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If the city and its physical structure are understood as some kind of an extended, external memory of the human mind, two aspects are observable. The first relates to the characteristics of the city and its places to help in the orientation and way finding of its citizens and visitors. They could be explored through mental or cognitive maps. The second aspect includes the elements involved in generating the image and identity of the city. Looking at the pedestrian space as an environment that achieves the most intimate relationship of users and the city, the paper would present the elements that can be seen as cognitive performances of pedestrian spaces. They will be analysed at the area of the City of Belgrade, central pedestrian network with the aim to identify existing and to propose future elements that will contribute to its extension and intensive use.

Смањени буџети за културу, општа економска рецесија и интензивни раст културних и креативних индустрија условили су важност изласка јавних позоришта на тржиште. Уз то, још од последњих деценија претходног века, актуелна је дебата на тему друштвених функција (улоге, значаја) установа културе - посебно установа схваћених као институције елитне уметности. Разлози за одржање постојећих комплексних националних и градских позоришних система, а нарочито за опстанак постојећег начина њиховог уређења и финансирања, доводе се у питање и са аспекта логике савременог друштвеног развоја, која подразумева адаптибилне и флексиблне организације концентрисане на експлоатацију знања и креативности, иновацију, коришћење техничко-технолошких достигнућа, кооперацију и умрежавање. У том смислу јавно позориште се упућује на неопходност системске и структуралне реконструкције, такве да оно буде уподобљено савременом социо-економском контексту и уједно да очува своје основне вредности и смисао. То значи да одрживост јавног позоришта данас подразумева примену различитих стратегија, концентрисаних не на његово пуко преживљавање, већ на испуњавање и диверсификовање његових друштвених функција и мисије. У овом докторском раду истражујемо такав приступ на примеру система јавних градских позоришта Београда - увелико суоченог са неопходношћу адаптације у односу на опште - глобалне и специфичне друштвене промене у Србији. У уводном делу рада анализирамо принципе савременог друштвеног развоја и начине уређења и управљања културним делатностима. Полазећи од закључака с тим у вези даље се бавимо истраживањем теме стратешког управљања јавним позориштем: описујемо његов развој и позицију у савременом социо-економском контексту; истражујемо стратешке активности оријентисане на унапређивање његовог деловања; анализирамо могућности примене предузетничких принципа на организовање делатности јавног позоришта и анализирамо оквире, елементе и процесе система коме оно припада. Описујући шири контекст истраживања, у наредном делу, истражујемо прилике у Србији и Београду по питању уређења и планирања развоја културног ресора - бавећи се нарочито периодом од 2000. до данас и парадигматичним питањима културне политике у вези са функционисањем јавних установа културе. Затим, приказујемо резултате истраживања праксе 6 београдских позоришта за одрасле којима је оснивач Скупштина града Београда (Атеље 212, Југословенско драмско позориште, Београдско драмско позориште, Звездара 7 театар, Позориште на Теразијама, Битеф театар), омладинског позоришта ”Дадов” и установе културе ”Вук Стефановић Караџић”. Систем који ове установе чине, условно назван системом јавних градских позоришта Београда, упознајемо кроз обимно теоријско-емпиријско истраживање које је – поред ”кабинетског” дела, укључило: анкетирање директора одабраних позоришта; спроведени упитник и дубински интервју са запосленима у службама маркетинга; интервју са запосленима у Секретаријату за културу Града Београда и са Саветницом за савремено стваралаштво у Министарству културе Републике Србије. Дискусијом о добијеним емпиријским резултатима истраживања описујемо систем, кроз три кључна аспекта позоришне продукције (дистрибуције, рецепције и контекста): организациони, процесуални и аспект исхода. Последњи сегмент овог дела рада садржи разматрање импликација резултата истраживања за праксу позоришног менаџмента и културне политке, те делотворни, практично применљиви предлог стратегије одрживости јавних градских позоришта на територији Београда, назван моделом ”двосмерне адаптације јавних градских позоришта”. Reduced public spending on culture, the overall economic recession and an intense growth of cultural and creative industries have all conditioned the importance of public theatres entering the market. Besides this issue, ever since the last few decades of the 20th century, there has been an ongoing debate on the question of social function (role, significance) of cultural institutions – especially of those classified as elite art institutions. Reasons for maintaining the existing intricate systems of national and city theatres, and especially preserving their current organizational structures and financing, are being called into question also from the aspect of the logic of the contemporary social development – meaning adaptable and flexible organizations focused on the exploitation of knowledge and creativity, innovation, utilizing the technical and technological achievements, and on cooperation and networking. In this sense, public theatre is directed toward the necessity of systematic and structural reconstruction which, at the same time, needs to be adapted to contemporary socio-economic context and preserve its basic values and function. This means that sustainability of public theatre today implies utilization of different strategies, focused not on surviving, but on fulfilling and diversifying its social functions and its mission. In this PhD thesis we are examining the aforementioned