Search

Utilizing a deep eutectic solvent-like mixture such as choline chloride and lactic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio, clove buds underwent extraction. Furthermore, the determination of the primary components in the clove extracts, namely eugenol, eugenol acetate, and β-caryophyllene, was conducted using the HPLC-DAD method. The total phenolic content (TPC) was also established. Extraction conditions using choline chloride and lactic acid encompassed variables such as extraction temperature (within the range of 40 to 80 °C), water addition (ranging from 5.6 to 40%), and extraction time (ranging from 30 to 90 min). Optimal operational conditions for TPC were pinpointed at 77 °C, 30 min, and a water addition of 40%. The findings showed that clove extracts obtained at 60 °C, 22.8%, and 30 min had the highest amount of eugenol (307.26 ± 8.44 mg/g dry raw material). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term use of the nitroimidazole-derived antibiotic metronidazole has been associated with neuronal damage due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Polyphenol-rich plants, such as anise seeds and clove buds, are suggested to have neuroprotective effects. However, their intracellular protective pathway against metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity remains unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the potential neuroprotective benefits of anise seeds and clove buds and elucidate the proposed metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity mechanism. This study divided rats into six groups, each containing six rats. In Group I, the control group, rats were administered saline orally. Group II rats received 200 mg/kg of metronidazole orally. Group III rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract and metronidazole. Group IV rats received 500 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group V rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group VI rats were administered 500 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract and metronidazole daily for 30 consecutive days. The study evaluated the phenolic compounds of anise seeds and clove buds. Moreover, it assessed the inflammatory and antioxidant indicators and neurotransmitter activity in brain tissues. A histological examination of the brain tissues was conducted to identify neuronal degeneration, brain antioxidants, and apoptotic mRNA expression. The study found that metronidazole treatment significantly altered antioxidant levels, inflammatory mediators, and structural changes in brain tissue. Metronidazole also induced apoptosis in brain tissue and escalated the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of metronidazole resulted in a decrease in GABA, dopamine, and serotonin and an increase in ACHE in brain tissue. Conversely, oral administration of anise and clove extracts mitigated the harmful effects of metronidazole. The neurotoxic effects of metronidazole appear to stem from its ability to reduce antioxidants in brain tissue and increase nitric oxide production and apoptosis. The study concludes that neuronal damage caused by metronidazole is significantly mitigated by treatment with anise and clove extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cloves are aromatic spices containing diverse chemically-active substances with biological properties. They have also been used in traditional medicine. Aim: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of clove buds powder (CBP) dietary administration on the performance and jejunum morphology of the broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 360 one-day old chicks (Ross 308) were distributed according to a completely randomized design on three experimental groups according to CBP% in feed (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0%), with six replicates for each treatment group. The studied traits included body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality%, European broiler index, villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Results: The broilers final body weight, daily weight gain, and daily feed consumption reduced significantly (P≤0.01) in groups consuming different percentages of CBP, and a significant increase (P [Open Vet J 2022; 12(6.000): 995-999]

Background: Cloves are aromatic spices containing diverse chemically active substances with biological properties. They have also been used in traditional medicine. Aim: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of clove bud powder (CBP) dietary administration on the performance and jejunum morphology of the broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 360 1-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were distributed according to a completely randomized design on 3 experimental groups according to CBP% in feed (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%), with 6 replicates for each treatment group. The studied traits included body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality%, European broiler index (EBI), villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Results: The broilers final body weight, daily weight gain, and daily feed consumption reduced significantly (p = 0.01) in groups consuming different percentages of CBP, and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio was noted in the CBP groups. Adding CBP to feed caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the EBI. However, CBP increased (p = 0.01) villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (h/c ratio) compared to the control group. On the other hand, the results showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between treatment groups in mortality% and crypt depth. Conclusion: This study concluded that the addition of CBP had a negative effect on daily feed consumption, daily body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and EBI at a dose used in this study. But it improved intestinal morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new efficient extraction tool of bioactives from plant parts was designed, applied, and compared with Soxhlet apparatus. This tool was a Quickfit®- Pyrex® glass tube perforated easily inserted in round flask containing solvent. Clove buds in both non-grinded and grinded form were analyzed by GC-Mass. Our observations were gotten from designing and using perforated tube compared to Soxhlet apparatus for Clove buds’ extraction. It is a simplest tool in designing and handling than Soxhlet apparatus that ensured more contact between Clove buds in their bag and used solvent than Soxhlet. Employing bag sewed from face mask is low cost than high quality Soxhlet - cellulose thimble. Furthermore, this sewed bag can be discharged from its content, cleaned, and reused but expensive cellulose thimble is made for one use. Perforated tube presents a good choice for efficient-short extraction time, minimum sample weight and solvent volume resulting higher quantity of Clove bioactives compared to Soxhlet. By analytical foundations, using grinded Clove gave different qualitative-quantitative analysis of the tested bioactives in the extracted solution compared to non- grinded buds. Eugenol was the major constituent in non- grinded buds while grinded powder gave 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)-phenol as a maximal bioactive. This new tool may be used with less solvent quantity for better continuous extraction series however Soxhlet must be used with more than half flask volume to get fast-efficient extraction. Also, Soxhlet needs direct heating source however perforated tube may be applied in both direct heating and water bath. These notes are important in using low boiling solvent (volatile) for better extraction. Because extraction is not limited to plant parts, this new tool may be used as a general extraction tool. So to guarantee getting higher quantities of volatile constituents with easier steps, perforated tube is an excellent choice.

