophobicity and lubrication) and other comprehensive properties. The adhesion of the coating (cross cut test) was 0 grade, the impact resistance is 80 mm, the pencil hardness was 8H, the wear resistance of the coating was only 0.02 mg per 100 revolutions (0.02 mg/100r), and the coating surface resistance to chemical contamination (tested with acetone, 10% citric acid solution, and 25% sodium hydroxide solution) was level 5. These advantages of great significance for the expansion of the application field of melamine-formaldehyde resin. • A novel structure of PM was prepared by the acylation reaction of equimolar amounts of palmitoyl chloride and melamine. • Keeping the total amount of M constant, 10% by mass of M was replaced with PM and the mixture was used to prepare PMF resin. • PMF resin exhibits excellent direct coating capabilities on a variety of substrates and surface functionalities. • PMF coating exhibits surface hydrophobic function, high light transmission, flame retardancy and other excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dynamics of coating flows down a vertical fiber is investigated experimentally. An oscillatory flow has been observed in experiments, which corresponds to a relative periodic orbit (RPO) in nonlinear dynamics. This type of RPO manifests as a periodic process in which a large droplet swallows small droplets, and then the film behind the large droplet evolves into new small droplets. In order to understand the physical mechanisms of RPOs, we studied the transition from travelling waves (TWs) to RPOs for different physical parameters, including the dynamic viscosities, fiber diameters and flow rates. The experimental results show that such a process is periodic, and there exists a critical flow rate at which the RPOs appear. It is interesting that a small-scale RPO has been observed in experiments when the flow rate is much smaller than the critical flow rate at which the normal-scale RPO appears. As the flow rate is decreased further, the relative periodic orbits transformed into an irregular state. This indicates that the appearance of multi-scale RPOs is a transition from an ordered state to a disordered state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-crystalline aluminum silicate related to allophane (i.e., clay mineral) was synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction after which the synthetic mineral was mixed with clear or multicolored aqueous emulsion paint as a nanofiller. The nanofiller was revealed by X-ray diffraction to have an amorphous morphology, showed a narrow particle size distribution with a volume mean diameter of 1.2 µm and indicated a specific surface area of 228 m2/g. Clear films prepared with the nanofiller had significantly improved wettability compared to a blank film. The results of outdoor exposure tests exhibited that multicolored films with the nanofiller showed higher antifouling ability than films with a commercially available silica filler. A proposed antifouling mechanism is that the proportion of Si-OH and Al-OH active sites exposed on the nanofiller surface had a significant effect on the surface wettability of the films and exquisitely controlled the sliding of rain droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ziziphus jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao is extremely susceptible to reddening, browning, nutritional loss, and perishability after harvest. In this study, we evaluated the mechanisms of calcium chloride and chitosan/nano‐silica composite film treatments on the quality, especially in reddening, by physiological and metabolomic assays. RESULTS: The treatment delayed the decline of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and chalcone isomerase (CHI) activities. Meanwhile, the treated groups retarded the increases in anthocyanin and quercetin contents by inhibiting the gene expressions of flavonol synthase (ZjFLS), dihydroflavonol 4‐reductase (ZjDFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ZjANS), while promoting leucoanthocyanidin reductase (ZjLAR) expression, which leads to retardation of fruit reddening. Anthocyanins were found to be responsible for post‐harvest winter jujube reddening through principal component analysis. Results from the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution indicated that the treated group delayed the decline of the quality of 'Dongzao' and extended its shelf life. CONCLUSION: The treatment induced the heightening of flavonoids metabolism. They enhanced the nutritional value and the ability to resist stress by delaying the decline of PAL, CHS, and CHI activities. Meanwhile, the treated groups retarded the increase in anthocyanin and quercetin contents by inhibiting the gene expressions of ZjFLS, ZjDFR, and ZjANS and promoting ZjLAR expression, which leads to retardation of fruit reddening. Anthocyanins are responsible for post‐harvest winter jujube reddening. Coating treatment effectively delayed the decline of winter jujube quality. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating films is an effort to improve quality and extend the shelf life of a food ingredient. Coating film functions to coat food as well as can be consumed. The study aims to determine the best physical characteristics of the combination of corn starch-chitosan and find out the smallest % decrease in vitamin C levels from chili, tomatoes, and strawberries coated with the coating film. The materials used in this study were a combination of corn starch and chitosan 0.25%; 0.50% and 0.75%. The results showed that the coating film of 0.75% corn starch -chitosan combination has the best physical characteristics. The smallest percent decrease in vitamin C levels in chili, tomatoes, and strawberries that are dipped in coating film on a combination of corn starch-chitosan at a level of 0.75%.

