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New varieties of libertarianism connect not only free will and moral responsibility to indeterminism, but also agency and choice as such. In this paper, the author highlights what seems to be an embarrassment for all libertarian accounts, but especially for the ones just mentioned. The problem is brought out by clear cases of decisions in which there are strong and rather obvious reasons for one of the options and only relatively weak ones in favour of the alternatives. It is hard to insist that there be indeterminism even in such cases. Either it has no significant role to play, which means that libertarianism is in effect largely abandoned, or it has a purely negative role, being linked to some serious and thoroughgoing defect in the agent’s rationality. Thus, a dilemma for libertarians arises, which the author spells out in the text. Furthermore, he argues that some versions of compatibilism face essentially the same difficulty.

Introduction to the Theory of Language Correctness. The theme of this Thesis is the novel conceptualization of the subject field, which is, in the Czech context, traditionally dealt with within the theory of language cultivation, from the perspective of the so-called ontological "socialism" (esp. Itkonen, 1978; 2003). The first two chapters explain why the subject field of the (theory of) language cultivation is to be newly approached from this very perspective. The conceptual discussion in the first chapter identifies three underresearched factors (reaction of the Protectorate elites to the Nazi occupation policy; variety-based approach to the "language" and physicalism) that had negative effect to the debate on these questions and therefore they should not be taken into consideration; the terminological discussion in the second chapter supports the claim that it is not suitable to associate the traditional term (theory of) language cultivation with this novel conceptualization. The third chapter introduces in detail the so-called ontological "socialism" according to which there are not only spatiotemporal entities, i.e. language means, but also non-spatiotemporal entities, i.e. language rules qua actually existing social facts, in the subject field of linguistics. The fourth chapter provides a...

The purpose of this research is to approach to Neil MacCormick’s argumentation theory, which is part of the tradition of the law of English origin, which in turn is drawn from the empiricism. In its nuclear elements (principle of universality, coherence, consistency and consequentialist arguments), MacCormick’s theory of argumentation, determines parameters that lead to reasonable legal decision, pursuant to a bivalence between dogmatic demands own rules, legal principles and real-world experiences. In understanding this theory should be noted that the key role is the study of easy and difficult cases. The use of practical reason leads us to think in logical arguments or formal correctness or in practical human actions that lead to achieving not justify arbitrary arguments, in the court decision. Finally, a critical analysis is performed to determine if these parameters set forth in MacCormick’s theory of argumentation, are sufficient for a correct ruling. El propósito de esta investigación, es abordar la teoría de la argumentación desde Neil MacCormick, que se enmarca dentro de la tradición del Derecho de origen inglés, que a su vez se traza desde la empírea. En sus elementos nucleares (principio de universalidad, coherencia, consistencia y los argumentos consecuencia listas), la teoría de la argumentación de MacCormick, determina parámetros que conducen a obtener una decisión jurídica razonable, en aplicación de una bivalencia entre las exigencias dogmáticas propias de las reglas y principios jurídicos y la experiencia en el mundo real. Dentro de la comprensión de esta teoría debe destacarse el papel material que representa el estudio de los casos fáciles y difíciles. El uso de la razón práctica conduce a pensar en argumentos lógicos de corrección formal y argumentos prácticos o de las acciones humanas, que conducen a lograr justificar de manera no arbitraria, la decisión judicial. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis crítico para determinar si estos parámetros expuestos en la teoría de argumentación de MacCormick, son suficientes para una correcta decisión judicial.