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La capacidad efectiva neta del sistema interconectado en Colombia considera una participación del 30,58% de fuentes de energía térmica a partir de la incineración de combustibles fósiles (gas natural, carbón o combustibles líquidos) para la generación de energía eléctrica, actividad que prolifera las emisiones GEI. Por lo anterior, el uso racional y eficiente de la energía eléctrica (URE) es una política ambiental global que permite reducir los impactos a partir del desarrollo de proyectos de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio (MDL) asociados a la cuantificación de inventarios de emisiones de GEI, huella de carbono o factor de emisión de la generación eléctrica (FEG). Por lo anterior, en el presente estudio se realiza la evaluación ambiental de estrategias pedagógicas y la implementación de tecnologías eficientes a partir de buenas prácticas ambientales y la sustitución de equipos y luminarias con el fin de reducir las emisiones GEI corporativas asociadas al perfil de consumo en una institución educativa. Así mismo, los indicadores VAN, TIR y DPBT demuestran la viabilidad financiera de invertir en proyectos de MDL relacionados con nuevas tecnologías y prácticas URE, logrando alcanzar los lineamientos planteados en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible No. 13: acción por el clima y No. 7: energía asequible y no contaminante, puesto que al mejorar la infraestructura energética de una institución educativa se aporta a los avances modernos y sostenibles para el país. The net effective capacity of the interconnected system in Colombia considers a participation of 30.58% of thermal energy sources from the incineration of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal or liquid fuels) for the generation of electrical energy, an activity that proliferates the GHG emissions. Therefore, the rational and efficient use of electrical energy (ERU) is a global environmental policy that allows reducing impacts from the development of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects associated with the quantification of GHG emissions inventories, carbon footprint or electricity generation emission factor (FEG). Therefore, in this study the environmental evaluation of pedagogical strategies and the implementation of efficient technologies based on good environmental practices and the replacement of equipment and lights are carried out in order to reduce corporate GHG emissions associated with the consumption profile in an educational institution. Likewise, the NPV, IRR and DPBT indicators demonstrate the financial viability of investing in CDM projects related to new technologies and ERU practices, achieving the guidelines set out in sustainable development goals No. 13: climate action and No. 7: affordable and non-polluting energy, since improving the energy infrastructure of an educational institution contributes to modern and sustainable advances for the country. Magíster en Ciencias y Tecnologías Ambientales http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Maestría

Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends entirely on the international primary energy market to satisfy its growing demand due to its economic growth and demographic progression. The country imports the majority of its energy source supply. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country’s transition to renewable energy and energy efficiency that generalizes across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). To fulfill this energy transition, the liberalization of renewable energy market was adopted and financial mechanisms have been created to stimulate private sector involvement and to facilitate the implementation of the public–private partnership. The government and public institutions that were created to accompany Morocco’s energy vision have committed to drive the development of projects in the priority areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency, but the country still needs to deal with many barriers related to the policy, financial, and technical frameworks.

International audience; This article questions the deregulating effects of the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM). Created in 2001 by the United Nations, this mechanism allows countries that have a greenhouse gases emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in non-polluting energy in developing countries. In exchange, developed countries can earn saleable carbon emission credits. Through this energetic greening, the purpose of this mechanism is to stimulate the decrease of global warming and sustainable development in the South with respect to social justice and environmental protection actions. Using the case of the hydroelectric energy development in Panama, this article argues that the CDM allows a climate action based on a deregulation of previous sustainable standards. Thus, as opposed to its justification, the clean certification standards sustain ultraliberal economic practices and may also allow authoritarian development policy that are contrary to sustainable development principles. In this way, this paper highlights the CDM deregulating effect in the field of development. At the end, this article discusses the economic and political stakes of such come back of the laissez-faire” in relation with State governability in the South. This article thus offers a critical analyze on the CDM, as seen from its negative consequences in the South. In so doing, it contributes to broaden the CDM critical theory.; Cet article interroge les effets dérégulateurs du Mécanisme de développement propre (MDP). Créé en 2001 par les Nations Unies, ce mécanisme incite les pays industrialisés soumis à des objectifs de réduction d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto à investir dans les énergies non polluantes au Sud en échange de crédits-carbone. L’objectif de ce « verdissement énergétique » est de favoriser la réduction du réchauffement climatique et de stimuler un développement durable au Sud, notion répondant à des buts de justice environnementale et de protection des ressources. À partir du cas du développement de l’énergie hydroélectrique au Panama, cet article montre à l’encontre de cette justification que les critères de la certification propre soutiennent des pratiques économiques ultralibérales qui s’opposent aux principes du développement durable et qui sont à même de conforter des politiques de développement autoritaire. Il donne à voir de ce fait que la valorisation de l’enjeu climatique permet de réaffirmer les principes de la théorie de la modernisation dans le champ du développement en affaiblissant des initiatives durables antérieures. Dans ce cadre, cet article ouvre une réflexion sur les enjeux économiques et politiques de cet effet de régression au regard de la problématique de la souveraineté gouvernementale au Sud. Il développe une sociologie compréhensive du MDP à partir de conflits locaux autour des barrages au Panama. Il valorise une approche analytique depuis la réception, ce qui contribue à approfondir la théorie critique sur ce mécanisme, jusqu’ici principalement étudié depuis ses caractéristiques techniques.

