Search

This study simplifies the complex relationship among grapevine plants, aphids, ladybirds, and ants, which is essential for effective pest management and ecological balance. This study investigated the impact of aphid attacks and the presence of ants and ladybirds on the volatile compounds profile released into the chemosphere of the community consisting of the common vine Vitis vinifera , the aphid Aphis illinoisensis , the ladybird Coccinella undecimpunctata -and the ant Tapinoma magnum. This study aims to analyze the volatile compounds emitted by the grapevine and surrounding insects in response to these intricate interactions. The extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out using closed-loop stripping (CLS) and then analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and principles coordinated analysis (PCA) was performed. The grapevine was exposed to different types and order of treatments, including non-infested, aphid-infested, aphid-infested with ant, aphid-infested with ladybird, and various combinations of ant and ladybird. After the aphid attack, the outcomes uncovered massive alterations in the volatile compound profiles. Infested grapevine displayed distinct emissions of germacrene D, an alcohol, and an alkene compared to non-infested plants. The characteristic VOC profile was the share of infested grapes in the presence of ants, with benzene derivatives and sesquiterpenes dominating the components. The coexistence of ladybirds with ants and aphids resulted in a different volatile profile characterized by elevated levels of aldehydes, ketones, α-farnesene, and its hydroxy derivative. It was concluded that the emission of VOCs into the chemosphere of the grapevine communities varied qualitatively and quantitatively depending on the level of the relationship complexity within each community in response to the infestation of grapevines by aphids, the presence of ladybirds as natural predators, and the presence of ant as protector. The grapevine's status-dependent compounds can serve as indicators of infestation status and contribute to non-destructive early-stage diagnosis of the aphid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aphids are small insects that damage plants by sucking plant phloem sap. Aphids cause severe losses to agriculture. In order to control aphids by environmentally friendly methods, it is necessary to identify them. Identification of aphids is difficult because there are ca. 5000 species which undergo different life stages and vary much in appearance (e.g., coloration). Here, we presented a novel method to determine aphid species using their chemical profiles. There are compounds (biomarkers) that are characteristic for a particular aphid species like a fingerprint. After grinding aphids, the released compounds were collected and the compound mixtures were separated by gas chromatography connected to a mass spectrometer to identify the individual compounds. The obtained compound profiles were subjected to the software CAP12.exe to reveal the biomarkers from the headspace profiles for each aphid species. It was possible to reliably differentiate aphid species using our approach. Compared to the established identification of aphids that uses characteristic DNA sequences from their genome, using the chemical biomarkers is much less laborious and faster. Moreover, it is possible with the chemical profile analysis to reveal other aspects of an aphid's life history such as the food plant it fed on. Aphids are a ubiquitous group of pests in agriculture that cause serious losses. For sustainable aphid identification, it is necessary to develop a precise and fast aphid identification tool. A new simple chemotaxonomy approach to rapidly identify aphids was implemented. The method was calibrated in comparison to the established phylogenetic analysis. For chemotaxonomic analysis, aphids were crushed, their headspace compounds were collected through closed-loop stripping (CLS) and analysed using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS data were then subjected to a discriminant analysis using CAP12.exe software, which identified key biomarkers that distinguish aphid species. A dichotomous key taking into account the presence and absence of a set of species-specific biomarkers was derived from the discriminant analysis which enabled rapid and reliable identification of aphid species. As the method overcomes the limits of morphological identification, it works with aphids at all life stages and in both genders. Thus, our method enables entomologists to assign aphids to growth stages and identify the life history of the investigated aphids, i.e., the food plant(s) they fed on. Our experiments clearly showed that the method could be used as a software to automatically identify aphids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]