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This article critically examines how future thinking is positioned in the mindset of event professionals through the lens of provocative far future scenarios. In debating these far future scenarios within a polylogue (multiple voices) framework, we explore how dianoetic (discursive reasoning) approaches can facilitate long-term "civilizational" thinking and capture stakeholder reactions and emotions to future event environments. As such, our study contributes comparative qualitative insights into how current and future industry professionals respond to the contradictions and complexities of event futures. Our findings have implications for industry resilience and strategic thinking at a time when COVID-19 pandemic recovery has coincided with other global economic challenges and unpredictable threats such as climate change. Our findings highlight the importance of developing effective tools to overcome emotional barriers to thinking about the future. They also reveal the importance of engaging a broad stakeholder demographic and learning from other sectors to diversify conversations about the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article introducing this special issue, we consider the prospects of cultural diffusionism. We show that diffusion is not a uniform phenomenon since it includes direct, partial, multi-layered, and reverse forms. The complex approach to diverse forms of diffusions is called by us the crossroads concept. It aligns with cultural relativism which examines cultural traits through diffusion and modification. In world-systems analysis, cultural diffusion is analyzed within the world-economy framework, rooted in the classical Marxism view of economic systems as foundational with culture as a superstructure. Neo-Marxism and dependency theory highlight a division between developed and developing countries, positing that cultural influences often flow from the center to the periphery. However, this view oversimplifies cultural diffusion's complexities, as we demonstrate. Moreover, cultural diffusion often precedes trade route establishment, with religious diffusion frequently facilitating subsequent trade communications. This special issue, edited by us, explores cultural diffusion and its varied forms, challenging the notion that it fits neatly into a center-to-periphery movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quran can be analyzed and understood through diverse perspectives, each shaped by distinct intellectual concerns and objectives. This diversity has led to the development of various trends in Quranic exegesis, including the civilizational approach. However, a significant challenge in this field is the lack of precise definitions, theoretical foundations, and systematic methodologies for such approaches. Many exegetes unconsciously embed their personal concerns into their interpretations without explicitly identifying their exegetical framework or adhering to established principles, often resulting in innovative yet unsystematic readings of Quranic verses. This study aims to formalize the civilizational approach by first defining "civilization" and then introducing its principles and methodological foundations. Civilization, as conceptualized here, is a structured, macro-level process that facilitates human development and the flourishing of potentialities through the growth of social relations. In parallel, the civilizational approach to Quranic exegesis offers a comprehensive, systemic, process-oriented, and human-centered framework for engaging with the Quran. By emphasizing key principles—such as the intrinsic relationship between the Quran and civilization and the Quran’s dual dimensions as both a textual guide and an active force—this approach seeks to transform the Quran from a theoretical reference into a dynamic agent that informs practical life and daily interactions.

Intolerance, demonization and hate speech used to be an integral part of Franco-German relations in the 19th century. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the image of barbarians within the context of the confrontation between France and Germany in 1870s–1910s. Creation and transformation of political myths is viewed through the lens of cultural artefacts. The study is topical because it allows for the analysis of the universal development of cultural confrontation on a specific example. The prime goal of the article is to identify the patterns of mutual stigmatization and account for their seeming anomalies or exceptions to these patterns: the German simultaneously viewed as well-educated and barbarian; common origins of barbarian and classical antique cultures resulting in opposing identities, etc. The aims of the study include: 1) to systematize empirical sources; 2) to assess the impact of historical and cultural context on the formation of the conceptual images of barbaric and civilized; 3) to single out basic dichotomies of the barbaric vs civilized opposition. The study was based on various cultural texts of the period, ranging from speeches, essays, and memoirs to posters and monuments. Methods used included comparative, semiotic, and imagological approaches, corpus, discourse, and content analyses. French newspaper clichés are compared to the Europe-wide opinions about Prussian militarism. As it turns out, the German way of thinking about the heroes of the past contributed to political stigmatization of Germany. Another finding, based on French literature, is the unobvious correlation between decadent world perception and political turmoil in France. Modernist poetry, literature and journalism compared the fall of the French Empire to the collapse of the Roman Empire and thus contributed to the conceptualizing of the German as barbarians. At the same time German propaganda attempted to defend itself by finding barbarians on the east and ironically quoting French sources to speak about actual war crimes. The results of the study show that seemingly chaotic hate speech and confrontation are determined on the basis of the specific rules related to age-old non-political traditions and current political circumstances marking the dichotomy between oneself and the other, friend or foe.

