50 results on '"cinkov oksid"'
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2. Tailoring of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric by Embedding a TiO2+ZnO Composite into a Chitosan Matrix.
- Author
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Tomšič, Brigita, Bajrič, Špela, Cergonja, Kaja, Čepič, Gracija, Gerl, Ana, Varga, Egshig Ladislav, Panoska, Marina, Peulić, Svjetlana, Skoko, Jasna, Gorjanc, Marija, and Simončič, Barbara
- Abstract
Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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3. STABILITY STUDIES OF COHESIVE SOIL WITH NANO MAGNESIUM AND ZINC OXIDE.
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Vijayan, L. Veena and Jose, J. Prakash Arul
- Subjects
MAGNESIUM ,ZINC oxide ,NANOSTRUCTURED materials ,SOIL stabilization ,NANOTECHNOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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4. Nanošenje fotokatalitičkih ZnO slojeva na podloge različite geometrije
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Jelena Macan, Monika Kovačević, Maja Lipovski, Mihovil Medić, and Ivana Grčić
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cinkov oksid ,fotokatalitička razgradnja ,kemijsko taloženje iz otopine ,mikrostruktura ,modifikacija površine ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Ispitivan je način priprave fotokatalitički aktivnog ZnO sloja taloženjem iz otopine. Slojevi bazičnog cinkova acetata (LBZA) uspješno su naneseni na podloge različitih morfologija, a prethodna hidroliza podloge pogoduje dobivanju debljih i čvršće vezanih slojeva. No postupak priprave znatno je osjetljiv na varijacije u uvjetima što čini prevlačenje većih površina zahtjevnijim. Reproducibilnost fotokatalitičke aktivnosti ZnO slojeva dobivenih žarenjem LBZA slaba je i varira do 50 %, bez jasne pravilnosti.
- Published
- 2019
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5. Nanošenje fotokatalitičkih ZnO slojeva na podloge različite geometrije.
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Macan, J., Kovačević, M., Lipovski, M., Medić, M., and Grčić, I.
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CHEMICAL solution deposition ,ZINC acetate ,SURFACE coatings ,HYDROLYSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Kemija u Industriji is the property of Croatian Society of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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6. In situ sinteza nanodelcev ZnO s pomočjo fitokemikalij in plinske plazme za doseganje večfunkcionalnih lastnosti tekstilij
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Verbič, Anja and Gorjanc, Marija
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in situ synthesis ,cinkov oksid ,večfunkcionalnost ,green synthesis ,plazma ,zinc oxide ,bombaž ,cotton ,in situ sinteza ,zelena sinteza ,ZnO ,poliester ,polyester ,multifunctional ,plasma - Abstract
V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena raziskava razvoja novega okolju prijaznega postopka in situ sinteze delcev cinkovega oksida (ZnO) na bombažu (CO) in poliestru (PET), kjer so bili namesto kemičnih reducentov uporabljeni vodni ekstrakti odpadnega rastlinskega materiala (invazivne tujerodne rastline in živilski odpadki) in namesto kemične alkalije uporabljen vodni ekstrakt lesnega pepela. Receptura in situ sinteze ZnO je bila optimizirana s proučevanjem različnih metod sinteze in vplivov parametrov sinteze (vrsta in koncentracija prekurzorja in »zelenih« reducentov, vrsta reducenta, vrstni red reagentov pri sintezi, čas in temperatura sinteze). Zaradi različne vsebnosti fenolnih skupin (TPC) »zelenih« reducentov, ki vplivajo na stopnjo antioksidativnosti in redukcijske sposobnosti reducenta, se je kot ključni parameter za uspešno oblikovanje ZnO direktno na CO in enakomerno porazdelitev po vlaknih ter odlično sposobnost tkanine blokiranja ultravijoličnega (UV) sevanja (50+), izkazal vrstni red reagentov (Alkalija–Zn-prekurzor–Reducent). Cinkov acetat je bolj primeren prekurzor za sintezo na CO kot cinkov nitrat, saj se s slednjim mehanske lastnosti tkanine močno poslabšajo. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da se lahko glede na uporabljen »zeleni« reducent prilagodi tudi omočljivost CO, in sicer reducenti z višjo vsebnostjo TPC omogočajo hidrofilne lastnosti, tisti z nižjo vsebnostjo TPC pa hidrofobne. Pri sinteznem postopku na PET je bila vpeljana plazma kisika za povečanje reaktivnost tkanine do reakcijskih raztopin in kasneje kot zamenjava alkalije. S plazmo se je povečala hidrofilnost PET in enakomerna adsorpcija reagentov, kar je omogočilo homogenost in situ sintetiziranih ZnO po celotni tkanini oz. vlaknih. Pri tem se je s številom plazemskih obdelav višala tudi UV zaščita tkanine, kot posledica zvišanja vsebnosti ZnO. Tako alkalija kot plazma kisika vplivata na povečanje aktivnih mest na PET, ki predstavljajo nukleacijska mesta prekurzorja za oblikovanje ZnO s pomočjo »zelenega« reducenta. S stališča čim bolj okolju prijazne in situ sinteze ZnO, zmanjšanja porabe vode, časa priprave reagentov in homogenosti in situ sintetiziranih ZnO na tkanini, se namesto alkalije lahko uporabi plazma kisika. This doctoral dissertation presents the development of a novel, environmentally friendly process for in situ synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) on cotton (CO) and polyester (PET) using aqueous extracts of invasive alien plants and food waste instead of classical chemical reducing agents, and aqueous extract of wood ash instead of chemical alkali. The ZnO synthesis procedure was optimised by studying different synthesis methods and parameters (type and concentration of precursor and »green« reducing agent, the order of synthesis solutions, synthesis time and temperature). Due to the different amounts of phenolic compounds (TPC) present in the »green« reducing agents, the order of the synthesis solutions (Alkali䀒Precursor-Reducing agent) proved to be a key parameter influencing the successful in situ synthesis and the uniform distribution of ZnO particles on fibres and consequently achieving the excellent ultraviolet (UV) protective properties (50+) of the CO fabric. Zinc acetate is a more suitable precursor for the in situ synthesis of ZnO than zinc nitrate, since with the latter, mechanical properties of the fabric are greatly impaired. Depending on the »green« reducing agent used, the wettability of the CO fabric can be adjusted. The reducing agents with higher TPC values enable hydrophilic properties, while the ones with lower TPC values enable hydrophobic properties of the CO. Oxygen plasma treatment was incorporated into the synthesis process on PET, first to increase the reactivity of PET to the synthesis solutions, and finally as a substitute for alkali. Plasma increased the hydrophilicity of PET and enabled an even adsorption of the reagents, resulting in uniform distribution of the in situ synthesised ZnO on the fabric. As the number of plasma treatments increased, the UV protection of fabrics also increased, due to higher ZnO content. Both alkali and oxygen plasma increase the amount of active binding sites on PET, which represent precursor nucleation sites for the formation of ZnO using »green« reducing agent. From the point of view of the most environmentally friendly in situ synthesis of ZnO, reduction of water consumption, preparation time for reagents and homogeneity of in situ synthesized ZnO on the fabric, oxygen plasma can be used instead of alkali.
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- 2023
7. Modeling of optical transmission through metal-oxide thin films
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Petrović, Julia, Omerzu, Aleš, Peter, Robert, Jelovica Badovinac, Ivana, and Kavre Piltaver, Ivna
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titanijev dioksid ,tanki film ,cinkov oksid ,refractive index ,thin film ,titanium dioxide ,transmission ,zinc oxide ,ekstinkcijski koeficijent ,transmisija ,refleksija ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,indeks loma ,apsorpcija ,extinction coefficient ,absorption ,reflection - Abstract
Jedan od naˇcina prouˇcavanja optiˇckih svojstava tankih filmova je odredivanjem optiˇckih konstanti iz njihovih transmisijskih i apsorpcijskih spektara. U ovom radu su izmjerene transmitancija i apsorbancija tankih filmova titanijevog dioksida (TiO2) i cinkovog oksida (ZnO) debljina 50, 100 i 150 nm u rasponu valnih duljina od 200 do 1000 nm. Zbog koherencije valova dolazi do interferencijskog uzorka u mjerenim spektrima u slabo apsorbiraju´cem podruˇcju za oba materijala (od 400 nm do 1000 nm). Cilj ovog rada bio je modeliranjem izmjerenog transmisijskog spektra otkloniti utjecaj viˇsestrukih refleksija u tom podruˇcju. Odredio se teorijski model transmitancije za tanke filmove koji se potom prilagodio na dobivene rezultate u transparentnom podruˇcju. Zatim se ekstrapolirao na dio spektra u kojem dolazi do apsorpcije, tj. do 200 nm. Oduzimanjem mjerenog spektra i prilagodbe otklanja se utjecaj refleksije, gdje korigirani spektar sadrˇzi vjerodostojniju informaciju o podruˇcjima gdje je poluvodiˇc proziran i gdje dolazi do apsorpcije. Parametar debljine filma uzet je kao ocjena kvalitete prilagodbe, ˇcije su prave vrijednosti potvrdene snimanjem debljine filmova pretraˇznim elektronskim mikroskopom. Filmovi su narastani tehnikom depozicije atomskih slojeva, a transmitancija i apsorbancija mjerile su se UV-Vis spektrofotometrom., One way to study the optical properties of thin films is to determine the optical constants from their transmission and absorption spectra. In this work, the transmittance and absorbance of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with thickness of 50, 100 and 150 nm were measured in the wavelength range from 200 to 1000 nm. Due to the coherence of the waves, an interference pattern appears in the measured spectra in the weakly absorbing region for both materials (from 400 nm to 1000 nm). The aim of this work was to eliminate the influence of multiple reflections in this range by modeling the measured transmission spectrum. A theoretical model of the transmittance for thin films was determined, which was fitted to the results obtained in the transparent region. It was then extrapolated to the part of the spectrum where absorption occurs, i.e. up to 200 nm. Subtraction of the measured and fitted spectra removes the influence of reflection, where the corrected spectrum contains more reliable information about the spectral regions where the semiconductor is transparent and where absorption occurs. The film thickness parameter was taken as an assessment of the quality of the fit, whose true values were confirmed by imaging the film thickness with a scanning electron microscope. The films were grown using the atomic layer deposition technique, and the transmittance and absorbance were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
- Published
- 2022
8. Controlled growth of ZnO nanoparticles using ethanolic root extract of Japanese knotweed
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Ravbar, Miha, Kunčič, Ajda, Matoh, Lev, Smole Možina, Sonja, Šala, Martin, and Šuligoj, Andraž
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udc:66 ,nanodelci ,udc:661.847ʼ02:547.9:544.526.5:579.24 ,cinkov oksid ,protimikrobno delovanje ,japonski dresnik ,fotokataliza ,nanodelci, fotokataliza, cinkov oksid, japonski dresnik, protimikrobno delovanje - Abstract
Synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) was mediated by plant extracts to assist in the reduction of zinc atoms during the synthesis and act as a capping agent during annealing.The preparation used ethanolic extracts from the roots of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica). Two major outcomes could be made. (i)A synergistic effect of multiple polyphenolic components in the extract is needed to achieve the capping effect of crystallite growth during thermal annealing at 450 °C characterized by an exponential growth factor (n) of 4.4 compared to n = 3 for bare ZnO. (ii) Synergism between the ZnO NPs and plant extracts resulted in superior antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni. The materials were also tested for their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Also here, the photocatalyst prepared with plant extracts was found to be superior. The residues of the plant extract molecules on the surface of the catalyst were identified as the main cause of the observed differences, as proved by thermal gravimetry. Such a preparation using ethanolic extract of Fallopia japonica could serve as a more controlled synthesis of ZnO and potentially other metal oxides, with low environmental impact and high abundance in nature. Soavtorji: Ajda Kunčič, Lev Matoh, Sonja Smole Možina, Martin Šala, Andraž Šuligoj. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 10. 11. 2022. Objavljeno na spletu: 1. nov. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 31244-31245. Abstract.
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- 2022
9. The Influence of in situ Synthesis Parameters on the Formation of ZnO Nanoparticles and the UPF Value of Cotton Fabric.
