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What do we mean when we say that an ancient author 'published a treatise' or that Vergil's Aeneid was 'left unpublished'? Are we even allowed to make such statements, in the absence of publishing houses? Oral practices held an important place in the literary world, and Greek and Latin books were copied by hand. Was their literary culture, then, completely different from ours? This thesis aims to answer such questions by approaching 'publication' from the perspective of the authors and readers involved, and by comparing the evidence across extant literary texts with insights from papyri. The thesis consists of an introduction (chapter 1), five chapters (2-6) and a conclusion. After the introduction, which briefly situates this work in relation to existing approaches to book studies and ancient 'publication', chapter 2 analyses the bookroll as a medium of literary communication between two alternative ways to present a text: performance and inscription. The discussion of modes of publication is illustrated by a selection of early Greek lyric papyri and a number of inscriptions and graffiti, including the monumental `stone publication' by Diogenes of Oenoanda. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are focussed on three elements of the communication system: readers, authors, and books. Chapter 3 looks at strategies of representation of the audience and existing methods of text distribution. It reveals a hierarchical structure present both in audience engagement and in the representation of the book trade. It is completed with a study of papyri produced close to the lifetime of their authors, including three case studies. Chapter 4 interrogates the term `publication' by examining the motivations urging authors to produce a book and and the hesitations holding them back. The second half of the chapter considers two topoi, the book address and the image of an unfinished work, as a means of engaging with the reality of book publication. Chapter 5 treats the book as a material object. It compares the features of a 'standard' bookroll with their literary reception, and reveals their connection to the moment of publication. The chapter then analyses two major elements of the book's paratext, titles and prefaces, and explores their relevance for publication. Chapter 6 analyses the journey of a text on its way to becoming a book, in the physical and conceptual sense. It introduces a classification of texts into 'coherent' and 'collected' to account for differences in their creation and usage and includes an analysis of pre-publication texts such as a 'master copy'. It also considers the changes to the publication process of multi-volume works and the phenomenon of serial publication. Finally, the chapter examines the phenomenon of serial publication and compares the paratactic activity of publishing in multiple instalments to literary activity in general. The thesis is furnished with two indices, a list of figures and tables, and a bibliography. Authors discussed include Polybius, Cicero, Vitruvius, Horace, Ovid, Martial, Statius, Pliny the Younger, Diogenes of Oenoanda, and Galen.

The thesis aims to offer a typology of the various ways in which tragic women conceptualize and perform their role in Euripidean tragedy, examining the wide range of female characters' acts, attitudes, and languages as reflective of their role performances. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter I focuses on the maternal attempt to persuade a son, taking Aethra in Suppliant Women and Jocasta in Phoenician Women as its main case studies. The aim of the chapter is twofold: first, it analyses the linguistic characterization of Aethra and Jocasta by using two modern linguistic approaches, namely politeness theory and speech-act theory; second, it considers how Aethra and Jocasta conceive of their private role as mothers in the face of the public demands placed on them by the civic community, using other maternal figures (Atossa in Aeschylus' Persians, Praxithea in Euripides' Erechtheus, and Clytemnestra in IA) as points of comparison. While Chapter I focuses on the single role of mother, Chapter II investigates the way in which female characters negotiate the demands of different roles, paying particular attention to women holding simultaneously the roles of daughter and wife, and those of mother and wife. Two concepts prove crucial in my analysis of these negotiations, namely balance and conflict. By balance, I mean all those instances in which female characters perform one role to the benefit of another; when, that is, performing a given role helps to fulfil the demands of another. Conflict, on the other hand, refers to those situations in which the performance of two roles irremediably clashes, and where women are forced to choose which of these to prioritize. Chapter III and IV shift to close readings of Andromache, Helen and Iphigenia in Tauris, three plays that showcase not only different roles from those explored in Chapter I and II, but also different forms of role playing. Chapter III explores the notions of role failure and role blurring, illustrating the ways in which Hermione fails to play the role of wife, and making the case that Andromache blurs the boundaries between her present role as concubine and her previous role as wife. Chapter IV investigates whether the often-remarked affinities between Helen and IT also reflect on the way Helen and Iphigenia perform their roles. Here I delve into Helen's double identity as a real person and eidōlon, and I examine Iphigenia's multiple roles as a virgin, priestess, and sister. The thesis as a whole illuminates many novel aspects of tragic characterization, gender-specific language, and plot structure, provides fresh readings of individual plays and enhances our understanding of Euripides' dramatic technique.