Present randomised double-blinded comparative study investigated the influence of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) polyphenol extract (Clovinol) in comparison with synthetic glutathione (s-GSH) (250 mg/day for 84 days) on healthy adults (N = 70) characterised with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Outcome measures included plasma concentration of endogenous antioxidants, inflammatory markers, blood sugar and lipid metabolism markers, in addition to haematological and biochemical parameters of safety. Clovinol enhanced the plasma concentration of GSH by 6-fold and offered statistically significant enhancement in Nrf2, antioxidant enzymes and in GSH/GSSG ratio. Treatment with Clovinol also improved FBS, PPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and insulin levels indicating modulation of insulin resistance. Moreover, Clovinol caused significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increased HDL, while s-GSH showed no significant effect on blood glucose and lipid metabolism. Clovinol did not show any significant side effects or toxic deviations in haematological and biochemical parameters, but significantly increased the total leukocyte and reduced neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α).

Long-term use of the nitroimidazole-derived antibiotic metronidazole has been associated with neuronal damage due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Polyphenol-rich plants, such as anise seeds and clove buds, are suggested to have neuroprotective effects. However, their intracellular protective pathway against metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity remains unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the potential neuroprotective benefits of anise seeds and clove buds and elucidate the proposed metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity mechanism. This study divided rats into six groups, each containing six rats. In Group I, the control group, rats were administered saline orally. Group II rats received 200 mg/kg of metronidazole orally. Group III rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract and metronidazole. Group IV rats received 500 mg/kg b.w. of anise seed extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group V rats received 250 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract (administered orally) and metronidazole. Group VI rats were administered 500 mg/kg b.w. of clove bud extract and metronidazole daily for 30 consecutive days. The study evaluated the phenolic compounds of anise seeds and clove buds. Moreover, it assessed the inflammatory and antioxidant indicators and neurotransmitter activity in brain tissues. A histological examination of the brain tissues was conducted to identify neuronal degeneration, brain antioxidants, and apoptotic mRNA expression. The study found that metronidazole treatment significantly altered antioxidant levels, inflammatory mediators, and structural changes in brain tissue. Metronidazole also induced apoptosis in brain tissue and escalated the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of metronidazole resulted in a decrease in GABA, dopamine, and serotonin and an increase in ACHE in brain tissue. Conversely, oral administration of anise and clove extracts mitigated the harmful effects of metronidazole. The neurotoxic effects of metronidazole appear to stem from its ability to reduce antioxidants in brain tissue and increase nitric oxide production and apoptosis. The study concludes that neuronal damage caused by metronidazole is significantly mitigated by treatment with anise and clove extracts.

Essential oils derived from plant materials are a mixture of compounds that exhibit antibacterial properties. Due to their distinct aroma, they also serve as a desirable natural additive for various food products, including dairy products. In this study, the essential oils of lemon peels, clove buds, and juniper berries were obtained by steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine their chemical compositions and effects on the viability of seven Bifidobacterium strains. Furthermore, the effect of essential oils on the viability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was investigated in cream samples during fermentation and after storage for 21 days at 6 °C. The fatty acid composition of fat extracted from essential oils containing sour cream samples and the volatile aroma compound profile of the sour cream samples were also determined chromatographically. Among the 120 compounds identified, monoterpene hydrocarbons were dominant in the essential oils of lemon peels (limonene and γ-terpinene) and juniper berries (sabinene and β-myrcene), while eugenol and eugenol acetate were abundant in the essential oil of clove buds. In addition to these compounds, butanoic and acetic acids were found in the tested sour cream samples. In turn, fat extracted from these samples was rich in saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid. Among the tested strains of the genus Bifidobacterium, B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was the most sensitive to the essential oils of clove and juniper, as indicated by the larger growth inhibition zones. However, both the concentration and type of essential oils used had no effect on the number of cells of this strain present in the cream samples immediately after fermentation and after its 21-day storage, which suggests that the tested essential oils could be a natural additive to dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of an artificial neural network approach in identifying the origin of clove buds based on metabolites composition. Generally, large data sets are critical for an accurate identification. Machine learning with large data sets lead to a precise identification based on origins. However, clove buds uses small data sets due to the lack of metabolites composition and their high cost of extraction. The results show that backpropagation and resilient propagation with one and two hidden layers identifies the clove buds origin accurately. The backpropagation with one hidden layer offers 99.91% and 99.47% for training and testing data sets, respectively. The resilient propagation with two hidden layers offers 99.96% and 97.89% accuracy for training and testing data sets, respectively.