- Author
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Verbič, Anja, Šala, Martin, and Gorjanc, Marija
- Abstract
Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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10. Photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide thin films doped with cop-per
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Speranza, Renato, Peter, Robert, Kavre Piltaver, Ivna, Šarić, Iva, and Jelovica Badovinac, Ivana
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PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,dopiranje ,cinkov oksid ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,atomic layer deposition ,zinc oxide ,fotokataliza ,doping ,photocatalysis ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics - Abstract
U ovom radu smo pomoću tehnike depozicije atomskih slojeva (ALD) narastali tanke filmove cinkovog oksida koje smo dopirali s bakrom, s ciljem poboljšanja fotokatalitičke aktivnosti materijala pod djelovanjem simulirane sunčeve svjetlosti. XPS i SIMS analize su pokazale povećanje udjela bakra u uzorcima narastanih s većim brojem ALD ciklusa bakrovog prekursora. Također, iz fotoemisijskih mjerenja je uočeno da je u uzorcima impregniranim s Cu, bakar prisutan kao Cu+, dok kemijsko okruženje Zn atoma ostaje nepromijenjeno. SEM ispitivanja su pokazala promjene u površinskoj morfologiji uzoraka nakon uvođenja bakra u strukturu ZnO. Ispitivanja fotokatalitičke aktivnosti su provedena mjerenjem degradacije otopine metilenskog modrila pod djelovanjem simulirane sunčeve svjetlosti. Rezultati pokazuju da svi filmovi impregnirani s Cu (osim uzorka s najvećim udjelom bakra) imaju bolju aktivnost u odnosu na čisti film ZnO., In this work, we used the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique for the growth of zinc oxide thin films doped with copper, in order of improve the photocatalytic activity of the material under the simulated sunlight irradiation. XPS and SIMS analyzes showed the increase of copper conentration in the samples grown with higher number of ALD cycles of the copper precursor. In addition, photoemission measurements show the presence of Cu (I) oxidation state of copper, in the doped samples, while the chemical environment of Zn atoms remains unchanged. The introduction of copper in the ZnO structure changes the surgace morphology of samples, as revealed with SEM analysis. Photocatalytic activity was determined by measuring the degradation of methylene blue solution under the irradiation of simulated sunlight. The results show that all Cu-impregnated films (except for the sample with the highest copper content) have better activity compared to the pure ZnO film.
- Published
- 2022
11. Designing UV-protective and hydrophilic or hydrophobic cotton fabrics through in-situ ZnO synthesis using biodegradable waste extracts
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Anja Verbič, Katja Brenčič, Matej Dolenec, Gregor Primc, Nina Recek, Martin Šala, and Marija Gorjanc
- Subjects
multifunctional textile ,cinkov oksid ,večfunkcionalne tekstilije ,General Physics and Astronomy ,zinc oxide ,in-situ sinteza ,bombaž ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,General Chemistry ,in-situ synthesis ,Condensed Matter Physics ,cotton ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,tujerodne invazivne rastline ,udc:677 ,food waste ,živilski odpadki ,invasive alien plants - Abstract
An extensive study on using plant waste aqueous extracts as natural chemicals for in-situ synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) on cotton is presented. Reducing agents were prepared from green tea leaves (GT), pomegranate peels (PG), and staghorn sumac leaves (SsL) and drupes (SsD), and the alkaline medium from discarded wood ash. Zinc acetate was found to be more appropriate precursor than zinc nitrate. Formation of ZnO on cotton was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence results showed the highest amount of ZnO on cotton was formed using PG and SsL extracts, which was also confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and UV/visible spectroscopy. The ZnO-functionalised samples exhibited excellent UV-blocking ability and different wetting properties (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) depending on the reducing agent used due to their different total phenolic content. This study shows that by choosing the plant waste source as a reducing agent for ZnO formation directly on cotton, the properties of cotton can be designed to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic with excellent UV-blocking properties. The XRD results of ex-situ synthesis prove that the short reaction time enables the formation of ZnO.
- Published
- 2022
12. Laser synthesis of nanoparticles and applications in photocatalysis
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Blažeka, Damjan and Krstulović, Nikša
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dopiranje ,cinkov oksid ,titanium dioxide ,pulsna laserska ablacija ,Physics ,pulsna laserska depozicija ,pulsed laser ablation ,dopant ,zinc oxide ,titanov dioksid ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,udc:53(043.3) ,fotokataliza ,nanoparticles ,Fizika ,nanočestice ,photocatalysis ,pulsed laser deposition - Abstract
U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji pulsna laserska ablacija u vodi korištena je za sintezu nanočestica titanovog dioksida i cinkovog oksida koje imaju jaka fotokatalitička svojstva. U tu svrhu korišten je nanosekundni laser Nd:YAG osnovne valne duljine 1064 nm. Razne eksperimentalne tehnike (XRD, XPS, TEM/SEM, UV-Vis, Raman) su primijenjene za karakterizaciju dobivenih nanočestica kako bi se odredila njihova kristalna struktura, optička svojstva, oblik i distribucija po veličini. Razvijena je jednostavna metoda za određivanje koncentracije laserski sintetiziranih nanočestica u vodi, a u njoj se koriste podaci o volumenu ablacijskog kratera i raspodjela nanočestica po veličini. Metoda je testirana na nanočesticama titanovog dioksida i provjerena pomoću Beer-Lambertovog zakona. Pulsnom laserskom ablacijom titana su dobivene načestice titanovog dioksida, koje su, nakon zagrijavanja u vodi na 90°C, kristalizirale i pokazale jaču fotokatalitičku aktivnost s obzirom na UV i vidljivo zračenje nego P25 čestice. Fotokataličnost nanočestica određivana je mjerenjem brzine fotodegradacije raznih organskih otapala (Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B) pod UV ili vidljivim zračenjem u njihovoj prisutnosti. Mjerena je ovisnost fotokatalitičke aktivnosti nanočestica cinkovog oksida o njihovoj koncentraciji, početnoj koncentraciji i vrsti organskog bojila, a dobivene ovisnosti su teorijski objašnjene. Razvijena je metoda za sintezu dopiranih nanočestica pulsnom laserskom ablacijom u vodi, na način da se u njoj ablatira meta na koju je prethodno u pulsnoj laserskoj depoziciji naparen film materijala za dopiranje. Na taj način su dobivene nanočestice cinkovog oksida s različitim udjelima srebra i pojačanom fotokatalitičkom aktivnošću koja je najveća na izmjerenom optimalnom masenom udjelu srebra 0.32%. In this PhD thesis pulsed laser ablation in water is used for synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles with strong photocatalytic properties. For that purpose the nanosecond laser ND:Yag with basic wavelength at 1064 nm is used. Various experimental techniques (XRD, XPS, TEM/SEM, UV-Vis, Raman) are performed for the purpose of characterization of synthesized nanoparticles in order to determine their crystal structure, optical properties, shape and size distribution. The simple method for determination of laser synthesized nanoparticles concentration in water is developed, in which the ablation crater volume and nanoparticles size-distribution data are used. The method is tested for titanium dioxide nanoparticles and verified by using Beer-Lambert law. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are synthesized by pulsed laser ablation of titanium target and it is shown that they crystallized after heating in water at 90°C and developed large photocatalytic activity in the presence of UV and visible light when compared with P25. Photocatalytic efficiency of nanoparticles was calculated by measuring the photodegradation rate of different dyes (Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B) under UV or visible light and in their presence. A dependence of zinc oxide nanoparticles photocatalytic efficiency on their concentration, initial dye concentration and dye type was measured, and obtained relations are theoretically explained. The method for laser synthesis of doped nanoparticles is developed, in which pulsed laser ablation in water is used for ablation of target that is previously coated by dopant material using pulsed laser deposition. In this way the zinc oxide nanoparticles with different silver ratios are synthesized, and they are shown to have improved photocatalytic efficiency, which is the largest at the measured optimal silver ratio 0.32 wt %.
- Published
- 2022
13. Buffering and Antibacterial Properties of Cotton Canvas with Dolomite/ZnO-Styrene-Acrylic Complex Coating and their Comparison with Properties after the Accelerated Aging.
- Author
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Křížová, Hana, Tuček, Viktor, Neoralová, Jitka, and Wiener, Jakub
- Abstract
Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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14. Microstructural properties of zinc oxide investigated by high-pressure X-ray diffraction
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Gazdek Petra, Vrankić, Martina, and Skoko, Željko
- Subjects
cyrstallite size ,cinkov oksid ,visoki tlak, rendgenska difrakcija u polikristalu, sinkrotron, Rietveldovo utočnjavanje, veličina kristalita, deformacije kristalne rešetke, cinkov oksid ,Rietveld refinement ,zinc oxide ,Rietveldovo utočnjavanje ,visoki tlak ,rendgenska difrakcija u polikristalu ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,sinkrotron ,synchrotron ,veličina kristalita ,lattice strain ,deformacije kristalne rešetke ,high-pressureX-ray diffraction - Abstract
Metodom rendgenske difrakcije u polikristalu istraživan je utjecaj visokog tlaka (~0–20 GPa) na strukturne i mikrostrukturne parametre cinkovog oksida, ZnO. Podaci o točnim parametrima jedinične ćelije, veličini kristalita i deformacijama kristalne rešetke dobiveni su korištenjem Rietveldove metode utočnjavanja difrakcijske slike. Opaženo je da povećanjem tlaka dolazi do pomicanja difrakcijskih maksimuma prema većem Braggovom kutu što ukazuje na smanjenje bridova kristalne rešetke, kao i do faznog prijelaza iz heksagonske kristalne strukture u kubnu. Postupak utočnjavanja heksagonske i kubne strukture ZnO pokazao je da je heksagonska struktura kompresibilnija u smjeru c, te da dolazi do linearnog smanjenja omjera c/a. Prijelaz iz heksagonske u kubnu strukturu praćen je naglim smanjenjem volumena jedinične ćelije ZnO za ~20%. Pri tome su omjeri d(100)/d(002) za heksagonsku fazu i d(020)/d(220) za kubnu fazu u velikoj korelaciji s promjenama tlaka - omjer d(100)/d(002) raste linearno s tlakom prije faznog prijelaza i odstupa od linearnog odnosa u prijelaznoj zoni, dok omjer d(020)/d(220) lagano opada s tlakom nakon faznog prijelaza. Nakon smanjenja tlaka sa 17,92 GPa na 0 GPa ne dolazi do reverzibilnog povrata kubne strukture ZnO u isključivo heksagonsko uređenje – relativni težinski udio kubne faze pri 0 GPa iznosi ~52%, dok na heksagonsku fazu otpada ~48%. Primjena tlaka uzrokovala je proširenje difrakcijskih maksimuma i smanjenje veličine kristalita s ~35 nm pri atmosferskim uvjetima na 18 nm pri 17,92 GPa. S druge strane, deformacije kristalne rešetke su pod utjecajem mehaničkog tlaka porasle sa 0,35% na 0,68%. Smanjenje tlaka s 17,92 GPa na 0 GPa pokazalo je djelomično reverzibilan učinak na mikrostrukturne parametre – veličina kristalita je porasla s ~18 nm na ~30 nm, dok su se deformacije kristalne rešetke smanjile s 0,68% na 0,39%. Dobiveni rezultati u skladu su s istraživanjima objavljenim u literaturi. The influence of high pressure (~0–20 GPa) on the structural and microstructural parameters of zinc oxide, ZnO, was investigated using the X-ray powder diffraction. The information on unit cell parameters, crystallite size, and microstrainsunder both, compression and decompression was obtained using the Rietveld refinement. It was observed that the increase in pressure shifts the diffraction maxima towards higher Bragg angles, and induces a phase transition from hexagonal to cubic structure. The structure refinement revealed that the hexagonal structure of ZnO is more compressible in the c-direction, and that there is a linear decrease in the c/a ratio. The transition from hexagonal to cubic arrangement was accompanied by a sharp decrease in the volume of the ZnO unit cell by ~20%. It appears that the ratios d(100)/d(002) for the hexagonal and d(020)/d(220) for the cubic phase are highly correlated with the pressure changes - the ratio d(100)/d(002) increases linearly with the pressure before phase transition and deviates from the linear relationship in the transition zone, while the ratio d(020)/d(220) decreases slightly with the pressure after the phase transition. After the pressure drops from 17.92 GPa to 0 GPa, no reversible return of the cubic ZnO structure to the exclusively hexagonal arrangement was observed - the relative weight percentage of the cubic phase at 0 GPa is ~52%, while the hexagonal phase accounts for ~48%. The line profile analysis by Rietveld refinement showed the broadening of the diffraction maximaleading to the reduction of the crystallite size from 35 nm at atmosphere conditions to 18 nm at 17.92 GPa. On the other hand, the microstrains increased from 0.35% to 0.68% under the influence of mechanical pressure. Decompression from 17.92 GPa to 0 GPa showed a partially reversible effect on microstructural parameters - crystallite size increased from ~18 nm to ~30 nm, while microstrains decreased from 0.68% to 0.39%.These results are in accordance with the research published in the literature.
