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This study aimed to fortify cookies to be functional food by adding Clitoria ternatea flower (CT) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8%. Sensory profiling identified 6% CT as optimal for organoleptic attributes. The addition of CT did not significantly impact protein, lipid, and ash content but decreased energy value and increased insoluble and soluble fibre levels. The inclusion of 6% CT had a significant effect on the overall total phenolic content (TPC), which increased compared to the control sample. Antioxidative activity analyses showed enhanced antioxidative activity in ABTS, DPPH, ORACFL, and PCL assays. The addition of 6% CT inhibited hydroperoxide production in cookies. However, over a period of 6 weeks, a significant rise in peroxide value was observed during the 4th and 6th weeks of storing fortified cookies. All assessed products met the high microbiological quality standards. The sensory evaluation scores showed that CT can create cookies with health benefits and a good overall acceptance score. The texture of the cookies gradually became softer, but no significant changes in visual appearance were observed. CT can be extensively used in baked cookies as a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties and high fibre content, as well as a fortification source for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural product chemistry plays a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. This study investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacities of three prominent Philippine plants: Blue ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Kantutay (Lantana camara), and Katuray (Sesbania grandiflora). The primary aim is to provide a comprehensive assessment of their bioactive constituents and evaluate their potential for pharmacological applications. Phytochemical screening identified a diverse array of compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and other major chemical constituent classes, highlighting their therapeutic potential. The pigment analysis revealed substantial variations, with Blue ternate exhibiting the highest concentration, suggesting it as a promising source of carotenoids. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and chlorophyll analysis further revealed distinct compound profiles. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) analysis and the DPPH radical scavenging method marked Blue ternate to have the highest phenolic content and the most potent antioxidant activity among the plant samples. These findings collectively emphasize the significant therapeutic potential of these plants, warranting further exploration for pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy cow's milk is a primary commodity in various countries and increasing milk production in dairy cows is crucial. Clitoria ternatea has the potential to enhance milk production in dairy cows. This research aims to analyze C. ternatea's ability to induce milk production in dairy cows by targeting the DRD2 protein. The compounds within C. ternatea were screened for drug-likeness, toxicity, physicochemical properties, and membrane permeability parameters. The DRD2 protein in dairy cattle was modeled using homology modeling. The interaction stability between C. ternatea compounds and DRD2 was analyzed through molecular docking and dynamic using AutoDock Vina and Webgro. The study results revealed that among the 18 compounds, 5 passed the drug-likeness screening: citronellal, alpha-terpinolene, 15-methyxypaysine, allyl-crotyl-zinc, and 9,12-octadecadiynoic. These 5 compounds exhibited low toxicity and demonstrated easy penetration of lipid membranes. Molecular docking results indicated that citronellal and alpha-terpinolene had the lowest binding energy values and were bound to the inhibitor's side. Molecular dynamic simulations also confirmed the stability of the interaction between citronellal and alpha-terpinolene with DRD2. In conclusion, this research suggests that C. ternatea can potentially increase milk production in dairy cows by inhibiting the DRD2 protein, primarily through citronellal and alpha-terpinolene.

Metabolic abnormalities caused by the accumulation of human, environmental, genetic and lifestyle variables can be found in diabetes mellitus (DM). An increase in blood glucose carried on by a reduction in insulin production can also result in DM. Insulin resistance often occurs as a result of obesity and a lack of physical activity and aging. Telang flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) is reported to have several qualities such as being able to treat DM, chronic bronchitis, goiter, mucosal disorders and leprosy. This study's objective was to elucidate anti-dibetic effect of C. ternatea extract (CTE) in rats with diabetic complications related to dyslipidemia. Rats suffering from diabetes will be examined after being given oral doses of Simvastatin 0.9 mg/kg BW, Glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW, and 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW CTE, model induced by streptozotocin. The expression of the insulin gene (INS-1) was investigated by qRTPCR, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pancreatic DM rats model using the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Both descriptive and quantitative data were acquired for the data. After utilizing ANOVA to evaluate quantitative data, the Tukey post hoc test was used to analyze the data, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was found to decrease while INS-1 expression increased in response to CTE. This effect was attributed to the modulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and INS-1 expression. These findings suggest that CTE possesses antidiabetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dragon's blood (血竭) is a traditional Chinese medicine known for its wound hemostasis, blood circulation, and stasis properties. Recently, it has also been utilized in cosmetics, though its antioxidant capacity remains unclear. This study aims to stabilize the bioactivity of dragon's blood using various plant extracts. We evaluated single plant extracts and their combinations to identify the conditions that maintained the antioxidant capacity of dragon's blood the longest. Selected plants included Hibiscus sabdariffa, Clitoria ternatea, Hylocereus sp., Pandanus amaryllifolius, and Camellia sinensis. We used two sources of dragon's blood: Daemonorops draco and Dracaena cochinchinensis. Extraction conditions were optimized and antioxidant activity was assessed using the free radical scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC), the free radical scavenging activity of ABTS, and a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that all plant extracts exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Clitoria ternatea had the highest DPPH scavenging ability at 93.81%, with the best combination being green tea and Daemonorops draco at 92.57%. Clitoria ternatea had the highest TPC at 9921 mg GAE/100 g, with the best combination (green tea and Dracaena cochinchinensis) at 10500 mg GAE/100 g. ABTS activity was highest for green tea at 98.3%, with the best combination (Clitoria ternatea and Daemonorops draco) at 93.29%. The FRAP assay showed that green tea had the highest electron-donating potential at 3.85 mg/mL, with the best combination (Daemonorops draco and Dracaena cochinchinensis) at 3.71 mg/mL. This study advances our understanding of the antioxidant properties of these plants and the traditional Chinese medicine dragon's blood, enhancing the efficacy of dragon's blood in skincare and cosmetics. Moreover, the application of these extracts could rejuvenate local agriculture, impacting the skincare, cosmetics, and sustainable agriculture sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of single‐use plastics has led to widespread pollution and ecological harm, prompting a concerted effort to develop sustainable alternatives. Among them, biocomposite plastic films have emerged as a promising solution for food packing applications. Herein, the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) biocomposite films incorporating Clitoria ternatea (CT) flower extracts is reported. The obtained films are subjected to various analytical techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals the intense peak of hydrogen bonding at 3321 cm−1 in the composite film. CT‐PVA films possess less opacity and UV light‐blocking capabilities. The PVA‐CT films are examined for water absorption, UV barrier, soil degradability, and water‐soluble properties, greater propensity to dissolve in water during the water absorption test is noticed. Enzymatic oxidation followed by hydrolysis of functional groups enhances the soil degradation rate in biocomposite films. Further, the colorimetric study of CT‐PVA solution at different pH shows colored CT–PVA films. From the results and observations, the CT‐PVA biocomposite film (8 mL) proves to be a promising candidate for utilization in the food industry as a packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a medicinal plant known for its anthocyanin pigment content, which imparts a blue color to its flowers. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of shading on butterfly pea flower growth and production. The research design utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) for shading treatments. We replicated each treatment level four times, resulting in 20 experimental units, each containing four plants, for a total population of 80 plants. We conducted the experiment at the Experimental Garden of Gunadarma University Campus F7, implementing shade nets at different intensity levels (55%, 65%, 75%, and 85%), along with a control treatment without shading. We made observations on various plant growth parameters such as leaf count, plant length, days to first flower appearance, flower count, fresh weight, and dry weight. The results indicated that shading significantly influenced butterfly pea plants' growth. Plants without shading tended to exhibit better growth in several parameters, such as increased leaf count, higher plant length, and earlier days to first flower appearance. These findings underscore the importance of sunlight in supporting the growth and production of butterfly pea plants. Therefore, careful consideration of shade management is essential in agricultural practices to ensure optimal growth and maximum yield from butterfly pea plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated three continuous grazing systems: Brachiaria Brizantha, Clitoria ternatea and naturalized pastures, complemented with commercial concentrate and C. ternatea silage on milk yield, nutrient use and enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Nine multiparous cows of local Zebu breeds, with an average weight of 448 ± 87 kg, were used. The chemical composition of the food was determined. Live weight, milk production, and quality were assessed. Furthermore, serum urea, urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose in blood were monitored, and nitrogen use efficiency were calculated. Enteric methane (CH4) emissions were estimated using Tier-2 methodology. A 3 × 3 latin square experimental design was applied. The grazing systems of B. brizantha and C. ternatea had the greater live weights of 465.8 and 453.3 kg/cow, although the latter is similar to naturalized pasture. Milk production and quality were not affected by grazing system, with the exception of the non-fat solids, where the C. ternatea system was lower (102.2 g/kg) than the other grazing systems. The crude protein and N intake, and N excretion in feces and urine were lower in naturalized pasture systems (1139.0 g/day). N outputs in milk was high in the C. ternatea system (56.3 g/cow/day). The naturalized pastures systems showed the better feed use efficiency (25.7%) compared to others. Serum urea and blood urea nitrogen were greater in B. brizantha followed by C. ternatea. Enteric CH4 emissions were indifferent among grazing systems when expressed as a percentage of greenhouse gases (7.1%). In conclusion, the grazing C. ternatea supplemented with commercial concentrate and C. ternatea silage maintains milk production and quality, reduced cow/day emissions (by 2.5%) and lowered energy losses as methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectroscopic characteristics of the common flower Clitoria ternatea are explored for the first time. When excited, the extract shows two emission crests at 436 and 663 nm corresponding to anthocyanin delphinidin and betalains betacyanin, respectively. For practical utility, the extract is made into thin films, giving a broad emission band from 450 to 530 nm. But by this line, the luminescence spectra showed a falloff with time, through a decay rate of 0.2463 cps/h owing to aging. An anti-oxidizing agent (Y2O3)–extract complexes with different extract concentrations (1–5 ml) under different heating conditions (100–200 °C) are produced to overcome this scenario. The XRD and Raman spectra depict the fruitful complex formation in cubic structure with space group Ia3. Using UV–visible info, the bandgap is computed to be 2.381 eV. When Y2O3 and Clitoria extract are taken in the same measure, decent emission bands around 450–550 nm and 630–690 nm are observed by the FRET mechanism; giving a ninefold increment in PL intensity with CIE coordinates in the vicinity of near-white light. The trials are repeated numerous times to ensure reproducibility and the outcomes are compared with the conventional Y2O3:Dy3+-doped system, showing prime results by the Y2O3:Clitoria complex (1:1, 100 °C). This unprecedented investigation concludes the enhanced photoluminescence from Clitoria extract, which could replace conventional rare earth doping and provide a novel methodology for designing and fabricating lighting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm, being an aggregate of microbial cells play a pivotal role in the development of chronic diseases by making the conventional antibiotics ineffective in killing the pathogenetic microbes. Such incomplete bactericidal activities of antibiotics on the other hand, gives rise to antibiotic resistance. In order to find out some alternative therapeutic approaches the flowers of Clitoria ternatea, an ethnobotanical plant with several medicinal attributes were tested for its antibiofilm activities both by in vitro as well as by in silico analyses in detail. Floral extract of Clitoria ternatea containing various bioactive compounds were found to 85% and 82% biofilm produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, whereas it was only 25% after antibiotic treatment. FTIR analysis indicated significant alterations in the active residues in the spectral regions of lipids, polysaccharide, nucleic acids and proteins after phytoextract treatment. Remarkable eradication of biofilm bound sessile cells of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was brought about by the treatment of petal extracts, as evident from the scanning electron micrographs. Docking interactions between biofilm forming proteins of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and the bioactive compounds of C. ternatea clearly indicate the antibiofilm efficacies of the bioactive compounds present in the floral extract of C. ternatea. Hence the floral extract can be used as an herbal and nontoxic source of prospective drug to combat biofilm mediated diseases without generating the risk of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women that is characterized by hormonal imbalances, anovulation, and ovarian cysts. Folliculogenesis, which is the process of follicle development, is perturbed in PCOS, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and fertility issues. Clitoria ternatea, a medicinal plant with potential hormonal regulatory properties, is of interest for exploring its effects on folliculogenesis and PCOS management. In this in silico study, we employed molecular docking techniques to investigate the interaction between bioactive compounds from Clitoria ternatea and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR), a key regulator of folliculogenesis. AutoDock Vina and PyRx software were used to predict the binding affinities and interactions between the ligands and FSHR. The results of our in-silico study indicate that bioactive compounds from