This thesis investigates the transmission and political reception of fourth-century Athenian political oratory in early Hellenistic Athens (henceforth EHA) - viz. the period spanning from the Lamian War (322 BCE) to the end of the Chremonidean War (261 BCE). The thesis traces the earliest phases of the transmission of the Attic Orators' speeches (most notably Demosthenes') and their reception in the political landscape of that period. It argues for the importance of text-dissemination for a more rounded understanding of EHA: the speeches of the Attic Orators held a critical role in the political debates of that period, and often served as actual political weapons to assert and re-define Athenian identity and democracy in an anti-Macedonian perspective. The thesis holds that EHA's documentary evidence (especially honorific decrees) is crucial for a more rounded understanding of how the corpora of the Attic Orators were interpreted - as well as appropriated - by EHA politics. This investigation pioneers the integration of cultural history into the study of EHA, tackling textual dissemination as a fundamental aspect of cultural and political history. The Introduction sets out the methodological perspectives of the research: it discusses the exploitation of the Attic Orators' corpora as memory carriers in the dense and discrete cultural framework of EHA. Chapter 1 examines the idiosyncrasies of EHA's democratic discourse. The study of the contemporary language and the decision-making processes shows that the Athenian democratic framework of EHA should be assessed in close continuity with its late Classical predecessor. The chapter also discusses (and rules out) the opportunity of using the category of 'factions' in the political and cultural arena of the period. Chapter 2 delves into the early Hellenistic origin of the Demosthenic corpus. It argues that the earliest (posthumous) collection of Demosthenes' speeches was arranged not in Ptolemaic Alexandria but in early Hellenistic Athens: specifically, in the period between Demosthenes' death (322 BCE) and Callimachus' Pinakes. This chapter examines the relevant evidence for Demosthenes personally publishing his speeches during his lifetime; manuscript tradition and stichometry; and the presence of spuria (particularly [Dem.] 17). It contends that Demosthenes' Athenian Urexemplar was collected by a close associate of the orator, most likely Demochares of Leuconoe; and that the edition had a crystal-clear political significance, insomuch as it embodied the anti-Macedonian sentiment in a period marked by multiple phases of Macedonian domination. Chapter 3 provides a broad re-assessment of the political and intellectual activity of Demochares of Leuconoe, nephew of Demosthenes and major protagonist on the political scene of EHA. It shows how he consistently pursued policies re-enacting a Demosthenic persona: the anti-Macedonian paradigm of his uncle provided him with a model he looked at for his political and cultural activity. The chapter goes through Demochares' biography and positions in his Histories. It examines in detail the text of the request (aitēsis) for the highest honours which Demochares submitted for Demosthenes in 281/80 (XOr. 850f - 851c). It uncovers the complex memorial strategies with which the text engages and argues that the document's motivation clause reflects and echoes the arguments that Demosthenes employed in his speeches - most notably his self-defence speech On the Crown. Chapter 4 investigates Peripatetic criticism of Demosthenes in the age after Aristotle. It illustrates how Peripatetic rhetorical criticism of Demosthenes and other Attic Orators was imbued with an underlying political judgment in the context of the clashes between opposing views on the politics of memory pervading the cultural arena of EHA. Chapter 5 explores the early Hellenistic reception of Lycurgus of Boutade and his corpus of speeches - focusing on the posthumous honours proposed for him by Stratocles of Diomea (IG II² 457 + 3207 ≈ XOr. 852). The honours for Lycurgus dwell on two dimensions of the orator's activity: financial administration and religious oversight. I illustrate how these two spheres can be profitably read in the extant fragments of Lycurgus. The chapter also inspects Lycurgus' legacy within the genos of the Eteoboutadai; and how politicians like Stratocles and Lycurgus' son Habron sought to foster the coexistence of the patriotic memory of the orator with the new Athenian political landscape after 307. The Conclusion argues for the central role of early Hellenistic debates in the Nachleben of Attic oratory in the centuries to come.

This thesis provides a commentary on chapters 15-25 (inclusive) of Tacitus Annales 13 which form part of Tacitus' annalistic narrative of the years AD 55 and 56, narrating the murder of Britannicus and its aftermath, Junia Silana's conspiracy against Agrippina, Pallas' and Burrus' alleged plot against Nero, measures taken to quell unrest in theatres, and the suicide of Julius Montanus. The commentary is on a similar scale to those of Malloch (2013) on Annales 11 and Woodman (2018) on Annales 4 which are published in the Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries series (often termed the 'orange' series), with the eventual aim being (time and finances permitting) to publish a commentary on the entirety (58 chapters) of Annales 13; I have already written commentary sections on chapters 1-14, 26-30, 42-43 and 49 (which due to space constraints I have been unable to include in my doctoral thesis) with a publishable commentary on the entire work in mind. As required by the genre, the bulk of the commentary consists of detailed notes on specific lemmata, outlining points of linguistic, literary, historical and textual interest (including parallel passages, allusions and evaluations of conjectural emendations where necessary) in a given lemma. While it is not possible to include a complete critical text of Annales 13 with a critical apparatus within the constraints of the 80,000-word doctoral thesis, I have collated the primary manuscript in which Annales 13 is preserved (the eleventh-century Laurentianus plut. 68.2, known to Tacitean scholars as the 'Second Medicean' or M and available to consult online) from afresh for the entirety of Annales 13 and have established a text of my own which can be observed in the lemmata; I have clearly indicated in my textual notes where my text differs from either the primary manuscript or the most recent critical edition (the Teubner of Wellesley [Leipzig 1986]) and have explained my reasons for deviating from these. I have also consulted those codices recentiores which have been digitised by the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana and the Vatican Library; as their archetype survives, these are useful only as sources of conjectures. My notes on lemmata are preceded by four introductory sections (as would be found in a published commentary) which set out broader interpretative themes in Annales 13, namely the government of the Neronian principate, Tacitus' depiction of women and gender roles, Tacitus' language and style, and the manuscript tradition of Annales 11-16; I will produce in due course an introductory section on the structure of the annalistic narrative of Annales 13, which will be a useful counterpart to the planned commentary on the whole book. It is hoped that, while a complete commentary on Annales 13 is not possible within the constraints of a doctoral thesis, a balance between detailed textual analysis and consideration of broader literary and historical themes can be achieved. All dates subsequently given in the work are AD unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviations of classical authors and texts follow the conventions of the most recent volume of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Berlin 2017); other abbreviations will be explained in the key.