Qualitative analysis of complex system objects, which include socio-economic systems, requires the involvement of new achievements in the methodology scientific knowledge. The main goal of the article is the search for new strategic approaches to improving the methodology of institutionalism in the plane of increasing importance of axiological aspects in modern science. Peculiarities of the problem orientation of modern science, which prompts the spread of "competing research programs", which widely practice interdisciplinary studies of highly complex non-equilibrium systems, are studied. Economic science cannot ignore political, social, spiritual and cultural components in the context of modern scientific knowledge. It is noted that global evolutionism focuses attention on the search for an evolutionary parameter and the importance of randomness, which are important for institutional changes in socio-economic systems. The importance of a systemic approach to solving insufficiently structured and complex economic problems, its value for the preliminary structuring of a qualitative problem in conditions of limited information in order to establish relationships between its components and its solution, has been clarified. It has been established that the synergistic concept of dissipative structure is important for understanding the origin, evolution and implementation of institutions in modern institutional analysis; integrates methods knowledge of modern science with elements of deterministic and probabilistic scientific knowledge; able to improve the methodological apparatus of institutional research. The main components and features of the civilizational approach – a general scientific research program, which is a kind of synthesis of systemic and synergistic approaches that are introduced in relation to the socio-economic system as an object of research – are substantiated.

The editorial board introduces the issue devoted to the problem which occurred as a result of the exhausting traditional heuristic potential of political knowledge, including concepts, theoretical and methodological approaches, and ideological emphasis. The changing traditional theoretical framework questions the legitimacy of traditional political practices, the legitimacy of institutions, goals and subjects of the political process. Based on the ideas of I. Wallerstein, we are making attempts to “feel the elephant” of political reflection on the dramatically changing political reality.

This article discusses the essays by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin from his novels “The Golovlevs” and “Abroad” in the context of N.Ya. Danilevsky’s theory of cultural-historical types. Both of these writers can be defined as religious, though N.Ya. Danilevsky considered the possibility of proving the divine principle in nature using scientific methods. He identified specific cultural-historical types in world history as a manifestation of divine harmony, to which all world structures are subject. Definite political conclusions were drawn from this general construct: cultural-historical types of different genesis cannot interact or successfully transfer a system of values to each other. Russia’s attempt to join Europe , as viewed by N.Ya. Danilevsky, may only deprive it of political independence, “strength, integrity, and unity of the state organism.” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who had good knowledge of modern Germany and France “from the inside”, also developed a typology of the way of life and culture of Europe and Russia, but comprehended them satirically in the form of “philosophical buffoonery”. His reasoning about the absence of any native system for educating new generations in Russia and the negativism of “Europeanism” represents the viewpoint of writers of his time and subsequent eras, such as I.A. Goncharov, V.V. Rozanov, and V.G. Yanchevetsky holding a relatively marginal position. Similarly to N.Ya. Danilevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin denied the so-called universal values by assuming that the lifestyle and political system are largely shaped by cultural particularities.