Clitoria ternatea exhibit a strong binding affinity for FSHR. These compounds form stable interactions with the receptor, suggesting a potential regulatory effect on FSHR activity during folliculogenesis. The findings from this in silico study suggest that Clitoria ternatea may play a role in modulating folliculogenesis by interacting with FSHR. Further experimental studies, including in vitro and in vivo studies, are warranted to validate these computational predictions and explore the potential therapeutic implications of Clitoria ternatea in managing PCOS-related folliculogenesis disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common skin tumors in dogs. Clinical data and cytological examination typically suffice for the initial diagnosis. However, prognosis and appropriate treatments necessitate histopathological examination. Amid global concerns regarding hazardous chemicals, the utilization of natural dyes has garnered increased attention. In this context, we focused on using butterfly pea flower (BPF) extract, rich in anthocyanins, as a dye for canine histopathological MCT staining. The dried petal powder was dissolved in distilled water (DW), filtered to obtain a crude extract, and then subjected to a freeze-drying process to preserve its quality. The BPF-dye was prepared by adding DW and 2.5% NaCl into the dried extract. The paraffin serial sections of 32 diagnosed MCTs were stained with the dye for 2 hours. Additionally, the sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Toluidine blue (TB) routine dyes for MCT diagnosis. Sections of non-MCT round cell tumors were also stained with BPF-dye. The results revealed pink-reddish specific staining in the neoplastic mast cell granules, with different staining levels corresponding to the degree of cytoplasmic granulation, similar to TB staining. However, TB staining exhibited blue or metachromasia, indicating differences in staining color. Additionally, the BPF-dye could differentiate MCT from non-MCT round-cell tumors, providing an alternative method of differentiation. The dye maintained its staining ability for 60 days when stored at 4oC. Accordingly, it holds potential as an alternative dye for MCT diagnosis, being locally available and eco-friendly. Further study should focus on improving the stability and longevity of the dye by preserving its anthocyanin content with natural co-pigments for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and industrialization had decreased the drinking water quality to a greater extent. Iron contamination is a serious issue in many open well and bore well samples of Kerala, India. Intake of large amount of iron causes serious health issues to humans. There were several methods for the removal of iron from drinking water. But the cost of these treatments is not affordable to common people. Use of eco-friendly materials for the effective removal of iron from water samples is the major concern for this study. Different plant materials which are easily available in Kerala were used in this study for the effective removal of iron. Clitoria ternatea, which is a climber was selected as the adsorbent material. The extracts of this plant materials were incorporated in Magnesium based Metal-Organic-Framework (MOF) and used for water treatment. Among the prepared MOFs, that modified with flower extract of Clitoria ternatea, was found to be more effective at an adsorbent dosage of 40ppm. The adsorption process was analyzed using different isotherms and found suitable for Langmuir adsorption. Hence a mono-layer of adsorption was formed on the adsorbent surface by physical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Tropical herb extracts, which could be used to provide health benefits, might be an effective strategy to promote benefits for rabbit farming. The present study indicated that the supplementation of rabbit diets with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) crude extract had no effect on phagocytic function but did improve digestibility. Modification of the meat color and delayed lipid peroxidation were observed. Supplementation with Clitoria ternatea L. crude extract at 0.5 g/kg body weight could be useful in the production of rabbits for meat consumption, prolonging shelf life by delaying lipid peroxidation. Sixteen 35-day-old male crossbred rabbits (New Zealand white × Thai native breed) with an initial weight of 484 ± 11.3 g were randomly divided into two groups of eight, constituting control and treatment groups. The treatment group was orally administered a crude extract of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) at 0.5 g/kg body weight from weaning (at 35 days) to slaughter (at 90 days). The effects on the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, serum biochemistry, meat quality, muscular lipid peroxidation, the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and gut histology were studied. The results revealed that the phagocytic function of circulating leukocytes (75 and 90 days) and alveolar macrophages (90 days) did not differ between the two groups. At slaughter, treated rabbits had lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations and higher liver weight than control rabbits (p < 0.05). After chilling at 4 °C for 24 h, a lower meat pH and the alteration of meat color (brighter, less yellow, lower hue angle, and decreased color saturation) were observed in the treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid peroxidation (measured at 3, 5, and 7 storage days) in the meat of treated rabbits was lower than in controls (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter and ether extract (analyzed at 46 days for 4 days) was improved in the treated group (p < 0.05), whereas gut histology was unaffected. In conclusion, butterfly pea extract supplementation did not affect phagocytic function but led to a modification in meat color, delayed lipid peroxidation, and improved digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease involving dysregulation of fat metabolism that affects 13% of the world's population. Obesity has been linked to dyslipidemia with a lot of complication, including stroke, chronic kidney disease, fatty liver disease, and so on. One of the natural resources that have several potential effects including anticholesterol, antiobesity, and antidyslipidemia is the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea/CT). CT's petal has been found to contain high levels of anthocyanins and tannins that can inhibit the biosynthesis of cholesterol and lipid. This study aims to investigate the antiobesity and antidyslipidemic effects of Clitoria ternatea extract (CTE). Materials and methods: The CTE was obtained through the aqueous extract method and then was investigated using spectrophotometry to determine anthocyanin and tannin content. The effect of CTE against a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model was measured by weight and obesity index, lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-C), and histopathology analysis. Results: CTE showed total anthocyanin and tannin content of 78.0943 mg/100 g and 1424.90 mg/100 g, respectively. The data analysis also showed significantly different within groups (p < 0,05), especially between HFD and HFD + CT750 groups on the cholesterol (MD 111.12 mg/dL; 95% CI (99.57 to 122.67); p < 0.001), LDL (MD; 76.38 mg/dL; 95% CI (56.77 to 96.00); p < 0.001), VLDL (MD 0.37 mg/ dL; 95% CI (0.18 to 0.57); p < 0.001), body weight (MD: 56.20 g; 95% CI (13.89 to 98.51); p = 0.012); and thickening of tunica layer in the thoracic aorta (MD 22.76 μm; 95% CI (20.11 to 24.4); p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that Clitoria ternatea petals aqueous extract promotes amelioration of the lipid profile, body weight, and tunica thickness in rats with the high-fat diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding tropical legumes into grass-based forage systems may increase the nutritive fodder value, but competition may decrease legume quality. We evaluated the nutritional values and agronomic responses of tall and dwarf elephant grass genotypes (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone.) and butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) grown