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Pneumonic pathologies are clinically important in alpaca breeding; however, there is little information about pneumonic types and bacterial causes. The objective is to characterize pneumonias and bacteria causing pneumonias in neonates of dead alpacas in high Andean communities of Huancavelica, Peru. We sampled 365 dead alpaca pups under 45 days of age, from 10 communities, 216 of them were taken tracheal swabs for microbiological studies with peptone buffer because they were cases of pneumonia. Macroscopic identification of pneumonias was done by photodocumentation test. Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica were grown on Colombia agar enriched with alpaca blood; Streptococcus pneumoniae on Brain Heart Infusion agar supplemented with alpaca blood and identified by morphological and microscopic characterization, biochemical reactions and optokine. It was found 59.8% of mortality due to pneumonia and 40.2% by other causes, characterizing pneumonia by inflammation 55.1%, 44.9% by lesion and subtypes: Exudative 9.5%, Suppurative 3.8%, Proliferative 42.3%, Lobar 17.8%, Interstitial 26.6%, isolating strains Streptococcus pneumoniae 43.7%, Mannheimia haemolytica 14.9%, Pasteurella multocida 20.9%, predominant associates Streptococcus pneumoniae-Pasteurella multocida 10.7%. High frequency of types and subtypes of pneumonia associated to Gram (+) bacteria were observed as causal of pneumonia in alpaca pups, with predominance in three high Andean communities of Huancavelica, Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The alpaca is the most important South American domestic camelid for Peru, a country that regionally has 87% of these animals. Since traditional forms of reproduction do not guarantee its genetic quality, in vitro reproduction is an alternative for its improvement. This study evaluated the influence of embryotrophic factors of epidermal development (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and oxygen tension on the in vitro development of alpaca oocytes up to the blastocyst stage. From ovaries of sacrificed animals, oocytes were obtained and placed in TCM-199 medium, supplemented with sodium pyruvate, glutamine, estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), embryotrophic factor (EGF or IGF-1), 5% fetal bovine serum and gentamicin (10μL/mL) for 32 hours, at 38.5 °C, with 5% CO2 and relative humidity greater than 95%, with O2 tensions between 6 and 20%. Subsequently, the oocytes were fertilized with fresh semen and cultured in KSOMaa medium for 48 hours. Cultures were differentiated by growth factors (EGF and IGF-1) and O2 tensions (6% and 20%), plus the control group without EGF or IGF-I supplementation, to assess oocyte and blastocyst division rates from oocytes. By cluster analysis, significant differences were established between treatments with α = 0.05 for each response variable, with the highest rate of oocyte divisions (24.8%) with EGF at 6% O2 and the highest blastocyst/oocyte production (18.4%) with IGF-1 at 6% O2. It is concluded that the addition of embryotrophic factors and low O2 tension are favorable for in vitro embryo development in alpacas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Partiendo de una mirada discursiva de los clivajes políticos, este trabajo analiza los discursos de los actores intervinientes en la crisis del campo en la Argentina en el año 2008. A través de ellos se evidencia la pervivencia y el desplazamiento del clivaje peronismo-antiperonismo como elemento estructurador y generador de sentido en dicha coyuntura. Observamos la persistencia no solo de vocablos y actores que remiten a aquella tradicional dicotomía, sino además la contaminación del clivaje sobre nuevos espacios y sujetos que comienzan a estar atravesados por esta lógica. Asimismo, detectamos que el clivaje emerge pero no como una repetición de sí mismo sino que aparece reformulado en términos novedosos.