espanolEl objetivo del presente articulo es analizar la gestion energetica desde la mirada del desarrollo limpio y sostenible en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Colombia. El estudio es realizado a traves de un enfoque cualitativo con un metodo de revision documental de la literatura con informacion de articulos cientificos de los ultimos 8 anos, ubicados en bases de datos especializadas, esto con el proposito de explorar avances en esta materia a nivel mundial y determinar los aportes que pudiesen ser replicados en el pais. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de un respaldo institucional para el desarrollo de la gestion energetica, asi como, la definicion de diversas alternativas y areas de intervencion en funcion de los diferentes servicios prestados. Se concluye que las fuentes de mayor consumo energetico estan concentradas en climatizacion e iluminacion, y que las estrategias para reducir costos se relacionan con la optimizacion de contratos de suministro de energia e instalaciones de centros hospitalarios. EnglishThe objective of this article is to analyze energy management from the perspective of clean and sustainable development in institutions that provide health services in Colombia. The study is carried out through a qualitative approach with a method of documentary review of the literature with information from scientific articles of the last 8 years, located in specialized databases, this with the purpose of exploring advances in this area worldwide and determine the contributions that could be replicated in the country. Results show that there is evidence of institutional support for the development of energy management, as well as the definition of various alternatives and areas of intervention depending on the different services provided. It is concluded that the sources of greatest energy consumption are concentrated in air conditioning and lighting, and that strategies to reduce costs are related to the optimization of energy supply contracts and hospital facilities.

In the face of increasingly severe climate change and its disastrous effects, how to effectively tackle it and reduce carbon dioxide emissions has become an important global issue. Clean development mechanism (CDM) project implementation provides an opportunity for more developing countries to actively participate in global climate governance. As the largest global emitter of carbon dioxide, have China&rsquo, s CDM projects slowed down carbon dioxide emissions? In order to answer this question, the study constructs panel data at the provincial level from 2000 to 2017 to investigate the emission-reduction effects of China&rsquo, s CDM projects. Results showed that China&rsquo, s CDM projects&rsquo, implementation significantly reduced carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) and the growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions. The emission reduction effects of different types of CDM projects have obvious heterogeneity. In addition, this study further found that China&rsquo, implementation can not only effectively substitute traditional fossil energy, but also improve energy-utilization efficiency.

Drawing on and extending institutional logics and resource dependence theories, this paper posits that for cross-sector partnerships to survive, organizations need to share compatible institutional logics, but depend less on each other's resources. Asymmetrical cross-sector partnerships may lead to a breakup if organizations are forced to operate under incompatible institutional logics. The findings of this study show that the challenges posed by incompatible logics of partners could be mitigated by the degree of resource interdependence between organizations. Capturing the effects of context and transactions on the actors' strategic behavior, the findings, based on dataset of project-level partnership ties between 1312 organizations in the carbon-offset market, support these hypotheses. The paper concludes by discussing implications of organizations' responses to keep acting under or reinterpreting existing institutional logics in asymmetrical cross-sector relationships. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The UNFCCC COP17/CMP7, which was held from November 28th to December 9th 2011 in Durban, South Africa. The conference concluded the decision of taking modalities and procedures for carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations as clean development mechanism project activities. Although Taiwan is not a member state of the United Nations, the current draft of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Act of Taiwan is developing in accordance with the principles of the United Nations CDM review mechanism. We hope we can establish consistency and so as to achieve the reduction goal of the industry. The main purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. However, the activity will involve four issues of land ownership, environmental pollution and economic incentives. Furthermore, the impact to environment will be included four parts: geological storage site selection, storage and monitoring, infringement and liability, which depended on policy trade-offs issues. Carbon dioxide that is stored in geological formation tends to have the characteristics to spread around. This problem cannot be handled by current norms of land ownership and is prone to disputes. Therefore, based on requirements of maintaining social order and promoting public interests, it is necessary to establish relative laws and standards. This paper is to study the amendments to the current applicable laws and how to enact new provisions of the laws during CCS technology development in Taiwan under the existing regulatory framework, in order to assist the development of CCS technology.