approach on the example of the system of public theatres of the City of Belgrade – markedly faced with the necessity of adapting to general – global and specific social changes in Serbia. In the introduction of the thesis we are analyzing the principles of the social development and methods of organization and management of cultural activities. Starting from the conclusions relating to this, we further examine the topic of strategic management of public theatre: we describe the development of the theatre and its position in the contemporary socio-economic context; explore the strategic practices which are oriented to improving the functioning of the theatre; analyze the possibilities of applying the entrepreneurial principles to management of public theatres, and analyze the frameworks, elements and processes of the system the public theatres are part of. In addition to describing the wider context of the research, in the next part of the thesis we explore the specific circumstances in Serbia and Belgrade regarding management and development of the cultural sector – covering specifically the period from 2000 until today and the paradigmatic questions of cultural policy relating to the work of public cultural institutions. Furthermore, we present the results of the analysis of seven Belgrade theatres practices: Atelje 212 Theatre (Atelje 212), Yugoslav Drama Theatre (Jugoslovensko dramsko pozorište), Belgrade Drama Theatre (Beogradsko dramsko pozorište), Zvezdara Theatre (Zvezdara teatar), Terazije Theatre (Pozorište na Terazijama), Bitef Theatre (Bitef teatar), the Youth Theatre „Dadov“ (Omladinsko pozorište „Dadov“) - together with the Cultural Insititution „Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic“ (Ustanova kulture „Vuk Stefanović Karadžić“). We bring insight into these institutions which together comprise the system of so called public city theatres, using an extensive theoretical-empirical methodology which – aside from the „desk“ work, includes: questionnaires composed for the directors of the selected theatres; surveys and deep interviews conducted with the employees of the marketing sector of the City of Belgrade Secretariat for Culture and with the Advisor for the Sector for Contemporary Artistic Production of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia. Through a discussion about the obtained empirical data we describe a system via three key aspects of the theatre production (distribution, reception and context): the organizational, processual and the outcome aspect. The last segment of this part of the thesis contains the consideration of the implications of research results on the theatre management and cultural policy practices, and an effective, applicable suggested sustainability strategy for public theatres in Belgrade, a model named the “two-way adaptation of public theatres”.

According to the Master Plan for the city of Belgrade a strategic solution for the city and suburban public transport is based on introducing new complementary means of transport as ropeway systems including funiculars cable line shuttles, gondolas, street escalators, etc. By introducing alternative means of transport, the Belgrade's traffic and transport network can be enriched with a new quality - the direct access to the most attractive parts of the city (as Sava riverbank, plateau under Kalemegdan fortress, the ambiental entity of Kosančićev venac and square Terazijska terasa as well as recreational areas as Košutnjak and Ada Ciganlija Lake). This should also considerably enhance Belgrade tourist offer. Basic goals for introducing ropeway systems in Belgrade are: connecting most attractive parts of the city, introducing traffic system complementary to existing public transport systems, developing sustainable means of transport and reducing the urgency to expanding capacities of existing public transport systems, developing entertaining and attractive alternative transport, creating possibilities for new investments in the zone of future station locations, redesigning the image of the Belgrade as a city with a recognizable motif. Prema Generalnom planu Beograda 2021. plansko rešenje za javni gradski i prigradski prevoz putnika se zasniva i na postepenom uvođenju komplementarnih načina prevoza kao što su uspinjače, ulični liftovi, pokretna stepeništa žičare i sl. Na taj način saobraćajni sistem Beograda dobiće novi kvalitet kojim će se omogućiti bolja pristupačnost najatraktivnijim delovima grada (savska obala, kalemegdanski plato, Kosančićev venac, Terazijska terasa Košutnjak, Ada Ciganlija, itd.) i unaprediti turistička ponuda Beograda. Osnovni ciljevi uvođenja sistema žičara su: međusobno povezivanje najatraktivnijih zona Beograda (centralno gradsko jezgro, Gardoš, atraktivni lokaliteti u Novom Beogradu poput Ušća, Sava centra, budućeg Akva parka i sl., izletišta i sportsko rekreativne zone poput Lida, Ade Ciganlije Košutnjaka, Avale i sl), uvođenje sistema prevoza koji je kompatibilan postojećim sistemima javnog gradskog saobraćaja i koji će predstavljati dopunu ponude postojećih sistema na pojedinim gradskim relacijama (za pojedine destinacije, kao što su npr. preko reke Save, ili veza Gardoša i centralnog gradskog jezgra očekuje se bitna ušteda u vremenu putovanja u odnosu na današnje sisteme prevoza), razvoj ekološki prihvatljivih vidova prevoza, uz smanjenje potreba za novim kapacitetima JGS-a, izgradnja atraktivnog sistema prevoza (i zabave) koji će upotpuniti turističku ponudu Beograda, stvaranje mogućnosti za izgradnju i razvoj atraktivnog prostora za trgovinu i ugostiteljstvo u zonama budućih stanica, koje svojom specifičnošću i ekskluzivnošću pružaju novi događaj Beograđanima. Istovremeno, investitoru čitavog sistema pruža se šansa da materijalizovanjem ovog prostora nadoknadi izvesne troškove izgradnje žičare, unapređenje imidža Beograda kao grada sa prepoznatljivim motivom.