Starch is an important polysaccharide for coating film production. However, it has limitation since its hydrophilic, which reduce the physical mechanical characteristics of the coating film. The effort to overcome these weaknesses is by modifying the starch with cross liking method. In this study, sago was used as the source of starch with citric acid as its cross linking agent, and the filler material for film making using CMC and chitosan. The objective of this study was to design coating film production by using cross-linked sago starch to improve its properties. The stage of this study were the characterization of raw materials, formulation of coating film and its characterization. For CMC fillers, the result of coating film had a range of moisture value, tensile strength, elongation, water solubility, and water vapor transmission rate of 25-28%, 0.66-0.70 MPa, 11-15%, 54.9-74.9%, and 1.8-1.9 g/hour.mm2. For chitosan fillers, the coating film had a range of moisture values, tensile strength, elongation, water solubility, and water vapor transmission rates of 20-24%, 0.43-1.75 MPa, 13-17%, 23-41%, and 2.0-2.1 g/hour.mm2.

A silver–cytokinin complex filler was synthesized by a mild thermal process; then, the complex was mixed with an aqueous emulsion paint as an antimicrobial filler. Coating films were prepared by a typical method using 0.254 mm applicator. The results of antibacterial activity measurements indicated that the films exhibited strong activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Values of the antibacterial activity (n = 3) were 5.7 and 4.9, respectively. As for the mixture of five kinds of fungi, after cultivation (n = 5), no colony growth on the film surface was observed by microscopy. From the appearance of the film surfaces, it was revealed that the silver–cytokinin complex filler for emulsion paints possessed better paintability and transparency compared to a commercialized paint filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, green, and efficient mechanical activation-assisted esterification (MAE) technology was developed for the preparation of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), which was used as film-former for pearlescent coating. In addition, CAB was also prepared by a traditional liquid phase esterification (LPE) method for comparing the structures and characteristics of the CABs prepared by these two technologies. 1H and 13C NMR confirmed that CAB was successfully produced, and the degree of substitution of acetyl and butyryl groups was also calculated. The crystal structure and molar mass of the CABs prepared by MAE and LPE methods were dissimilar, ascribing to different reaction systems and characteristics. FTIR, SEM, and transparency analyses were used to investigate the chemical structure and surface characteristics of CAB films, and appearance, glossiness, rub resistance, and ethanol resistance measurements were carried out to investigate the surface and wear characteristics of CAB/pearlescent coating films. The results indicated that the surface and wear characteristics of the films based on MAE- and LPE-prepared CABs were similar to the same reaction time, and the interfacial adhesion and compatibility among components significantly affected the characteristics of the films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of a self-rewetting film falling along a vertical fiber under the influence of gravity are considered. The evolution equation of the interface of the self-rewetting film is established in the framework of a long-wave approximation theory. The effect of thermocapillarity (Marangoni effect) on the absolute/convective instability (AI/CI) is investigated for self-rewetting fluids of which the surface tension is a quadratic function of the temperature at the surface. The effect of thermocapillarity on the Rayleigh-Plateau instability is investigated by examining the dispersion relation. The characteristics of self-rewetting fluids are considered for different Marangoni numbers (Ma) in different regions of absolute/convective instability using a spatio-temporal stability analysis. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear evolution in various regions of absolute/convective instability are also performed. The results of numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with the spatio-temporal stability analysis. The effect of thermocapillarity on absolute and convective instability depends on the difference between the temperature at the interface Θ ̄ i , and the temperature corresponding the minimum surface tension Θ0. The results indicate that the thermocapillarity suppresses the absolute instability and enhances the convective instability as Ma increases when Θ ̄ i − Θ 0 > 0 , and enhances the absolute instability as Ma increases when Θ ̄ i − Θ 0 < 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh pistachios are rich in dietary fiber, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids, but they have a short shelf life. This investigation examined the effect of pre-harvest foliar application with chitosan (500 and 1000 mg. L−1), nano-chitosan (250 and 500 mg. L−1), and chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposite (250 and 500 mg. L−1) coating films on the postharvest physiology and storage of fresh pistachios (Pistacia vera cvs. Akbari and Ahmad Aghaei) cultivar during storage at 4 ± 0.5 °C. It was found that, fresh pistachios' shelf life could by increased by up to 30 days by the use of chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposite coating for foliar application. The decay index of the composite coated fruits was 4–6 % lower than that of the control group, and after 50–60 days the bacterial contamination appeared in cultivars; respectively. The nanocomposite treatments reduced the fruits weight between 30 and 40 %, which was 15 % higher that of than uncoated fruits. The pre-harvest application of chitosan/TiO2 coating reduced microbial contamination, weight loss, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity and saturated fatty acids, and increased unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant properties, sensory properties, essential minerals, superoxide dismutase (SOD), quality indicators and shelf life. These results demonstrated that the chitosan/TiO2 (250 and 500 mg. L−1) coating film effectively preserved the nutrient composition, sensory quality, nutritional value, antioxidant capacity and shelf life of fresh pistachio. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Colloidal silica particles covered with thin polyacrylate coat (PreEm) were prepared. • STEM analysis supported the presence of the coat layer (1–3 nm in thickness). • Hybrid emulsions were prepared by mixing PreEm with acrylic emulsions (AcEm). • The hybrid emulsions gave transparent coating films at high silica content. • The hardness of the PreEm/ AcEm films increased with increasing the silica content. Abstract Novel nano-composite emulsions consisting of colloidal silica particles covered with thin polyacrylate coat (PreEm) were successfully prepared with the aid of a nonionic surfactant having a low cloud point (T cp = 40 °C). This nonionic surfactant first deposited on the surface of colloidal silica particles above its T cp to provide the sites for adsorption and the following polymerization of acrylic monomer. Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the colloidal particles obtained after the polymerization indicated the presence of very thin coat layer of polyacrylate (c.a., 1–3 nm nm in thickness) around silica nanoparticles. These PreEm particles were readily incorporated into the ordinary acrylic emulsions (AcEm) to obtain silica/ polyacrylate mixed emulsions (PreEm/ AcEm). It was revealed that the mixed emulsions can give transparent coating films at a silica/polyacrylate ratio below 150/100 in which the colloidal particles were distributed in the polymer matrix without aggregation. This morphology was in sharp contrast with the particle aggregation morphologies shown by the films obtained from the naked colloidal silica-AcEm mixed emulsion and the conventional nanocomposite emulsion consisting of silica particles covered with thick polyacrylate coat. The PreEm/ AcEm films exhibited increased hardness with increasing the silica contents to 150%. These data supported the effectiveness of PreEm in controlling the properties of silica-polyacrylate hybrid films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Design and preparation of a porous polymer coating film with nodular microstructured matrix covered by low surface energy PDMS layer. • Self gravity-driven oil penetration through the coating film to realize massive water/oil separation. • High oil separation rate and oil penetration speed as well as the satisfactory durability of the coating film. Abstract In this work, an organic coating film was designed to have a porous microstructure together with a rough surface, and its matrix was covered with a low surface energy layer, so that it can be employed for oil/water separation based on its superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. First, a mixture solution of poly(styrene- block -butadiene- block -styrene) (SBS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer was sprayed onto stainless steel mesh in a non-solvent vapor atmosphere of ethanol. After solvent evaporation, a porous coating film has been obtained. The film matrix was formed from SBS to have a nodular-microstructure, which was covered by the highly flexible PDMS prepolymer. Then, the PDMS prepolymer was cured to cover the nodular microstructure at 60 °C, which was chosen to be far below the glass transition temperature of polystyrene block of SBS in order to maintain the formed nodular microstructure. The microstructures of the obtained coating films were carefully characterized and analyzed. Water and oil contact angles on the coating films were measured to indicate their wetting properties of superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. The oil diffusion speed along the coating film and the oil swelling behavior were examined to suggest the advantages of the covering PDMS layer. The coating films have been employed for oil/water separation through self gravity-driven filtration, where oil could penetrate the coating film automatically while water retained. The oil separation rate was found to be higher than 99.0% and the flux was estimated to be greater than 162 L∙h−1 m−2. Moreover, the cycling tests suggest the satisfactory reusability of the coating film, implying its potential applications in oily wastewater treatment or oil spill recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of film thickness of vinyl and silicone resin coatings on cavitation erosion were examined quantitatively in seawater using a vibratory apparatus. The maximum instantaneous volume loss rate indicates the increase, decrease, or constant with a decreased top coat thickness less than the critical thickness, depending on the combination of the top coat and primer of the acoustic impedance. The critical thickness can be calculated approximately from the duration of impulsive force and propagation velocity of a longitudinal wave created by the collapse of a cavitation bubble, when covered with a resin coating material.