El presente trabajo de grado tiene como finalidad un estudio de viabilidad para generar energía eléctrica con un Sistema Híbrido Solar Fotovoltaico y Eólico. El diseño pretende aprovechar, complementar, maximizar el potencial obtenido de estas energías renovables y generar un menor impacto ambiental. Esta aplicación es ideal para un área sin energización donde por lo general la interconexión a la red es costosa. Durante el proyecto se hizo un estudio para identificar las posibles veredas candidatas en el municipio de Yopal – Casanare. El documento evalúa e identifica la metodología y las características que son requisito al implementar este tipo de sistemas. Se describe el desarrollo y aplicación que han tenido los sistemas híbridos a nivel nacional y mundial. Después se investigan los recursos disponibles, la situación energética actual en el municipio y se elige una vereda para el desarrollo del proyecto, de acuerdo al protocolo empleado la vereda seleccionada fue Mata Negra del corregimiento Quebrada Seca. Allí se valoraron las necesidades energéticas, perfil de carga, consumo energético y distancia entre hogares. De acuerdo a los datos obtenidos se propone instaurar un sistema distribuido en cada vivienda con las tecnologías mencionadas. Finalmente se hace un análisis económico del sistema híbrido en su totalidad, detectando sus posibles pros y contras con los resultados del mismo. Abstract. This finality work is a feasibility study to generate electricity with a hybrid system Solar Photovoltaic - Wind. The design goal is to build, supplement, maximizing the potential obtained from these renewable energy and generate less environmental impact. This application is ideal for an area without energizing, and generally, a place where the interconnection network is expensive. In this case, an appropriately path that has those characteristics are chosen at municipality of Yopal – Casanare. The document identifies and assesses the methodology and characteristics as a prerequisite for implementing such systems clean development through a literature review, where development and application that have hybrid systems at national and global level is described. After the resources available, the current energy situation in the city are investigated and then a path for the project is selected, there needs, load profile, energy consumption and distance between households are measured; According to the data obtained is projected to establish a distributed in each home, this includes the technologies mentioned, eventually became an economic analysis of the hybrid system in its entirety, detecting the possible pros and cons with the results. Maestría

Nepal depends entirely on imports for meeting its demand for petroleum products, which account for the largest share in total import volume. Diesel is the main petroleum product consumed in the country and accounts for 38 percent of the total national CO2 emissions from fuel consumption. There is a general perception that the country would economically benefit if part of imported diesel is substituted with domestically produced jatropha-based biodiesel. This study finds that the economics of jatropha-based biodiesel depend on several factors, such as diesel price, yield of jatropha seeds per hectare, and availability of markets for production byproducts, such as glycerol and jatropha cake. Under the scenarios considered, jatropha biodiesel is unlikely to be economically competitive in Nepal unless seed yields per hectare are implausibly large and high returns can be obtained from byproduct markets that do not yet exist. In the absence of byproduct markets, even earnings from a carbon credit do not help jatropha biodiesel to compete with diesel unless the credit value exceeds US$50/tCO2 (which is well above current values) and jatropha seed yield is at or above the midrange of the scenarios considered. Declines in diesel prices from the levels observed in 2009–13 only compound the economic competitiveness issue.

The global clean and improved cooking solutions sector has evolved significantly in recent years. Clean and improved cooking solutions are also beginning to generate attractive market opportunities for local and international private enterprises in the provision of cooking appliances, fuels, and financing. This report covers all clean and improved cooking solutions that can improve on the fuel efficiency and emissions performance of traditional cooking technologies such as the three stone fire, open U-shaped clay or mud stoves, metal bucket charcoal stoves, and unvented coal stoves. Under the definition of improved cooking solutions the report includes all cook stoves that improve fuel efficiency without reducing particulate matter emissions to the low levels necessary for optimal health and environmental outcomes as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) household air pollution guidelines and the International Standards Organization International Workshop Agreement (ISO IWA) guidelines for improved cook stoves. The objectives of this report are threefold: (1) establish a common fact base for sector analysis; (2) build a case for increased sector focus and investment; and (3) inform intervention strategies. The information provided in this report constitutes a best-effort attempt to harmonize definitions and data sources to give a comprehensive picture of the overall sector landscape, with the caveat that this is likely to be somewhat imprecise in various instances because of these definitional and data quality challenges. This report is divided into the following chapters: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two presents the case for clean and improved cooking; chapter three presents the demand for clean and improved cooking energy; chapter four deals with the supply landscape; chapter five deals with the cooking appliance supply chain; chapter six presents the sector ecosystem; and chapter seven presents’ recommendations.