As a tropical country which has abundant of spices, Indonesia is challenged to increase the economic values of spices commodity in raw material form (wet or dry). One way to raise the economic values of these commodities is by modifying into its derivatives. Clove is one of spices commodity which can be processed furthermore into an essential oil. By transforming clove from raw material to essential oil, the economic value increases from 2 to 20 times per kilogram. In this present research, the extraction time of clove oil using steam hydro distillation is reported. The distillation procedure was conducted in various times, that was in 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. Furthermore, the clove oil sample that obtained from optimum extraction time was characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Then the result was compared to the commercial clove oil (100 % of purity). In support of sustainability process, then the clove buds waste from steam distillation were challenging to be one of eco-friendly packaging candidates. Two compositions of waste and additional material have been investigated in this study. It found that the best composition was composed of clove buds waste powder: recycled paper (7:3). During the casting process, some additives material was added such as tapioca (20%) and chitosan (1 %) in acid solution in order to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, thermal degradability of the eco-friendly packaging was studied. It was started to degrade at 286.58oC. According to this research, the cloves buds’ cardboard was quite potential to be developed as commercial eco-friendly packaging.

This study was performed on Diyala orange fruits to investigate the role of sour orange and Lemon rootstocks and the dipping in (0, 2, 4 and 6)% form each aqueous extract of clove flower buds, thyme leaves and pomegranate peel for four minutes on extend the storability and maintain postharvest quality of Diyala orange fruits. A factorial experiment was used within Randomized Complete Design with three replicates. The fruits placed in polyethylene bags, subsequently stored at 6±1 ºC and 85-95% relative humidity for two months. The results indicated that fruits were grown on sour orange rootstock significantly maintained the highest values in most of the chemical properties were studied, likewise reduced the weight loss and physiological disorders than fruits were grown on lemon rootstock. Concerning the plant extracts, fruits immersed in 2% clove extract had the maximum values of total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C and total phenol than control. Furthermore, fruits immersed in 6% thyme extract had the highest values of TSS, total sugar, vitamin C and total phenol, whereas, minimized physiological disorders than control. Likewise, fruits immersed in 2% Pomegranate peel extract had the highest values of TSS and vitamin C but had lower physiological disorders than control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils derived from plant materials are a mixture of compounds that exhibit antibacterial properties. Due to their distinct aroma, they also serve as a desirable natural additive for various food products, including dairy products. In this study, the essential oils of lemon peels, clove buds, and juniper berries were obtained by steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine their chemical compositions and effects on the viability of seven Bifidobacterium strains. Furthermore, the effect of essential oils on the viability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was investigated in cream samples during fermentation and after storage for 21 days at 6 °C. The fatty acid composition of fat extracted from essential oils containing sour cream samples and the volatile aroma compound profile of the sour cream samples were also determined chromatographically. Among the 120 compounds identified, monoterpene hydrocarbons were dominant in the essential oils of lemon peels (limonene and γ-terpinene) and juniper berries (sabinene and β-myrcene), while eugenol and eugenol acetate were abundant in the essential oil of clove buds. In addition to these compounds, butanoic and acetic acids were found in the tested sour cream samples. In turn, fat extracted from these samples was rich in saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid. Among the tested strains of the genus Bifidobacterium, B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was the most sensitive to the essential oils of clove and juniper, as indicated by the larger growth inhibition zones. However, both the concentration and type of essential oils used had no effect on the number of cells of this strain present in the cream samples immediately after fermentation and after its 21-day storage, which suggests that the tested essential oils could be a natural additive to dairy products.