as binary intercrops. Two tall (Elephant B and IRI-381) and two dwarf elephant grass genotypes (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37) were the grass components of intercrops in a two-year trial. Higher acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin contents were found in tall than dwarf elephant grass genotypes (p < 0.0001), while lower coefficients of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were recorded in tall than dwarf elephant grass genotypes (p < 0.0001). There was no intercrop effect on the herbage accumulation (p = 0.1278), dry matter (DM) contents (p = 0.2338), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p = 0.2022), lignin (p = 0.7179) and condensed tannins (p = 0.1699) of the butterfly pea. The butterfly pea grown with tall genotypes had higher crude protein (CP) concentrations (p = 0.0001) and coefficients of IVDDM (p = 0.0086) than when intercropped with dwarf genotypes. The study showed that tall elephant grass genotypes improved the butterfly pea's nutritional value in grass–legume intercrops through increases in leaf/pod ratio. Intercropping with butterfly pea may compensate for the lower nutritive fodder value of tall elephant grasses compared to dwarf genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since they are powerful and have few negative effects, medicinal and aromatic herbs have been utilized for centuries. Research is at its pinnacle as a result. The Fabaceae family climbing plant Clitoria ternatea, also known as the "Butterfly Pea" and Shankpushpi, has been utilized in Conventional Ayurvedic Medicine in response to this phenomenon. It has been used for centuries as a nootropic, memory enhancer, antistress, anxiolytic, depression medication, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing, and sedative agent. From Clitoria ternatea Linn, a variety of secondary metabolites, including as triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins, and steroids, have been identified. Its extracts have a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as the ability to suppress blood platelet aggregation, be antibacterial, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local anesthetic, antidiabetic, and insecticidal. They may also be used to relax vascular smooth muscle. Traditional uses for this plant are longstanding. Numerous disorders have been treated using Ayurvedic medicine, and scientific research has proven which are still relevant today. Numerous active ingredients, including alkaloids, glucosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and sugars, are present in the pants. The goal of this review is to examine the phytochemical components and pharmacological research on Clitoria ternatea, a plant species that has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for a long time. It also critically evaluates the plant's potential for future ethnopharmacology in light of numerous significant recent discoveries regarding it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using Clitoria ternatea plant extract and confined onto mesoporous SBA-15, functionalized with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane followed by tris (2-amino ethyl) amine (SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA). The sequential grafting of TAEA, GPTMS, and confinement of Ag NPs on the mesoporous SBA-15 was verified by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, TEM-EDX, XRD, SAXRD, BET, TGA, 29Si NMR, and 13C MAS NMR analysis. HR-TEM analysis revealed that the mean diameter of green synthesized Ag NPs is 6–8 nm and the successful confinement of Ag NPs inside the pores of SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA. The synthesized SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA-Ag was used are a carrier for binding ciprofloxacin and the controlled drug release of ciprofloxacin was monitored on a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. In Vitro, the loading and release of Ciprofloxacin were found to be 19.8% and 98.14% of the loaded Ciprofloxacin. The kinetic models deducted from the release study demonstrated that SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA-Ag is a potential carrier for the controlled release of Ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of MgAl Layer Double Hydroxide (LDH) was performed using the coprecipitation method. Pristine MgAl LDH was calcined at 500 °C to produce the MgAl Layer Double Oxide (LDO). The two materials were modified via restacking-delaminating the bioactive compounds from the flower extract of Clitoria ternatea (CT) to produce MgAl LDHCT and MgAl LDOCT. Modifications are performed to enhance the stability of the catalyst structure, allowing its higher photocatalytic activities and regeneration use. The prepared catalysts were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, BET, and SEM-EDX. The XRD diffraction pattern showed that the three catalysts have typical diffraction patterns commonly observed in LDH-based materials. FT-IR spectra confirmed that MgAl LDHCT and MgAl LDOCT showed combined spectra of its precursor materials. MgAl LDOCT has the lowest bandgap energy with the highest degradation kinetics. BET and SEM-EDX characterization shows uniform surface and pore size on MgAl LDOCT. The prepared catalysts were used in the ciprofloxacin photodegradation under UV light. The optimal catalyst dose was 5 mg, while the optimal pH was 5. MgAl LDOCT, MgAl LDHCT, and MgAl LDH showed ciprofloxacin degradation capacity up to 73.300%, 65.739%, and 71.320%, respectively, within 120 min. Repeated use of the catalyst up to the third cycle resulted in%R reaching 80.871%, 74.003%, and 52.025%, respectively, by MgAl LDHCT, MgAl LDOCT, and MgAl LDH. Compared to pristine MgAl LDH, the CT intercalated catalysts exhibited more excellent stability.

Prevention and management of water pollution are becoming a great challenge in the present scenario. Different conventional methods like carbon adsorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, evaporation, and biological treatments remove water pollutants. Nowadays, the requirement for effective, non-toxic and safe waste management strategies is very high. Nanomaterials have been explored in various fields due to their unique characteristics. Green synthesis of nanomaterial is becoming more popular due to their safety, non-toxicity, and ease of scale-up technology. Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized using a green synthesis method using biological sources provided by eco-friendly, non-hazardous nanomaterials with superior properties to bulk metals. Hence, this study has designed a green synthesis of magnetic (cobalt oxide) and noble (gold) nanoparticles from the fresh flowers of Clitoria ternatea. The flavonoids and polyphenols in the extract decreased the energy band gap of cobalt oxide and gold nanoparticles; hence, the capping of the natural constituents in Clitoria ternatea helped form stable metal nanoparticles. The cobalt oxide and gold nanoparticles are evaluated for their potential for eliminating organic pollutants from industrial effluent. The novelty of this present work represents the application of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in the removal of organic pollutants and a comparative study of the catalytic behaviour of both metal nanoparticles. The degradation of bromophenol blue, bromocresol green, and 4–nitrophenol in the presence of gold nanoparticles was completed in 120, 45, and 20 min with rate constants of 3.7 × 10−3/min, 6.9 × 10−3/min, and 16.5 × 10−3/min, respectively. Similarly, the photocatalysis of bromophenol blue, bromocresol green, and 4–nitrophenol in the presence of cobalt oxide nanoparticles was achieved in 60, 90, and 40 min with rate constants of 2.3 × 10−3/min, 1.8 × 10−3/min, and 1.7 × 10−3/min, respectively. The coefficient of correlation (R2) values justify that the degradation of organic pollutants follows first-order kinetics. The significance of the study is to develop green nanomaterials that can be used efficiently to remove organic pollutants in wastewater using a cost-effective method with minimal toxicity to aquatic animals. It has proved to be useful in environmental pollution management.

