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4 results on '"co-twins"'

1. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of suicide death and suicidal behavior

Author

FinnGen, Int Suicide Genetics Consortium, Li, Qingqin S., Shabalin, Andrey A., DiBlasi, Emily, Palotie, Aarno, Coon, Hilary, University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Research Programs Unit, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Aarno Palotie / Principal Investigator, and Genomics of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Subjects
RISK, MUTATIONS, MIXED-MODEL ANALYSIS, PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS, 3112 Neurosciences, PSYCHOPATHIC TENDENCIES, DEPRESSION, CO-TWINS, GENE, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental health, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, NEUROLIGINS, 3111 Biomedicine, AUTISM, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Suicide is a worldwide health crisis. We aimed to identify genetic risk variants associated with suicide death and suicidal behavior. Meta-analysis for suicide death was performed using 3765 cases from Utah and matching 6572 controls of European ancestry. Meta-analysis for suicidal behavior using data across five cohorts (n = 8315 cases and 256,478 psychiatric or populational controls of European ancestry) was also performed. One locus in neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) passing the genome-wide significance threshold for suicide death was identified (top SNP rs73182688, with p = 5.48 × 10−8 before and p = 4.55 × 10−8 after mtCOJO analysis conditioning on MDD to remove genetic effects on suicide mediated by MDD). Conditioning on suicidal attempts did not significantly change the association strength (p = 6.02 × 10−8), suggesting suicide death specificity. NLGN1 encodes a member of a family of neuronal cell surface proteins. Members of this family act as splice site-specific ligands for beta-neurexins and may be involved in synaptogenesis. The NRXN-NLGN pathway was previously implicated in suicide, autism, and schizophrenia. We additionally identified ROBO2 and ZNF28 associations with suicidal behavior in the meta-analysis across five cohorts in gene-based association analysis using MAGMA. Lastly, we replicated two loci including variants near SOX5 and LOC101928519 associated with suicidal attempts identified in the ISGC and MVP meta-analysis using the independent FinnGen samples. Suicide death and suicidal behavior showed positive genetic correlations with depression, schizophrenia, pain, and suicidal attempt, and negative genetic correlation with educational attainment. These correlations remained significant after conditioning on depression, suggesting pleiotropic effects among these traits. Bidirectional generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization analysis suggests that genetic risk for the suicidal attempt and suicide death are both bi-directionally causal for MDD.

Published
2023

2. Infant feeding with soy formula milk: effects on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular activity.

Author

Sharpe, Richard M., Martin, Bronwen, Morris, Keith, Greig, Irene, McKinnell, Chris, McNeilly, Alan S., and Walker, Marion

Subjects
TESTIS physiology, ANIMAL populations, ANTHROPOMETRY, BODY weight, DIET, ELEMENTAL diet, FOLLICLE-stimulating hormone, FOOD, LUTEINIZING hormone, OXIDOREDUCTASES, PRIMATES, SOYBEAN, TESTIS, TESTOSTERONE, CYTOMETRY
Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study has addressed concerns about possible effects of feeding human infants soy formula milk (SFM). METHODS: This is a feeding study in marmosets, using a mainly co-twin design. From 4–5 until 35–45 days of age, co-twin males were fed by hand with either standard (cow) formula milk (SMA = controls) or with SFM for ~8 h each day (2 h at weekends) and intake related to bodyweight. Blood samples were collected at 18–20 and at 35–45 days of age in 13 sets of co-twins plus two non-twin males per group and, at the later age, seven sets of co-twins were killed and the testes and pituitary gland fixed for cell counts. RESULTS: Weight gain and formula intake were similar in both feeding groups. SMA-fed males had mean testosterone levels of 2.8–3.1 ng/ml, typical of the ‘neonatal testosterone rise’, whereas SFM-fed males exhibited consistently lower mean levels (1.2–2.6 ng/ml); paired comparison in SMA-and SFM-fed co-twins at day 35–45 revealed 53–70% lower levels in 11 of 13 co-twins fed with SFM (P = 0.004). Further evidence for suppression of testosterone levels in SFM-fed males came from comparison of the frequency of low testosterone levels (<0.5 ng/ml). In historical controls aged 35–45 days, two out of 22 values were <0.5 ng/ml, a similar frequency as found in control SMA-fed males (one out of 15 values <0.5 ng/ml). In contrast, 12 out of 15 values for SFM-fed males were <0.5 ng/ml (P < 0.001). There was no consistent relationship between SFM intake/g and testosterone levels. Paradoxically, the mean number of Leydig cells per testis was increased by 74% (P < 0.001) in co-twins fed SFM, when compared with their SMA-fed brothers, whereas no significant changes were found in numbers of Sertoli and germ cells. Because of the lack of gonadotrophin assays, the number of immunopositive LHβ and FSHβ cells in the pituitary gland, and their ratio, were determined but no consistent difference was found between SMA- and SFM-fed twins. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the average isoflavone content of the SFM brand used, intake of isoflavones was estimated at 1.6–3.5 mg/kg/day in the SFM-fed marmosets which is 40–87% of that reported in 4 month human infants fed on a 100% SFM diet. It is therefore considered likely that similar, or larger, effects to those shown here in marmosets may occur in human male infants fed with SFM. Whether the changes described result in longer-term effects is under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2002
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3. Does the sex of one’s co-twin affect height and BMI in adulthood? A study of dizygotic adult twins from 31 cohorts