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, a new technology was tested for its efficacy in the conservation of tomato fruits. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of eugenol on the main quality parameters of Raf tomato fruits; then, a main experiment was performed to test the effectiveness of the new technology. In both experiments, fruits of the tomato cultivar Raf at the mature green stage were used. The preliminary experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of eugenol in maintaining fruit quality during the postharvest life of the fruit. In the main experiment, the fruits were packed using a sachet filled with a mixture consisting of 10:1:1 clinoptilolite clay, ground clove buds, and activated charcoal. This mixture was evaluated against a commercial ethylene scavenger composed mainly of KMnO4-impregnated sepiolite. Three lots of fruits were used: One batch was considered as the control, where the fruits were not packed but kept in an open box at room temperature. The fruits in the other two batches were packed in 2 L PET containers with lids at a rate of three fruits per container, and a sachet of ground cloves and a commercial scavenger was added inside each container in each batch. The containers were kept at room temperature, and the following main quality parameters were analyzed: ethylene production rate, firmness, color, content of soluble solids, and pigments. The results showed that ground clove buds led to a reduction in ethylene production which was associated with a delay in maturation and could be a good alternative for use in the active fruit packaging of horticultural products.

The spice Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove buds) exerts topical anesthetic and analgesic effects. Since GABAA receptors are an emerging drug target for pain treatment, the effects of aqueous clove extracts on the human α1β2-GABAA receptor were tested by two-electrode voltage clamp technique applying a three-step test system. The extract significantly and specifically potentiated the GABA-induced currents by an allosteric mechanism in concentration-dependent manner (0.5–5 µg/mL; up to 426 ± 23%). HPLC-based activity-guided fractionation revealed eugenol as main determinant of this GABAergic activity. Acetyleugenol, an important component of clove bud oil, showed even higher activity than eugenol (1 µg/mL; 308 ± 26% versus 234 ± 29%), but was detected in the aqueous extract only in trace amounts. Thus, the analgesic effects of clove might be partially mediated by positive modulation of the GABAA receptor and eugenol is a major contributor to this activity.

Introduction: The administration of iodinated contrast medium is extensive in various imaging techniques including coronary angiography. Objectives: The present investigation was designed to examine the ameliorative effect of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in rats Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 200-250 g were studied. Rats randomly assigned into four groups, 10 rats for each; Group 1; normal rats (control group; sham group); they did not receive any drugs. Group 2; rats were received 10 mL/kg as a single dose of iodixanol (contrast media) by intravenous (IV) injection. Group 3; rats received 10 mg/kg clove by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for three days, while in day forth, they received a single dose of iodixanol (10 mL/kg). Group 4; rats of this group first received a single dose of iodixanol (10 mL/kg). Then rats treated by clove (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for three days (days 2, 3 and 4th). Kidney sections were examined for degeneration, flattening, and necrosis of renal tubular cells and also dilatation of tubular lumen. Results: We found a significant difference between groups regarding the sum of injury (degeneration, flattening, necrosis and dilatation). A significant difference in types of injury (degeneration, flattening, necrosis and dilatation) among the groups (P =0.001) was seen too. We detected a significant difference between groups II (contrast media) and III (rats pretreated by clove; P < 0.001). Accordingly, we detected a significant difference between groups II (contrast media) and IV (rats post-pone treated by Clove buds; P < 0.001) too. There was not a significant difference between groups of III and IV (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In this animal study, we found that post-pone treatment of clove was as effective as pretreatment to mitigate the injury induced by contrast media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosemary and clove buds were irradiated with γ-irradiation at different doses (0 to 30kGy) and stored for 12months at room temperature (22±3 °C). The evaluation of irradiation depended on the chemical studies and antioxidant activity of extracted essential oils. Results showed significant difference for the essential oils yield at different doses during storage time. Compounds were fractionated and identified for extracted essential oils from each of non – irradiated and irradiated rosemary leaves and clove buds samples, the main components of essential oil extracted from either non-irradiated or irradiated rosemary were 1,8 cineole, camphor and γ-pinene 26.36, 12.63 and 16.98%, respectively, while, eugenol was the major component in clove essential oil (which extracted from non-irradiated and irradiated samples (81.69%). No differences were noticed in the % of essential oils constituents. Antioxidant activity as % of DPPH scavenging increased with the increasing of essential oils concentrations (250 up to 2500ppm). Furthermore, the effect of adding these extracted oils from non-irradiated and irradiated samples as well as their mixture (1:1) on the threshold odor scores of sunflower oil was observed. Rancimat test shown the high oxidative stability in sunflower oil supplemented with 0.3% clove essential oil which extracted from 15kGy irradiated sample was 11.99 hrs, its relative stability was 144.11% comparing with the oxidative stability of sunflower oil supplemented with 0.5% rosemary essential oil extracted from nonirradiated sample (9.76hrs) with 117.3% relative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • SFEAP yield from clove, in the first minute, was five times higher than SFE. • Increasing torque from 40 to 80 N.m did not influence extraction yield noticeably. • This paper covers, for the first time, the economic analysis of SFEAP process. • The Cost of Manufacturing (COM) was minimized by economic analyzing of SFEAP. • The minimum value of COM was US$ 13.42/kg volatile oil. Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction assisted by cold pressing (SFEAP) is presented for obtaining volatile oil from clove buds at 150 bar, 40 °C, and using two torques (40 and 80 N.m). As the best condition, SFEAP with 40 N.m provided an oil yield of 22.19 g/100 g buds containing Eugenol (57.7 wt.%), Eugenyl Acetate (12.6 wt.%), β-caryophyllene (8.3 wt.%), and α-humulene (0.9 wt.%). This paper also presented, for the first time, the economic evaluation of using SFEAP instead of SFE. In the economic approach, 24 scenarios were tested in the terms of cost of manufacturing (COM), which consisted of evaluating the scale of the plant, capital financing, purchasing cost of clove, solvent to feed mass ratio and the extraction techniques. The best scenario indicated a COM of only US$ 13.42/kg oil, whereas approximately 87% of the COM is dependent on the purchase cost of clove and other materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the studies dealing with extraction of compounds commonly consider homogeneous beds with constant temperature, although variations might exist. However, understanding that temperature can influence the fluid dynamics and solubility of compounds, this work proposed to evaluate temperature distribution in fixed beds during supercritical CO 2 extraction of compounds from turmeric and clove. Two beds of 1 L with different height to diameter ratios were tested. Kinetic curves were determined, extract composition was measured and temperature distribution was mapped. Heating the beds to the desired temperature was readily reached (<5 min) when the beds were pressurized with pre-heated CO 2 . During pressurization, a significant increase in temperature was observed. Gradients of temperature (until 20 °C) were formed during the extraction mainly in the axial direction. Furthermore, slight variations of ar-turmerone, eugenol, beta-caryophyllene, eugenyl acetate, and alpha-humulene are displayed as a function of spatial and temporal temperature variations in the beds. Industrial relevance Experimental data of temperature distribution in fixed beds undergoing supercritical fluid extraction in industrial scale can contribute to improving the productivity (yields) and the quality (composition) of extracts containing bioactive compounds. In food-related areas, bioactive compounds are searched for applications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of suitable technique and apposite operating conditions are the key attributes for efficient extraction of phytochemicals from plant materials. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was incorporated to isolate essential oil from clove buds and the parameters were optimized using the grey based Taguchi method to maximize the yield of clove oil (Y, % w/w), eugenol content (y, % w/w) and bacterial inhibition. The results of single response analysis and multi-response analysis were compared. It was possible to achieve the best results (Y: 13.11%, w/w; y: 11.93%, w/w; zone of inhibition (ZOI): 24.80 mm) using the optimized conditions of multi-response study viz., amount of plant material − 30 g; volume of water − 200 mL; power − 600 W and extraction time − 30 min. The wastes generated during extraction were explored for their utilization as a by-product or raw material for other processes. Moreover, the performance of MAE was compared with that of hydrodistillation in terms of processing conditions, responses, energy and environmental impact. It was possible to reduce water usage, extraction time, energy requirement and CO 2 emission while achieving the improved quantity and quality of essential oil along-with a higher ZOI using the green MAE technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NIR & multivariate analysis for authentication of clove buds powders & oils was implemented. • Chemometric analyses were implemented to distinguish clove and its oil from their adulterants. • SIMCA model had 100% sensitivity and specificity in detecting adulterants in clove powder samples. • Clove oil SIMCA model after variable selection had 100% sensitivity and specificity. • PLSR was successfully utilized to measure levels of adulterants in clove powder and clove oil. This study investigates the use of NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with multivariate analysis for quality control and authentication of clove buds powders as well as their oils. Unsupervised and supervised chemometric analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) were implemented to authenticate clove and its oil and distinguish them from their adulterants. The SIMCA model showed 100% sensitivity and specificity values in detecting adulterants in clove powder samples and clove oil samples. This showcases the accuracy and reliability of the DD-SIMCA approach in accurately distinguishing between different classes. The models were validated using test samples, and the absence of noise modeling was confirmed through permutation. PLS regression analysis was utilized to measure levels of adulterants in clove powder and clove oil samples. The models produced good results, with RMSEC values ranging from 0.68 to 1.5% for clove oil and from 0.96 to 1.27% for clove powder. External validation was performed and the limits of quantitation ranged from 1.8% to 4.9% for clove powder and clove oil. The models can detect sample adulteration and ensure authenticity. The