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The use of UAVs (drones) and photogrammetry has gained attention in recent years in the construction industry, allowing information to be obtained from a given area without having direct contact with the area, and thus, being a more efficient alternative in terms of time and costs when compared to a traditional topographic survey. Due to the increase in the use of UAVs for photogrammetry, an investigation is proposed to determine the influence of a non-controllable component in photogrammetric flights: the weather. Factors such as brightness, temperature, wind, KP index, and solar radiation affect the precision and quality of the images to be used in photogrammetry. This research determines which factors are most influential in these results through a varied database obtained over a year. In this way, the moments with the most favorable conditions for a photogrammetric flight in climates such as that of the city of Lima or similar are established. A total of 448 flights carried out over a year were analyzed, collecting climatic data such as air temperature, speed and wind direction, solar radiation, and KP index. The flights, which were carried out with a Mavic 2 Pro UAV, were carried out at 100 m high and with a camera at 90° to obtain detailed information on the works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton plays an essential role in the biogeochemical cycle because it is at the top of the food chain and is a source of oxygen. Eutrophication causes coastal areas to deteriorate as industrialization accelerates, leading to harmful algal blooms (HABs), severely affecting human and ecological health. The frequency and extent of HAB events potentially may increase due to climate change. HAB outbreaks have led to substantial losses for major coastal economies globally, and therefore have emerged as a critical research focus in environmental sciences. However, the lack of an overview of diverse factors influencing HABs complicates the cause identification and the effective countermeasure development for HAB occurrence, thereby impeding the formulation of targeted strategies for prediction and mitigation. Therefore, this review summarizes the influential factors affecting HABs in coastal areas, including water quality factors (nutrients, salinity, stratification, and biological factors) and climatological factors (temperature, pH and pCO2 , and irradiance and light). Recent work with several harmful algae species suggested that warmer temperatures combined with nutrient variation, stronger stratification, and ocean acidification may increase the growth of some toxic dinoflagellate species. Although the effects of factors vary for different species and locations, the intensification of anthropogenic activities and climate change likely will increase the frequency, outbreak scale, and severity of most coastal HABs. Because predicting HABs is crucial for understanding the factors and synergy affecting their growth and minimizing losses for decision makers and stakeholders, we reviewed models for predicting HABs, including process-based models, traditional statistical-empirical models, and data-driven machine learning models. Predicting HABs becomes more challenging as the spatial distribution of harmful algae is influenced by future climate patterns. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the various factors impacting HABs in coastal areas, serving as a valuable resource for decision makers and researchers to design targeted research and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the changing trend in vegetation and its affecting variables is extremely valuable for natural resource management. Vegetation changes in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, which is situated in the centre of Inner Mongolia in northern China and is part of the arid steppe region, are extremely sensitive to climatic factors. In this study, we investigated the changes in vegetation in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone from the year 2000 to 2020 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The contribution of climatic conditions and human activities to the annual and growing season vegetation changes was quantified. The findings revealed that vegetation cover in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone increased at a rate of 0.00267/a between 2000 and 2020. Throughout the year and during the growing season, precipitation had a greater influence on the growth of vegetation than other climatological factors. In most places, there was a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and precipitation, which negatively correlated with other climatic factors. The average rates at which precipitation, temperature, cumulative sunshine hours, and potential evapotranspiration contributed to changes in NDVI were 0.00173/a, −0.00027/a, 0.00006/a, and 0.00074/a, respectively, for the entire year, and 0.00180/a, −0.00001/a, 0.00021/a, and 0.00059/a for the growing season. The impact of climate change on vegetation activities was more pronounced, accounting for 84.76% of annual NDVI change and 97.36% of growing season NDVI change. Humans contributed 15.24% of total annual NDVI change and 2.64% of growing season NDVI change. This research's findings serve as scientific support for preserving the environment in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, as well as an essential reference for government decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaciers and snow are critical components of the hydrological cycle in the Himalayan region, and they play a vital role in river runoff. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the glaciers and snow cover on a spatiotemporal basis to better understand the changes in their dynamics and their impact on river runoff. A significant amount of data is necessary to comprehend the dynamics of snow. Yet, the absence of weather stations in inaccessible locations and high elevation present multiple challenges for researchers through field surveys. However, the advancements made in remote sensing have become an effective tool for studying snow. In this article, the snow cover area (SCA) was analysed over the Beas River basin, Western Himalayas for the period 2003 to 2018. Moreover, its sensitivity towards temperature and precipitation was also analysed. To perform the analysis, two datasets, i.e., MODIS-based MOYDGL06 products for SCA estimation and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Global Climate (ERA5) for climate data were utilized. Results showed an average SCA of ~56% of its total area, with the highest annual SCA recorded in 2014 at ~61.84%. Conversely, the lowest annual SCA occurred in 2016, reaching ~49.2%. Notably, fluctuations in SCA are highly influenced by temperature, as evidenced by the strong connection between annual and seasonal SCA and temperature. The present study findings can have significant applications in fields such as water resource management, climate studies, and disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the research, the population of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle in different types of forests in five protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina was analyzed. The study focused on the protected areas of Sarajevo Canton, specifically the secondary forests of fir and spruce, as well as the mixed forests of beech and fir (containing spruce). Pheromone traps were used as the research sample, and they were placed within PA Bijambara, PA Trebević, and PA Skakavac. The objective was to investigate the influence of forest type and climatological factors on the number of captured Ips typographus bark beetles from 2018 to 2021. The average number of captured I. typographus bark beetles during that period ranged from 491.39 to 901.68 individuals in secondary fir and spruce forests, and from 201.88 to 701.54 individuals in beech and fir forests (including spruce).