Evidence from the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) survey on the global burden of disease shows that nearly 600,000 Africans die annually and millions more suffer from chronic illnesses caused by air pollution from inefficient and dangerous traditional cooking fuels and stoves. This tragic and avoidable first-order public health crisis disproportionately harms women and children. Moreover, cooking with wood, charcoal, crop waste, dung, coal, and potentially dangerous and polluting modern fuels, such as kerosene, also imposes tremendous direct costs on economies and households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and contributes to a wide range of negative environmental and climate change effects.This overview report, prepared in support of the World Bank’s Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) initiative, builds on earlier reports from the World Bank and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC). The report establishes a baseline for the SSA cooking landscape and offers an overview of emerging opportunities to encourage increased investment in clean and improved cooking businesses across the region. This report covers the full range of clean and improved cooking solutions in SSA that can enhance the fuel efficiency and emissions performance of traditional technologies, each varying widely in terms of fuel feedstock, design, construction materials, methods of production, and harm mitigation potential.

International audience; The benefits of the Clean Development Mechanism for developing countries: a weak technology reception and a hazy contribution to sustainable development This paper provides a critical overview of the benefits expected from CDM projects in developing countries. The literature review shows that these benefits are weak: low technology reception and hazy contribution to sustainable development. This weak impact is explained by the fact that technology transfer for developing countries is not mandatory in the CDM framework. It is also explained by the lack of rigorous international standards for defining and assessing sustainable development that is expected from CDM projects in developing countries. CDM gives confidence to projects holders to ensure that projects generate benefits for developing countries. But projects holders are investors or manufacturers, interested primarily by carbon credits generated by CDM projects. These credits can be marketed or used by developed countries who have to reduce their green house gases emissions according to the Kyoto protocol. The paper shows that CDM governance has neglected the effectiveness of its impact in developing countries. A matrix is then proposed for the ex-post evaluation of the effectiveness of CDM projects in developing countries.; Cet article offre un aperçu critique des retombées attendues des projets MDP dans les pays en développement. L'analyse de la bibliographie dépouillée montre que les retombées escomptées sont mitigées : faible réception de technologie et vague contribution au développement durable. Ce bilan mitigé s'explique par le caractère non obligatoire du transfert de technologie des pays développés vers les pays en développement. Il s'explique aussi par l'absence de rigueur et de standards internationaux relatifs au développement durable auquel les projets MDP sont censés contribuer dans les pays en développement. Le MDP fait confiance aux porteurs de projets pour qu'ils fassent en sorte que les projets engendrent des bénéfices pour les pays en développement. Or les porteurs de projets sont des investisseurs ou des industriels, préoccupés par les crédits carbone issus des projets MDP et pouvant être commercialisés ou utilisés par les pays développés tenus de réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre en vertu du protocole de Kyoto. L'article montre que la gouvernance du MDP a négligé l'effectivité de ses retombées dans les pays en développement. Une matrice est alors proposée pour l'évaluation ex-post de l'efficacité des projets MDP dans ces pays.

According to the United Nations population fund, the world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history, with more people now living in cities than in rural areas. Cities are also responsible for a high proportion of global carbon emissions, which are the main driver of anthropogenic climate change. By taking the lead on low carbon development, cities have the opportunity to engage in an important dialogue about sustainable development, directly address local issues, and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Low carbon development strategies allow cities to position themselves as major players in climate change mitigation, as well as set an example for the development of national emission reduction policies. The systematic approach offered by a low carbon city development program (LCCDP) enables a city to overcome the barriers faced in single project implementation and pursue an integrated low carbon pathway. It provides a common framework to identify, implement, and measure low carbon interventions that will not only contribute to lower emissions, but will also address urban development needs. The LCCDP guidebook helps orient cities to design and implement an LCCDP that complies with the LCCDP assessment protocol, which is a new protocol based on existing, internationally recognized standards for systems design, and GHG accounting. The LCCDP assessment protocol consists of a set of standardized requirements developed to ensure that LCCDPs will achieve their targets and objectives when implemented. Thus the guidebook aims to assist the reader through the process of designing and implementing an LCCDP.