To investigate and create theories of socio-economic dynamics has always been relevant for professionals in theoretical and applied economics. These theories are urgent in periods of global and catastrophic events since, on the one hand, they can explain the emergence of critical structural changes in society, and on the other hand, they can determine the likelihood of surviving of crisis processes. However, there are some drawbacks involved therein, and the poor ability to predict unexpected and shocking events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is a key one. The presented review outlines transformation patterns of socio-economic systems stemming from diverse contradictions. Some widely known transformation theories of socio-economic systems are presented. The major traits of such theories and specific approaches to explaining the features of the emergence and development of dynamic processes are demonstrated. The feasibility of practical application, as well as constraints in explaining and predicting the transformation of society, is indicated. Some theories that consider the transformation of society as a distinct process are specified, and approaches that characterize major transformations as elements of socio-economic dynamics are defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the consideration of modern methods used in the process of resolving political conflicts. The subject of the study is conflict as a political and legal phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to consider legal methods of resolving political conflicts as the most effective and civilized ways to achieve peace.The following scientific methods were used in the work: system, structural and network analysis, which allowed us to consider the totality of the main modern methods of resolving political conflicts, their potential and limitations. Psychological, philosophical, political and legal approaches were also applied in determining the category of "conflict" and its main characteristics.The study reveals the features of modern political conflicts, taking into account which the need to consciously approach the search and practical application of certain methods of their resolution is formed. It is emphasized that a special responsibility lies on the nuclear Powers, as well as on the leading world states and international organizations that create and maintain stability and unity of the global space of the modern world.As the results of this study, the most optimal, effective and rational methods of resolving political conflicts were noted as the most destructive and destructive types of confrontations. Their potential and limitations are highlighted. These methods are in demand in the plane of real conflict-prone realities and do not lose relevance in the modern world. Thus, such methods of resolving political conflicts as the game method, coercive diplomacy, civilizational approach, socio-cultural integration, structural functionalism and the network method were identified and analyzed. Also, legal methods were considered separately, which, according to the results of the study, were recognized as the most fair and consistent for a number of reasons. Among them, negotiations, mediation, arbitration (arbitration), the method of institutionalization of political conflict, political mediation and judicial proceedings are considered. The appeal to legal methods of resolving political conflicts becomes particularly relevant during the wartime period, when the threat of the use of nuclear weapons increases and war crimes are committed.According to the results of the study, it was concluded that legal methods of resolving political conflicts are the most effective and civilized among others. They are structured, clearly formulated in the form of regulatory legal acts, some of them can be implemented in the form of procedures with mandatory execution of the decision, are politically neutral, are carried out with the support of professionals and based on previous constructive experience.

Under the current civilizational crisis, we need a promising model of the civilizational world order and we have to focus on its features and advantages compared to the historically preceding types of civilizations. The authors solve two main tasks: first, they explain the identification of the main types of civilizational development in the diachronic dimension and in search of a civilizational project that meets best the contemporary needs and realities; second, they examine the spiritual-ecological development strategy as a basic model of the civilizational future. Based on the civilizational approach in its diachronic dimension, the authors identify the historical types of the global world order. Unlike the common typology - traditional/preindustrial, industrial/ technogenic and post-industrial/information civilizations, the authors distinguish traditional/ biocentric, technogenic-consumer/technocentric and spiritual-ecological/noospheric civilizations, and focus on the description of the last one. The spiritual-ecological type of civilization is not presented as a purely ideal project, because it has already been partially implemented in different periods and in different cultures. Today, its implementation at a qualitatively new level can help to overcome the contradictions of the current crisis in the global development. Russia has certain prerequisites for the development of such a promising model - rich natural resources, historically established spiritual values, and opportunities for a new Eurasian integration. The sociological analysis of the youth value priorities indicates the attractiveness of the new civilization and the partial readiness of the youth to become real actors of the civilizational transformation. Thus, the authors conclude that the current period can become transitional - from the technogenic-consumer to the spiritual-ecological type of the global world order.

Over the last decade, several lists of professions that will disappear soon have been published. In this aspect, the rapid development and spread of innovation, and digitalization of management processes threaten the existence of the accounting profession in its current traditional form. The article aims to outline the patterns of further evolution of the accounting profession in terms of scientific and technological progress based on the analysis of the history of the emergence and formation of accounting as a professional activity. The role of the accountant in the socio-economic structure of the world's major civilizations was analyzed from the emergence of the profession to the present time. The key features of accounting formation in the context of formational and civilizational approaches to understanding the historical process were considered. The scientific idea about the development of the accountant profession was deepened by highlighting the civilizational approach. In contrast to the formational approach, this approach involves cyclical development of the profession, variability of its manifestation and development in different parts of the world, and dependence on factors (economic, social, political, cultural, religious). The study results show that the development of the accounting profession follows a civilizational approach. Therefore, the potential replacement of some of its functions by technological solutions is not a threat to the profession's existence but rather a new stage of its development. A retrospective analysis of the accounting profession through the prism of a civilizational approach allows us to outline new accounting patterns and use them as a basis for its transformation to achieve compliance with the profession's future needs and challenges.

