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Este trabajo comprende en discutir las posibles causas denominativas que guían el acto de nombrar cuatro ciudades del Estado de Rio Grande do Norte, por medio de las marcas léxicas suscitadas en los topónimos, que se relacionan a los valores y a las tradiciones populares pertenecientes a cada lugar. Para ello, nuestro objetivo es analizar el léxico toponímico, considerando las influencias que se manifiestan a través de las opciones denominativas presentes en los nombres de estas ciudades. Metodológicamente, el estudio recurre a los datos publicados en el sitio web oficial del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística - IBGE Ciudades, así como realiza un estudio histórico sobre los municipios que provocan en sus nombramientos dos o más posibles clasificaciones taxonómicas. La investigación se fundamenta en los presupuestos teóricos de la Semántica Cultural y de la Toponimia. Los resultados apuntan que las causas denominativas posibilitan nuevas clasificaciones taxonómicas, una vez que revelan rasgos culturales típicos del pueblo de Rio Grande do Norte., Este trabalho consiste em discutir as possíveis causas denominativas que norteiam o ato de nomear quatro cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, por meio das marcas lexicais suscitadas nos topônimos, que se relacionam aos valores e às tradições populares pertencentes a cada lugar. Para tanto, objetivamos analisar o léxico toponímico, considerando as influências que se manifestam por intermédio das escolhas denominativas presentes nos nomes desses munícipios. Metodologicamente, o estudo recorre aos dados publicados no site oficial do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE Cidades, assim como realiza um levantamento histórico sobre os municípios que provocam em seus designativos duas ou mais possíveis classificações taxionômicas. A pesquisa se fundamenta nos pressupostos teóricos da Semântica Cultural e da Toponímia. Os resultados apontam que as causas denominativas possibilitam novas classificações taxionômicas, uma vez que, revelam traços culturais típicos do povo norte-rio-grandense., This paper aims to discuss the possible denominative causes that guide the act of naming four cities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), through the lexical marks raised in the toponyms, such naming act as related to the values and popular traditions belonging to each place. To achieve that, we aimed to analyze the toponymic lexicon, considering the influences that are manifested through the denominative choices present in the names of those towns. Methodologically, the study resorts to data published on the official website of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE Cidades, as well as to a historical survey of the municipalities that cause in their designatives two or more possible taxonomic classifications. The research is based on the theoretical assumptions of Cultural Semantics and Toponymy. The results indicate that the denominative causes enable new taxonomic classifications, since they reveal typical cultural traits of the people from Rio Grande do Norte State.

Within the next thirty years, two thirds of the human population will live in a city. This growing urban population requires a major shift in the way we produce and distribute food, since industrial agriculture practices contribute to climate change, biodiversity losses, pollution of waterways, soil degradation, etc. Urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry (UPAF) represent one of the strategies that can contribute to climate mitigation, adaptation and development. Amongst the urban farming (UF) systems, rooftop plant factories may provide part of the solution for vegetable and fruit production in the city, while solving current problems created by existing flat roofs and saving on arable land outside the city. This thesis presents a study of rooftop greenhouse (RTG) located on a typical warehouse in Malmö, Sweden (lat. 55.6°N, long. 13.0°E). The goal of the study was to investigate the effect on energy use of building a greenhouse on the roof of an existing warehouse. The study was performed by dynamic energy simulations with the computer program IDA-ICE. The results show that adding the RTG on the warehouse reduces total energy use compared to greenhouse and warehouse as stand-alone structures. Furthermore, the results indicate that the glazing and shading solutions are important aspects determining the energy-efficiency of the integrated system. The energy use for electric lighting is also significantly reduced by the RTG compared to an indoor horizontal farm of similar size illuminated by LED lamps. The main conclusion is that RTGs offer a great potential for food production in the city with the additional benefit of reducing overall energy use of host building and greenhouse. RTGs are also more energy-efficient than indoor farms illuminated by LEDs, when considering all energy end-uses (heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation)., Human beings are now confronted with the greatest challenge they have ever faced i.e. an increase in food production due population growth and an acceleration urbanization. Urban agriculture is one of the strategies to ensure food security in future urban settlements. Amongst the urban farming (UF) systems, rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) present one solution for growing vegetables and fruits in dense cities. RTGs can provide additional value in terms of energy savings both for the host building and the rooftop greenhouse itself, in addition to solving current problems created by flat roofs while saving on arable land outside the city. This study investigates energy use for an existing warehouse retrofitted with a rooftop plant factory. The warehouse receives large amounts of solar radiation in the summer and thus has a high cooling load. In the winter, the warehouse