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Thélème is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to investigate the compulsive cycle of occupation to which many subjects are imprisoned in contemporaneity. We begin with the assumption that the acceleration and the plethora of activities may acquire a pathological trait. When this happens, we hypothesize that such manifestations are related to the issues of trauma and narcissism. We initially examine the psychic constitution of the subject in the context of trauma, highlighting the narcissistic repercussions before the frailty of the investments in primary objects. In this regard, we link the narcissistic constitution of traumatic basis and the deadly circuit underlying the compulsion towards excessive occupation. Next, we take time to examine the psychic functioning of the subject, under the impact of trauma, based on the cleavage and the search for survival through compulsive occupation. We understand that compulsive occupation and the extreme fatigue generated reveal a way of psychic survival based on discharge, numbness, and emotional emptiness. Such cases alert us to the importance of the attention and care of others so that the subject can be occupied of himself, so that he can live and not just be occupied compulsively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The report of a psychoanalytic treatment marked by the feeling of lie illustrates the importance of working through sexual trauma to establish a certain degree of conviction as far as the truthfulness of psychic events is concerned. The issue of the reality of a trauma is the object of doubt and steers the movement of the treatment, even though part of that doubt is not intended to be eliminated. It's the progressive connection of perceptual traces in specific scenarios that which determines a more stable investment, therefore assumed to be true, of psychic contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En los últimos treinta años, los arqueólogos han comenzado a superar su tradicional desinterés por las industrias líticas realizadas en cuarzo, con un número creciente de trabajos centrados en esta materia prima. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de estas aproximaciones se han centrado fundamental o exclusivamente en el cuarzo xenomorfo o “cuarzo de filón”. En cambio, la variedad automorfa de esta materia prima – tradicionalmente conocida como “cristal de roca” o “cuarzo hialino” – ha recibido una atención comparativamente menor. En este artículo se describe sucintamente el estado de la investigación sobre dos de las características básicas del cuarzo automorfo: la anisotropía y el clivaje, con el objetivo de ofrecer, a aquellos investigadores que traten frecuentemente con este material, una base a partir de la cual poder aumentar su comprensión sobre el comportamiento mecánico del cristal de roca. El cuarzo automorfo presenta características o comportamientos específicos durante la talla, derivados no sólo de la peculiar morfología y tamaño de sus soportes – monocristales de hábito prismático, generalmente de dimensiones reducidas – sino también de su naturaleza anisótropa (característica por la cual ciertas propiedades físicas de un material tienden a variar en función de la dirección en la que se midan) y quizás por la existencia de planos de clivaje (debilidades en la estructura del material por las que éste tiende a partirse o separarse con mayor facilidad). En este sentido, las investigaciones llevadas a cabo tanto por arqueólogos como – sobre todo – por geólogos, minerálogos y cristalógrafos coinciden en señalar un desigual comportamiento mecánico de los cristales de cuarzo en función de la dirección en la que se propaguen las fuerzas a las que éstos son sometidos. Así, las fuerzas mecánicas (incluidas las generadas por percusión o presión durante la talla lítica) tienden a progresar más fácilmente en aquellas direcciones oblicuas al eje longitudinal del prisma, mientras que su avance es comparativamente más dificultoso cuando se produce en paralelo a dicho eje mayor. En cuanto a los planos de clivaje, su presencia en el cuarzo ha sido objeto de debate durante más de un siglo, sin que los especialistas hayan podido lograr un consenso. La mayoría de los investigadores coinciden, sin embargo, en aceptar la existencia de algún tipo de control cristalográfico de las fracturas en esta materia prima, refiriéndose frecuentemente a un clivaje “imperfecto” o de “baja energía”. El impacto que dichas características físicas tendrían sobre la talla del cuarzo automorfo están aún lejos de ser conocidas en detalle. Durante la última década del siglo pasado, se instaló entre los especialistas una cierta visión de la anisotropía como un elemento limitador de la talla del cristal de roca, quizás un factor detrás de su uso aparentemente residual a lo largo de la Prehistoria. Sin embargo, un vistazo al registro arqueológico contradice esa visión de escasez, con conjuntos en cuarzo automorfo repartidos por yacimientos de todo el mundo y con este material llegando a alcanzar un importante peso porcentual en contextos del Paleolítico Superior o Epipaleolítico. Además, en no pocas ocasiones, su explotación ha implicado el uso de técnicas relativamente complejas, como la percusión indirecta y la presión. Así pues, parece evidente que ni la anisotropía ni la posible presencia de planos de clivaje habría sido un obstáculo insalvable para la explotación del cuarzo automorfo. Sin embargo, también resulta cierto que una presencia mayoritaria, entre los conjuntos arqueológicos con presencia de cristal de roca, de estrategias de talla en las que se explotaron preferentemente aquellos planos en los que los estudios consultados indican que se produciría una menor resistencia del material a la progresión de las fracturas, sugiere que los talladores prehistóricos probablemente estaban al tanto de estas características de la materia prima y que las usaron en su beneficio.