In this study, the effect of CuO nanoparticles on antifungal activity of polyurethane/CuO coating film was studied. CuO nanoparticles with concentrations of 1%, 2% and 5% w/v were prepared. Characterisation of nanoparticles and the coated surface were carried out using UV–vis Spectroscopy, DLS, XRD and TEM. The images of TEM were used to study the dispersion of nanoparticles in the coating film. The best nanoparticle size distribution was obtained in a coating with 2 wt% of nanoparticles, in which by further increasing the concentration up to 5 wt%, the nanoparticles dispersion was diminished and rather accumulation was observed in the coating film. The antifungal activity of polyurethane /CuO coating film against one type of fungus (penicillium) was measured by disc-diffusion method and the optimum conditions were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anticorrosive property of yttrium oxide was evaluated using chlorine trifluoride gas. After the exposure to chlorine trifluoride gas at room temperature for the total time longer than 1000 min, the yttrium oxide film, formed on a quartz glass surface, did not show any etching behavior and surface morphology change, while the non-coated quartz glass showed a rough surface with the etching depth of nearly 0.1 mm. Because yttrium oxide had no chemical reaction with chlorine trifluoride gas at temperatures less than 300 °C, yttrium oxide film is expected to protect the quartz glass from etching by chlorine trifluoride gas at room temperature for a significantly long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the interface fracture toughness between a Ti coating film and Al-alloy substrate is evaluated using a laser spallation method and a boundary element method. The fracture toughness can be estimated using inverse analyses by the boundary element method using a transfer function computed from the history of the displacement of the specimen. In the present study, an alternative boundary element program is developed for unsteady state vibration of an axi-symmetric solid body. The mode I interface fracture toughness between the Ti coating film and Al-alloy substrate is confirmed to be about 0.66 MPam 1/2 from the present investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) coated glasses with different sheet resistances were made by unbalanced magnetron sputtering technology. Radar cross section (RCS) of the glasses and the reference metal plate were measured in microwave anechoic chamber in horizontal–horizontal (HH) and vertical–vertical (VV) polarization and 10 GHz and 15 GHz incident wave. The relative reflectivity was proposed to analyze electromagnetic scattering of AZO coated glass. Based on RCS test results, the relationship of relative reflectivity, sheet resistance and optical transmittance was studied. It is shown that proper choice of sheet resistance of AZO coated glass can satisfy both optical admittance and relative reflectivity performance. The optical admittance can be greater than 77% while relative reflectivity is greater than 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The button mushroom is rich food full of nutrient but compared with other fruits and vegetables, mushroom has a higher respiration rate and due to the lack of protective layer to prevent water loss, decay occurs quickly. It seems that suitable coating film is the one way for increase the storage life of mushroom. Therefore present research was carried out as split plot design in farme of CRD to find the best coating film in order to increase the storage life. In this research, the treatments were: control (package with Selefon), Poly Ethylene (PE) with 40 and 65 micron thickness, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) with 25, 35 and 40 micron thickness, Cast PolyPropylen (CPP) with 25 and 40 micron thickness, Poly Ester (PET) with 12 and 24 micron thickness and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) with 30 micron thickness. The samples were estimated after 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days storage at 1°C and 90 % RH in 3 replications. The results showed that the types of plastic coating had significant effects on all measured characteristics as campared to that of control. Highest firmness value, Soluble Solid Content (SSC), titratable acidity, acidity (pH), and lowest weight less and decay were observed in packet mushroom with the coating film: BOPP and CPP and the lowest amounts were observed in the mushroom packed with control, PVC, PET and PE films. The effects of time on all of the measured during the storage period, were significant too.