Author

Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Bogl, Leonie H, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ahrenfeldt, Linda, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, D’Ippolito, Cristina, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Silberg, Judy L., Eaves, Lindon J., Maes, Hermine H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Cutler, Tessa L., Kandler, Christian, Jang, Kerry L., Christensen, Kaare, Skytthe, Axel, Kyvik, Kirsten O., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., McAdams, Tom A., Eley, Thalia C., Gregory, Alice M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Toos C. E. M., Pang, Zengchang, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Hjelmborg, Jacob v. B., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Swan, Gary E., Krasnow, Ruth, Busjahn, Andreas, Lichtenstein, Paul, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucia, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hopper, John L., Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Silventoinen, Karri, Kaprio, Jaakko, Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Bogl, Leonie H, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ahrenfeldt, Linda, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, D’Ippolito, Cristina, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Silberg, Judy L., Eaves, Lindon J., Maes, Hermine H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Cutler, Tessa L., Kandler, Christian, Jang, Kerry L., Christensen, Kaare, Skytthe, Axel, Kyvik, Kirsten O., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., McAdams, Tom A., Eley, Thalia C., Gregory, Alice M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Toos C. E. M., Pang, Zengchang, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Hjelmborg, Jacob v. B., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Swan, Gary E., Krasnow, Ruth, Busjahn, Andreas, Lichtenstein, Paul, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucia, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hopper, John L., Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Silventoinen, Karri, and Kaprio, Jaakko

Abstract

Background: The comparison of traits in twins from opposite-sex (OS) and same-sex (SS) dizygotic twin pairs is considered a proxy measure of prenatal hormone exposure. To examine possible prenatal hormonal influences on anthropometric traits, we compared mean height, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of being overweight or obese between men and women from OS and SS dizygotic twin pairs. Methods: The data were derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) database, and included 68,494 SS and 53,808 OS dizygotic twin individuals above the age of 20 years from 31 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. Zygosity was determined by questionnaires or DNA genotyping depending on the study. Multiple regression and logistic regression models adjusted for cohort, age, and birth year with the twin type as a predictor were carried out to compare height and BMI in twins from OS pairs with those from SS pairs and to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for being overweight or obese. Results: OS females were, on average, 0.31 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20, 0.41) taller than SS females. OS males were also, on average, taller than SS males, but this difference was only 0.14 cm (95% CI 0.02, 0.27). Mean BMI and the prevalence of overweight or obesity did not differ between males and females from SS and OS twin pairs. The statistically significant differences between OS and SS twins for height were small and appeared to reflect our large sample size rather than meaningful differences of public health relevance. Conclusions: We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that prenatal hormonal exposure or postnatal socialization (i.e., having grown up with a twin of the opposite sex) has a major impact on height and BMI in adulthood.