results showed that the suggested method and models can be used to detect sample adulteration, ensure authenticity, and have high sample throughput. The method had several advantages, including simplicity, speed of analysis, with no sample preparation needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultrasound and hydrodistillation: A synergistic approach for sustainability • Assessment of critical parameters affecting clove oil yield and phenolic compounds • Box-Behnken design: Optimization, interaction, and modelling • Evaluation of ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation with respect to hydrodistillation Ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation was selected for the extraction of essential oil from clove buds. The essential oil yield, eugenol content, and total phenolic content (TPC) were considered the critical response parameters during the parametric study. The effect of various process parameters on the responses has been studied using a one-factor-at-a-time approach followed by optimization of processing conditions using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The proposed model has shown good prediction capability. For the highest essential oil yield (15.23%, w/w), the optimum conditions were achieved at 50 min extraction time, 15 g solid loading, 500 W heating mantle power, 40% amplitude, and 20:40 pulse interval. Under these conditions, the residual water has 101.21 mg GAE/g phenolic compounds and exhibited 85.68% antioxidant activity. The incorporation of sonication in hydrodistillation has substantially improved the process by shrinking the carbon footprint by 25%, reducing the utility consumption to ∼42%, and increasing the oil yield. The outcomes of the present study suggest that ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation can be considered a sustainable and greener option for hydrodistillation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spice Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove buds) exerts topical anesthetic and analgesic effects. Since GABA A receptors are an emerging drug target for pain treatment, the effects of aqueous clove extracts on the human α1β2-GABA A receptor were tested by two-electrode voltage clamp technique applying a three-step test system. The extract significantly and specifically potentiated the GABA-induced currents by an allosteric mechanism in concentration-dependent manner (0.5–5 µg/mL; up to 426 ± 23%). HPLC-based activity-guided fractionation revealed eugenol as main determinant of this GABAergic activity. Acetyleugenol, an important component of clove bud oil, showed even higher activity than eugenol (1 µg/mL; 308 ± 26% versus 234 ± 29%), but was detected in the aqueous extract only in trace amounts. Thus, the analgesic effects of clove might be partially mediated by positive modulation of the GABA A receptor and eugenol is a major contributor to this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Influence of Clovinol verses synthetic Glutathione (s-GSH) in metabolic syndrome. • Clovinol enhanced Nrf2 and plasma GSH levels by 6-fold compared to s-GSH. • Clovinol helps balanced intracellular redox homeostasis. • Clovinol modulated glucose and lipid metabolism. • Clovinol may help balanced immunity. Present randomised double-blinded comparative study investigated the influence of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) polyphenol extract (Clovinol) in comparison with synthetic glutathione (s-GSH) (250 mg/day for 84 days) on healthy adults (N = 70) characterised with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Outcome measures included plasma concentration of endogenous antioxidants, inflammatory markers, blood sugar and lipid metabolism markers, in addition to haematological and biochemical parameters of safety. Clovinol enhanced the plasma concentration of GSH by 6-fold and offered statistically significant enhancement in Nrf2, antioxidant enzymes and in GSH/GSSG ratio. Treatment with Clovinol also improved FBS, PPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and insulin levels indicating modulation of insulin resistance. Moreover, Clovinol caused significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increased HDL, while s-GSH showed no significant effect on blood glucose and lipid metabolism. Clovinol did not show any significant side effects or toxic deviations in haematological and biochemical parameters, but significantly increased the total leukocyte and reduced neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need for scientific research that evaluates the influence of important process variables on the scale up of supercritical technology. For supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), one of these variables is the extractor's bed geometry, which can be defined by the ratio of the bed height ( H B ) to the bed diameter ( D B ). A systematic study is needed to select suitable criteria that can be used to obtain similar extraction curves among beds with different geometries. In this study, maintaining a constant ratio of solvent mass to feed mass for two beds with 1-L volumes but different geometries (E-1: H B / D B = 7.1; E-2: H B / D B = 2.7) was confirmed as a successful scale up criterion. For constant values of the temperature, pressure and bed porosity, there is experimental evidence that the mass transfer rate is equal in the two beds when the solvent flow rate is high. When 0.6 kg of clove buds was packed in the beds, the extraction rates were 2.10 ± 0.08 and 2.3 ± 0.1 g extract/min for beds E-1 and E-2, respectively. However, when the solvent flow rate was lower, the extraction rates were 0.93 ± 0.06 and 1.12 ± 0.02 g extract/min for beds E-1 and E-2, respectively. This difference in behavior between the extraction beds is associated with the axial dispersion of the fluid, which is more pronounced when the H B / D B ratio is increased. Thin particles tend to compact in the beds with high H B / D B ratios, which shorten the solvent