This study aimed to fortify cookies to be functional food by adding Clitoria ternatea flower (CT) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8%. Sensory profiling identified 6% CT as optimal for organoleptic attributes. The addition of CT did not significantly impact protein, lipid, and ash content but decreased energy value and increased insoluble and soluble fibre levels. The inclusion of 6% CT had a significant effect on the overall total phenolic content (TPC), which increased compared to the control sample. Antioxidative activity analyses showed enhanced antioxidative activity in ABTS, DPPH, ORACFL, and PCL assays. The addition of 6% CT inhibited hydroperoxide production in cookies. However, over a period of 6 weeks, a significant rise in peroxide value was observed during the 4th and 6th weeks of storing fortified cookies. All assessed products met the high microbiological quality standards. The sensory evaluation scores showed that CT can create cookies with health benefits and a good overall acceptance score. The texture of the cookies gradually became softer, but no significant changes in visual appearance were observed. CT can be extensively used in baked cookies as a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties and high fibre content, as well as a fortification source for the development of functional foods.

Clitoria ternatea (Family: Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine. This plant was found to contain various types of metabolites. Many different pharmacological effects, including antioxidant protection from illness, have been attributed to the plant's wide range of phytochemical constituents. This article provides an overview of the current phytochemical and pharmacological research as well as the traditional and medical applications of this plant. The significant and varied experimental findings have been addressed. Since C. ternatea has several conventional and pharmacological benefits in treating many illnesses. This makes it an appealing subject for future experimental and clinical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Introducing legumes into grass-based forage systems may increase herbage nutritive value while reducing the need for inorganic nitrogen fertilisation. Grass–legume intercrops may also enhance herbage yield stability. Aim: We evaluated agronomic and nutritional traits of elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus Schum.) genotypes grown as monocrops and mixed with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.). Methods: Elephant grass genotypes, two tall (Elephant B and IRI-381) and two dwarf (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37), were grown as monocultures or intercropped with butterfly pea in a 2-year trial. Herbage accumulation, yield stability, botanical composition and chemical/bromatological variables were evaluated. Key results: Herbage accumulation was highest (P < 0.001) in Elephant B under monocropping (21.9 t/ha.year); however, this treatment revealed the lowest yield stability over harvest times (σ i2 5.59). All intercrops were more stable than grass monocrops (mean σ i2 0.66 vs 2.55). Higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of herbage crude protein were found in intercrops than monocrops (mean 113 vs 90 g/kg). Intercrop herbage lignin contents (mean 57 g/kg) and protein fraction C (mean 61 g/kg) were higher than those in monocrops. Dwarf Mott had higher (P = 0.001) digestible dry matter concentration than dwarf Taiwan (755 vs 745 g/kg). Conclusions: Dwarf Mott genotype has outstanding nutritive value because of its higher leaf:stem ratio. Butterfly pea legume added to elephant grass crop in cut-and-carry systems improves herbage yield stability by reducing seasonal effects. Implications: Intercropping butterfly pea in grass-based systems enhances yield stability, allowing herbage harvest with good nutritive value. This manuscript discusses herbage production and nutritive value of two tall and two dwarf genotypes of elephant grass grown as monocrops or mixed with butterfly pea legume. Herbage production showed less variation over harvest times in intercrops than in grass monocrops, and dwarf Mott displayed better nutritional value than dwarf Taiwan elephant grass. Adding butterfly pea to elephant grass-based systems reduces seasonal effects on herbage production over harvest times while providing good nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Butterfly pea or Asian pigeon wings, is a perennial herbaceous plant that has gained considerable attention in ethnopharmacological research due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. The plant kingdom offers an invaluable array of terrestrial and marine flora utilized in traditional medicine, especially in India. Pharmacognosy, the study of raw drugs derived from natural sources, highlights the significance of these resources in treating various health conditions. Clitoria ternatea exemplifies this with its extensive medicinal applications, including treatments for skin conditions, sore throats, tumors, and neurological disorders. The plant's phytoconstituents, such as taraxerol, taraxerone, and flavonoids, are responsible for its pharmacological activities, which include antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and memory-enhancing effects. Widely utilized in both traditional and modern medicine, Clitoria ternatea's adaptability and diverse therapeutic potential underscore its importance for future research and applications in functional foods and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective potential of Butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) (CTE) in diabetic and dyslipidemia rat models. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by high levels of blood glucose, which can cause dyslipidemia and liver damage as a result of oxidative stress. CTE, a natural substance, is recognized for its positive attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemia, antibiotic, and liver tissue protection capabilities. Dyslipidemia was induced in rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) and propylthiouracil (PTU) for 28 days. DM was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA). Rats were treated with varying doses of CTE for 28 days, along with glibenclamide and simvastatin. The research showed that CTE raised the levels of SOD, CAT, and liver proteins while lowering the levels of MDA, LDH, ACP, AST, ALT, IL-1β, and CRP in rats with DM and dyslipidemia. This suggests that CTE might be useful for treating DM.