loses heat through the roof, which translates into a heating demand. On the other hand, a greenhouse on the ground needs to be heated when outdoor temperatures are too low. Therefore, putting the greenhouse on the warehouse roof can be advantageous in terms of overall energy use since the greenhouse can be partly heated by heat losses from the host warehouse. In the summer, the RTG can provide shading to the warehouse, thus reducing its cooling demand. In this thesis, a RTG was added to a typical warehouse in Malmö, Sweden (lat. 55.6°N, long. 13.0°E), and energy demand of the combination of warehouse plus RTG was compared to each system as stand-along. This study was carried out by using a dynamic energy simulation programme called IDA-ICE. A basic model of the host warehouse was built and validated. By altering parameters of RTG such as glazing materials for the roof and sidewalls, as well as shading devices, the impact of combining RTG and warehouse was studied. The results show that the warehouse has a lower heating and cooling demand by 10.7 % and 6.8 % respectively when fitted with a RTG. On the other h

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på kopplingen mellan grönstruktur i staden och ungdomars upplevda hälsa. Det har inkluderat vilken sorts grönstruktur som ungdomar värdesätter, vilka känslor och kontakter som ungdomar upplever med grönstruktur samt på vilket sätt grönstrukturen kan påverka ungdomar upplevda hälsa. Resultatet på dessa frågor bildade själva kopplingen mellan grönstruktur i staden och ungdomars upplevda hälsa. För att kunna besvara undersökningens frågeställning har kvalitativa gruppintervjuer och kvantitativa enkäter gjorts med ungdomar som är mellan 15 och 18 år. Resultatet analyserades med en riktad innehållsanalys och en jämförelse mellan enkäten och gruppintervjuerna. Undersökningen visade på att ungdomarna upplever minskad stress och bättre humör kring grönstruktur. Den visade också att ungdomar värdesätter blommor, träd och tillgång till aktiviteter i grönstrukturen. Resultatet har till sist diskuterats där erfarenheten av natur kan ha en påverkan på ungdomarnas svar. Förslag till vidare planering för grönstruktur i staden diskuteras också., The purpose of this study was to find out the link between green structure in the city and young people's perceived health. This has included the kind of green structure that young people value, what feelings and contacts young people experience with the green structure, and how the green structure can affect young people's perceived health. The result of these issues forms the link between the green structure of the city and young people's perceived health. To answer the survey's question, qualitative group interviews and quantitative questionnaires were conducted with young people aged between 15 and 18 years old. The result was analyzed with a targeted content analysis and a comparison between the questionnaire and the group interviews. The study shows that young people experience reduced stress and a better mood around urban nature. It also shows that young people value flowers, trees and access to activities in the green structure. The results have been presented through charts and quotes. The results have finally been discussed where the experience of nature could have an impact on young people’s answers. Proposals for further planning for green structure in the city are also being discussed.

Climate change is a phenomenon with great implications on the cities throughout the region. Elements such as adaptation and mitigation should be included in territorial planning to minimize its effects. The vulnerability analysis is a tool that allows the correct application of these elements, because it assesses the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the cities, and its results would allow for a more accurate decision-making in territorial planning and readiness to face the phenomenon. In the case of Medellín (Colombia) the discussion of the role of climate change in local territorial planning is very precarious and this was corroborated by a vulnerability analysis, whose results revealed a medium vulnerability, with the possibility of becoming a high vulnerability in the coming years if the climate change factor remains excluded from the discussion. The revision of the Territorial Planning Plan (POT, for its initials in Spanish) incorporated this phenomenon for the first time in 2013 and highlighted the problems and the required commitments in mitigation and adaptation, which enable reducing the degree of exposure and vulnerability to extreme climate events; however, there is still a lack of commitment, policies and concrete programs to make this possible., El cambio climático es un fenómeno con grandes implicaciones en las ciudades de toda la región y en los procesos de planeación deberían incluirse elementos como la mitigación y la adaptación para minimizar sus efectos. El análisis de vulnerabilidad es una herramienta para aplicar estos elementos de manera acertada; éste evalúa la exposición, sensibilidad y capacidad adaptativa de las ciudades y sus resultados permitirían tomar decisiones más acertadas en el ordenamiento territorial y estar preparados para enfrentar el fenómeno. En el caso de Medellín (Colombia), la discusión del cambio climático en la planificación territorial local es muy precaria y este hecho fue corroborado por medio de un análisis de vulnerabilidad, cuyos resultados se ubicaron en una escala media que, de no incluir este factor en los próximos años, pasaría a ser alta. Aunque en la revisión del Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) en 2013 se incorpora el fenómeno por primera vez y se destacaron la problemática y los compromisos necesarios en mitigación y adaptación que posibiliten disminuir del grado de exposición y vulnerabilidad ante los eventos climáticos extremos, aún falta compromiso, políticas y programas concretos para hacer esto posible.