As a new diol, poly(oxyalkylene-alt-PPO) glycols including the methylene-oxy group from polypropylene glycol (PPG) were newly synthesized by the phase transfer catalysis. Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) with different contents of the modified polyol as a soft segment were synthesized. We investigated the possibility of their application for optical film materials. Comparing to PPG-based WPU, the Tg of poly(oxyalkylene-alt-PPO) glycols-based WPU increased and the refractive index and the pencil hardness were higher than those of PPG-based WPU while the optical transmittances were almost the same. These indicate that poly(oxyalkylene-alt-PPO) glycols-based WPU can be used for optical protect film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental phosphorus (P) is extensively explored as promising anode candidates due to its abundance, low-cost and high theoretical specific capacity. However, it is of great challenge for P-based materials as practical high-energy-density and long-cycling anodes for its large volume expansion and low conductibility. Here, we significantly improve both cycling and rate performance of red P by cladding the nanoconfined P film on interconnected multi-walled carbon nanotube networks (P-MWCNTs composite) via facile wet ball-milling. The red P-MWCNTs anode presents a superior high reversible capacity of 1396.6 mAh g −1 on the basis of P-MWCNTs composite weight at 50 mA g −1 with capacity retention reaching at ∼90% over 50 cycles. Even at 1000 mA g −1 , it still maintains remarkable specific reversible capacity of 934.0 mAh g −1 . This markedly enhanced performance is ascribed to synergistic advantages of this unique structure: Intimate contacts between nanosized red P and entangled MWCNTs not only shorten the transmission routes of ions through MWCNTs toward red P, but also motivate the access with electrolyte to open structures of P film. Besides, the confined nanosized P film moderate volume expansions effectively and the entangled MWCNTs networks acted as conductive channels activate high ionic/electronic conductivity of the whole electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breathable and superhydrophobic coating film has been successfully prepared in one step by combining spraying technique and non-solvent vapor induced phase separation. Namely, solution of an inexpensive commercially available thermoplastic elastomer, i.e., a star-shaped triblock copolymer of poly (styrene- block -butadiene- block -styrene), was sprayed in an ethanol vapor atmosphere. The sprayed tiny droplets of the polymer solution facilitated the solvent evaporation and the non-solvent condensation, resulting in their fast phase separation and solidification. After complete evaporation of the solvent in a few minutes, a porous and superhydrophobic coating film was thus obtained, with a nanometer to micrometer inter-connected nodular morphology. In order to improve the superhydrophobicity and strengthen the coating film, inorganic nanoparticles of SiO 2 have been added into the polymer solution for spraying fabrication. The obtained coating films were thermally treated to further improve their mechanical properties for practical application. The contact angle, the sliding angle and the abrasion tests results proved all previous methods effective. Moreover, water-vapor permeation through the coating film was checked to indicate its breath ability. Therefore, this paper provides a practical method for the preparation of porous and superhydrophobic coating films, which may have great promise in microfiltration and textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of CO 2 adsorbent of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] into coating material of polypropylene itaconate (PPIA) eventually opens up further investigation of the functional coating related to the air or gas adjustment. This paper presents the fabrication of functional coating materials based on PPIA modified with [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ]. Thermal stability, surface morphology, and the CO 2 -absorption ability of the obtained materials are investigated. The color of the coating film turned from the yellowish viscous