Cet article est un résumé élargi du volume 1 d'une habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR) soutenue en décembre 2012 à l'université du Maine . Les recherches qui ont donné lieu à ce volume portent sur deux mécanismes qui ont émergé dans le cadre de la convention cadre des nations unies sur le changement climatique, complétée par le protocole de Kyoto. Il s'agit d'une part du mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP), et d'autre part du mécanisme de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre résultant de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts dans les pays en développement (REDD). La préoccupation centrale qui a sous-tendu les recherches effectuées était de " géographier " le MDP et la REDD, c'est à dire, au sens de Postel-Vinay (1998), scruter la dimension spatiale de la construction de ces deux mécanismes afin de démontrer l'ordonnancement du monde et l'organisation géopolitique qui en résultent. Il s'agissait de mener des investigations scientifiques pour répondre à plusieurs questions : comment le MDP et la REDD sont-ils devenus objets de relations Nord-Sud ? Quelles sont les échelles et qui sont les acteurs de la construction et du déploiement de ces relations ? Quels enseignements, en termes de connaissances pratiques et théoriques, tirer de la coopération qui se déroule entre les pays développés et les pays en développement en vue d'un développement dit propre et de l'évitement de la déforestation ? S'agissant d'une recherche en géographie, certes dans le champ des relations internationales , l'objectif était de démontrer et d'expliquer comment des acteurs, tant étatiques que non étatiques, participent au déploiement du MDP et de la REDD, et contribuent à mettre en œuvre ces mécanismes en tissant des relations ou en menant des activités qui s'inscrivent dans une perspective Nord-Sud. Les recherches menées se sont focalisées sur le rôle et l'action des différents acteurs, et sur les dimensions territoriales et environnementales associées aux échelles de déploiement du MDP et de la REDD. Après avoir présenté la filiation épistémologique de ces recherches, cet article explicite l'approche méthodologique utilisée. Les principaux résultats sont ensuite exposés, et les perspectives scientifiques sont énoncées dans la conclusion.

Developed under the auspices of the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) and with advice and input from its Baselines Working Group, this document offers guidance and options for the development of emissions baselines, a key component for assessing the emission reductions in in both market and non-market based mechanisms. In the context of this document, a baseline refers to a scenario that describes expected or desired greenhouse gas emissions levels and that can be used as a basis for determining the amount of emissions reductions achieved as the result of a crediting, trading, or other mechanism. This document is divided into two parts. Part one (sections two and three) presents the context for emissions baselines, introduces key concepts and terms, and describes principles, considerations, and potential trade-offs that can inform decisions in the development of robust and transparent baselines. Part two provides a step-by-step description of how guidance users , a term we use here for those using this guidance, can develop baselines. Part two begins with a brief description of options for baseline development and approval, and proceeds in six further sections (5-10) to present options to define and update baselines. In the future, this document will be supplemented by additional documents illustrating how the guidance presented here can be applied to specific market or non-market mechanisms involving a variety of economic sectors and GHG emission sources. Finally, this document is intended to be dynamic. Over time, as experience is gained and consensus emerges on best practices, this document may evolve to provide more specific guidelines, where and as appropriate.

Reliance on solid fuels for cooking is an indicator of energy poverty. Access to modern energy services - including electricity and clean fuels - is important for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It can also reduce womens domestic burden of collecting fuelwood and allow them to pursue educational, economic, and other employment opportunities that can empower them and lead to increased gender equality. Similarly, the use of clean cooking and heating fuels in efficient appliances can reduce child mortality rates. Without access to modern energy services, the likelihood of escaping poverty is very low. Interventions to improve energy access to the poor have focused mainly on electricity access and have often neglected nonelectricity household energy access. Household energy for cooking in particular has received little policy attention in the overall energy sector dialogue, and consequently its lending volume remains low, in spite of the magnitude of the development challenges it represents. The objective of this note is to assist task teams with broad project design principles related to household energy for cooking. It follows five main reports produced by the World Bank Group over the last three years: (1) Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change: A New Look at an Old Problem; (2) Household Energy Access for Cooking and Heating: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward; (3) One Goal, Two Paths Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and Pacific; (4) Wood-Based Biomass Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa; and (5) What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America? These reports make the case for a re-engagement of the World Bank Group in the household energy access sector. This note is organized into two sections: (a) context and background, and (b) project design principles.

The report provides quantitative and qualitative insights into the performance of different non-permanence approaches for consideration of parties. This note summarizes the results of the analysis presented in the report. Besides the existing mechanism for temporary crediting, the study analyzed a range of alternative approaches to addressing non-permanence, including those considered in prior deliberations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The approaches address the risk of non-permanence in several ways. Under the tonne year accounting, credits are issued for the increments of carbon sequestered corresponding to a defined permanence period, and their quantity depends on the carbon stored in biomass each year of the permanence period. However, this approach has not been implemented by any standard. These approaches are not mutually exclusive, but can be used in tandem with each other.

This document provides an overview of baseline setting for greenhouse gas (GHG) crediting mechanisms. The first section briefly explains the general purpose and objectives of setting a crediting mechanism baseline. The second section summarizes key policy considerations in defining and setting baselines. The final section covers important technical elements of baselines and provides an overview of various methods that can be used to estimate baseline emissions. The main purpose of this technical note is to examine key issues for baseline setting in the context of scaled-up crediting mechanisms. Many of the technical and policy considerations presented here, however, are relevant to existing project-based crediting mechanisms as well, and the discussion takes into account concepts developed and experience gained under these mechanisms. In addition, most of the concepts and examples presented here are relevant to setting baselines in the energy and industry sectors. Where relevant, however, examples from other sectors, including forestry and land-use, are used to illustrate important ideas.