- Published
- 2022
15. Optimization method of the solvothermal parameters using Box-Behnken experimental design
- Author
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Kovács, Zoltán, Molnár, Csanád, Lavrenčič Štangar, Urška, Cristea, Vasile-Mircea, Pap, Zsolt, Hernadi, Klara, and Baia, Lucian
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,Box–Behnken design (BBD) ,solvothermal crystallization ,solvotermalna kristalizacija ,ZnO ,zinc oxide ,udc:546.47-31 ,fotokataliza ,optimizacija ,photocatalysis ,optimization ,Box-Behnken dizajn - Abstract
ZnO photocatalysts were synthesized via solvothermal method and a reduced experimental design (Box–Behnken) was applied to investigate the influence of four parameters (temperature, duration, composition of the reaction mixture) upon the photocatalytic activity and the crystal structure of ZnO. The four parameters were correlated with photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and the ratio of two crystallographic facets ((002) and (100)) using a quadratic model. The quadratic model shows good fit for both responses. The optimization experimental results validated the models. The ratio of the crystal facets shows similar variation as the photocatalytic activity of the samples. The water content of the solvent is the primary factor, which predominantly influence both responses. An explanation was proposed for the effect of the parameters and how the ratio of (002) and (100) crystal facets is influenced and its relation to the photocatalytic activity. The present research laconically describes a case study for an original experimental work, in order to serve as guideline to deal with such complicated subjects as quantifying influence of synthesis parameters upon the catalytic activity of the obtained ZnO.
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- 2022
16. Hydrogen impurities in zinc oxide thin films investigated with SIMS technique
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Arifović, Dario and Peter, Robert
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PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,cinkov oksid ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,thin films ,spektrometrija mase sekundarnih iona ,atomic layer deposition ,hydrogen impurities ,vodikove nečistoće ,secondary ion mass spectrometry ,tanki filmovi ,zink oxide ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics - Abstract
U radu je korištena metoda depozicije atomskih slojeva (ALD) za narastanje tankih filmova cinkovog oksida (ZnO) na različitim temperaturama. Za sintezu ZnO korištena su dva prekursora: voda (H2O) i dietilcink (DEZ). Depozicije su se radile na podlogama Si, na temperaturama između 60 °C i 220 °C. Za karakterizaciju sintetiziranih filmova ZnO koristila se masena spektrometrija sekundarnih iona (SIMS), kojom je načinjena elementna analiza i izmjereni su dubinski profili uzoraka. Nadalje, izračunate su koncentracije H nečistoća u ZnO filmova, pomoću SIMS analize ZnO uzorka implantiranog s vodikom. Utvrđeno je da s porastom temperature ALD sinteze, opada koncentracija H nečistoća u uzorcima ZnO. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used for the growth of ZnO thin films at different temperatures. ZnO samples were synthised using water (H2O) and diethylzinc (DEZ), as the precoursors. Deposition of ZnO was done on silicon wafers at the temperatures between 60 °C and 220 °C. Secondary ion mass specotrmetry (SIMS) was employed for the characterizstion of ZnO samples. The elemental analysis and the depth profiles of ZnO thin films were measured with SIMS technique. Furthermore, The concentrations of H impurities in ALD grown ZnO films were determined using SIMS analysis of ZnO sample implanted with hydrogen. It was found that, the concentration of H impurities in ZnO samples decreases with the increasing temperature of ALD synthesis.
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- 2021
17. Percolation threshold for electrical conductivity in thin ZnO films
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Knapić, Ivan and Omerzu, Aleš
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PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,cinkov oksid ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,electrical conductivity ,thin films ,perkolacijski prag ,percolation threshold ,atomic layer deposition ,zinc oxide ,tanki filmovi ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,električna vodljivost - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada je odrediti perkolacijski prag električne vodljivosti cinkovog oksida (ZnO). Perkolacijski prag je naziv za minimalnu debljinu sloja deponiranog na supstrat koju vodljivi materijal mora imati da bi se ostvario put kojim elektroni mogu prelaziti s jednog kraja supstrata na drugi. Slojeve ZnO deponirati ćemo ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition-Depozicija Atomskih Slojeva) uređajem. ALD je uređaj koji deponira ZnO sloj po sloj na supstratu. Imati ćemo tri supstrata: staklo, staklo prekriveno slojem Al2O3 i silicij prekriven slojem Al2O3. Prije same sinteze Al2O3 i ZnO, supstrate ćemo očistiti u vodi i izopropanolu. Također, promatrat ćemo i kako električna vodljivost ovisi o hrapavosti supstrata. Hrapavost supstrata ćemo mjeriti prije deponiranja ZnO. Nakon sinteze ZnO i određivanja perkolacijskog praga električne vodljivosti za različite supstrate, uzorke ćemo snimiti pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope-Pretražni Elektronski Mikroskop). Za kraj ćemo dati i određenu površinsku karakterizaciju sintetiziranih slojeva. The aim of this paper is to determine the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity of zinc oxide (ZnO). Percolation threshold is the name for the minimum thickness of the layer deposited on the substrate that the conductive material must have in order to achieve the path by which electrons can pass from one end of the substrate to the other. We will deposit the ZnO layers with an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) device. ALD is a device that deposits ZnO layer by layer on the substrate. We will have three substrates: glass, glass covered with a layer of Al2O3 and silicon covered with a layer of Al2O3. Prior to the synthesis of Al2O3 and ZnO, the substrates will be purified in water and isopropanol. Also, we will observe how the electrical conductivity depends on the roughness of the substrate. Substrate roughness will be measured before ZnO deposition. After ZnO synthesis and determination of the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity for different substrates, the samples will be recorded with a Scanning Electron Microscope SEM. Finally, we will give a certain surface characterization of the synthesized layers.
- Published
- 2021
18. Modifikacija bombažne tkanine s plazmo in nanodelci cinkovega oksida za doseganje zaščite pred ultravijoličnim sevanjem
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Jazbec, Katja and Gorjanc, Marija
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protection against UV radiation ,nanodelci ,zaščita pred UV-sevanjem ,cinkov oksid ,plazma ,zinc oxide ,bombaž ,nanoparticles ,cotton ,plasma - Abstract
IZVLEČEK Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti najprimernejšo metodo nanosa nanodelcev cinkovega oksida (nano-ZnO) na beljeno in mercerizirano bombažno tkanino in s plinsko plazmo povečati njihovo adsorpcijo na površino tkanine ter s tem doseči odlično zaščito pred ultravijoličnim (UV) sevanjem. Za določanje najprimernejše metode nanosa nano-ZnO smo uporabili štiri metode, ki so se razlikovale po postopku nanosa, času obdelave in vsebnosti barvila ali pomožnih snovi v obdelovalni kopeli. Spektroskopija UV-Vis in masna spektrometrija z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo (ICP-MS) sta pokazali, da imajo bele tkanine, obdelane po postopku z izčrpanjem, pri čemer obdelovalna kopel vsebuje bidestilirano vodo, nano-ZnO in ocetno kislino, visoke vrednosti UV-zaščitnega faktorja (UZF), UZF = 30 in visoko vsebnost nano-ZnO ter da višanje koncentracije nano-ZnO nad 3 % ne poviša vrednosti UZF. Povečanje adsorpcije nano-ZnO na belo tkanino smo proučili pri različnih pogojih obdelave tkanine v plinski plazmi nizkotlačno induktivno sklopljenega plazemskega sistema. Uporabili smo različne pline (vodno paro, kisik in tetrafluorometan) in spreminjali čas obdelave (10, 20 in 30 s). Kemijske in fizikalne lastnosti s plazmo obdelane bombažne tkanine smo pregledali z rentgensko fotoelektronsko spektroskopijo (XPS) in vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo (SEM). Ocenili smo mehanske lastnosti vzorcev, obdelanih s plazmo, in sicer z merjenjem pretržne sile in raztezka. Učinkovitost plazemske obdelave smo ovrednotili z uporabo spektrometrije UV-Vis in merjenjem zaščitnega UV-faktorja (UZF). Rezultati so pokazali, da daljši časi obdelave, ne glede na uporabljeni plin, povečajo koncentracijo kisikovih funkcionalnih skupin na površini vlaken in povzročijo, da postane njihova površina bolj hrapava. Ta dva pogoja sta ključnega pomena za povečanje vsebnosti nano-ZnO na vlaknih, saj zagotavljata odlične vrednosti UZF na obdelani bombažni tkanini. Funkcionalizirane tkanine pa pri pranju niso bile zelo obstojne, saj je že prvo pranje odstranilo večino nano-ZnO. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable method for applying zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) to a bleached mercerized cotton textile and to enhance their adsorption on the textile surface using gas plasma to provide effective protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Four methods were used in determining the most suitable method for applying nano-ZnO, which differ from each other in the application procedure, treatment time, and the content of dye or excipients in the treatment bath. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed that white textiles treated by the exhaust method, in which the treatment bath contains double distilled water, nano-ZnO and acetic acid, have a high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) (UPF = 30) and a high content of nano-ZnO, and that a concentration of nano-ZnO greater than 3% does not increase the UPF value. The increase of nano-ZnO absorption in the white textile was investigated under different conditions of gas-plasma treatment of the textile in a low-pressure inductively coupled plasma system, which included the gas (water vapor, oxygen, and tetrafluoromethane) and the treatment time (10, 20, and 30 seconds). The chemical and physical properties of the plasma treated cotton textile were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of the plasma treated samples were evaluated by measuring the tensile strength and elongation at break. The effectiveness of the plasma treatment was evaluated by UV-vis spectrometry and measurement of UPF. The results showed that regardless of the gas used, a longer treatment time increases the concentration of oxygen functional groups on the surface of the cotton fibers, making the surface of the fibers rougher. These two conditions are prerequisites for increasing the nano-ZnO content in the fibers, which enables excellent UPF values in treated cotton textiles. Until now, functionalized textiles showed poor wash resistance, with most of the nano-ZnO being washed out during the first wash.
- Published
- 2021
19. Razvoj nanostrukturiranih ZnO/TiO2 tankih filmova za fotonaponske i fotokatalitičke primjene
- Author
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Panžić, Ivana, Gajović, Andreja, and Macan, Jelena
- Subjects
titanijev dioksid ,cinkov oksid ,nanoštapići ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry. Applied Chemistry ,Physics ,photovoltaic cells ,zinc oxide ,titanium oxide ,nanotubes ,nanocjevčice ,fotonaponske ćelije ,fotokataliza ,nanocjevčice, titanijev dioksid ,udc:53(043.3) ,udc:54(043.3) ,Fizika ,Kemija. Kristalografija. Mineralogija ,nanorods ,photocatalysis ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija. Primijenjena kemija ,Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy - Abstract
U ovoj disertaciji istraživani su tanki filmovi ZnO, TiO2 te kompozita ZnO@TiO2. Cilj je bio pripraviti nanostrukturirane materijale pogodne za fotokatalitičke i fotonaponske primjene. Za provjeru uspješnost postizanja željenih svojstava navedenih mikrostrukturiranih i nanostrukturiranih materijala od ključne važnosti je određivanje morfoloških i strukturnih svojstava, što se postiglo korištenjem prvenstveno elektronske mikroskopije i Ramanove spektroskopije. Za potrebe priprave fotonaponskih ćelija u čvrstom stanju s nanostrukturiranim ZnO tankim filmovima kao slojevima za prijenos elektrona bilo je potrebno optimirati debljinu i sastav susjednih slojeva što je utjecalo na pojavu električne histereze u različitim razmjerima. Nanostrukturirani TiO2 filmovi dodatno su dekorirani sa česticama i spojevima baziranim na Ag ili Cu za potrebe primjene u fotokatalitičkim reaktorima. Tim procesom je poboljšana efikasnost razgradnje organskih onečišćivala. Ispitana je mogućnost priprave filmova kompozitnih ZnO@TiO2 nanostruktura korištenjem niza fizikalnih i kemijskih metoda nanošenja TiO2 na nanostrukture ZnO. Utvrđena je najveća uspješnost nanošenja kemijskim metodama, što je razvidno iz najvećih vrijednosti postignutih vodljivosti i transmisije filmova. Problematika razjašnjavanja određenih mikrostrukturnih specifičnosti kompozita ZnO@TiO2 ostaje izazov s ciljem daljnjeg poboljšavanje efikasnosti i stabilnosti fotonaponskih i fotokatalitičkih sustava. This dissertation investigates ZnO, TiO2 and ZnO@TiO2 composites thin films. The aim was to prepare nanostructured materials suitable for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. In order to validate the obtaining of microstructured and nanostructured materials with desired properties, it was necessary to optimise morphologic and structural properties, which was primarily achieved using electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In order to prepare solid state solar cells with nanostructured ZnO thin films for transport of the charge carriers, it was necessary to optimise the thickness and the composition of the adjacent layers, which influenced the extent of the occurring electric hysteresis. For use in photocatalytic reactors, TiO2 nanostructures were additionally decorated with Ag particles or Cu compounds, which improved the decomposition rate and efficiency of organic pollutants. A possibility of preparing ZnO@TiO2 thin film composites using various physical and chemical methods of TiO2 layer deposition on ZnO nanostructures was investigated. Chemical methods rose above others since composite films obtained thereof displayed the highest conductivity and the highest transmission properties. The challenges related with clarifying microstructural particularities of the ZnO@TiO2 composites remain with the aim of further improvement of efficiency and stability of photovoltaic and photocatalytic systems.