liquid into blue opaque surface after incorporation of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ]. For the best application of the coating material of PPIA, incorporation of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] into PPIA should not more than 20% (w/w), as the coating turned from a smooth surface to a coarser surface and a rigid form. The thermal stability of the PPIA coating decreased as the [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] content in the PPIA increased. The content of 1–5% [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] affected the significant CO 2 adsorption on the coating, in which no significant CO 2 response of the PPIA was seen with the absence of MOF on the coating materials. Above 10%, the CO 2 adsorption of the coating was more than 50% of the adsorption value of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF only. With the incorporation of 20%, the CO 2 absorption reached about 84% of the absorption value of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF. This study proved that the PPIA coating incorporating [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF could afford a coating material with a function to adsorb CO 2 gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a demand for thin & flexible optical sensors has increased, conventional glass substrates based optical filters needs to be replaced by flexible film based optical filters. In this paper, light absorbing dye‐doped siloxane based optical film filters are introduced for replacing conventional glass based optical filters. Light absorbing dye‐doped siloxane hybrid optical film filters have good light filtering ability in diverse wavelength ranges with high transmittance in desired wavelengths, showing high thermal and optical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian penggunaan alginat sebagai pahan penyalut tipis (film coating) pada tablet vitamin A telah dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan alginat yang merupakan hasil ekstraksi dari rumput laut coklat Sargassum sp. Formula larutan penyalut terdiri dari 5 perlakuan yaitu perlakuan A (1,00 g alginat + 0,20 g PEG), perlakuan B (1,25 g alginat + 0,25 g PEG), perlakuan C (1,5 g alginat + 0,30 g PEG), perlakuan D (1,75 g alginat + O,35 g PEG) dan sebagai pembanding adalah (10 g HPMC + 1 g PEG), uji yang dilakukan terhadap tablet inti dan tablet salut adalah uji visual, keseragaman ukuran, keseragaman bobot, keseragaman kandungan bahan aktif, kekerasan, keregasan, waktu hancur, dan uji stabilitas vitamin A. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan yang terbaik pada penelitian ini adalah perlakuan D.

Wear is a well known problem in metal stamping die, especially on the die working with stainless steel workpiece, in which wear rate is severe. This research considered various types of material coating on tool surface which were regularly practised in modern stamping industry due to the ability to increase wear resistance. The model study of friction "Ball-on-disk" technique was employed throughout this work. The disk was made from stainless steel austenitic grade (SUS304). The ball was made from cold work tool steel, SKD11 (JIS) and was hardened to 60±2 HRC. Ball surface conditions selected for this work were non-coated, coated by TiC-CVD, TiCN (TiC/TiCN/TiN Multilayer)-CVD and TiCN (TiN/TiCN Double layer)-PVD, and treated by VC-TD. Tests were carried out without lubricant. The results show that the coating film and the surface treatment has no effect on the friction coefficient but it can reduce wear rate by 64.1-99.7% at contact pressure condition less than 1,100 MPa. At the higher level of contact pressure, only 2 types of coating, TiCN (Multilayer)-CVD and TiC-CVD, can reduce wear rate. The other two, which are TiCN (Double layer)-PVD coating film and a surface treatment by VC-TD process, on the contrary increase the rate of wear significantly. This is due to delamination of coating film at high contact pressure. The coating particles of high hardness accelerate wear phenomenon on the tool surface. Therefore, proper selection of tool surface condition depends on level of contact pressure generated in the process.