The article assesses the monograph by Sergey Baburin. The monograph is devoted to formation in the process of international integration supranational law, taking into account peculiarities of the synthesis of international and constitutional law. This problem is one of the most actual in the context of the constitutional reform in the Russian Federation. Taking into account certain discussion points, it is necessary to come to a conclusion about the high relevance of Sergey Baburin's scientific research. The monograph is based on serious analysis of the legal, sociological, historical and teleological features of integration processes and their root causes. Such research fully meets the requirements of modern legal scientific thought.

Over the last decade, several lists of professions that will disappear soon have been published. In this aspect, the rapid development and spread of innovation, and digitalization of management processes threaten the existence of the accounting profession in its current traditional form. The article aims to outline the patterns of further evolution of the accounting profession in terms of scientific and technological progress based on the analysis of the history of the emergence and formation of accounting as a professional activity. The role of the accountant in the socio-economic structure of the world's major civilizations was analyzed from the emergence of the profession to the present time. The key features of accounting formation in the context of formational and civilizational approaches to understanding the historical process were considered. The scientific idea about the development of the accountant profession was deepened by highlighting the civilizational approach. In contrast to the formational approach, this approach involves cyclical development of the profession, variability of its manifestation and development in different parts of the world, and dependence on factors (economic, social, political, cultural, religious). The study results show that the development of the accounting profession follows a civilizational approach. Therefore, the potential replacement of some of its functions by technological solutions is not a threat to the profession's existence but rather a new stage of its development. A retrospective analysis of the accounting profession through the prism of a civilizational approach allows us to outline new accounting patterns and use them as a basis for its transformation to achieve compliance with the profession's future needs and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) through the lens of Samuel P. Huntington’s civilizational approach. It discusses the outcomes of the Istanbul Summit held in 2021, including important changes in the activities of the organization and the historical decisions adopted by the heads of states. Additionally, it makes prognoses on the future of security cooperation among the Turkic states by assessing the current status of their cooperation and the likelihood of future development in this area. Next, it focuses on the role of the Secretary-General in the development and formation of the OTS. Finally, the article explores the main directions of the organization’s future development in an increasingly globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the role of the scientific school by E. B. Abdullin in the formation and gradual development of the author’s research positions in the field of pedagogy of higher school music education. The first stage is characterized by considering problem of forming the artistic culture of future music teachers in a pedagogical University.The research embodied in his doctoral thesis, developed under the influence of the vectors of musicological and pedagogical thought. In includes analyses of the interaction of music with other art forms as manifestations of the General laws of artistic activity of man, revealed in the phenomenon of artistic culture. Pedagogical interpretation of artistic culture allowed us to consider this category: a) as an integral component of the content of music and pedagogical education; b) as a professionally significant quality of the music teacher’s personality. The concept changed the status of historical and theoretical training of future teachers-musicians, which received the working title “pedagogical musicology”. The content of pedagogical musicology was determined by a culturological approach to the learning process, designed to solve practical problems of mastering music in synchronic and diachronic interaction with other types of arts.The second stage is to expand the cultural component of professional training of music teacher, becoming a cultural orientation that integrates musicology, cultural studies and the pedagogy of music education on the basis of higher spiritual principles of music as an art form. The cultural direction allows developing new scientific approaches in the content of master’s educational programs in line with the methodological concept by E. B. Abdullin.