Dragon’s blood (血竭) is a traditional Chinese medicine known for its wound hemostasis, blood circulation, and stasis properties. Recently, it has also been utilized in cosmetics, though its antioxidant capacity remains unclear. This study aims to stabilize the bioactivity of dragon’s blood using various plant extracts. We evaluated single plant extracts and their combinations to identify the conditions that maintained the antioxidant capacity of dragon’s blood the longest. Selected plants included Hibiscus sabdariffa, Clitoria ternatea, Hylocereus sp., Pandanus amaryllifolius, and Camellia sinensis. We used two sources of dragon’s blood: Daemonorops draco and Dracaena cochinchinensis. Extraction conditions were optimized and antioxidant activity was assessed using the free radical scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC), the free radical scavenging activity of ABTS, and a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that all plant extracts exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Clitoria ternatea had the highest DPPH scavenging ability at 93.81%, with the best combination being green tea and Daemonorops draco at 92.57%. Clitoria ternatea had the highest TPC at 9921 mg GAE/100 g, with the best combination (green tea and Dracaena cochinchinensis) at 10500 mg GAE/100 g. ABTS activity was highest for green tea at 98.3%, with the best combination (Clitoria ternatea and Daemonorops draco) at 93.29%. The FRAP assay showed that green tea had the highest electron-donating potential at 3.85 mg/mL, with the best combination (Daemonorops draco and Dracaena cochinchinensis) at 3.71 mg/mL. This study advances our understanding of the antioxidant properties of these plants and the traditional Chinese medicine dragon’s blood, enhancing the efficacy of dragon’s blood in skincare and cosmetics. Moreover, the application of these extracts could rejuvenate local agriculture, impacting the skincare, cosmetics, and sustainable agriculture sectors.

In the human oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans is often observed and is a major contributor to tooth decay. Increased S. mutans levels may be linked to progressively more severe forms of periodontal disease because root exposure in people with periodontitis increases caries rates. Hence, a new potential antibacterial compound needs to be searched to combat this pathogenic bacterium. The butterfly pea, or Clitoria ternatea is an ornamental plant that has been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties against several bacteria. Thus, the goal of this investigation was to determine how well C. ternatea aqueous (CTA) extract inhibited S. mutans. The disk diffusion assay was performed to access the antibacterial properties of the CTA extract. The efficiency of the extract against the test bacterium was then determined through MIC/MBC determinations and a time-kill study. Meanwhile, the toxicity of the extract was tested using a brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The CTA extract demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity against the test bacterium at a concentration of 200 mg/ml, with a diameter of the inhibition zone of 13.4±0.4 mm, according to the disc diffusion assay. The aqueous extract’s MIC and MBC values were found to be 100 and 400 g/mL, respectively. Time-kill analysis revealed the CTA extract exerted a strong bactericidal effect on S. mutans and this activity was dose-dependent. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited the bacterial cells experienced severe damage after being exposed to CTA extract including formation cavities, irregular shape, and crumpled cells. Thus, the present study suggested the potential of CTA extract as an antibacterial agent against oral cavity bacteria and can be used in the formulation of natural mouthwash due to no toxicity effect.

The effect of different pH and thermal treatments on the stability of blue pea flower colourant preparations was investigated and compared with those from spirulina. The total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity [free radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power] and total colour change (∆E) were determined at 6 days intervals for pH treatment (pH 3, 4, 5, and 6 for 30 days at 4 and 26 °C) and after thermal treatment (60, 80, and 100 °C for 10 and 30 min). The blue pea flower colourant preparations demonstrated high storage stability at pH 3 and 4 at 4 °C storage for 30 days and higher thermal stability than spirulina at all heat treatments. At refrigerated storage, the antioxidant activity of the blue pea flower colourant preparations at all pH conditions was higher than that of spirulina. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, delphinidin-3-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in blue pea flower colourant preparations. The ∆E of the blue pea flower colourant preparation was lower than that of spirulina colourant preparation at refrigerated storage and all thermal treatments. Therefore, blue pea flower colourant preparations are suitable for food applications requiring thermal processing between 60 and 100 °C and refrigerated storage.

Flavonoids and anthocyanins can be found in the Clitoria ternatea flower (C. ternatea). It has been demonstrated to lessen oxidative stress and to inhibit both the pancreatic enzyme α -amylase and the intestine's α -glucosidase. HbA1c is commonly used to detect glycemic levels, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) is crucial for determining the potential risk of lipid peroxidation-related problems. This research assessed C. ternatea flower extract's (CTE) alter on fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and MDA in Wistar rats with diabetes (DM) induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). Thirty-six male Wistar rats were all used in this post-testonly control group experiment and allocated into six groups: standard control, DM control, DM+4,5 mg/kg acarbose, and DM+150 mg/kg CTE, DM+300 mg/kg CTE, and DM+600 mg/kg CTE, respectively. After 28 days of therapy, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and MDA plasma levels were assessed. DM+600 mg/kg CTE showed the lowest fasting blood glucose levels at 90.43±0.94 mg/dl. With a p-value of p<0.05, the Kruskal-Wallis test findings for fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels demonstrated significant differences between the therapy groups. DM+600 mg/kg CTE showed the lowest levels of MDA of 3.13±0.09 nmol/ml and HbA1c of 26.04±0.13 ng/ml. One-way ANOVA findings for MDA levels had a p-value of p<0.05, indicating a significant difference between the treatment groups. According to the results, rats with diabetes induced by STZ-NA had lower fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and MDA after receiving C. ternatea extract. Clitoria ternatea may have the ability to prevent DM problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is leguminous species that contain high nutritional values. This study aimed to determine the effect of the rate of urea fertilizer and harvest age on the productivity of butterfly pea forage. This research used a split-plot design consisting of urea rates (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and harvest ages (30, 45, and 60 days after planting or DAP) with three replications. The variables observed were morphological growth (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and number of branches), and productivity of forage biomass (fresh weight, dry weight, and crude protein). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and the means were separated by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The interaction between fertilizer rates and harvest ages was shown (p

Sixteen 35-day-old male crossbred rabbits (New Zealand white × Thai native breed) with an initial weight of 484 ± 11.3 g were randomly divided into two groups of eight, constituting control and treatment groups. The treatment group was orally administered a crude extract of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) at 0.5 g/kg body weight from weaning (at 35 days) to slaughter (at 90 days). The effects on the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, serum biochemistry, meat quality, muscular lipid peroxidation, the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and gut histology were studied. The results revealed that the phagocytic function of circulating leukocytes (75 and 90 days) and alveolar macrophages (90 days) did not differ between the two groups. At slaughter, treated rabbits had lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations and higher liver weight than control rabbits (p < 0.05). After chilling at 4 °C for 24 h, a lower meat pH and the alteration of meat color (brighter, less yellow, lower hue angle, and decreased color saturation) were observed in the treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid peroxidation (measured at 3, 5, and 7 storage days) in the meat of treated rabbits was lower than in controls (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter and ether extract (analyzed at 46 days for 4 days) was improved in the treated group (p < 0.05), whereas gut histology was unaffected. In conclusion, butterfly pea extract supplementation did not affect phagocytic function but led to a modification in meat color, delayed lipid peroxidation, and improved digestibility.