This paper addresses the cutting mechanisms of cemented carbide using a diamond-coated carbide end mill at ultrasmall feed rates. The tool wear behavior, cutting force, and form and surface integrity of the machined groove were experimentally investigated. In addition, the cutting edge temperature, finished surface, and influence of feed rate on tool durability were investigated to determine the cutting characteristics. A large flaking of the coating film on the rake face occurred immediately after the cutting onset, and a sharp cutting edge evolved on the ridgeline of the section of the coating film that remained on the flank face. The cutting force decreased, and the removal volume increased because of the flaking of the coating film on the rake face, which resulted in the evolution of the sharp cutting edge. The temperature of the cutting edge increased with increasing the tool's speed of revolution, similar to the case of hardened die steel materials, and reached 440-560 °C. No damaged layer was observed on the finished surface layer, as confirmed by compositional mapping of a section of the preliminary and finished surfaces. The durability of the cutting tool deteriorated significantly at feed rates higher than the cross-sectional thickness of the coating film. High wear resistance and cutting performance can be achieved by setting the feed rate to ultrasmall values, less than the thickness of the coating film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of a composite material depend on its constituent materials such as natural biopolymers or synthetic biodegradable polymers and inorganic or organic nanomaterials or nano-scale minerals. The significance of bio-based and synthetic polymers and their drawbacks on coating film application is currently being discussed in research papers and articles. Properties and applications vary for each novel synthetic bio-based material, and a number of such materials have been fabricated in recent years. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the properties and applications of biopolymer-based nanocomposite coating films. Recent works and articles are cited in this paper. These citations are ubiquitous in the development of novel bionanocomposites and their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coated microneedles have been paid much attention recently, and several coating strategies have been developed to address the problems during coating process. However, there are still some unresolved issues, such as, precise control requirements, microneedle substrate contamination and high processing temperature. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and controllable method to make uniform coatings on microneedles at room temperature. This novel method avoids the contamination of microneedle substrate by providing both the adsorption force of thickener and micro-scale coating film produced by a newly design device. Thickeners were screened to enhance the mass of coatings. The parameters that influence the coatings were tested systematically, which made coating process controllable. Finally, three model drugs were coated onto microneedles to prove the method is applicable more broadly. In addition, insertion experiments were carried out to test the drug delivery feasibility of the coated microneedles. In conclusion, this study presents a simple and controllable method to coat microneedles with small molecular chemical drugs or large proteins for rapid skin drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar control film is usually positioned on the interior side of the window to reduce heat radiation into buildings. This work, in contrast, investigates the thermal performance and durability properties of window glazing with film on the exterior side and glazing with an additional TiO2 layer, as a protective film, on the exterior side. A small-sized hot-box was developed to evaluate the performance of glass samples: low-E glass, clear glass with solar film and tinted glass with TiO2 coating. It was concluded that the glass with coating facing toward outdoor could result in a reduction of interior surface temperature by 2℃–7℃. The thermal discomfort caused by these exterior films for the occupants would therefore be lowered. Experiments on surface properties found that heat treatment could provide improved durability properties for low-E and TiO2 glass samples. Adding another TiO2 layer to the low-E or solar films was found to exhibit even lower interior temperatures. An energy analysis showed that the heat transfer rate to the building inside was reduced by 25.8% for TiO2/solar film on the exterior compared to the low-E glass with film facing inside. TiO2/solar film placed on the exterior side is therefore highly recommended for window glazing by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackiness caused by the gas-entrapped membrane (EudragitRL 30D) was usually observed during storage of the effervescent floating tablets, leading to failure in floatation and sustained release. In this work, common anti-tacking agents (glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and talc) were used to solve this tackiness problem. The impact of anti-tacking agent on the properties of free films and corresponding floating tablets was investigated. GMS was more effective than talc in reducing tackiness of the film. Addition and increasing amount of anti-tacking agents lowered the film mechanical strength, but the coating films were still strong and flexible enough to resist the generated gas pressure inside the floating tablet. Wettability and water vapor permeability of the film decreased with increasing level of anti-tacking agents as a result of their hydrophobicity. No interaction between anti-tacking agents and polymer was observed as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Increasing amount of anti-tacking agents decreased time to float and tended to retard drug release of the floating tablets. Floating properties and drug release were also influenced by type of anti-tacking agents. The obtained floating tablets still possessed good floating properties and controlled drug release even though anti-tacking agent had some effects. The results demonstrated that the tackiness problem of the floating tablets could be solved by incorporating anti-tacking agent into the gas-entrapped membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]