Bovine sperm have a low cholesterol/phospholipids ratio in the sperm plasma membrane. This characteristic is important due to cholesterol plays a key role in maintaining the structure and function of sperm membrane after freezing, and therefore, increasing sperm survival. This situation could be amplified in case of sexed semen. The aim of this study is to stabilize the plasma membranes of sperm sexed by adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC) post-thaw and consequently extend their functionality, increase their ability to fertilize oocytes and produce embryos in vitro. Sexed sperm were treated with CLC at different concentrations and incubated for 15 minutes before evaluating different motility parameters by a computerized system (CASA) and fertilize oocytes in vitro. Sperm treated with 3 mg of methyl-β-cyclodextrin saturated cholesterol for each 120x106 of sperm, showed higher motility parameters and remained high during the analyzed period. The concentration of 3 mg of CLC also increased cleavage rate, early (MOR/eBL), late (BL) and total embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article propose une mise en perspective entre certaines propositions tirées de la théorie de la séduction généralisée de J. Laplanche et les théorisations en psychosomatique à propos du statut du corps. De cette analyse, il ressort que la référence au corps dans la genèse de la séduction pose la question d'une topique psychique organisée autour du clivage. L'hypothèse d'un clivage de la topique permet de rendre compte de la coexistence de secteurs hétérogènes du fonctionnement psychique. La discussion proposée examinera la pertinence de défendre une conception de la genèse de la pensée, à partir du modèle traductif, ancrée dans l'expérience du corps.

À partir d'observations en clinique du travail, le présent article propose de discuter la pertinence de la notion de clivage pour la compréhension des phénomènes de double fonctionnement psychique. Pour cela, une discussion est engagée avec les travaux de la psychanalyse et de la psychologie morale. Il en ressort que l'explication de certaines manifestations cliniques repose sur la référence à un modèle de l'appareil psychique qui accorde une place centrale au clivage, tel que dans la troisième topique formulée par Christophe Dejours. Nous verrons de quelle façon le clivage structurel de la troisième topique proposé par Dejours se double dans certaines circonstances d'un autre type de clivage, nommé clivage forcé.

Introducción: algunos autores han propuesto métodos no invasivos que se centran en el clivaje temprano del estadio de dos células a las 25 y 27 horas luego de ocurrida la inseminación, los cuales son aplicables a los programas de fertilización in vitro que aumentan la probabilidad de implantación y embarazo. Objetivo: comparar la tasa de embarazo en pacientes ovoreceptoras con embriones provenientes de clivaje temprano con respecto a la del estadio pronuclear. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron a las pacientes ovoreceptoras que asistieron entre abril de 2004 y diciembre de 2007 al Centro de Biomedicina -FECUNDAR en Cali (Colombia) por presentar baja respuesta al ciclo de estimulación ovárica controlada, factor edad, falla ovárica o por ser pacientes subrogadas o gestacionales. El tamaño de la muestra se dividió de la siguiente manera: el porcentaje de embarazo esperado para el grupo de clivaje temprano-singamia (grupo 1) fue 79% (36 pacientes) mientras que el porcentaje de embarazo para el grupo pronuclear (grupo 2) llegó a ser 21% (9 pacientes). A partir de la obtención de estos datos, se determinaron las tasas de implantación y de embarazo y se compararon los dos grupos por medio de la prueba Chi-cuadrado (X²). Resultados: de un total de 289 cigotos, se incluyeron 183 que cumplieron los parámetros propuestos, entre embriones provenientes de clivaje temprano (CT), singamia (S) y estadio pronuclear (PN) a las 25 y 27 horas posinseminación. De este total, 79% provenían del estadio clivaje temprano-singamia y 21% del estadio pronuclear. El promedio de embriones transferidos a las pacientes ovoreceptoras fue tres embriones, la edad promedio fue 38 años, la tasa de embarazo obtenida al transferir los embriones provenientes de clivaje temprano fue 44% en comparación con 41% para la transferencia de los embriones no clivados a las 25 horas posinseminaci ón. Finalmente, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la obtención del embarazo. Conclusión: bajo las condiciones del estudio, el resultado muestra que no hay diferencias en la tasa de éxitos para ambos procedimientos.Introduction: some authors have proposed that non-invasive embryo implantation methods (based on early cleavage or pronuclear stage for two cells 25 and 27 hours post-insemination) are applicable to in vitro fertilisation programmes, thereby increasing the probability of implantation and pregnancy. Objective: comparing pregnancy rates in patients implanted with embryos originating from early cleavage to those from the pronuclear stage. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study was carried out. Embryo implantation patients were included who had been attending the FECUNDAR -Biomedicine Centre in Cali, Colombia, from April 2004 to December 2007 who presented a poor responsetothecontrolledovarianstimulationcycle, age factor and/or ovarian failure and pregnancy substitute patients. The sample consisted of 45 patients; 36 patients (79%) were expected to become pregnant in the early-syngamy and cleavage group (group 1) and 9 patients (21%) in the pronuclear group (group 2). Implantation and pregnancy rates were determined and the Chi-square (X²) test was used for comparing both groups. Results: 183 of the 289 zygotes complied with the proposed parameters (i.e. embryos from early cleavage, syngamy and pronuclear stage 25 and 27 hours post-insemination); 79% of these 183 came from the early cleavage and syngamy stage and 21% from the pronuclear stage. Three embryos on average were transferred to embryo implantation patient; average age was 38, the pregnancy rate obtained when transferring early cleavage embryos was 44% compared to 41% for non-cleaved embryo transfer 25 hours post-insemination. No statistically significant differences were found regarding how pregnancy was induced. Conclusion: equal success rates were obtained for both procedures in the given study conditions.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de la suplementación con alanina y glicina en el medio de cultivo sobre el porcentaje de clivaje de embriones bovinos, bajo condiciones de alta (20%) y baja (7%) tensión de oxígeno. Materiales y métodos. Los embriones fueron producidos a partir de oocitos madurados in vitro en M-199 suplementado con hormonas e inseminados con semen criopreservado; los cigotos fueron cultivados en medio CR1-AA. Al momento del cultivo se adicionaron alanina y glicina (5 mM y 10mM final respectivamente). Se usaron 4 tratamientos (T1: aminoácidos y baja tensión de oxígeno; T2: aminoácidos y alta tensión de oxígeno; T3: no aminoácidos y baja tensión de oxígeno; T4: no aminoácidos y alta tensión de oxígeno). El clivaje fue evaluado a las 48 hpi (horas post inseminación) evaluándose el número de embriones clivados sobre el total de embriones cultivados y el estadío de desarrollo (no clivados, 2, 4, 5-8 células). Se usó el programa estadístico STATISTICA (versión 5.0). Resultados. El porcentaje de embriones de 5-8 células en el tratamiento 1 respecto a los otros 3 tratamientos fue mayor (p= 0.007). Conclusiones. Los aminoácidos alanina y glicina son fundamentales para los clivajes iniciales y en bajas tensiones de oxígeno se aumenta la proporción de embriones competentes hasta las 48hpi.

In vitro embryo production (IVEP) is an alternative for multiplying genetically superior animals. The high cost for the establishment of laboratories and the low embryo production rates make researchers seek alternatives to simplify and improve the procedure. The Intra Vaginal Embryo Culture is a system using a device (INVO) inserted into the vagina that creates the conditions of temperature and humidity necessary for the development of the embryo. There are no reports of the use of INVO for the in vitro production of bovine embryos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the INVO system for bovine embryo production which evaluated the permanence of the device in the vagina for three (3) days and the production of embryos. In phase one, 14 repetitions were performed in three cows while in phase two 191 presumptive zygotes were cultured. The retention rate of the INVO device in the vagina was 92.9% (13/14). A total of 91.9% (158/172) of the structures placed in culture were recovered. The total cleavage of the INVO group was 47.2% (42/84), and the rate of production of 8 and 16 cell embryos was 9.6% and 4.5%, respectively. The embryos obtained after vaginal culture that were cultured in the laboratory for three additional days produced blastocysts. The results obtained show the feasibility of the INVO system for bovine embryo production, making possible embryo development to stages that can be transferred. The development and cleavage rates are comparable to those obtained under totally in vitro conditions from 8 to 16 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship among social class-ideology-the vote in Venezuela for the 1998-2006 period is analyzed in order to investigate whether the arrival of Chavez in power caused the emergence of class cleavage, and if so, the nature of the latter. Such exploration required determining the correspondence between social class and political values, especially ideology, and how both factors are expressed in the vote. Three national pre-election surveys conducted in 1998, 2000 and 2006 were used as sources. Starting with a reflection on the concept of "social class" and its contextualization in the specificity of Venezuelan society, an operational approach to "social class" was made using the variable "family income level," stratified according to the relationship between the official minimum wage and the basic basket of food and services. Results showed an irregularity of voting in the poorest strata, support for Chavez in the medium-low stratum and voting against Chavez in the medium-high and high strata. The classist voting cleavage defined the vote of the richest, clearly focused on the opposition. Political values begin to connect with social class and show congruence with the vote, suggesting the configuration of a polarization between political identities with ideological content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On October 7, 2012 took place a new process for electing president in a political context characterized by high polarization between the ruling party and the opposition. For the ruling was nominated for re-election President Hugo Chavez, while the opposition, after a primary election on February 12, 2012, it was Henrique Capriles. Hugo Chávez won with 8,185,120 votes (55.07%), and Capriles obtained 6,583,426 votes (44.31%), while the remaining four candidates managed jointly 0.58% of the voting and invalid votes represented 1.89%; abstention was 19.48%. Preliminary review of the results verifies a spatial trend