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- 2021
20. Photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide prepared by thermal degradation of the celulose template
- Author
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Radičić, Rafaela and Ambrožić, Gabriela
- Subjects
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ,cinkov oksid ,plaz- mom potpomognuta depozicija atomskih slojeva ,zinc oxide ,scanning electron microscope ,secondary ion mass spectrometry ,masena spektrometrija sekundardnih iona ,cellulose ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,termička depozicija atomskih slojeva ,UV/Vis spektroskopija ,plasma en- hanced atomic layer deposition ,methyl orange ,thermal atomic layer deposition ,celuloza ,fotokataliza ,UV/Vis spectroscopy ,spektroskopija fotoelektrona rendgen- skim zrakama ,photocatalysis ,metil oranž ,pretražni elektronski mikroskop - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada je priprema, karakterizacija i istraživanje fotokatalitičkih svojstava i) hi- bridnih materijala na osnovi celuloze i cink oksida (ZnO), i ii) ZnO struktura koje smo dobili žrtvovanjem polimernog predloška termičkom degradacijom organske (polimerne) komponente prethodno priremljenog hibrida. Hibridne materijale smo pripremili na- rastanjem ZnO na dva različita celulozna predloška, Sodra Green T i UPM Conifer, putem termičke depozicije atomskih slojeva (t-ALD) i plazmom potpomognute ALD (PEALD) metode. Pri tome smo primjenili standardne procesne uvjete za rast 50 nm filma ZnO na silicijevom supstratu. Dobivene hibride ZnO i celuloze smo kalcini- rali jedan sat u programibilnoj peći Carbolite Gero do 700 ◦C s namjerom dobivanja čistog ZnO. Uzorke smo karakterizirali pomoću pretražnog elektronskog mikroskopa s emisijom polja (FE-SEM), spektroskopije fotoelektrona rendgenskim zrakama (XPS) i masene spektrometrije sekundardnih iona (SIMS). FE-SEM slike su pokazale da kalci- nirani uzorci imaju veću aktivnu površinu kao posljedica nastanka poroznih tubularnih struktura sastavljenih od sinteriranih nanočestica ZnO. Iz XPS spektara je vidljiva prisutnost veće količine reaktivnih OH grupa kod ZnO deponiranog na celulozi Sodra Green T što ukazuje na bolje fotokatalitičke aktivnosti. Za razliku od silicijevih sups- trata, gdje pod primjenjenim procesnim uvjetima t-ALD i PEALD metoda narastaju 50 nm filmovi ZnO, SIMS spektri su potvrdili da je brzina rasta ZnO na celuloznim pred- lošcima pod analognim uvjetima veća kod filmova dobivenih s termičkim ALD-om. U ispitivanju fotokatalitičke aktivnosti smo koristili metil oranž (MO) kao modelni organ- ski polutant te smo pomoću UV/Vis spektrofotometra pratili promjene u apsorbanciji otopine MO. Nakon kalcinacije hibridnih materijala, dobiveni uzorci ZnO su pokazali jaku fotokatalitičku aktivnost. Unutar 80 min dolazi do potpune mineralizacije i deko- lorizacije MO, dok prije kalcinacije uzoraka unutar 240 min nije došlo do dekolorizacije niti do mineralizacije MO. ZnO deponiran na celulozi Sodra Green T putem t-ALD i PEALD metoda ima gotovo istu fotokatalitičku aktivnost neovisno o metodi depozi- cije. ZnO deponiran na celulozi UPM Conifer putem t-ALD metode se pokazao boljim fotokatalizatorom od onog pripremljenog putem PEALD metode. The aim of this work is to prepare, characterize and investigate the photocatalytic properties of hybrid materials based on i) cellulose and zinc oxide (ZnO), and ii) ZnO structures obtained by a polymer templated thermal decomposition of the previously prepared ZnO/cellulose hybrids. The hybrid materials were prepared by growing thin films ZnO on two different cellulose substrates, Sodra Green T and UPM Conifer, using thermal atomic layer deposition (t-ALD) and plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PEALD) methods. In doing so, we applied standard process conditions for the growth of a 50 nm ZnO film on a silicon substrate. The hybrids were calcined for one hour in a programmable Carbolite Gero furnace at 700 ◦C with the intention of obtaining pure ZnO. The samples were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). FE-SEM images showed that calcined samples have a larger active surface area as a result of the formation of solid porous tubular structures. The XPS spectrum shows the presence of a larger amount of reactive surface OH groups in ZnO precipitated on Sodra Green T cellulose, indicating better photocatalytic activities. In contrast to silicon substrates, where 50 nm ZnO films grow under the applied t-ALD and PEALD processing conditions, SIMS spectra confirmed that the growth rate of ZnO on cellulose templates under analog conditions is higher in films obtained by t-ALD. In the study of photocatalytic activity of the samples, we used methyl orange (MO) as a model organic pollutant. Changes in the absorbance of the MO solution were monitored using a UV / Vis spectrophotometer. After calcination of the hybrid materials, the resulting ZnO showed strong photocatalytic activity; within 80 min there is a complete mineralization and decolorization of MO, while before calcination of samples within 240 min there was no discoloration or mineralization of MO. ZnO deposited by the t-ALD and PEALD methods on Sodra Green T show almost the same photocatalytic activity. ZnO deposited on UPM Conifer cellulose by the t-ALD method proved to be a better photocatalyst than that prepared by the PEALD method.
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- 2020
21. Transport properties of thin zinc oxide fils
- Author
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Seleš, Patrick and Omerzu, Aleš
- Subjects
PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,cinkov oksid ,tanki film ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,fotostruja ,površinski efekti ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics - Abstract
U ovom radu prikazana su mjerenja fotostruje za uzorke tankih filmova cinkovog oksida različitih debljina, sintetiziranih ALD metodom na temperaturi od 60 °C. Površine tankih filmova snimljene su pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom. Fotostruje mjerene su u ovisnosti o vremenu, u vakuumu i u zraku. Za osvjetljavanje uzoraka korištena je UV lampa koja emitira svjetlost valne duljine λ = 254 nm. Relativna promjena fotostruje, za svaki uzorak, prikazana je u vakuumu i u zraku. Također, prikazana je i relativna promjena fotostruje u vakuumu i u zraku, posebno kada je UV lampa uključena te kada je UV lampa isključena. UV – Vis spektrometrom izmjerena je transmitivnost za uzorak debljine 100 nm, u području valnih duljina od 200 nm do 700 nm. Pokazano je da proporcionalno više svjetlosti prodire kroz tanje uzorke. Za prilagodbu izmjerenih vrijednosti za vremensku relaksaciju pobuđene fotostruje korištene su dvije eksponencijalne funkcije. S obzirom da su amplitude dviju eksponencijalnih funkcija usporedive, zaključeno je da postoje dva fizikalna procesa odgovorna za elektronske prijelaze, odnosno relaksaciju elektrona u osnovno stanje. Karakteristična vremena relaksacije fotostruje, određena u ovom radu, imaju vrijednosti u rasponu od desetak minuta do nekoliko sati. Ta spora relaksacija može se pripisati sporim površinskim procesima uslijed reakcije površine filma s kisikom, a ne rekombinacijiskim procesima koji su dominantni u klasičnim poluvodičima s direktnim poluvodičkim energetskim procijepom kao što je GaAs, za koja su karakteristična vremena relaksacije u području nanosekundi.
- Published
- 2020
22. Importance of Protocol Design for Suitable Green In Situ Synthesis of ZnO on Cotton Using Aqueous Extract of Japanese Knotweed Leaves as Reducing Agent
- Author
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Anja Verbič, Katja Brenčič, Gregor Primc, and Marija Gorjanc
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udc:677 ,Japanese knotweed leaves ,cinkov oksid ,zelena sinteza ,green synthesis ,Japonski dresnik ,in situ ,ZnO ,zinc oxide nanoparticles ,bombaž ,Forestry ,cotton - Abstract
This work presents two protocols for the green in situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) on cotton with the aim to develop sustainable cotton fabric with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). The protocols differed in the order of immersing cotton fabric in reactive solutions of three batches, i.e., precursor (0.1 M zinc acetate dihydrate), reducing agent (aqueous extract of Japanese knotweed leaves) and alkali (wood ash waste). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that ZnO-NP were successfully synthesised on cotton using both protocols; however, only the protocol where cotton was first immersed in alkali, then in the precursor and, lastly, in the reducing agent enabled very high UPF and higher amount of Zn present on the sample. Due to the different order of cotton fabric immersion in the reactive solutions, dissimilar morphology of the ZnO particles was observed, which resulted in different UV blocking abilities of the samples. The antioxidant analysis (DPPH) showed that the natural reducing agent prepared from Japanese knotweed leaves has very high antioxidant activity, which is attributed to phenolic compounds present in the plant. The reflectance spectroscopy results confirmed that the colour yield and colour of the samples did not influence the UPF value. This protocol is an example of green circular economy where waste materials of invasive alien plant species and pellet heating was used as a natural source of phytochemicals, for the direct synthesis of ZnO-NP to develop cotton fabric with UV-protective properties.
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- 2022
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23. Novel Green In Situ Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles on Cotton Using Pomegranate Peel Extract
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Ivan Jerman, Anja Verbič, Martin Šala, and Marija Gorjanc
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Technology ,in situ synthesis ,cinkov oksid ,Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Sonication ,zinc oxide nanoparticles ,Nanoparticle ,chemistry.chemical_element ,bombaž ,Zinc ,medicine.disease_cause ,cotton ,Article ,udc:677 ,in situ sinteza ,pomegranate ,granatno jabolko ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,phytosynthesis ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Wurtzite crystal structure ,Microscopy ,QC120-168.85 ,nanodelci ,QH201-278.5 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TK1-9971 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,food waste ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,živilski odpadki ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TA1-2040 ,Inductively coupled plasma ,Ultraviolet - Abstract
This work presents the novel and entirely green in situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) on cotton fabric. Pomegranate peel extract was used as a reducing agent and wood ash extract was used as an alkali source for the formation of ZnO-NP from zinc acetate. Four different synthesis methods, which varied in drying between immersion of fabric in the active solutions for synthesis and the use of padding and ultrasonication, were investigated to evaluate the most suitable one to achieve excellent ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of the functionalized textile. For comparison, the cotton fabrics were also functionalized with each active solution separately or in a combination of two (i.e., Zn-acetate and plant extract). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm the successful formation of ZnO-NP on cotton. Among the synthesis methods, the method that included continuous drying of the samples between immersion in the active solutions for synthesis (Method 4) was found to be the most suitable to deliver uniformly impregnated cotton fibers with numerous small ZnO wurtzite structured crystals and excellent UV protection, with a UV protection factor of 154.0. This research presents an example of a green circular economy where a bio-waste material can be used to produce ZnO-NP directly on cotton at low temperatures and short treatment times without the addition of chemicals and enables the production of cellulosic fabrics with excellent UV protection.
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- 2021
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24. Funkcionalni premaz od PCL-a s dodatkom cinkova oksida kao zaštita otisaka
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Golik Krizmanić, Marina
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ambalaža ,premaz ,polikaprolakton ,cinkov oksid - Abstract
Da bi se ambalaža od papira i kartona zaštitila od vanjskih utjecaja, često se stavljaju različiti polimeri na njenu površinu u obliku laka ili premaza. Polikaprolakton je jedan od biorazgradivih polimera koji se može koristiti u te svrhe. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj funkcionalnog premaza od polikaprolaktona sa dodatkom nanočestica cinkova oksida na svojstva otisaka i ambalažnog materijala. Pripremljeni su uzorci premaza sastavljenog od polikaprolaktona, nanočestica ZnO i etil-acetata, a nakon nanošenja na otiske, uzorcima su ispitane kolorimetrijske vrijednosti, sjaj i propusnost na vlagu. Premazima je ispitana viskoznost. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da premazivanje uzrokuje potamnjivanje otisaka, no dodatkom nanočestica ZnO se taj efekt smanjuje kod crne boje. Propusnost na vodenu paru smanjuje se dodatkom nanočestica, a one pozitivno djeluju na barijerna svojstva tijekom starenja uzoraka na papiru za umjetnički tisak, dok na ofsetnom papiru nema utjecaja. Dodavanje nanočestica uzrokuje povećanje viskoznosti premaza. Ovo istraživanje je pokazalo da PCL premazi sa dodatkom ZnO mogu biti korišteni za premazivanje ambalažnih proizvoda, no potrebno je izvršiti korekcije osnovnog otiska, kako bi se poništila promjena u boji uzrokovana premazivanjem, prvenstveno kod otiskivanja magente. Nadalje, vidljivo je, prvenstveno na papiru za umjetnički tisak da dodatak nanočestica u najvišoj ispitivanoj koncentraciji može poboljšati barijerna svojstva materijala prema vodenoj pari, no istovremeno su tijekom starenja ti uzorci pokazali najveće smanjenje sjaja. Dodatno, s obzirom na to da povećanje masenog udjela nanočestica ZnO u premazu uzrokuje povećanje viskoznosti premaza, potrebno je pratiti ovo svojstvo kod izbora tehnike apliciranja.