This study investigated the hot water extraction, ultrasound, microwave, and pectinase-assisted extraction of anthocyanin pigments from petals of blue pea flowers. The effect of substrate: solvent ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the extraction yield, total anthocyanin content (TAC), and total phenolic content (TPC) of the anthocyanin extracts obtained from hot water extraction were determined. Substrate: solvent ratio of 1:15 at 50 °C for 30 min was the best extraction condition to obtain an anthocyanin extract with high extraction yield, TAC, and TPC. With these conditions, the extraction yield, TAC and TPC of the anthocyanin extract of blue pea flower were 56.9 ± 5.85%, 6.74 ± 0.21 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside/g (mg CGE/g) and 81.1 ± 3.82 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE/g), respectively. Microwave-assisted extraction was the best method to obtain an anthocyanin extract with high extraction yield, TAC, TPC, and good antioxidant activity. Delphinidin-3-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside was the most prominent anthocyanin in the anthocyanin extracts.

The aim was to evaluate the fermentative dynamics and nutritional characteristics of mixed maize silages with and without commercially viable cobs associated with butterfly pea hay. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 4 replications, which corresponded to the maize cobs factor and the butterfly pea hay factor (inclusion of 30% of butterfly pea hay during the ensiling process and without the inclusion of butterfly pea hay). The inclusion of butterfly pea hay increased the dry matter contents, reduced the silage density and its interaction with the absence of viable cobs promoted less losses and greater dry matter recovery (P < 0.05). The lowest value of butyric acid was found in the interaction of silage without viable cobs and butterfly pea hay (P < 0.05). The inclusion of butterfly pea hay reduced fiber contents and increased protein contents (P < 0.05). The inclusion of 30% butterfly pea hay promotes better values of organic acids, nutritional components and lower fermentation losses when the maize is ensiled without cobs that are viable for commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea may possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that are expected to provide benefits for dental peri-implantitis treatment. Objective to investigate C. ternatea ethanolic extract (CTEE) antibacterial activity toward periimplantitis bacteria in vitro and C. ternatea's anthocyanin anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. CTEE was examined with phytochemical tests, antioxidant activity tests, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests to analyze antibacterial activity toward dental peri-implantitis bacteria such as Prophyromonas gingivalis (Pi), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Provotella intermedia (Pi), and Fusobacteria nucleatum (Fn). Molecular docking of CEET's anthocyanin to tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB), receptor activator nuclear kappa (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), osteoprotegrin (OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cells 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, heat shock protein-10 (HSP-10) and -70 (HSP-70) was performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene's test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test continued with a post-hoc test (p<0.50) to analyze the data. CTEE contains active compounds including flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. CTEE has lower antioxidant activity than vitamin C. CTEE at 50% concentration has antibacterial activity that inhibits Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn growth. Anthocyanins of CTEE show anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. CTEE has antibacterial activity towards Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn at 50% concentration and potential antioxidant ability in vitro. CTEE's anthocyanin has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity in silico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butterfly pea has the potential to be a natural dye. The identification of anthocyanin compounds and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of butterfly pea flowers that grow in several regions in North Maluku need to be traced to identify the quality of anthocyanin content from late flowers. The research samples for the butterfly pea flower came from seven growing regions in North Maluku, and this study aimed to identify the phytochemical components of anthocyanins using the GC-MS method and to determine antioxidant activity using the DPPH method in ethanol extracts defined using the spectrophotometric method. The data obtained revealed the results of GC-MS phytochemicals and confectionery was identified as approximately 4-7 anthocyanin compounds with varying retention time peaks, with the best growth area for the highest anthocyanin content in Fitu Ternate with 35.38%, the Tidore region 33.92% and Maliaro 33.22%. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis results are intended to filter phytochemical, functional component groups presented by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) in ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea flowers. The results showed that the antioxidant activity test obtained IC50 values on dried eagle flower extracts from several growing areas in North Maluku, which ranged from 39,009 - 74,481 μg / ml. IC50 values are best produced in the growing area of Fitu Ternate and Tidore of 39,01 and 39,37 criteria for oxidant activity with powerful free radical inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea is a revered flower and plant in botanical science. While its health benefits are only recently gaining popularity, the plant itself has been the recipient of many traditional and indigenous medicines, including that of Ayurvedic medicine in South Asia. The peculiar property of this flower is its ability to change color depending on its pH. This review article encompasses the literature surrounding this plant and its valuable flower and attempts to cover all aspects of its benefits in the food matrix, including its existing applications. It also aims to look at the flower from a holistic perspective and imagine it as a source of future food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea, sometimes referred to as the Asian pigeon wings blue pea, the butterfly pea, or the Darwin pea, is a Fabaceae plant species that has been shown to possess antibacterial effects against several pathogenic microbes. Hence, the present study has been carried out to access the antibacterial activity of C. ternatea flower extracted with water and methanol against pathogenic bacteria. The well and disk diffusion assays were performed to determine the antibacterial activity of C. ternatea flower extracts. The efficacy of the extracts was then evaluated via broth microdilution assay to obtain MIC and MBC values and the growth reduction assay. Meanwhile, the DPPH scavenging test was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the crude extracts. The results of the well and disc diffusion assays showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to both extracts compared to Gramnegative bacteria. Meanwhile, the methanolic extract showed higher antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the aqueous extract. The results of the MIC and MBC tests showed that the methanolic extract was bactericidal to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aqueous extract, however, demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against Gram-negative bacteria and bactericidal activity solely against Gram-positive bacteria. After a 24-h exposure period, a growth reduction assay showed that the methanolic extract could suppress both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by up to 99%. Meanwhile, the aqueous extract showed an inhibition percentage value ranging from 75% to 96% after an incubation period. The aqueous extract had the lowest antioxidant activity, with an EC50 value of 87.78 μg/mL, whereas the methanolic extract had a fair amount of antioxidant activity when compared to the control (quercetin), according to the DPPH scavenging assay. The present study suggests that C. ternatea extracts as a potential antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria with significant antioxidant activity and this activity may be due to the presence of anthocyanin and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the human oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans is often observed and is a major contributor to tooth decay. Increased S. mutans levels may be linked to progressively more severe forms of periodontal disease because root exposure in people with periodontitis increases caries rates. Hence, a new potential antibacterial compound needs to be searched to combat this pathogenic bacterium. The butterfly pea, or Clitoria ternatea is an ornamental plant that has been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties against several bacteria. Thus, the goal of this investigation was to determine how well C. ternatea aqueous (CTA) extract inhibited S. mutans. The disk diffusion assay was performed to access the antibacterial properties of the CTA extract. The efficiency of the extract against the test bacterium was then determined through MIC/MBC determinations and a time-kill study. Meanwhile, the toxicity of the extract was tested using a brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The CTA extract demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity against the test bacterium at a concentration of 200 mg/ml, with a diameter of the inhibition zone of 13.4±0.4 mm, according to the disc diffusion assay. The aqueous extract's MIC and MBC values were found to be 100 and 400 g/mL, respectively. Time-kill analysis revealed the CTA extract exerted a strong bactericidal effect on S. mutans and this activity was dose-dependent. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited the bacterial cells experienced severe damage after being exposed to CTA extract including formation cavities, irregular shape, and crumpled cells. Thus, the present study suggested the potential of CTA extract as an antibacterial agent against oral cavity bacteria and can be used in the formulation of natural mouthwash due to no toxicity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrophotometry is a widespread method to observe anthocyanin content, colour quality, and chemical change of an anthocyanin-source extract. The spectrogram may vary due to the extraction method, and may also change over time. The present work studied the spectrophotometric varieties of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract using the cell wall disruption method (mortar-pestle: MP; freezing-thawing: FT; 6 min steam blanching: SB; and 6 min hot water blanching: WB) and aqueous extraction temperature (30, 45, and 60°C) for 210 min. The absorbance was monitored every 30 min. The UV-vis light absorbance shift of the extract during storage at 30°C (E30) and 50°C (E50) was also evaluated. Both SB and WB resulted in extracts with a similar spectrogram and effectively suppressed the brown colour development (browning index: 0.27 ± 0.02 and 0.3 ± 0.01, respectively). The cell wall disruption method did not affect the total anthocyanin. Therefore, the blanching process before extraction was appropriate. The most effective extraction parameter yielding the highest anthocyanin and phenolic substances were 60°C for 30 min. The E50 and E30 performed differently during storage. They showed different colour degradation patterns. For the bathochromic shift, the absorbance increased at 265 nm (phenolic substances), and that at 310 nm (acyl groups) occurred in E50. These three unique characteristics might indicate the event of intermolecular co-pigmentation between or among anthocyanin molecules that led to higher anthocyanin stability at 50°C (t0.5 24.78 days) than at 30°C (t0.5 14.28 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Clitoria ternatea (CT) was incorporated into the structure of sodium montmorillonite (Na+-MMT), then these new nanoparticles (CT-MMT) were added to sol-gel-based hybrid silanol coatings (SGC). The results of the CT-MMT investigation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the presence of CT in the structure. The results of polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests showed that the presence of CT-MMT in the matrix improves corrosion resistance. The EIS results showed that the coating resistance (Rf) of the sample containing 3 wt.% CT-MMT after immersion was 687 Ω·cm2, while this value was 218 Ω·cm2 for pure coating. CT and MMT compounds improve corrosion resistance by blocking anodic and cathodic regions, respectively. Additionally, the presence of CT in the structure created antimicrobial properties. CT contains phenolic compounds that have the ability to suppress by membrane perturbation, reduction of host ligands adhesion, and neutralizing bacterial toxins. Therefore, CT-MMT showed inhibitory effects and killing of Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) and Salmonella paratyphi-A serotype (gram-negative bacteria), and also improved corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical methods used for herbal analysis are need to be economic, fast and also produce minimum quantities of hazardous chemical waste. Presently analytical community put interest in the research area of non‐hazardous and eco‐friendly practices to develop various green chromatographic methods for routine quality analysis. High cost of phytochemical analysis and uses of hazardous chemicals with high‐end sophisticated instrument, the attempt made to develop a simple analytical method for multiple samples with short time and less uses of solvents. A HPTLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of biological important constituents like β‐sitosterol, taraxerol, clitorienolactone B and β‐sitosterol glycoside from Clitoria ternatea Linn. The proposed method was validated and satisfied the ICH guidelines to demonstrate that the method is adaptable for its intended purpose. The method is simple, sensitive and economic it therefore embraces potential for detection, monitoring, and simultaneous quantification of the four bioactive compounds for C. ternatea and could also be apply to other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea is a flowering plant with promising medicinal plants with a wide variety of active phytochemicals. The present study aimed at the computational investigation of the nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of the active phytochemicals of the Clitoria ternatea. The computational investigation of the NLO features was done by using the density functional theory (DFT) by B3LYP/6-311G + + (d, p) basis set. The structural parameters, mulliken charge distribution, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface clearly show the intramolecular charge transfer within Clitorin. The NLO properties were identified by computing the polarizability parameters. As the plant has high medicinal characteristics, the inhibiting properties of its phytochemicals were also investigated to combat Alzheimer disease (AD). The systematic in silico study identifies Clitorin as the most active and inhibiting phytochemicals of the plant. The results obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation tell the stability of the complex and make it a fair selection as a drug-like molecule against AD. The cardio-toxicity analysis done for the Clitorin molecule verifies that it is harmless for the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly pea) is a tropical medicinal and fodder legume from the Fabaceae family possessing various beneficial phytochemical compounds linked to the mammalian neuroprotective mechanism. Callus and cell suspension cultures are excellent alternatives for harnessing secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The current study aims to induce callus from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of C. ternatea for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from two-weeks-old seedlings were subjected to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at different concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L) and callus scoring and morphology were assessed at week 8 of culture. Results revealed that the treatment of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D resulted in the highest percentage of callus induction (100%) and the highest callus scoring for both cotyledon and hypocotyl explants with friable callus morphology. Cotyledon explants exhibited a higher callus scoring with a relative value of 3.03 ± 0.20 compared to hypocotyl explants at 1.80 ± 0.12. This study thereby provides a basis for future studies on callus induction studies and the establishment of cell suspension cultures of C. ternatea for the production of valuable secondary metabolites linked to the memory enhancing properties of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]