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and other climatological elements are prerequisite needs in applications to irrigation planning and crop water management. They are crucial aspects for sustainable water resources management. In this article, data from 23 weather stations for 31 years were used to estimate the monthly reference evapotranspiration using FAO Penman–Monteith procedure. Based on the average monthly ETo values, the map of Iraq was divided into three main zones: northern, intermediate, and southern zone in the order of minimum, medium, and maximum values of ETo, respectively. The estimated values of reference evapotranspiration were then generalized on the whole area of Iraq using interpolation and then a contour map of evapotranspiration was provided. This map is necessary in providing approximate values for evapotranspiration in some regions where there are no climatological stations. The interpolation was conducted via two ways. The first way was done by interpolating the factors that included in FAO Penman–Monteith procedure and then calculating the ETo from the resulted data. The second way was conducted by interpolating the ETo values of the recommended 23 available stations. It was found that the resulted values of ETo from the second way was slightly higher than those of the first way. Consequently, the second way is more reliable for design purposes. It was concluded that the maximum ETo occurred on July while minimum occurred on January. The results showed that the most affecting climatological factor on ETo in Iraq based on FAO-Penman-Monteith procedure was the air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yapılan çalışma ile 2017 yılında Düzce Üniversitesi merkez kampüsünde çalışan akademik ve idari personelin çalıştıkları ofisler ve ofis ortamları analiz edimiştir. Çalışma kapsamında DÜ merkez kampüsünde 12 farklı merkezde 523’ü akademik, 275’i idari personel olmak üzere toplam 798 çalışan çalışmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri elde etme aracı olarak anket formundan yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada yararlanılan anket formu araştırmacılar tarafından literatüre bağlı kalınarak geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan anket formu 2 farklı bölümde 17 soru ve 62 yargıdan oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında %95 güven düzeyi ve %5 hata payına göre ulaşılması gereken denek sayısı 260 olarak hesaplanmış ve çalışma kapsamında 316 çalışana ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında katılımcıların %12,7’sinin ergonomik bilgisayar kullanımı hakında bilgi sahibi olduğu, %43’ünün de ergonomik bilgisayar kullanımı hakkında bilgi sahibi olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan ofislerin gerek doğal gerekse de yapay aydınlatılma bakımından iyi olduğu, hava kalitesi bakımından iyi olduğu, ses yalıtımı bakımından çok iyi olduğu, özellikle ofislerin temizliği ve düzenliliğinin ve çalışma alanlarının alansal olarak yeterliliğinin iyi olduğu ve kullanılan masa ve sandalyelerin de antropometrik olarak çalışanlara uygun olduğunu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study reservoir inflow volume is used to investigate drought conditions by various methods so that by comparison with drought conditions at meteorological and hydrometric stations, the used drought indices could be evaluated. Also, relationships between cumulative reservoir inflow volumes at critical dates and those of the previous months were investigated, in order to identify effective variables for future utilization of stored water and implementation of optimal management decisions for reservoir operation. At first, the SPI was used in two different manners, by applying the method by Mckee and also by applying the method by Nalbantis and Tsakiris, in order to investigate meteorological droughts in four rainfall stations at Kor watershed (upstream of Doroodzan Dam). Also, hydrological drought conditions were investigated based on data on inflow into the Doroodzan reservoir and Chamriz hydrometric station, which were modeled utilizing the SDI, which according to the results the SPI and the SDI from the hydrometric station data, would not be sufficient for drought monitoring and utilization of the SDI on inflow into the reservoir as a good representative of the entire watershed would be more appropriate. In order to establish relationships between cumulative reservoir inflows at critical dates with cumulative reservoir inflow of previous months, the first days of Farvardin, Ordibehesht, Khordad and Tir were considered as critical dates. According to final equations, inflow into the reservoir on the first days of Ordibehesht, Khordad and Tir are directly related to cumulative inflows of the previous month. This would indicate that as the non-rainy season approaches, inflow volume stabilizes and is less effected by rainfalls or in other words by climatological factors. Whereby, for the first day of Farvardin, month of Mehr along with Dey and Bahman as effective variables indicates that inflow volume on the first day of Farvardin is dependent on the rainy season, which would highlight the importance of drought indices and also climatological factors on reservoir inflow during the rainy season.

Dust deposition rates depend mainly on the rate of dust supply, climatic conditions, and topography in the source and sink areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of these variables in the spatial and temporal variation of airborne dust fallout in Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeast Iran. Airborne dust samples were collected monthly from May 2014 to April 2015. Dust fallout rate was modelled as a function of air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind velocity and distance from source regions. The lowest and highest rates of atmospheric dust fallout occurred in December and June, with average amounts of 9.97 g m −2 and 20.96 g m −2 , respectively. The strongest winds were observed in June immediately following a relatively humid period (i.e., March–May) with considerably higher precipitation and lower evaporation. Spatial distributions showed that the highest dust fallout rates occurred in the southern and western parts of the province—areas adjoining the vast playas. During the spring and summer season, the distance from the nearest playa was a key factor that explained more of the variation in dust flux than climatic parameters. Both runoff by fresh sediment moved onto the surface of the playa and the formation of loose sediment on the surfaces of wet playas are mechanisms that can increase dust emissions. The lowest deposition rates were observed in the mountainous region in the north of the province likely due to higher precipitation, atmospheric humidity, and soil moisture. This work represents the first baseline dust data for Khorasan Razavi Province and may be useful in evaluating the effects of future land use and climate change on aeolian land surface processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the relationship between the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), demographical, and climatological measurements in different regions across the world. Lower solar irradiance and higher population density were independent predictors of greater COVID-19 outbreaks. Further studies on the potential protective effect of sunlight over COVID-19 are warranted., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)