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- 2020
25. Modificiran cinkov oksid kot katalizator za pridobivanje kisika in vodika
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Hajduk, Špela and Marinšek, Marjan
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aktivnost ,cinkov oksid ,hydrogen production ,activity ,zinc oxide ,oxigen production ,proizvodnja vodika ,proizvodnja kisika ,katalizator ,catalyst - Abstract
V doktorski nalogi predstavljamo dve področji uporabe katalizatorjev na osnovi ZnO. Prvo področje zajema pripravo modificiranih materialov na osnovi ZnO, ki so se izkazali kot učinkoviti fotokatalizatorji, saj imajo fotoelektrokemijsko sposobnost razklopa H2O. Drugi del doktorske naloge zajema pripravo modificiranih Cu-Zn oksidnih katalitskih materialov za reakcijo razklopa NH3. Lastnosti sintetiziranih fotokatalizatorjev in katalizatorjev smoraziskovali s spektroskopskimi in mikroskopskimi metodami, fotokatalitske oz. katalitske aktivnosti pa smo nato preverili s fotokatalitskim oz. katalitskim testom. Zanimala nas je predvsem razlika v aktivnostih med nemodificiranimi ter modificiranimi fotokatalizatorji oz. katalizatorji ter stabilnosti pripravljenih fotokatalitskih oz. katalitskih materialov. Prvi del raziskovalnega dela se nanaša na pripravo modificiranih fotokatalitskih materialov ZnO z grafitiziranimi ogljikovimi strukturami, ki vključujejo dušik (v nadaljevanju g-CxNy). Pripravljeni fotokatalizatorji so aktivni za proizvodnjo O2 s fotoelektrokemijskim razklopom H2O. Fotoelektrokemijske celice oz. fotokatalizatorji, modificirani z metodo potapljanja v vodne disperzije prekurzorja CM-kompleksa (CM – cianurna kislina–melamin), kažejo najvišje fotoelektrokemijske aktivnosti za proizvodnjo O2. Tako pripravljeni materiali ohranjajo porozno strukturo, ki med fotoelektrokemijskim testiranjem omogoča penetracijo elektrolita ter dotok simulirane sončne svetlobe do aktivnih mest na površini fotokatalizatorjev. Vzorec, sintetiziran z metodo potresanja CM-kompleksa, kaže najnižjo fotoelektrokemijsko aktivnost, ki je precej nižja od fotoelektrokemijske aktivnosti nemodificiranega ZnO, ki ima morfologijo nanožičk. Slednje je posledica dejstva, da prekomerna plast g-CxNy blokira možnost vstopa elektrolita ter simulirane sončne svetlobe v medprostore med nanožičkami ZnO. S podrobno fotoelektrokemijsko karakterizacijo je bilo ugotovljeno, da ima sloj g-CxNy sposobnost učinkovite ekstrakcije elektronskih vrzeli, ki so dejansko aktivna mesta za proces oksidacije H2O. Posledično to vodi do velike izboljšave v fotoelektrokemijski aktivnosti oksidacije H2O. Relativno na fotokatalizator ZnO brez nanosa g-CxNyima modificirani vzorec ZnO z optimalnim nanosom sloja g-CxNy, ki je sintetiziran z metodo potapljanja, kar 3,5-krat večjo gostoto toka pri potencialu 1,23 V, merjenem glede na reverzibilno vodikovo elektrodo (RHE angl. Reversible Hydrogen Electrode). S tem se izboljša tudi stabilnost fotokatalizatorja v močno alkalni raztopini. V drugem delu raziskave se osredotočamo na pripravo Cu-Zn oksidnih katalizatorjev, sintetiziranih po sol-gel postopku. Katalizatorji so nadalje modificirani z Al2O3 na dva načina (s sol-gel metodo ter z metodo mokre impregnacije). Tovrstni katalizatorji so bili testirani za proces razklopa NH3 ter proizvodnjo H2 visoke čistote z namenom priprave goriva za gorivne celice. Katalizatorja, pripravljena s tehniko mokre impregnacije, ki vsebujeta nosilec γ-Al2O3, imata na površini boljšo disperzijo baker vsebujočih zvrsti v primerjavi s katalizatorji brez nosilca Al2O3. Analiza slik z vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo (SEM) na omenjenih katalizatorjih kaže na enakomerno porazdelitev delcev zvrsti Cu in ZnO ter podobno morfologijo med katalizatorji ne glede na razmerje Cu/Zn. Katalizatorja, pripravljena z metodo mokre impregnacije, imata boljši katalitski aktivnosti v primerjavi s katalizatorjema, pripravljenima z modificirano sol-gel metodo. Slednje lahko pripišemo vsebnosti nanodelcev Cuᵒ na površini katalizatorjev ter sinergijskemu vplivu mezoporoznega nosilca γ-Al2O3. Ta pomaga pri porazdelitvi aktivnih mest na površini katalizatorjev ter znatno poveča njihovo specifično površino. In the doctoral thesis, two areas of the use of ZnO-based catalysts are presented. The first area involves the preparation of modified ZnO-based materials that have proven to be rather effective photocatalysts, with the ability to photoelectrochemically (PEC) split H2O. The second part of the doctoral thesis involves the preparation of the modified Cu-Zn oxide catalysts for ammonia decomposition reaction. Properties of photocatalytic and catalytic materials were investigated using spectroscopic and microscopic methods. Photocatalytic and catalytic activities were then tested with photocatalytic and catalytic measurements. The main focus was to differentiate between the pristine and modified photocatalyst/catalysts regarding their photocatalytic/catalytic activities, and to check the stability of the prepared photocatalytic/catalytic materials. The first part of the research work describes the preparation of modified photocatalytic materials ZnO with graphitic carbon structures containing nitrogen (hereinafter referred to as g-CxNy). The prepared photocatalysts were efficiently involved in the production of O2 with PEC water splitting. Photocatalysts (also referred to as PEC cells), which were modified by the dip-coating method and prepared by the immersion of the electrode into the aqueous dispersions of the precursor CM-complex (CM – cyanuric acid–melamine), showed the highest PEC activity. Namely, the materials retained their porous structure which, during PEC testing, allowed penetration of the electrolyte and simulated solar light to the active sites on the surface of the photocatalysts. The sample synthesised by the powder deposition method, showed the lowest PEC activity, in fact even significantly lower than the PEC activity of the pristine ZnO, which had the morphology of nanowires. This could be interpreted by assuming that the excessive g-CxNy layer blocked the electrolyte from entering the volume between the ZnO nanowires. With a detailed PEC characterisation, it was shown that the g-CxNy layer has the ability to effectively extract electronic holes, which are the active sites in the process of H2O oxidation. Consequently, this leads to a major improvement in PEC activity - with respect to the photocatalyst ZnO. The optimal sample, which is synthesised by the dip-coating method (when compared to a ZnO photocatalyst without a g-CxNy layer), shows a 3.5-times higher photocurrent density at a potential of 1.23 V, measured relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Good stability is also confirmed in a strongly alkaline solution. In the second part of the study, the main focus is on the preparation of Cu-Zn oxide catalysts synthesised by a modified citrate method. The catalysts are further modified with Al2O3 with two synthetic methods, i.e. sol-gel and wet-impregnation techniques. The catalysts were tested for NH3 decomposition reaction and the production of high purity H2 for fuel cells. The catalyst prepared using a wet-impregnation technique, having γ-Al2O3 as a catalyst support, show an improved dispersion of copper-containing species on the catalyst surface, when compared to the catalysts without catalyst support. The analysis of the mentioned catalysts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows a uniform distribution of Cu-species and ZnO particles, and a similar morphology, regardless of the Cu/Zn ratio. Catalysts prepared by the wet-impregnation method, show a superior catalytic activity, compared to catalysts prepared by the modified sol-gel method. This could be attributed to the content of Cuᵒ nanoparticles on the catalyst surface and the synergistic effect of the γ-Al2O3 mesoporous support. The γ-Al2O3 support helps in distributing the active sites on the surface of catalysts, and significantly increases their specific surface area.
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- 2019
26. Protimikrobna učinkovitost in biorazgradljivost mešanice naravnih celuloznih vlaken z vgrajenim ZnO
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Malis, Domen and Simončič, Barbara
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Staphylococcus aureus ,cinkov oksid ,antimicrobial activity ,udc:606:676.15:604.4:615.33:620.3:661.847'02(043.2) ,protimikrobno delovanje ,biorazgradnja ,trajnostni razvoj ,cellulose fibre ,celulozna vlakna ,Escherichia coli ,zinc oxide ,sustainability ,biodegradation - Abstract
Mikroorganizmi poleg svojih številnih pozitivnih učinkov, kot je na primer biorazgradnja organskih snovi, predstavljajo tudi problem z vidika prenosa bolezni in negativnih vplivov na funkcionalne lastnosti tekstilij. V raziskavi smo proučevali vpliv nanodelcev ZnO na protimikrobno zaščito in stopnjo biorazgradnje mešanic naravnih celuloznih vlaken, z vključenimi protimikrobnimi vlakni liocel v različnih deležih. Protimikrobne teste za bakterije vrst Staphylococcus aureus in Escherichia coli smo izvedli po standardni metodi ASTM E 2149-01. Pri bakterijah vrste E. coli smo opazili značilen trend naraščanja protimikrobne zaščite s povečevanjem deleža protimikrobnih vlaken v mešanici, za pojasnitev odstopajočih rezultatov pri bakterijah vrste S. aureus pa smo izvedli še dodatne teste rasti in adhezije bakterij na posamezna vlakna. Ugotovili smo, da lanena vlakna predstavljajo primeren substrat za rast bakterij vrste S. aureus in da se bakterije nanj po določenem času pritrdijo in zaščitijo s tvorbo biofilma. V drugem delu raziskave o biorazgradnji vlaken smo izbrali mešanico vlaken s 25 % vlaken liocel, ki je dosegla zadovoljivo protimikrobno zaščito pri bakterijah vrste E. coli. Za namen določanja stopnje biorazgradnje smo mešanico skupaj s kontrolnimi vzorci zakopali v humusno ilovico. Po določenih intervalih zakopa smo določili fizikalne in kemijske lastnosti vlaken, za ugotovitev stopnje kontaminacije zemlje pa smo preučili tudi kaljenje semen. Ugotovili smo, da je povišanje količine protimikrobnih vlaken v mešanic vplivalo na zmanjšanje stopnje biorazgradnje mešanice in hkrati ni vplivalo na kontaminacijo zemlje. Microorganisms, in addition to many positive effects such as biological decomposition of organic matters, represent a problem because they cause infectious diseases and adversely affect functional properties of textiles. The main aim of the research was to study the influence of ZnO nanoparticles on the antimicrobial activity and biodegradation of natural cellulose fibre blends including different proportions of lyocell antimicrobial fibres. Antimicrobial tests for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were carried out according the ASTM E 2149-01 standard method. A significant trend in the increase of antimicrobial activity with the increase of the proportion of antimicrobial fibres in the blends was observed for E. coli. Additional tests of bacterial growth and adhesion to individual fibres were performed to clarify the divergent results which were obtained for S. aureus. It was found out that the flax fibres represent a suitable substrate for the growth of S. aureus and that the bacteria adhere to the fibres after a certain period of time and protect themselves by forming a biofilm. In the second part of the research, a fibre blend including 25% lyocell fibres, that provided a satisfactory antimicrobial protection for E. coli, was chosen for biodegradation experiments. In this study, the fibre blend and the control samples were buried into the humus soil. Physical and chemical properties of fibres were analysed after certain intervals of soil burial. To determine the level of the soil contamination, the seed germination was also studied. The results showed that an increase in the proportion of antimicrobial fibres in the blend caused a decrease in the blend biodegradability and at the same time had no effect on the soil contamination.