Introduction. The actuality of the declared topic is due to the search for a way out of the protracted crisis in Ukrainian society and Russian-Ukrainian relations. The purpose of the paper is a theoretical understanding of the civilizational choice of citizens of Ukraine during the “revolution of dignity”.Methodology and sources. When studying this topic, the author relies on the civilizational and formational approaches recognized in sociology and other humanities that explain the development of societies and states. In addition, the events of 2014 are interpreted taking into account the theory of revolutions. Herewith, the author addresses both theories developed long before the “revolution of dignity” in Ukraine, as well as contemporary Russian and foreign authors who are exploring this problem. The author focuses on the result of this process, considers the next “colour revolution“ in Ukraine as a stage in determining the civilizational future of Ukraine, as a “civilizational revolution“.Results and discussion. In the scientific community, the signs of the “classical revolution“ are usually understood by the authors quite clearly, although not without exception. The author provides definitions and interpretations of the category of “revolution”, which are widely used at present to explain the revolutionary social upheavals of the late XX – early XXI century. The general and special in the above interpretations are analyzed to explain the Ukrainian events of 2014. In addition, the provisions of the civilizational approach of the theory of states are extrapolated to the Ukrainian events of 2014 in order to determine their social significance and character.Conclusion. The concept of “civilizational revolution“ is currently quite vague and ambiguous. It is proposed to interpret the events of 2014 in Ukraine as a “civilizational revolution” in the context of the civilizational approach of the typology of states. Currently, the most acute stage is observed, accompanied by the loss of territory, armed conflict between supporters of the Western development vector and the Russian or Slavic vector.

General features characterize all six components of the genotype of the Eurasian and North American civilization — naturalecological, sociodemographic, technological, economic, socio-cultural, public-political and geopolitical. Overcoming the current confrontation and move towards the strategic partnership of Russia and the United States is dictated by the objective laws of the development of society and its interaction with nature in a new historical stage dynamics of civilizations. Civilizational approach provides an opportunity to define a system of long-term priorities the strategic partnership of Russia and the United States based on genotype structure of civilization and indigenous interests of the peoples of the two countries.

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the share of the Russian ethnos in the ethnodemographic structure of the south of Russia for a period of 300 years, and investigates changes in the relative proportion of Russians and representatives of the titular peoples in the respective administrative units over time. The geographical scope of the study covers the North Caucasus region as well as some adjacent territories, taking into consideration the changes that occurred in Russia’s administrative division. In particular, the article is based on the materials of audits and population censuses in the Russian Empire (1897) and the USSR (1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989) as well as in the Russian Federation (2002, 2010). Methodologically, the present study correlates civilizational approach theory with an empirical study of ethno-demographic processes. The authors advance the theory that civilizational ups and downs correlate with the dynamics of migration by the civilization-forming people, and with their settling in the ethnic periphery. The article argues that in the regional ethnic make-up, the share of Russians, as the civilization-forming people, reflects the region’s degree of integration in the Russian civilizational system. In particular, a clear correlation is visible between the descending phase of the Soviet project and the decrease of representatives of the Russian ethnos in the national and administrative entities of the region. Given that over centuries Russia developed as a multinational state - as a state-civilization kept together by the Russian people at its center - the authors emphasize the need to strengthen Russia’s statehood.

The need to use the civilizational approach to the analysis of the causes and outcomes of the Crimean war (campaign) 1854-1855 is revealed in this article. The author analyzes the causes of the war related to the religious factor. The Soviet historiography had not considered the religious factor to be relevant for the progressive development of the state, and therefore the provisions of the mentioned approach had not been used in the analysis of historical events. The conflict that arose between France and Russia about the Holy places, is characterized by the fact that the keys of the Bethlehem Church had been taken from the Orthodox community, which they traditionally belonged to, and had been handed over to the Catholic community by the Turkish authorities of Palestine under France’s constraint. The author points to the main cause of the war – violation of the Russian law on the protection of Orthodoxy in Turkey fixed by international treaties. It is argued that it is natural to name this war – The battle for the Manger of the Lord. That is why the main events of inter-civilizational conflict took place in the Crimea and in Sevastopol, which had not only been the military base of Russia on the Black Sea, but also the cradle of Russian Orthodoxy. Analyzing the events, the author comes to the conclusion that the outcome of the war testifies to the victory of the Orthodox state and the Russian diplomacy, because the status quo of the Holy places was maintained in accordance with the state of Affairs which had existed in the Byzantine Empire. The preservation of the integrity and sovereignty of Orthodox state is the confirmation of this victory. It is shown the ability to evaluate the results of the war is based on the positions of a civilizational approach.