This thesis focuses on Gottfried Hermann and his philological practices, considered especially with a view to his dispute with August Boeckh in the early 1800s. Through an analysis of Hermann's scholarly persona in the context of German academia, his theory of metrics and hermeneutics, and of the issues at stake in the dispute, this thesis keeps as a background reference the categories of Wortphilologie and Sachphilologie, which are traditionally associated with Hermann and Boeckh respectively. It aims to show that these two categories are methodologically unjustified and instead highlights the prominence of the socio-biographical aspect of their origins and presence in the history of classical scholarship. The examination of Hermann's philology is conducted through a close reading of primary sources, discussions of his own textual-critical analysis, and archival materials. The conclusion underlines the need for a re-evaluation of Hermann's scholarly work, with particular regard to his methods and hermeneutics; it also, more broadly, calls for further inquiry into Hermann's work of the type that would encourage the rejection of the faulty idea of Wortphilologie in association with Hermann, arguing that the label generated implications which are part of the reason for Hermann's underrepresentation in modern scholarship of intellectual history.

This thesis studies the related linguistic phenomena of 'lexical innovation' and 'lexical augmentation' in selected Latin authors who translated Greek philosophical terminology between the Late Republican era to the sixth century A.D. It is the first kind of comparative study of philosophical lexicalisation in Latin, collating and evaluating lexical data from the corpora of influential Latin authors, using a blend of synchronic and diachronic analyses. One of the arguments of the thesis is the bifurcated tradition of Greco-Roman intellectual thought: one, a continuous transmission of philosophical expression in Ancient Greek from Plato to Byzantium in the East; another, a process of renovation and synthesis, principally from the first century B.C. with authors such as Titus Lucretius Carus and Marcus Tullius Cicero. The findings suggest that the philosophical vocabulary of the Greeks was redefined through the creative literary projects of Latin intellectuals, forging their own terms within the linguistic, stylistic, and conceptual parameters of their language's grammar. This 'refraction' of thought carried far-reaching consequences for early Christian authors and the Scholastic movement of the Middle Ages. To understand the emergence of 'philosophical Latin', it is important to note that the development of this technical vocabulary comprised an ensemble of semantic and morpho-syntactic strategies: linguistic practices that engendered the expansion of philosophical expression, (neologism, calques, semantic extensions, and loan-words, among others). The analysis begins with an overview of past scholarship, contextualising this work in the light of modern linguistic and translation theories on the topic, which provide the rationale for the arguments advanced throughout the thesis. The structure is divided over five chapters based around qualitative and quantitative analyses of Latin philosophical terms introduced as the result of translations from Greek terms. This relies on specified criteria applied to new terms and meanings first attested in a given author; that is, there must be some textual 'signalling' (such as glossing or direct translation) to indicate certain Latin terms or meanings correspond with Greek ones. These analyses are applied using a case-study approach, beginning with Lucretius and Cicero, then Seneca the Younger, Apuleius, Tertullian, Calcidius, and concluding with Boethius. Within the analyses of Cicero's and Apuleius' philosophical works, there are additional selective linguistic commentaries, first on Cicero's translation of Plato's Timaeus dialogue in Chapter One followed by Apuleius' De Platone et Eius Dogmate and his translation of the Pseudo-Aristotelian De Mundo in Chapter Three. The study is accompanied by four sets of appendices for reference, collating and summarising the findings of this thesis.

My dissertation provides a new critical edition and commentary of Plautus’ Trinummus (ll. 1-601, 820-42a), along with an introductory section. The introduction is divided in six chapters:

1. Text & Transmission
2. Date
3. Staging
4. Philemon
5. Language
6. Metre

1. an apparatus for the paratext (rubrics, scene-headings, change of speakers)
2. an apparatus for the colometry (division of lines in the cantica)
3. an apparatus for the variant readings and conjectures, the latter attributed with the greatest possible precision to the scholars who first proposed them