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- 2019
27. Photocatalytic proprieties of zinc oxide thin films synthesized on porous structures by atomic layer deposition
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Kisiček, Virna and Omerzu, Aleš
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cinkov oksid ,tanki film ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,elektrokemijska oksidacija ,UV-Vis spektroskopija ,metilensko modrilo ,zinc oxide ,UV-Vis spectroscopy ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,fotokataliza ,tanki filmovi ,pretražna elektronska mikroskopija ,thin films ,atomic layer deposition ,methylene blue ,electrochemical oxidation ,photocatalysis ,otpadne vode ,scanning electron microscopy ,wastewaters - Abstract
U radu je proučavan utjecaj tankih filmova cinkovog oksida narastanih na poroznim strukturama na fotokatalitičku razgradnju metilenskog modrila kao modelnog zagađivača u otpadnim vodama. S obzirom na to da se kemijske reakcije između fotokatalizatora i vodenih otopina odvijaju upravo na njihovoj međupovršini, fotokatalizatori velikih aktivnih površina pripremani su postupcima elektrokemijske oksidacije aluminija u trajanju od 2 h, 4 h, i 6 h u 0,1 M fosfornoj kiselini (H3PO4) i jetkanja u trajanju od 1 h i 2 h u 85 %-tnoj H3PO4. Na dobivene porozne strukture različitih dubina sintetiziran je tanki film (25 nm) cinkovog oksida tehnikom depozicije atomskih slojeva (ALD). Elementna analiza i detaljna karakterizacija morfologije i poprečnog presjeka uzoraka na mikro i nano-skalama provedene su pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM), dok su njihova fotokataliticka svojstva, u cilju određivanja optimalnog fotokatalizatora, promatrana mjerenjem optičke apsorpcije UV-Vis spektrofotometrom u periodu od 200 minuta. Rezultati fotokataliticke razgradnje ukazali su na učinkovito uklanjanje bojila metilenskog modrila pod utjecajem sintetiziranih fotokatalizatora. Pojačana fotokatalitička aktivnost primijećena je kod tankog filma cinkovog oksida sintetiziranog na uzorcima aluminija elektrokemijski oksidiranih 4 sata koji su u 200 minuta razgradili nešto više od 50 % modelnog organskog zagađivača. To možemo pripisati njihovoj pogodnoj morfologiji koja se odlikuje povećanom hidrofilnošću u odnosu na ostala 4 uzorka. Također, analizama je pokazano da uzorci jetkani jedan sat pokazuju bolja fotokatalitička svojstva nego oni jetkani dva sata, što se može objasniti degradacijom poroznosti struktura pri dužem nagrizanju uzorka kiselinom. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, as a model pollutant in wastewaters, was studied using zinc oxide thin films synthesized on porous structures. Given that chemical reactions between photocatalyst and aqueous solutions take place by contact between their surface and fluid, photocatalysts of large specific surfaces were prepared by the processes of electrochemical oxidation of aluminium for 2, 4 and 6 hours in 0,1 M H3PO4 and etching during the period of 1 and 2 hours in 85 % H3PO4. On the obtained porous structures of different depths, a thin film (25 nm) of zinc oxide was synthesized using the atomic layer deposition technique (ALD). Elemental analysis and detailed characterization of morphology and cross-section on the microand nanoscale were performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the photocatalytic properties of the sample were studied by measuring optical absorption by UV-Vis spectrophotometer over a 200 minute time period to determine the optimum photocatalyst. The results of photocatalytic degradation indicated the efficient removal of methylene blue dye under the influence of synthesized photocatalysts. However, remarkable results were achieved with samples of zinc oxide thin films synthesized on aluminium samples electrochemically oxidized of 4 hours. These samples dissipated slightly more than 50 % of the model organic pollutant in 200 minutes, which can be ascribed to their specific morphology with increased hydrophilicity compared to the other 4 samples. Also, analyzes showed that samples of 1 hour of etching showed better photocatalytic properties than those of two hours, which can be explained by the degradation of the porosity of the structures during prolonged etching.
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- 2019
28. In-situ sinteza nanodelcev ZnO na bombažni tkanini z reducentom ekstrahiranim iz avokadove koščice
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Marčič, Tina and Gorjanc, Marija
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cinkov oksid ,zelena sinteza ,green synthesis ,avokadova koščica ,avocado pit ,nanodelci [Ključne besede] ,zinc oxide ,extract ,nanoparticles [Keywords] ,ekstrakt - Abstract
Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali se lahko ekstrakt avokadove koščice uporabi kot naravni reducent za in-situ sintezo nanodelcev cinkovega oksida (ZnO) na bombažni tkanini za dosego dobre zaščite pred ultravijoličnim (UV) sevanjem. Zato je bil preučevan vpliv koncentracije prekurzorja (cinkov klorid (ZnCl2)), vrstni red obdelave bombažne tkanine s prekurzorjem in reducentom ter temperature sinteze. Na UV/VIS spektrofotometru je bil vzorcem določen UV zaščitni faktor (UZF), na refleksijskem spektrofotometru pa barva vzorcev v barvnem prostoru CIELAB. Morfologija vlaken oziroma sintetiziranih nanodelcev na vlaknih je bila proučevana z vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo (SEM). Vzorcem je bila izmerjena barva in določen UZF tudi po petkratnem gospodinjskem pranju. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je temperatura in-situ sinteze pomembna, in sicer so imeli vzorci višje UZF vrednosti, če so bili obdelani pri sobni temperaturi kot pri 60 °C. Na oblikovanje nanodelcev in UZF vrednosti vplivata tudi vrstni red obdelave tkanine s prekurzorjem in reducentom ter molarna koncentracija prekurzorja. Višje vrednosti UZF so imeli vzorci, kjer je bila uporabljena 1 M raztopina ZnCl2, kot pa 0,5 M. V primeru, kjer je in-situ sinteza potekala tako, da je bil vzorec najprej obdelan v prekurzorju in nato v reducentu, je vzorec izkazal najvišjo zaščito pred UV sevanjem (dobra UV zaščita). Vzorec ni bil med najtemnejšimi, torej barva ni bila tista, ki je vplivala na UZF, ampak številni nanodelci Zn, ki so se oblikovali na površini bombažnih vlaken, kar je bilo razvidno tudi iz SEM analize. Vrstni red obdelave tkanine, kjer se je tkanino najprej obdelalo v reducentu in nato v prekurzorju, je dal najslabše rezultate UZF. Iz SEM analize je razvidno, da so se na vlaknih oblikovali nanodelci ZnO, vendar očitno ne v zadostni količini, da bi tako obdelana tkanina zagotovila zaščito pred UV sevanjem. Po pranju se nekaterim vzorcem zviša UZF, kar je presenetljivo. Predvideva se, da so nanodelci pri pranju migrirali iz notranjosti vlaken na njihovo površino in s tem zvišal UZF. The purpose of the bachelor’s thesis was to determine whether the avocado pit extract can be used as a natural reducing agent for in-situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) on cotton fabric and whether good protection against ultraviolet (UV) radium can be achieved. For this purpose, the molar concentration of the precursor (zinc chloride (ZnCl2)), the order of treatment of the cotton fabric with the precursor and reducing agent, and the temperature of the synthesis were studied. On the UV/VIS spectrophotometer, the sample was determined by the UV protection factor (UZF) and the color of the samples (CIELAB) on the reflection spectrophotometer. The morphology of fibers or synthesized nanoparticles on fibers was studied by linear electron microscopy (SEM). The samples were measured in color and were determined by UZF after a five-time household wash. The results of the study showed that the in-situ synthesis temperature was important and samples had higher (UZF) values if they were treated at the room temperature than at 60 °C. The order of processing of the fabric with the precursor and reducing agent and the molar concentration of the precursor were also influenced by the formation of nanoparticles and UZF values. Higher values of UZF had samples where 1 M ZnCl2 solution was used than 0.5 M. In the case where the in-situ synthesis was carried out in such a way that the sample was first treated in the precursor and then in the reducing agent, the sample showed the highest protection against UV radiation (good UV protection). The sample was not among the darkest, so the color was not the one that affected the UZF but the numerous nanoparticles of Zn formed on the surface of the cotton fibers, which was also evident from the SEM analysis. The order of processing of the fabric where the fabric was, first, treated in the reducing agent and then in the precursor gave the worst results of the UZF. From the SEM analysis, it can be seen that ZnO nanoparticles were formed on the fibers, but apparently not in sufficient quantity for the treated fabric to provide protection against UV radiation. After washing, some patterns increase UZF, which is surprising. It is anticipated that the nanoparticles migrated to the surface of the fibers by washing and, therefore, increased the UZF.
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- 2019
29. Mehanokemijska sinteza nanočestica ZnO dopiranoga kadmijem
- Author
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Mužina, Katarina, Munda, Ivana Katarina, Mandić, Vilko, Kurajica, Stanislav, Galić, Nives, and Rogošić, Marko
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,fotokataliza ,mehanokemijska sinteza ,dopiranje - Abstract
Cinkov oksid (ZnO) jedan je od najznačajnijih spojeva cinka, poluvodič koji svoju primjenu nalazi u raznim granama industrije zbog dobrih električnih i mehaničkih svojstava te termičke stabilnosti. Primjenu ZnO kao fotokatalizatora otežava velika energija zabranjene zone (3, 7 eV) i brza rekombinacija elektrona i šupljina. Dodatkom dopanata može se smanjiti energija zabranjene zone cinkova oksida i ograničiti proces rekombinacije te tako povećati njegova fotokatalitička aktivnost. Jedan od dopanata koji se u tu svrhu koristi je kadmij. ZnO dopiran kadmijem moguće je pripraviti različitim metodama poput sinteze sagorijevanjem, termolize, koprecipitacije, sonokemijske sinteze, hidrotermalne sinteze, sol‐gel procesa itd. Neke od navedenih metoda su kompleksne, teško ih je kontrolirati, zahtijevaju skupu opremu ili prekursore, neprikladne su za sintezu nanočestica ili dovode do visokog stupnja aglomeracije produkta. Mehanokemijska sinteza je jednostavna, ekološki i ekonomski prihvatljiva metoda dobivanja nanočestica koja omogućava dobivanje velike količine produkta.U ovom radu mehanokemijskom sintezom pripravljene su nanočestice cinkova oksida dopiranoga kadmijem u različitim udjelima. Kao prekursori korišteni su ZnCl2, CdCl2 i Na2CO2, dok je NaCl upotrijebljen kao razrjeđivač. Uzorci su termički obrađeni pri 600 °C u trajanju od 2 sata, isprani, te analizirani rendgenskom difrakcijom praha (XRD), infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR), UV‐Vis difuznom refleksijskom spektroskopijom (DRS), elektronskim pretražnim mikroskopom (SEM), energetski razlučujućom rendgenskom spektroskopijom (EDS) i adsorpcijom N2. Fotokatalitička aktivnost pripremljenih katalizatora vrednovana je u procesu razgradnje metilenskog plavila. Utvrđeno je da je mehanokemijskom sintezom moguće ugraditi do 2 mol. % kadmija u kristalnu rešetku cinkova oksida, dok veći udjeli rezultiraju pojavom drugih faza poput kadmijeva oksida i kadmijeva karbonata. Dopiranje utječe na povećanje kristalita ZnO, no veće promjene u morfologiji, energiji zabranjene zone, a sukladno tome i fotokatalitičkoj aktivnosti ZnO nisu uočene.