The world crisis actualized the problem of brittleness of the society and the vulnerability of a human being. The Government intervention through the strengthening of the regulation of the enterprises and the markets are considered by many experts as a method of indirect solution of the above mentioned problem. However, the effective management must be based on the knowledge of features and unique characteristics of each economic entity. Universal in its essence the system of government does not fit to it. Therefore, we speak about the creation of the direct control concept of the environment of the human life – “an Enterprise as a Microcivilization”. Its core is the Culturological paradigma and the Civilizational approach. The structure of the concept includes such models: the Contextual model of civilizational entities, the Complex model of a human, the Growth and the development model of microcivilization, the Model of civilizational entity “human – community – society”, and the applied Method of identifying microcivilization, the Assessment of values and the civilized Profile of microcivilization’s citizen. The conception of “an Enterprise as a Microcivilization” was tested on a group of the Ukrainian food industry enterprises. From the set of 162 enterprises was allocated 9 pretenders for the status of microcivilization. Three of them - identified as a microcivilization. In one of them have been started the formation of the Institute of Cultural Leadership.

The article reveals the essence of civilized approach to the typology of, and the impact of sociocultural factors on the institutional and functional organization of the government. Substantiated is the thesis that the cultural level of the people, their historical traditions, religion views, national mentality, geographical living conditions and other sociocultural factors has a significant influence on the form of government, as well as the shape of the state as a whole. The author draws a conclusion that civilization correlates between any form of government, and that some features in the model of republic or monarchy cannot be adequately assessed without signs of a civilization. Therefore, the analysis of various forms of government must take into account not only the institutional and functional organization of the government, but also concrete historical and civilizational context within which the organization operates and develops. It is alleged that in the emerging global civilization is the formation of universal standards for the organization of the state, including those concerning the form of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article notes that although the disputes on the status of legal anthropology in the system of modern jurisprudence, regarding the range of issues relating to its competence continue, it is generally accepted that anthropological orientation is essential for the further development of the legal science. The article points at the objective and subjective preconditions of ever more increasing significance of legal anthropology and at the features and trends of evolution of scientific-theoretical and practical-applied aspects of the anthropological approach to the law. In the early XIX century development of legal anthropology in the world was characterized not only with quantitative, but also qualitative growth. It concludes that the legal anthropology is an important and promising scientific line of the modern jurisprudence. The article writer's vision of the subject matter and methods, the role and importance, the functions of the legal anthropology, the interrelation of anthropology and law is substantiated. The issue of the «man in the system of law» or «legal man» is the «flavor» of the legal anthropology. It has turned to the challenges of the modern civilization and has a chance to become one of the leading branches of jurisprudence of the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines a philosophical foundation of the civilizational approach in history and in the philosophy of history that acquired popularity with Toynbee and Huntington. The problem is that there is a working approach, however surprising. The nation state continues to be the basic unit of almost all historical research. Even the true notion of „civilizational“ or „civilizational approach“ remains vague and undefined. A few of its features could be: religion, the long run (la longue duree) as the specific time of civilizational history, a special kind of historical time that is absolutely different from the physical one, the mentality typical of any civilization, a common historical path, the parallel course of various civilizations, a specific historical development. The philosophical fundament sought for in „fundamental history” is obtained by an interpretation of Heidegger's „fundamental ontology“. The new term „Dazeit“ is coined in order to use „Dasein“ to describe the center and source of „fundamental history“, which is thought in temporal terms rather than existentially. Choice becomes a fundamental philosophical and historical concept. It is naturally linked to Paul Tillich's „kairos“, which is interpreted as a special and basic modus of historical time. Heidegger's „Schicksal“ and „Geschick“, „Es gibt“ and „Ereignis“, as well as Hegel's „reason in history“, find their natural place in the same context. What is involved here is a new human capability, temporal or historical. It permits human beings to have and follow a civilizational history founded on fundamental history. The philosophical foundation includes three successive levels: 1) the deepest one is fundamental and philosophical; 2) the next one, which mediates, is philosophical and historical; 3) the third level, which guides historical research, is methodological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]