Published
2017

4. Does the sex of one's co-twin affect height and BMI in adulthood?

Author

Dongfeng Zhang, Robert Vlietinck, Wendy Cozen, Robin P. Corley, Lindon J. Eaves, Anna K. Dahl Aslan, Cristina D'Ippolito, Gonneke Willemsen, Robert F. Krueger, Zengchang Pang, Ruth Krasnow, Matthew Hotopf, Fruhling Rijsdijk, Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Keith E. Whitfield, Sevgi Y. Öncel, Christian Kandler, Athula Sumathipala, Nicholas G. Martin, Laura A. Baker, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Axel Skytthe, Juan R. Ordoñana, Sarah E. Medland, Dedra Buchwald, Andreas Busjahn, Grant W. Montgomery, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Leonie H. Bogl, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Thalia C. Eley, Hoe-Uk Jeong, Ruth J. F. Loos, Dorret I. Boomsma, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, Kerry L. Jang, Jacob v. B. Hjelmborg, Juan F. Sánchez-Romera, Toos C. E. M. van Beijsterveldt, Yoshie Yokoyama, Judy L. Silberg, Qihua Tan, Glen E. Duncan, Brooke M. Huibregtse, Meike Bartels, Fazil Aliev, Maria Antonietta Stazi, Matt McGue, John L. Hopper, Sisira Siribaddana, Thomas M. Mack, Danshiitsoodol Narandalai, Nancy L. Pedersen, Aline Jelenkovic, Amie E. Hwang, Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, Shandell Pahlen, Alice M. Gregory, Tom A. McAdams, Tracy L. Nelson, David Laszlo Tarnoki, Yoon-Mi Hur, Karri Silventoinen, Catherine Tuvblad, Jaakko Kaprio, Gombojav Bayasgalan, Corrado Fagnani, Paul Lichtenstein, Tessa L. Cutler, Catherine Derom, Eero Vuoksimaa, Esther Rebato, Gary E. Swan, Kaare Christensen, Hermine H. Maes, Biological Psychology, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Mental Health, APH - Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, APH - Methodology, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Department of Public Health, Department of Social Research (2010-2017), Center for Population, Health and Society, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Endokrinologian yksikkö, Department of Medicine, Sociology, Population Research Unit (PRU), HUS Abdominal Center, and Genetic Epidemiology

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), lcsh:Medicine, rhesus-monkeys, Overweight, opposite-sex twins, lcsh:Physiology, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, TESTOSTERONE, Twins, Dizygotic, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Gerontologi, medicinsk/hälsovetenskaplig inriktning, female mice, Aged, 80 and over, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, FEMALE MICE, lcsh:QP1-981, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Middle Aged, POLYCYSTIC-OVARY-SYNDROME, fetal sex, Cohort, Female, medicine.symptom, RHESUS-MONKEYS, PROJECT, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Dizygotic twin, body mass index, FETAL SEX, co-twins, Gender Studies, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, Journal Article, Humans, Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences, Prenatal hormone exposure, dimorphism, Aged, business.industry, Research, lcsh:R, OPPOSITE-SEX, prenatal hormone exposure, Biology and Life Sciences, Odds ratio, Anthropometry, R1, CO-TWINS, Body Height, Confidence interval, Zygosity, BODY-MASS INDEX, 030104 developmental biology, CODATWINS PROJECT, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, testosterone, DIMORPHISM, polycystic-ovary-syndrome, CODATwins, business, Body mass index, Demography, height
Abstract