- Published
- 2019
30. PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTION OF ZINC OXIDE ON FOODBORNE BACTERIA
- Author
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Lovrović, Maša, Gobin, Ivana, Tomić Linšak, Dijana, and Linšak, Željko
- Subjects
patogeni ,cinkov oksid ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Clinical Medical Sciences. Medical Microbiology ,food ,zinc oxide ,patogeni, hrana, cinkov oksid, fotokataliza ,fotokataliza ,pathogens ,hrana ,photocatalysis ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Kliničke medicinske znanosti. Medicinska mikrobiologija - Abstract
Hranom prenosive bolesti jedne su od najučestalijih bolesti u svijetu. Uzrokuju ih razni mikroorganizmi koji se prenose hranom i vodom za piće. U ovom istraživanju promatran je antibakterijski učinak fotoaktiviranog cinkovog oksida na šest patogena koji se prenose hranom od kojih su 3 predstavnici gram-pozitivnih, a 3 predstavnici gram – negativnih bakterija. Spektrofotometrijski utvrđene koncentracije bakterijskih suspenzija od 106 CFU/mL izlagane su UV svjetlosti valne duljine 366 nm 3 i 5 minuta u prisustvu cinkovog oksida nanesenog na polimerni nosač, a učinkovitost cinkovog oksida uspoređena je s učinkovitosti samog nosača i UV svjetlosti. Bakterijska suspenzija nasađena je na Mueller Hinton agar tehnikom nakapavanja 2 sata i 24 sata kasnije. Eksperiment je ponovljen kako bi se utvrdio učinak na bakterijsku adheziju na polimerne nosače. Nosači su sonificirani u ultrazvučnoj kupelji i dobivena suspenzija je nasađena na agar. Nakon inkubacije od 24 sata, brojene su kolonije. Rezultati pokazuju da fotoaktivirani cinkov oksid ima statistički značajno bolje djelovanje na gram – negativne bakterije. Najotpornija bakterija je Staphylococcus aureus, a najosjetljivija je Escherichia coli. Usporedba učinka polimernih nosača s cinkovim oksidom sa i bez fotoaktivacije UV svjetlom potvrđuje da je učinak statistički značajan nakon 3 i 5 minuta u preživljavanju i broju adheriranih bakterija. Nakon 24 sata fotokatalitički učinak nije statistički značajan što se može pripisati odgođenim učincima UV – a i oksidacijskog stresa., Foodborne diseases are one of the most common illnesses in the world. They are caused by various microorganisms distributed by food or potable water. In this research, antibacterial effect of photoactivated zinc oxide was observed on six foodborne pathogens, three Gram negative, and three Gram positive. Spectrophotometrically determined bacterial suspension of 106 CFU/mL was exposed to UV light at wavelength 366 nm for 3 and 5 minutes with zinc oxide applied to polymer carrier, and the effectiveness of zinc oxide was compared to the carrier and UV light on their own. Bacterial suspension was plated on Mueller Hinton agar using drop plate technique 2 and 24 hours after exposure. The experiment was repeated to determine the effect on bacterial adhesion to the polymer. Polymer carriers were sonicated in an ultrasound bath and the acquired suspension was plated. After 24 hours of incubation, colonies were counted for results. Results show that photoactivated zinc oxide has a statistically significant effect on Gram negative bacteria. The most resistant bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus, and the most susceptible bacterium was Escherichia coli. Comparison of effect between polymer carriers with zinc oxide with and without UV light photoactivation confirms that the effects of photoactivation are statistically significant after both 3 and 5 minutes in bacterial survival and adherence to carriers. After 24 hours there was no significant effect which could be due to postponed effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress.
- Published
- 2019
31. Vpliv parametrov in-situ sinteze ZnO na bombažu za doseganje UV zaščite
- Author
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Verbič, Anja and Gorjanc, Marija
- Subjects
nanodelci ,cinkov oksid ,UV sevanje ,zinc oxide ,in-situ sinteza ,bombaž ,nanoparticles ,UV protection ,in-situ synthesis ,zaščita pred UV sevanjem ,cotton ,UV radiation - Abstract
Cinkov oksid (ZnO) je anorganska spojina, ki poleg fotokatalitičnosti, polprevodnosti in protimikrobnosti nudi odlično zaščito pred ultravijoličnim (UV) sevanjem. Tekstilije, ki nudijo UV zaščito imajo izreden pomen pri preprečevanju poškodb, ki nastanejo zaradi izpostavljenosti UV sevanju. Namen raziskave magistrskega dela je bil proučiti pogoje in-situ sinteze nanodelcev cinkovega oksida (ZnO-ND) na bombažni tkanini in doseči visok ultravijolični zaščitni faktor (UZF) funkcionalizirane tkanine. V prvem delu raziskave je bil proučevan vpliv vrste reducenta (Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH) in njegove molarne koncentracije (0,1M in 1M) na oblikovanje nanodelcev in vrednost UZF bombažne tkanine. V drugem delu raziskave so bili proučevani še drugi dejavniki, kot so čas obdelave tkanine v prekurzorju (ZnCl2), čas sinteze (čas obdelave po dodatku reducenta) in čas sušenja po in-situ sintezi. Visoke vrednosti UZF (50+), ki so bile določene na UV/Vis spektrofotometru, so bile dosežene pri in-situ sintezi ZnO-ND z uporabo NaOH in KOH v molarni koncentraciji 1M. Višje vrednosti UZF so bile dosežene z uporabo NaOH kot KOH. Z masno-spektrometrično analizo induktivno sklopljene plazme (ICP-MS) je bilo potrjeno, da je vsebnost cinka na tkanini, kjer je bil za in-situ sintezo uporabljen NaOH, višja kot pri uporabi KOH. Iz posnetkov vrstične elektronske mikroskopije (SEM) je bilo razvidno, da so bili pri in-situ sintezi oblikovani ZnO-ND okrogle oblike, ki so povsem oplaščili vlakna. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da ima na tvorbo ZnO-ND in visoke vrednosti UZF tkanine izreden vpliv daljši čas sinteze, ne pa tudi daljši čas obdelave tkanine v prekurzorju. Čas sušenja po in-situ sintezi ni bistveno vplival na vrednosti UZF tkanine, je pa vplival na obliko nanodelcev, ki so se oblikovali na površini bombažnih vlaken. Z daljšim časom sušenja so se oblikovali nanodelci bolj pravilnih okroglih oblik. Funkcionalizirane tkanine niso imele dobrih obstojnosti na pranje, saj se je že po prvem pranju večina nanodelcev odstranila. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound, which in addition to photocatalytic, semi-conductive and antibacterial properties, provides excellent protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Textiles that offer UV protection play an important role in prevention of skin damages caused by UV radiation. The aim of master's thesis research, was to investigate different parameters of in-situ synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) on cotton in order to achieve high UV protecton factor (UPF). In the first part of the research the influence of different reducing agents (Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH) and it's molar concentration (0,1M and 1M) on formation of nanoparticles and UPF values of cotton fabric was studied. The second part of the research was focused on other parameters of in-situ synthesis, such as treatment time in ZnCl2 precursor, synthesis time (time of treatment after adding the reducing agent) and drying time after in-situ synthesis. Using UV/Vis spectroscopy high UPF values were determined on cotton fabric, where in-situ synthesis was performed using NaOH and KOH, both in 1M molar concentration. The use of NaOH resulted in higher UPF value of cotton fabric. The content of ZnO particles was examined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As expected, the results showed higher content of zinc on the fabric, where NaOH was used for in-situ synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that use of this reducing agent resulted in cotton fabric, completely covered with small, round shaped nanoparticles. From the second part of the research it was discovered that synthesis time has the biggest influence on UPF value of cotton fabric. Treatment time in precursor did not importantly affect the UV protection of the fabric. Besides that, longer drying time did not result in higher UPF value, although it had a big influence on morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. With longer drying time the nanoparticles were more round shaped. The samples had poor wash fastness even after the first wash, which was observed by removal of the majority of ZnO nanoparticles.
- Published
- 2018
32. Activity and stability of ZnO coatings during photocatalytic degradation of pollutants
- Author
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Kolenić, Mateja and Macan, Jelena
- Subjects
photocatalytic activity ,cinkov oksid ,photocatalyts ,morfologija ,kemijsko nanošenje iz otopine ,zinc oxide ,coatings ,fotokatalizatori ,prevlake ,chemical bath deposition ,morphology ,fotokatalitička aktivnost ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati aktivnost i postojanost prevlaka ZnO tijekom fotokatalitičke reakcije razgradnje onečišćivala. Prevlake ZnO sintetizirane su metodom kemijskog taloženja iz metanolnih otopina cinkovog acetata dihidrata koncentracija 0,15 i 0,50 mol dm^-3. Kao podloge, korištena su predmetna stakalca i staklena mrežica. Dobivene prevlake sintetizirane su 41 h pri 55 °C te su žarene u peći 2 h pri 400 °C. Sintetizirane prevlake karakterizirane su pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom. Fotokatalitička aktivnost sintetiziranih prevlaka tj. fotokatalizatora ispitana je u protočnom fotokatalitičkom reaktoru razgradnjom onečišćivala, 2,5-dihidroksibenzojeve kiseline, pod djelovanjem UV ili sunčevog zračenja. UV/Vis spektrofotometrom pratila se promjena koncentracije onečišćivala. Sve ispitane prevlake pokazale su fotokatalitičku aktivnost što je rezultiralo smanjenjem koncentracije otopine onečišćivala. Pod UV zračenjem nakon 4 h reakcije dolazi do smanjenja koncentracije za više od 40 %. Pod simuliranim sunčevim zračenjem koncentracija nakon 4 h smanji se za manje od 10 %. Analizirajući kinetiku reakcije, dobivene konstante brzine reakcija također su veće za reakcije pod UV zračenjem od onih pod simuliranim sunčevim zračenjem. Temperatura provođenja reakcije, podloga na koju se nanosi fotokatalizator ni morfologija sintetiziranih fotokatalizatora ne utječu znatno na njihovu djelotvornost. The aim of this study was to investigate activity and stability of ZnO coatings during the photocatalytic degradation of pollutant. ZnO coatings were prepared by chemical bath deposition from zinc acetate dihydrate dissolved in methanol, concentration 0.15 and 0.50 mol dm^-3. As substrates were used microscope slides and glass mesh. Coatings were synthesised for 41 h at 55 °C and annealed 2 h at 400 °C. Prepared coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Photocatalytic activity of prepared photocatalyts was tested in circulating photocatalytic reactor. Degradation of pollutatant, 2,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid, was tracked under the UV or solar radiation. The change in concentration of 2,5-dihydroxibenzoic acid solution was monitored by UV/Vis spectrometry. All tested coatings were photocatalytically active, which was shown in decreasing of concentration of pollutant. Under UV radiation after 4 h of reaction the concentration of 2,5-dihydroxibenzoic acid solution decreased more than 40 %. Under solar radiation, concentration decreased less than 10 %. Reactions under UV radiation were much faster than reactions under solar radiation. Temperature of reaction, substrates on which coatings were deposited and morphology of prepared coatings didn’t significantly affect their photocatalytic efficiency.
- Published
- 2018
33. Electronic transport measurements on zinc oxide thin films synthesized by atomic layer deposition
- Author
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Veličan, Karlo and Omerzu, Aleš
- Subjects
PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Fizika ,cinkov oksid ,tanki film ,depozicija atomskih slojeva ,fotostruja ,thin film ,Zinc oxide ,atomic layer deposition ,photocurrent ,električna otpornost ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Physics ,electrical resistivity - Abstract
Ovim diplomskim radom predstavljena je razlika električnih transportnih svojstava tankih filmova cinkovog oksida (ZnO) sintetiziranih tehnikom depozicije atomskih slojeva (ALD) pri temperaturama sinteze od 100 ℃ i 200 ℃. Poprečni presjeci i morfologije tankih filmova snimljeni su pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom. Morfologije tankih filmova su uspoređene s rezultatima mjerenja električne otpornosti. Izmjerene strujno naponske karakteristike, iz kojih su izračunate specifične električne otpornosti, pokazale su da specifične električne otpornosti uvelike ovise o temperaturi korištenoj pri ALD sintezi tankih filmova. Izmjerene su vrijednosti (5,8±0,6)∙102 Ωcm za tanki film sintetiziran na 100 ℃ i (3,6±0,4)∙10−2 Ωcm za tanki film sintetiziran na 200 ℃. Tanki film sintetiziran na 200 ℃ je pokazao anomalnu ovisnost otpora kao funkcije vremena, gdje je otpor ovisio o prijašnjem toku struje kroz tanki film. Vjerojatan uzrok takvom anomalnom efektu je sama struktura tankih filmova. Naime, smjer narastanja tankih filmova ima izraženo usmjerenje okomito na površinu supstrata, te takva konfiguracija stvara veliku koncentraciju granica zrna okomito na tok struje. Također, mjerena je i ovisnost električne otpornosti uzoraka o izloženosti uzoraka svjetlosti. Izmjerena su karakteristična vremena saturacije fotostruje, te pokazana ovisnost električnog otpora tankih filmova o UV djelu spektra svjetlosti. Izmjerena karakteristična vremena pobuđenja i relaksacije elektrona odgovaraju dvama procesima od kojih je jedan sporiji, a drugi brži - razlikuju se oko 3 puta za film sintetiziran pri 100 ℃ i oko 36 puta za film sintetiziran pri 200 ℃. In this work I show differences in electric transport properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at two different temperatures. The films were deposited at 100 ℃ and 200 ℃. Morphologies and cross sections of the films were obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thin film morphologies were correlated with the electrical transport properties. The electrical resistivity of ZnO thin films depends strongly on the ALD growth temperature. The measured values for electrical resistivity are (5,8±0,6)∙102 Ωcm, for thin films grown at 100 ℃, and (3,6±0,4)∙10−2 Ωcm, for thin films grown at 200 ℃. The resistivities were determined from current voltage characteristics. The thin films grown at 200 ℃ showed an anomalous time dependence of the electrical resistance where the resistance was changing in time, depending on the previous current flow. A probable cause for such behavior lies in structural characteristics of the ZnO thin films - the ALD growth of thin films prefers a uniaxial direction, which creates grain boundaries perpendicular to the current flow. A dependence of the electrical resistivity on an ambient illumination is also presented. From measurements of photocurrent as a function of time, we could extract characteristic excitation and relaxation times of photo created electrons. The characteristic times correspond to two processes, one slower and other faster. The slow and the fast processes differ approximately 3 times for the thin films grown at 100 ℃ and 36 times for the thin films grown at 200 ℃.