At the center of this study are three Indian novels with an urban setting and dealing with political and social issues of the 1990s: Githa Hariharan’s In Times of Siege (2003), Vikram Chandra’s Love and Longing in Bombay (1997) and Amit Chaudhuri’s Freedom Song (1998). The Delhi of In Times of Siege is portrayed as a city infused with power but haunted by a troubled past that is brought to the present by a dissenting professor of history. The Bombay of Love and Longing in Bombay is also a haunted city, but is primarily imagined as a narrative locality in which storytelling is central to both the narrative and the city. The Calcutta of Freedom Song is explored through a resident family, blurring the distinctions between the home and the city. The three novels all negotiate an increasingly sectarian environment. The three cities of the novels are explored through the framework of anthropologist Arjun Appadurai’s concept of the production of locality, which sees place as a value and a dimension of social life. By approaching the cities in the novels through locality, it is possible to discern how the authors construct place as meaningful. This study thus extends the anthropological concept of locality into literature, addressing the specific strategies through which the authors portray and create their respective cities. Key concepts explored in the novels include agency, haunting, storytelling, and memory., Baksidestext At the center of this study are three Indian novels with an urban setting and dealing with political and social issues of the 1990s: Githa Hariharan’s In Times of Siege (2003), Vikram Chandra’s Love and Longing in Bombay (1997) and Amit Chaudhuri’s Freedom Song (1998). The Delhi of In Times of Siege is portrayed as a city infused with power but also haunted by a troubled past. The Bombay of Love and Longing in Bombay is primarily imagined as a narrative locality in which storytelling is central. The Calcutta of Freedom Song is explored through a resident family, blurring the distinctions between the home and the city. The three novels all negotiate an increasingly sectarian environment. The three cities of the novels are explored through the framework of anthropologist Arjun Appadurai’s concept of the production of locality, which sees place as a value and a dimension of social life. By approaching the cities through locality, it is possible to discern how the authors construct place as meaningful. This study thus extends the anthropological concept of locality into literature, addressing the specific strategies through which the authors portray and create their respective cities. Key concepts explored in the novels include agency, haunting, storytelling, and memory., Denna avhandling behandlar tre indiska romaner vilka utspelar sig i städer och fokuserar på de politiska och sociala konflikterna under 1990-talet: Githa Hariharans In Times of Siege (2003), Vikram Chandras Love and Longing in Bombay (1997) och Amit Chaudhuris Freedom Song (1998). Delhi i In Times of Siege porträtteras som en politisk stad hemsökt av det förflutna vilket påverkar nutiden. Bombay i Love and Longing in Bombay är också delvis hemsökt, men framförallt framställt som en stad i vilken berättandet är centralt. I Freedom Song blir gränsen mellan hem och stad diffus genom det sätt på vilket en familj gestaltar Calcutta. De tre romanerna behandlar alla en alltmer sekteristisk tid. Avhandlingens analys bygger på antropologen Arjun Appadurais begrepp the production of locality, dvs. hur känslan av plats skapas. ”Locality” är ett begrepp som täcker in en plats kapacitet att också ha ett värde och vara en social konstruktion. Genom att använda the production of locality är det möjligt att utforska hur författarna konstruerar plats som något meningsbärande. Denna avhandling vidgar det antropologiska begreppets användningsområde till att innefatta litteratur och används för att identifiera de strategier genom vilka författarna porträtterar och skapar sina respektive städer. Dessa strategier bygger på nyckelbegreppen agens, hemsökelse, berättande och minne.