McAdams, Tom/0000-0002-6825-3499; Skytthe, Axel E/0000-0002-8629-4913; Kandler, Christian/0000-0002-9175-235X; Siribaddana, Sisira/0000-0001-5821-2557; Tan, Qihua/0000-0003-3194-0030; Huibregtse, Brooke M./0000-0003-0977-7249; Fagnani, Corrado/0000-0001-5771-7772; Montgomery, Grant W/0000-0002-4140-8139; Kaprio, Jaakko/0000-0002-3716-2455; Hjelmborg, Jacob/0000-0001-9630-9149; Medland, Sarah E/0000-0003-1382-380X; Christensen, Kaare/0000-0002-5429-5292; Tan, Qihua/0000-0003-3194-0030; Ahrenfeldt, Linda/0000-0002-5018-1642; Ordonana, Juan R./0000-0001-7779-6017; Loos, Ruth J F/0000-0002-8532-5087; Magnusson, Patrik/0000-0002-7315-7899; Aliev, Fazil/0000-0001-8357-4699; Busjahn, Andreas/0000-0001-9650-6919; Colodro-Conde, Lucia/0000-0002-9004-364X; ROMERA, JUAN FRANCISCO SANCHEZ/0000-0002-5405-6216; ONCEL, Sevgi YURT/0000-0002-0990-292X; Rebato, Esther/0000-0003-1221-8501; Pedersen, Nancy/0000-0001-8057-3543; Pietilainen, Kirsi/0000-0002-8522-1288; van Beijsterveldt, Toos/0000-0002-6617-4201; Willemsen, Gonneke/0000-0003-3755-0236; Bartels, Meike/0000-0002-9667-7555; Kyvik, Kirsten Ohm/0000-0003-2981-0245; Vuoksimaa, Eero/0000-0002-6534-3667; Pahlen, Shandell/0000-0003-0753-4155; Silventoinen, Karri/0000-0003-1759-3079 WOS: 000400473600001 PubMed: 28465822 Background: The comparison of traits in twins from opposite-sex (OS) and same-sex (SS) dizygotic twin pairs is considered a proxy measure of prenatal hormone exposure. To examine possible prenatal hormonal influences on anthropometric traits, we compared mean height, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of being overweight or obese between men and women from OS and SS dizygotic twin pairs. Methods: The data were derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) database, and included 68,494 SS and 53,808 OS dizygotic twin individuals above the age of 20 years from 31 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. Zygosity was determined by questionnaires or DNA genotyping depending on the study. Multiple regression and logistic regression models adjusted for cohort, age, and birth year with the twin type as a predictor were carried out to compare height and BMI in twins from OS pairs with those from SS pairs and to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for being overweight or obese. Results: OS females were, on average, 0.31 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20, 0.41) taller than SS females. OS males were also, on average, taller than SS males, but this difference was only 0.14 cm (95% CI 0.02, 0.27). Mean BMI and the prevalence of overweight or obesity did not differ between males and females from SS and OS twin pairs. The statistically significant differences between OS and SS twins for height were small and appeared to reflect our large sample size rather than meaningful differences of public health relevance. Conclusions: We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that prenatal hormonal exposure or postnatal socialization (i.e., having grown up with a twin of the opposite sex) has a major impact on height and BMI in adulthood. Centre of Research Excellence from the National Health and Medical Research CouncilNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia [1079102]; California Tobacco-Related Disease Research ProgramUniversity of California System [7RT-0134H, 8RT-0107H, 6RT-0354H]; National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [1R01ESO15150-01]; National Institute on AgingUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Aging (NIA) [1RO1-AG13662-01A2]; NIDAUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) [DA011015]; Longitudinal Twin Study [HD10333]; National Program for Research Infrastructure from the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Research Council for Health and Disease; Velux Foundation; US National Institute of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [P01 AG08761]; MagW/ZonMW [04-61-090, 985-10-002, 912-10-020, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 463-06-001, 451-04-034, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192]; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC) [ERC-230374]; Avera Institute; Sioux Falls; South Dakota (USA); National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA) [AA-12502, AA-00145, AA-09203]; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease GeneticsAcademy of Finland [213506, 129680]; Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland [100499, 205585, 118555, 141054, 265240, 263278, 264146]; Osaka University's International Joint Research Promotion Program; Fund of Scientific Research, Flanders and Twins; W T Grant Foundation; University of London Central Research fund; Medical Research Council Training FellowshipMedical Research Council UK (MRC) [G81/343]; Career Development Award [G120/635]; Economic and Social Research CouncilEconomic & Social Research Council (ESRC) [RES-00022-2206]; Institute of Social Psychiatry [06/07-11]; Leverhulme Research FellowshipLeverhulme Trust [RF/2/RFG/2008/0145]; Goldsmiths, University of London; Medexpert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary; Fundacion Seneca, Regional Agency for Science and Technology, Murcia, Spain [08633/PHCS/08, 15302/PHCS/10, 19479/PI/14]; Ministry of Science and Innovation SpainSpanish Government [PSI2009-11560, PSI2014-56680-R]; National Institute of Mental HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [R01 MH58354]; National Research Foundation of KoreaNational Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-371-2011-1 B0004/]; Kirikkale University, KKUKirikkale University [2009/43]; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [114C117]; Washington State Twin Registry [NIH RC2 HL103416]; Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [15H05105]; ENGAGE-European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology [201413]; [5T32DA01/63/-11]; Novo Nordisk FondenNovo NordiskNovo Nordisk Foundation [NNF10CC1016515] This study was conducted within the CODATwins project (Academy of Finland #266592). The lead author wishes to thank the Juho Vainio Foundation and the Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation. The Australian Twin Registry is supported by a Centre of Research Excellence (grant ID 1079102) from the National Health and Medical Research Council administered by the University of Melbourne. California Twin Program was supported by The California Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (7RT-0134H, 8RT-0107H, 6RT-0354H) and the National Institutes of Health (1R01ESO15150-01). The Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging (CAATSA) was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (grant 1RO1-AG13662-01A2) to K.E. Whitfield. Colorado Twin Registry is funded by NIDA funded center grant DA011015, and Longitudinal Twin Study HD10333; Author Huibregtse is supported by 5T32DA01/63/-11. Danish Twin Registry is supported by the National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, The Research Council for Health and Disease, the Velux Foundation, and the US National Institute of Health (P01 AG08761). Netherlands Twin Register acknowledges the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 912-10-020, 904-61-193,480-04-004, 463-06-001, 451-04-034, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, Middelgroot-911-09-032, and Spinozapremie 56-464-14192; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+); and the European Research Council (ERC-230374), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA). Data collection and analyses in Finnish twin cohorts have been supported by ENGAGE-European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, grant agreement number 201413, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (grants AA-12502, AA-00145, and AA-09203) to R J Rose, the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (grant numbers: 213506, 129680), and the Academy of Finland (grants 100499, 205585, 118555, 141054, 265240, 263278 and 264146 to J Kaprio). K Silventoinen is supported by Osaka University's International Joint Research Promotion Program. Since its origin the East Flanders Prospective Survey has been partly supported by grants from the Fund of Scientific Research, Flanders and Twins, a non-profit Association for Scientific Research in Multiple Births (Belgium). Waves 1-3 of Genesis 12-19 were funded by the W T Grant Foundation, the University of London Central Research fund and a Medical Research Council Training Fellowship (G81/343) and Career Development Award (G120/635) to Thalia C. Eley. Wave 4 was supported by grants from the Economic and Social Research Council (RES-00022-2206) and the Institute of Social Psychiatry (06/07-11) to Alice M. Gregory who was also supported at that time by a Leverhulme Research Fellowship (RF/2/RFG/2008/0145). Wave 5 was supported by funding to Alice M. Gregory from Goldsmiths, University of London. Anthropometric measurements of the Hungarian twins were supported by Medexpert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary. The Murcia Twin Registry is supported by Fundacion Seneca, Regional Agency for Science and Technology, Murcia, Spain (08633/PHCS/08, 15302/PHCS/10 & 19479/PI/14) and Ministry of Science and Innovation Spain (PSI2009-11560 & PSI2014-56680-R). The University of Southern California Twin Study is funded by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH58354).; South Korea Twin Registry is supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-371-2011-1 B0004/). S.Y. Oncel and F. Aliev are supported by Kirikkale University Research Grant: KKU, 2009/43 and TUBITAK grant 114C117. Washington State Twin Registry (formerly the University of Washington Twin Registry) was supported in part by grant NIH RC2 HL103416 (D. Buchwald,PI). The West Japan Twins and Higher Order Multiple Births Registry was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (grant number 15H05105) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Published
2017
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