The need for smart sustainable urban solutions has never been greater than it is today. Master plan (MP) represents rather significant document for a city development and the City of Belgrade has a tradition and long history of development under MP framework (Djuric et al 2013). Current MP (Fig. 1), made by the Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade, has been adopted in 2003 and refers to the development period by the year of 2021 (http://www.urbel.com/default.aspx?ID=uzb_BG_planovi&LN=ENG). On the other hand the City of Belgrade is facing a rapid urban sprawl so suburbanization problem is particularly pronounced. Since MP is following the current needs of the city, active subjects of economic development as well as urban municipalities, there is strong initiative to expand its current extents for the suburb areas. Among other significant points of the MP, determination of the Land-Use Suitability (LUS) is considered to be one of the foremost planning references. LUS analysis is a tool used to define future land uses or their potential. Suitability techniques enable environmental managers, planners and engineers to analyze the interactions among various factors. Decision makers and developers can use the outputs to set policies and make decisions regarding the use of land. Contemporary environmental managers and planners are aware of the technological advancements in land-use allocation and suitability modelling. New methods of spatial analysis are now commonly used in the development of land-use plans, environmental impact reviews, and site selection studies for many different land uses and public and private facilities (Collins, 2001). The earliest applications of suitability analysis conducted by engineering geologists and civil engineers for Belgrade MP area, in form of hand-drawn sieve mapping overlays was done by Šutić et al. (1972). Later, numerous researchers performed similar suitability analysis for different purposes (urban planning, defining best/optimal road routes etc). First work involving suitability analysis in GIS environment has been done in 2009/2010 (Marjanović, 2009; Djurić, 2010), but none for Belgrade area. This paper introduces a new approach and represents in fact, a pioneering work performed for the City of Belgrade. It represents how available thematic data, processed in GIS environment, can be and was used for LUS assessment. One of the statistical methods involving the Conditional Probability (CP) approach with the Weight of Evidence technique, has been used. Conventional methods on the other hand, are still needed to validate the outcomes and to calibrate these GIS-based methods, which are still to be developed and perfected. There was a strong motif supporting this research, since in-charged City’s government services have shown interest in extending the Master Plan (MP) to the Belgrade suburb areas.

European regions and cities intensively apply the Smart City concept, pursuing to maximize the use of contemporary technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) in problem solving when it comes to transport, city logistics, environmental improvement, life quality for their citizens, and many other aspects. This concept has been elaborated through smart city strategies dealing specifically with the topics such as smart governance, smart economy, smart environment, smart living, smart people, and smart mobility, but often also as a part of comprehensive urban development strategies. In the case of the City of Belgrade, the Smart City concept has been introduced through several strategic development documents (e.g. City of Belgrade Development Strategy 2017-2021). The aim of this paper is to identify the future long-term development vision rooted in the Belgrade’s most recent strategic documents, by detecting the parts that lay fertile ground for innovation and entrepreneurial culture, inherent elements of the Smart City model. This approach should reveal the city development domains that are the first to encompass innovations in strategic planning and enable the introduction of the Smart City concept on a larger scale. Having in mind that holistic approaches to urban development and resilience and global knowledge-based platforms can lead to important achievements for the future of the cities, it is also important to make, at this point, some useful links between Belgrade and other comparable and innovative European cities. For the purpose of making comparison between the City of Belgrade and advanced European cities of similar demographic and urban features (e.g. Barcelona, Vienna etc.) topics such as development of transparency in decision-making, or improved stakeholders’ participation and collaboration in service provision, will be used to demonstrate the existing gap between them, as well as to point out the direction on which Belgrade should embark on.