The scope of the present study focuses on the assessment of opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the clean development mechanism (CDM) through the enhanced use of standardization. The study argues that the introduction of the concept of standardized baselines to the CDM can substantially change the way the CDM develops. The goal of the present study is to discuss what the options are for driving the idea of standardization further. The working hypothesis is that baseline standardization alone may not be sufficient in that regard but can be seen as a starting point for improving the CDM through the enhanced use of standardization at other levels of CDM procedures. The study examines how standardization can be used to simplify CDM procedures throughout the project cycle and to extend the scope of the CDM in a way that improves access of underrepresented sectors and regions. The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter sets the scene by analyzing in detail procedural imperfections of the CDM that can be addressed through extending standardization to project cycle procedures. The second chapter discusses new opportunities that standardization could provide to the CDM reform. The third chapter of the study analyzes if and how standardization can enable policy-driven actions to generate carbon credits under the CDM. The chapter also assesses the ways standardization can help overcome the remaining barriers to better incorporate the CDM in host countries low carbon development policies, and to inform the development of new market mechanisms.

This document provides a summary assessment of (presented) scaled-up crediting instruments as well as existing project-based crediting schemes against a number of important general characteristics of such instruments. Its purpose is to provide insights that may inform the design and use of possible scaled-up crediting instruments. This summary assessment begins with an examination of proposals for scaled-up crediting mechanisms. It considers existing crediting instruments, that is, (i) Kyoto project mechanisms (clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation (JI)); and (ii) voluntary emission reductions (VER) schemes (in the non-compliance and voluntary markets). The characteristics (or issues) covered are: (i) national and international circumstances for market-based mechanisms and how these interact; (ii) coverage and boundary setting; (iii) participation and incentives for participation; (iv) caps, baselines, and allocations (or issuance); (v) market integrity and credibility; (vi) monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV); (vii) program authority and administration; and (viii) potential scaling up modalities.

This note examines how to maximize the benefits from the use of market instruments in support of developing countries' low-emission development priorities. First, it briefly surveys the current state and trends of the carbon market, highlighting the main achievements of carbon finance over its decade-long history. Second, it reviews updated scenarios of the scale of future carbon markets and associated financial flows, in light of developments in climate negotiations and domestic markets. Finally, it identifies the necessary steps to scale up carbon market flows in future, on both the demand and supply sides, including the reform of existing mechanisms, and innovation to broaden the scope, scale and reach of carbon markets. The most important determinant of carbon offset market flows to developing countries is clearly the level of international mitigation targets: the more ambitious the targets the greater the scope for such flows. Developed countries can also encourage flows by increasing supplementary limits, which are the proportion of mitigation targets that can be met by purchases from developing countries. Finally, there remains a considerable need for innovation, awareness-raising and capacity building in public and private institutions in developing countries, to increase their participation in the carbon market and build and enabling environment for low-emission development.

Nearly half the world's population and about 81 percent of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) households rely on wood-based biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for cooking. This degree of reliance is far greater than in any other region. While the use of biomass fuels in China, India and much of the developing world has peaked or will do so in the near future, SSA's consumption will either remain at very high levels or even grow over the next few decades. Population growth, coupled with strong urbanization dynamics and relative price changes of alternative fuels, offset the important achievements made over the past decade by significant investments in energy access, rural and urban electrification, off-grid energy developments, and the promotion of alternative energy sources. With increasing economic development, the demand for energy is increasing as well and consumers depend on a broader portfolio of energy sources to satisfy growing energy needs. While electricity and other energy sources are needed to satisfy additional energy needs emerging with economic development, a vast majority of Sub-Saharan African consumers continue to use wood based biomass energy for cooking. Especially electricity is not regarded a suitable alternative for cooking given equipment and use costs. Biomass burning in cook stoves also emits black carbon (BC) as part of visible smoke, which is particulate matter that results from incomplete combustion. Climate science now views BC as the second or third largest warming agent after carbon dioxide, alongside methane. In the case of biomass cooking, the warming effects of BC and the cooling effects of organic carbon that is also emitted during the burning appear to be closely balanced. Given the present uncertainty about the net impact, additional research is currently underway. Black carbon has also an impact at the regional level: it accelerates melting of ice and snow, and contributes to regional pollution which can alter climatic conditions and precipitation patterns over a wide area. This paper advocates that any policy reform should entail a combination of clear rules, transparent enforcement, strong incentives and awareness-creation/capacity development. Key stakeholders and the general public need guidance by way of information campaigns, training, and demonstration projects to ensure that awareness-deficits or false perceptions do not curtail policy implementation. The bureaucratic and administrative barriers e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures may inhibit development and thus warrant critical reflection. The regulatory framework needs to integrate externalities in order to promote adequate pricing of charcoal, and thus enhance regional economies.