passage. Non-isothermal profiles and differences in chemical composition of the extracts were also observed: 17% more α-humulene and 9% more eugenol were extracted in E-1 and E-2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study will assess the efficiency of both batch and flow ultrasonic reactors (20L in 45min) in carrying out the ultrasound-assisted extraction of dry clove buds and compare these more recent methods with classic maceration. Flow ultrasound-assisted extraction was carried out in a new multi-horn reactor working in continuous flow mode (450, 900, 1350mL/min) and at high power density (about 700W/L vs 18W/L in batch). The specific energy input was a slightly lower in flow procedure 47.2kJ/L vs 48.6kJ/L in batch reactor. Total phenolic compound content ranged from 191±1 to 215±3mg gallic acid equivalents/L of extract. The best results were obtained under flow ultrasound-assisted extraction operating at 1350mL/min (highest phenolic content and best radical scavenging activity). Clove bud volatiles from hydroalcoholic extracts were separated and identified using hyphenated headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We herein show that the development of large-scale multiple transducer flow reactors operating at high power density allows noteworthy process intensification. Industrial relevance: This piece of work was carried out thanks to the investment of Pernod-Richard Italia, an international company worldwide known in the field of liqueurs and wines. Considering the huge amount of plant extracts required by this type of production, only flow systems may be suitable for scaling up. The results of this investigation on pilot reactors pave the road for the set up of an industrial plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolation of eugenol from dried clove buds ( Syzygium aromaticum Linn) of Indian origin was carried out using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO) extraction. Optimization of its process parameters such as temperature, pressure and time of extraction has been conducted using response surface methodology. The optimized conditions that provided the optimum yield of eugenol were a sample size of 20 g of clove powder of particle diameter 0.5 mm at a temperature of 60°C and pressure of 250 bar for 90 min extracting time at a flow rate of 2 l min of CO. Statistical analyses conducted on the extraction parameters concluded that extraction temperature have significant effect on the yield of eugenol, whereas extraction pressure and time do not. The results obtained are in accordance to the basic principle of supercritical fluid phase equilibrium behavior. Solubility of eugenol in SC-CO under different temperature and pressure regimes have been determined experimentally and values were used to construct a correlated Chrastil equation in linear form to allow the prediction of solubility of eugenol in SC-CO under different extraction conditions. Using dimensionless numbers, an empirical correlation was also deduced for characterization of the extraction process of eugenol in SC-CO considering overall fixed bed behavior for clove matrix and mass transfer coefficients in supercritical phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an extended work on the biosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles using dried clove buds. Here microwave assistance is taken not only for accelerating the reaction rate but also for denaturing the proteins and other enzymes, which will prevent obtaining desired functionalized nanoparticles. FTIR studies infer that nanoparticles thus obtained are found adsorbed with water soluble organic moieties, mostly flavonoids. The bathochromic shift from 320 nm in ultra-violet range indicates the involvement of water soluble bio-moieties of the clove in the formation of . X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum confirmed that the are crystalline in nature. The surface morphology is studied using FESEM, TEM and AFM techniques infer that the are well dispersed, roughly spherical in shape and are in the range of 30-60 nm. The with the organic moiety will have synergic antimicrobial action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A green in-situ microwave assisted extraction of recalcitrant biomass. • Qualitative and quantitative characterization of clove bud essential oil and by products. • Highly flexible, easily controllable, time saving, microwave assisted industrial process and food chemistry. Clove buds is a spice of relevance in food, traditional medicine, pharmaceutics and cosmetics and, among the spices, they have the highest content of total polyphenols with exceptional antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Various approaches have been reported for the isolation of essential oil from clove buds. Nonetheless, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrosoluble polyphenols and solid residues simultaneously yielded during the extraction process has not been explored yet. This work is focused on the analysis of some variables effect on yield and composition of the clove buds essential oils on a green microwave assisted extraction, and the characterization and quantification of the different compounds obtained from the extraction process. A versatile coaxial dipole antenna, to directly apply the electromagnetic energy inside the extraction medium, was used to thermally activate the hydrodistillation. The composition profiles of clove buds essential oil and hydrosoluble polyphenols obtained during in-situ microwave assisted extraction (IMWAE) were analysed and quantified by head space gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC–MS) and liquid chromatography with UV/visible diode array/fluorescence detector (HPLC-DAD-FD). The solid residue was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and its composition in term of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose was predicted. The green IMWAE process was compared with the conventional hydrodistillation (CH) in terms