observed in previous elections: a high vote on for the President Chavez in peripheral federal, and greater relative support for the candidacy of Capriles (or opposition) in nerve centers of national economic development, including major urban centers. In these centers, the relative values of the vote by the opposition are always higher than the relative contribution of voters, while in the suburbs, the relative voting Chavez exceeds regional contributions of voters. The work is precisely in the context of electoral geography (geography of voting) as main objective to study the spatial distribution of election results or vote by both candidates and political trends, with the central premise of a clear regionalization vote nature center-periphery. The basis of the study is quantitative and is sought as a key aspect from the methodological point of view, comparing the contribution of electors in each federal entity with the contribution of vote for each candidate in each federal district also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: some authors have proposed that non-invasive embryo implantation methods (based on early cleavage or pronuclear stage for two cells 25 and 27 hours post-insemination) are applicable to in vitro fertilisation programmes, thereby increasing the probability of implantation and pregnancy. Objective: comparing pregnancy rates in patients implanted with embryos originating from early cleavage to those from the pronuclear stage. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study was carried out. Embryo implantation patients were included who had been attending the FECUNDAR -Biomedicine Centre in Cali, Colombia, from April 2004 to December 2007 who presented a poor response to the controlled ovarian stimulation cycle, age factor and/or ovarian failure and pregnancy substitute patients. The sample consisted of 45 patients; 36 patients (79%) were expected to become pregnant in the early-syngamy and cleavage group (group 1) and 9 patients (21%) in the pronuclear group (group 2). Implantation and pregnancy rates were determined and the Chi-square (X2) test was used for comparing both groups. Results: 183 of the 289 zygotes complied with the proposed parameters (i.e. embryos from early cleavage, syngamy and pronuclear stage 25 and 27 hours post-insemination); 79% of these 183 came from the early cleavage and syngamy stage and 21% from the pronuclear stage. Three embryos on average were transferred to embryo implantation patient; average age was 38, the pregnancy rate obtained when transferring early cleavage embryos was 44% compared to 41% for non-cleaved embryo transfer 25 hours post-insemination. No statistically significant differences were found regarding how pregnancy was induced. Conclusion: equal success rates were obtained for both procedures in the given study conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Potrerillos porphyry is located in the Late Eocene–Oligocene metallogenic belt of porphyry copper deposits of Chile, Cordillera de Domeyko, central Andes. It is formed of a porphyritic biotite–hornblende monzonite that was emplaced at less than 1000m depth. The intrusion has a cylindrical vertical form at depth, whereas its uppermost section resembles a mushroom whose stem is inclined 20–25° to the northwest. The location of the Potrerillos porphyry coincides with a major facies and east–west thickness change in Jurassic to Late Cretaceous marine sedimentary and Tertiary volcanic host rocks. Structurally, the porphyry was emplaced at the intersection between the northeast-oriented Potrerillos fold-and-thrust belt, and a system of northwest-trending strike-slip faults of the Ciénaga fault system. Both structural elements are related to a sinistral regional transpression that was active during the Middle to Late Eocene. The north–northeast trending Sierra Castillo-Agua Amarga fault system was trench-linked with an oblique subduction along the Peru–Chile trench in the southwestern part of South America at this time. One of the main structural elements of the Potrerillos fold-and-thrust belt is the eastward verging Potrerillos Mine reverse fault. We demonstrate a syntectonic relationship between the Potrerillos porphyry emplacement and the onset of the Potrerillos Mine fault. The control at the shallowest levels of the Potrerillos porphyry emplacement was studied by means of a structural analysis of folds, cleavage and deformed oolites in the country rock. This analysis suggests that the porphyry occupied the core of an anticline. The form of this anticline was modeled as a fault-propagation-fold taking into account a 200m displacement along the basal fault and a local shortening of 45.5% occurred. This model is compatible with a limited displacement along the Potrerillos Mine fault under hot, ductile conditions. The remaining displacement of 1600m would have taken place afterwards under cold, brittle conditions. The Potrerillos porphyry was emplaced during a transpressional regime within the Potrerillos fold-and-thrust belt. The fact that the cleavage does not show a concentric distribution around the Potrerillos porphyry, discounts the possibility of a forced emplacement of the porphyry, pushing aside its wall rocks. This is reinforced by the deformed oolites which do not show a strain gradient from outside towards the edge of the body. The clockwise transection of the fold axes by the cleavage and the southeast direction of displacement along the Potrerillos Mine fault are interpreted as related to the regional sinistral transpression related to the Sierra Castillo Fault movement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]