Carbon finance recognizes the contribution of projects to mitigating climate change. To be able to access carbon finance, projects can certify their emission reductions under a variety of standards, one of which is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Project developers can sell their carbon credits either in the voluntary or the regulated market. Since 2002, projects from diverse sectors have been applying the CDM modalities and procedures to generate Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that are traded in the carbon market Afforestation/Reforestation (A/R) is one out of the 15 sectors that can generate carbon credits under the CDM. The purpose of this document is to share the experience of the BioCarbon Fund (BioCF) of the World Bank in developing and implementing 21 A/R CDM projects in 16 countries. This experience shows that the benefits associated with A/R CDM projects support the livelihood of rural people and their local environment in a significant manner. However, depending on their capacity, projects may struggle with getting credit certification and the associated benefits. This report presents the opportunities and challenges A/R CDM projects face and presents recommendations to facilitate their design and implementation as well as to scale them up significantly.

The Strategic Framework for Development and Climate Change (SFDCC) approved in 2008 guides and supports the operational response of the World Bank Group (WBG) to new development challenges posed by climate change. One activity pursued by the SFDCC is to further develop and test methods to analyze climate risks and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the project level. The SFDCC emphasizes the need to improve GHG accounting activities at the project level to understand the implications of the World Bank's interventions. The objective of this study is to contribute to the SFDCC goal of improving GHG accounting in the energy sector by reviewing, assessing, and recommending GHG accounting methodologies for electricity Transmission and Distribution (T&D) projects. Existing methodologies are examined to test whether they can provide simple and accurate estimates of net project emissions. In addition, the study identifies and conceptually designs a methodological approach for T&D projects. The study focuses on the T&D sector due to its importance in the World Bank's energy lending portfolio and the lack of comprehensive methodologies to determine the impact of such interventions on GHG emissions. The study builds on existing information and relies on methodologies developed under different climate finance mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The study also considers some of the fundamental principles in other accounting procedures, such as corporate GHG accounting. Methodologies that have the objective of emissions accounting for climate finance mechanisms need to have specific characteristics, such as additionality and ex post monitoring. These methodologies must calculate a project's emissions reductions or increases by estimating the project's net emissions impact.