of yield and quality of isolated products. Thermogravimetry coupled to FTIR analyses of the evolved gases from the solid residue evidenced that the solid residue obtained from IMWAE of clove buds is richer in cellulose-hemicellulose than the residue obtained from CH. This can be because of microwaves that allow to remove a higher amount of phenolic compounds/lignin oligomers. The enthalpy of combustion values (Δ c H) (kJ/g) of IMWAE and CH residues were determined by calorimetric combustion and were compared with the –Δ c H (kJ/g) values calculated using the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin compositions predicted by partial least square chemometrics. The Δ c H highlighted the energetic features of solid residues from IMWAE and CH for their potential uses as alternative biomass for fuel production and here firstly reported for this kind of biomass. The extraction approach here presented is environmentally friendly, highly flexible, easily controllable, time saving, and enables to break the scale-up barrier in microwave assisted industrial processes aimed to valorise aromatic herbs and eventually to exploit vegetable wasting materials. This leads to a lowering of production costs and, therefore, of the market price of isolated extracts from aromatic herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, we demonstrate a single step environmentally benign approach to synthesize Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) using aqueous extract of Clove buds for the first time. Clove bud's (CB) extract has proficiency to act as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of Au/Ag BMNPs. In presence of extract, AuIII and AgI are reduced competitively within same solution and produce Au/Ag alloy NPs. The kinetics besides the formation of NPs was studied using UV–visible spectroscopy and efficiency of the extract was monitored by varying contact time, temperature, pH and extract concentration. The electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of NPs with peculiar morphology at alkaline pH. Further, the existence of Au and Ag atoms was investigated using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that Eugenol in the extract is mainly responsible for the production of NPs which are also surrounded by various phytochemicals. Zeta potential of all the NPs is found to be negative which prevents their agglomeration due to inter-repulsion and the biosynthesized Au/Ag BMNPs revealed greater catalytic efficiency for the degradation of methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB) and reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). Significant enhancement induced by BMNPs compared to individual monometallic nanoparticles (MMNPs) was assigned to the synergistic effect of MMNPs and coating of phytochemicals present in the CB extract. Unlabelled Image • Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using Clove bud's extract. • Clove bud's extract acts as both reducing and capping agent. • Catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol, methyl orange, and methylene blue was studied. • In vitro antioxidant activities of nanoparticles were also studied. • Au/Ag showed enhanced antioxidant and catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, the occurrence of the flavor constituent 1-phenylethyl acetate in a natural source has not been unambiguously confirmed. The present work provides the detailed identification of 1-phenylethyl acetate from clove ( Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) buds. In addition, headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed further occurrence of 1-phenylethyl acetate in cocoa pulp and grape hyacinth flowers. A total of 15.2 g of essential oil was recovered from 7.2 kg of clove buds by simultaneous distillation-extraction followed by vacuum distillation. The distillate obtained was fractionated by silica column chromatography, whereby a significant enrichment of 1-phenylethyl acetate was achieved. The fraction containing the target analyte was further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, resulting in a final purity of ∼93.0%, yielding a total of 1 to 2 mg of 1-phenylethyl acetate. Identification of the isolated compound was achieved by GC/MS, infrared spectroscopy, enantioselective GC, isotope ratio MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Enantioselective GC/MS analysis revealed an enantiomeric excess of 60% (1 S )-(-)-1-phenylethyl acetate in the isolate. The δ 13 C V-PDB value of -32.5 ± 0.5‰ was in accordance with that of C3-plants and other constituents found in genuine clove extracts.

Focusing on its application in reproductive biotechnology, we evaluated the effects of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (EOSA) on bovine epididymal sperm quality variables, including morphology, membrane functional integrity, membrane structural integrity, mitochondrial activity, metabolic activity, motility and oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Bovine spermatozoa from eight males were incubated into the following groups: EOSA0 (without EOSA), EOSA10 (10 μg/ml of EOSA), EOSA15 (15 μg/ml of EOSA) and EOSA20 (20 μg/ml of EOSA); the incubation time with and without the EOSA was 1 or 6 hr. None of the sperm quality variables presented difference among the EOSA concentrations. However, the incubation time had a significant effect on the membrane functional integrity, membrane structural integrity, mitochondrial activity, progressive motility and some kinetic parameters. The effect of interaction among EOSA and incubation time was significant only on ROS levels. Spermatozoa incubated in the presence of 15 μg/ml of the EOSA for 1 hr had significantly reduced ROS levels compared with all other groups in the same time. In conclusion, the EOSA at a concentration of 15 µg/ml has antioxidant effects and protects bovine epididymal spermatozoa; hence, the EOSA may potentially be used in the field of reproductive biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]