The objective of this study is to identify lessons for improving cookstoves in Bangladesh through an evaluation of existing programs, the international experience on improved stoves, and the lessons from successes in the sanitation sector. Bangladesh's new renewable energy policy endorses creating a better environment for renewable energy technologies and promoting market development for improved cookstoves (Government of Bangladesh 2009). This study supports this policy direction by examining possible strategies to move forward the development of markets for improved stoves in Bangladesh. The study consists of several components: a national review of household energy programs; an evaluation of national sanitation programs; and an examination of improved cookstove programs from around the world, including China, Guatemala, Haiti, Mongolia, Nepal, and Uganda. The study is based on published literature, consultations with organizations throughout Bangladesh, site visits, and structured discussions with beneficiaries and other stakeholders.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Fl?vio Silva Machado.pdf: 1243667 bytes, checksum: a4dcd3f6ca4e213e694088f27e855547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 The main aim of this paper is to check the environmental and economical gains of mixtures of fines of vegetal and mineral coal (both Brazilian and imported ones) in the injection in blast furnaces for iron, aiming its use as fuel, the lowering of carbon emission rates, the trading of Reduced Emission Certificates and also restart the production of Brazilian mineral coal for the steel making industry. It was used vegetal coal from Eucalyptus urophylla woods (CVSG). The mineral coal was from Australia and Indonesia (S.Walker Creek Weak and Kaltim Prima coals) and the Brazilian mineral coals from the several coal mines located in the south of Brazil, such as: coal CRM-CE4200 (CN1), coal CRM-CE6700 (CN2), coal COPELMICE5200 (CN3), coal COPELMI-CE6000 (CN4), coal COPELMI-CE6500 (CN5), Carbon?fera Metropolitana-Antracito-CM20 (CN6) and Rio Deserto mineral coal (CN7). The results of elementary and immediate chemical analyses were evaluated as well as the analyses of coal ash components, the binary basicity of scraps, the size of grains, the grindability and the density and porosity of the coals. Vegetal coal fines were mixed to mineral coal fines from abroad and from Brazil in different proportions and the main characteristics of each mix were evaluated; such characteristics are important when the injection in blast furnaces is made. (operational limits). It was also evaluated the efficiency in burning of each coal mix. Having the combustion efficiency rates as base, the 80% mix CVSG 20% CN1 presented the best conditions to be injected in the blast furnace tuyeres. This mix also presented favorable environmental conditions because it allowed the lowering of carbon emission rates, as much as 41,26 kilos per ton of produced pig iron. Such rates improved the trading of Reduced Emission Certificates to US$ 0.86/ton of produced iron. Moreover, there was a reduction in the injection of coal fines of US$ 1.20/ton of iron. Adding up environmental and economical gains, using the 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 mix, the amount of US$ 2.06/ton of iron is reached. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os ganhos ambientais e econ?micos, de misturas de finos carv?o vegetal com carv?o mineral (importado e nacional), atrav?s da inje??o em alto forno, visando o aproveitamento de matriz energ?tica, a redu??o dos ?ndices de emiss?es de carbono, a comercializa??o de Certificados de Emiss?es Reduzidas e tamb?m a retomada da produ??o de carv?o mineral nacional para o setor sider?rgico. Foram utilizados carv?o vegetal proveniente da madeira de Eucalytus urophylla (CVSG), carv?es minerais importados da Austr?lia e Indon?sia (carv?o S. Walker Creek Weak e carv?o Kaltim Prima) e carv?es minerais nacionais provenientes de diferentes minas localizadas na Regi?o Sul do Brasil, a saber: carv?o CRM-CE4200 (CN1), carv?o CRM-CE6700 (CN2), carv?o COPELMI-CE5200 (CN3), carv?o COPELMI-CE6000 (CN4), carv?o COPELMI-CE6500 (CN5), Carbon?fera Metropolitana-Antracito-CM20 (CN6) e Carv?o mineral Rio Deserto CN7). Foram avaliados os resultados das an?lises qu?micas imediata e elementar, bem como da composi??o das cinzas dos carv?es; da basicidade bin?ria das esc?rias; da granulometria, da moabilidade, da densidade e da porosidade dos carv?es. Finos de carv?es vegetais foram misturados com finos de carv?o mineral importado e nacional em diferentes propor??es, sendo avaliadas as principais caracter?sticas das misturas que s?o importantes quando se procede a inje??o no alto forno sider?rgico (limites operacionais). Para cada mistura foi avaliada tamb?m as efici?ncias de queima dos carv?es. Tendo-se por base os ?ndices de efici?ncia de combust?o das misturas de carv?es, a mistura 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 apresentou melhores condi??es para ser injetada nas ventaneiras do alto forno. Apresentou tamb?m condi??es ambientais favor?veis, pois permitiu redu??o dos ?ndices de emiss?es de carbono na ordem de 41,26 kg por tonelada de ferro gusa produzido e favorecendo a comercializa??o dos Certificados de Emiss?es Reduzidas em US$ 0,86 por tonelada de ferro produzido. Houve tamb?m uma redu??o do custo de inje??o de finos de carv?o de US$ 1,20 por tonelada de ferro produzido. Somando os ganhos ambientais e comerciais com a mistura 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 ser?o US$ 2,06 por tonelada de ferro produzido.

Este artigo avalia o mercado reprimido de eletricidade, gás natural e álcool na Região Administrativa de Araçatuba (RAA), comparando o consumo com o consumo médio do estado de São Paulo e do estado da Flórida, EUA, onde se acredita que a demanda é plenamente satisfeita. O artigo apresenta uma projeção para o atendimento da demanda no contexto do desenvolvimento limpo em um cenário hipotético. This article assesses the restrained market of electricity, natural gas and alcohol in the Araçatuba Administrative Region (RAA), comparing the its consumption with the average consumption of the states of São Paulo and Florida (USA), where the demand is believed to be fully satisfied. Projections are made for answering the demand in a clean development context for a hypothetical scenario.

The case for scaling up mitigation efforts is urgent and has been made repeatedly in the last few years whether denominated in gigatonnes of needed reductions in greenhouse gas emissions per year or tens of 'gigadollars' of needed annual investments in zero and low carbon technologies and systems. The World Bank is now beginning to actively engage partners it contemplates in its new carbon partnership facility. As these discussions 'get down to business', it will be helpful to have a better understanding of the types of scaling up opportunities and the steps that need to be taken to get proper policy frameworks in place (internationally and domestically) to ensure carbon finance plays an effective role. This paper is organised as follows : Section 2 provides detail on what 'scaling up' means in practice. It draws from literature looking at this question from a range of perspectives; and Section 3 looks at the policy and investment situation for scaling up activities that exists today, i.e. in advance of any new policy instruments being considered in a post-2012 context.