- Published
- 2018
34. Preparation of ZnO/PANI nanocomposites and its application in photocatalytic decomposition of dyes
- Author
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Živković, Ivana and Hrnjak-Murgić, Zlata
- Subjects
nanokompozit ,cinkov oksid ,PANI ,nanocomposite ,Acid blue 25 bojilo ,zinc oxide ,fotokataliza ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,simulated solar radiation ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,simulirano Sunčevo zračenje ,Acid blue 25 colorant ,photocatalysis - Abstract
U radu provedena je in-situ sinteza polianilina (PANI) u prisustvu ZnO katalizatora za pripravu ZnO/PANI nanokompozitnog fotokatalizatora za katalitičko pročišćavanje otpadnih voda. Sinteza PANI polimera provedena je na različitim uvjetima, tj. modificiran je postupak in-situ sinteze tako da je prvo kratko sintetiziran čisti PANI polimer, a kasnije je nastavljena in-situ sinteza u prisustvu ZnO nanočestica. Također, varirano je vrijeme polimerizacije; 90 min; 120 min i 180 min. Pripremljeni uzorci ZnO/PANI nanokompozitnih fotokatalizatora karakterizirani su visokorezolucijskom pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom (FE-SEM), FTIR spektroskopijskom analizom te im je određena elektrovodljivost čime je potvrđena uspješna in-situ sinteza nanokompozita ZnO/PANI. Provedena je ocjena fotokatalitičke aktivnosti sintetiziranih ZnO/PANI nanokompozitnih fotokatalizatora razgradnjom Acid Blue 25 (AB25) bojila kojim je bila onečišćena voda uz simulirano Sunčevo zračenje. UV/VIS spektrofotometrom praćeno je obezbojenje u vodi, određivanjem absorbancije na λmax=622 nm za AB25 bojilo. Stupanj mineralizacije prisutnog bojila u vodi određen je mjerenjem vrijednosti ukupnog organskog ugljika (TOC) koji ukazuje na stupanj razgradnje cijele molekule bojila, a ne samo kromoforne skupine. Rezultati fotokatalitičke aktivnosti ZnO/PANI uz simulirano Sunčevo zračenje pokazuju da su sintetizirani fotokatalizatori djelotvorni, ali nije uspostavljen sinergistički efekt djelovanja ZnO i PANI polimera koji bi omogućio veću efikasnost razgradnje AB25 bojila od čistog ZnO katalizatora. The development of innovative waste water treatment technology aslo implies the development of new polymer nanocomposites with expanded photocatalytic activity, shifted towards the visible UV / VIS spectrum of solar radiation. For this reason, the quasi in situ synthesis was used to prepare the ZnO / PANI nanocomposite, which was used in photocatalysis with simulated solar radiation. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) confirmed the successful synthesis of the ZnO / PANI nanocomposite. FTIR analysis also showed the presence of the nanocomposite due to presence of characteristic vibrational tapes for PANI and ZnO. Evaluation of photocatalytic activity for prepared ZnO / PANI nanocomposite samples was carried out and purification of wastewater with Acid Blue 25 (AB25) dye was carried out. Discoloration of the wastewater was monitored by the UV / VIS spectrophotometer by determining absorbance (λ = 622 nm for AB25). The degree of mineralization of the dye in wastewater was determined by measuring the value of total organic carbon (TOC). The results of photocatalytic activity with simulated solar radiation show that photocatalyst is effective at low concentrations of contamination as confirmed by achieving a high percentage of cloudiness and relatively low (satisfactory) TOC values.
- Published
- 2017
35. The influence of synthesis conditions on the photocatalytic efficiency of polypyrrole/zinc oxide composites
- Author
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Perlog, Martina and Kratofil Krehula, Ljerka
- Subjects
polipirol ,cinkov oksid ,polypyrrole ,kompozit ,cinkov oksid, fotokataliza, kompozit, polipirol ,zinc oxide ,fotokataliza ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,composite ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,photocatalysis - Abstract
Cinkov oksid smatra se jednim od najboljih fotokatalizatora s obzirom na njegovu efikasnost i cijenu. Pokazuje veliku učinkovitost na ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju pa se nastoji modificirati da bi se dobio novi fotokatalitički materijal koji bi apsorbirao cijeli ili barem veći dio Sunčeva zračenja, a ne samo ultraljubičasti dio. Cilj ovog rada bio je dobiti optimalnu količinu vodljivog polimera u kompozitnom materijalu koja će, u kombinaciji sa ZnO, omogućiti učinkovitu razgradnju organskih onečišćenja u vodi kako bi ih preveli u biorazgradljive spojeve ili ih u potpunosti mineralizirali. Provedena je sinteza kompozita polipirol/cinkov oksid (PPy/ZnO), polimerizacijom monomera pirola u prisutnosti ZnO, uz različitu duljinu trajanja reakcije polimerizacije (30, 45, 60 i 75 minuta). Fotokatalitičko djelovanje PPy/ZnO kompozita ispitano je u procesu razgradnje bojila Acid Blue 25 (AB 25). Kompoziti PPy/ZnO okarakterizirani su FTIR spektroskopijom, UV/Vis spektroskopijom i termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA). Uzorcima je određena i elektrovodljivost. Utvrđeno je da kompoziti uspješno razgrađuju uzorke vode onečišćene bojilom AB 25. Sintetizirani fotokatalitički kompoziti PPy/ZnO imaju prošireno fotokatalitičko djelovanje, pomaknuto prema vidljivom poručju UV/Vis spektra Sunčeva zračenja. Zinc oxide is considered to be one of the best photocatalysts in terms of its efficiency and price. It shows high efficiency under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but there are many efforts in order to modify ZnO to obtain a new photocatalytic material that would absorb whole or at least most of the sun's radiation, not just the ultraviolet part. The aim of this paper was to obtain the optimum amount of conductive polymer in composite material that will, in combination with ZnO, enable efficient decomposition of organic pollutants in water to transform them into biodegradable compounds or fully mineralize them. The synthesis of the composite polypyrrole/zinc oxide (PPy/ZnO) has been carried out by polymerization of pyrrole monomer in the presence of ZnO, with various duration of polymerization (30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes). The photocatalytic activity of PPy/ZnO composites was tested in the process of degradation of the dye Acid Blue 25 (AB 25). PPy/ZnO composites are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Electrical conductivity was also determined. It has been determined that PPy/ZnO composites successfully decompose pollution caused by AB 25. Synthesized PPy/ZnO composites have enhanced photocatalytic activity in the visible region of solar radiation.
- Published
- 2017
36. Vpliv različnih aditivov v izbranih polimernih materialih na rast gram pozitivnih in gram negativnih mikroorganizmov
- Author
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Kučuk, Nika and Primožič, Mateja
- Subjects
polyethylene ,antimikrobne lastnosti ,cinkov oksid ,antimicrobial properties ,polietilen ,inhibition of the growth of microorganisms ,polipropilen ,E. coli ,inhibicija rasti mikroorganizmov ,zinc oxide ,polymeric materials ,polimerni materiali ,S. aureus ,udc:665.652.2(043.2) ,polypropylene - Abstract
Glavni namen diplomske naloge je bil določiti tisti polimerni material, ki bo najbolj zaviral rast mikroorganizmov. Antimikrobno aktivnost izbranih polimernih materialov z dodatkom različnih koncentracij cinkovega oksida (ZnO) ter drugih aditivov (stearinska kislina) smo testirali na gram negativni bakteriji Escherichia coli in gram pozitivni bakteriji Staphylococcus aureus. Analizni postopek smo izvedli v skladu z ISO standardom 22196:2007, kjer je opisana metoda, s katero smo določili antimikrobne lastnosti izbranih polimernih materialov. Uporabili smo osem različnih materialov, od katerih so bili štirje iz polietilena (PE), ostali štirje pa iz polipropilena (PP). Izbrani polimerni materiali so vsebovali različne koncentracije ZnO ter preostalih primesi. Antimikrobno aktivnost materialov smo določevali na osnovi primerjave med številom preživelih bakterijskih kolonij na testnih vzorcih, ki so vsebovali ZnO, s številom preživelih bakterijskih kolonij na slepih vzorcih, ki niso vsebovali ZnO ali drugih primesi. Rezultati so pokazali, da ZnO in dodane primesi v vseh uporabljenih polimernih materialih uspešno inhibirajo rast in razmnoževanje gram pozitivne bakterije S. aureus. Popolna inhibicija na gram negativno bakterijo E. coli pa je bila dokazana le pri dveh izbranih polimerih. Metodo po ISO 22196:2007 smo potrdili na dveh komercialnih materialih, ki sta obdelana s tehnologijo Microban® in GermoSAFE ter zagotavljata antimikrobno učinkovitost. The main purpose of this diploma thesis was to determine polymeric material that will most inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the selected materials with the addition of different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) and other additives (stearic acid) on gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was tested. The analytical procedure was carried out in accordance with ISO standard 22196:2007, which describes a method for determining the antimicrobial properties on selected polymeric materials. Eight different materials, of which four were made of polyethylene (PE) and the other four of polypropylene (PP) were used. The selected polymeric materials contained different concentrations of ZnO and other additives. The antimicrobial activity of the materials on the basis of comparison between the number of viable bacteria colonies recovered from samples treated with ZnO particles, with the number of viable bacteria colonies recovered from zero samples that did not contain ZnO or other additives was determined. The results showed that ZnO and added additives in all used polymeric materials successfully inhibit the growth and reproduction of gram positive bacteria S. aureus. Complete inhibition of gram negative bacteria E. coli was proved only on two selected polymers. The ISO 22196:2007 method was confirmed on two commercial materials which provide antimicrobial efficacy, treated with technology Microban® and GermoSAFE.
- Published
- 2017
37. Influence of Synthesis Conditions on The Photocatalytic Activity of Polypyrrole/Zinc Oxide Composites
- Author
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Kratofil Krehula, Ljerka, Perlog, Martina, Stjepanović, Jasmina, Gilja, Vanja, Krehula, Stjepko, Hrnjak-Murgić, Zlata, and Krýsa, Josef
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,fotokataliza ,kompoziti ,polipirol - Abstract
An interaction of conductive polymer and metal oxide particles may contribute to achievement of specific properties and enhanced photocatalytic activity of obtained material. This work studies the development of composite structures based on polypyrrole/zinc oxide (PPy/ZnO) with increased photocatalytic performance under solar radiation due to components‘ synergistic activity in such composite material. It is very important to optimize the synthesis conditions in order to obtain composite material PPy/ZnO with high surface area, the optimal thickness of conductive polymer layer on ZnO and also minimal possible aggregation of metal oxide particles. In this study several composites of PPy/ZnO were prepared. The duration of synthesis was from 30 to 90 min. Obtained composite samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The decomposition of dye Reactive Red 45 (RR 45) under UV and solar light was used to estimate the photocatalytic efficiency of prepared composite samples. The obtained results show that duration of synthesis highly influences the photocatalytic efficiency of composites.
- Published
- 2017
38. Synthesis oh ZnO nanoshells using the enzyme urease as a catalytic template
- Author
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Burštinski, Martina and Vrsalović Presečki, Ana
- Subjects
urease ,enzyme ,cinkov oksid ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Reakcijsko inženjerstvo ,zinc ,zinc oxide ,nanoparticles ,enzimi ,nanočestice ,cink ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Reaction Engineering ,ureaza - Abstract
U ovom radu provedena je sinteza nanočestica s ljuskom od cinkovog oksida i jezgrom od enzima ureaze. Sinteza nanočestica cinkovih oksida se provodila se u redestiliranoj vodi pri različitim koncentracijama cinka i uree pri temperaturi T = 25 °C uz istu koncentraciju ureaze. Kinetika brzine taloženja enzima ureaze opisana je kinetikom prvog reda za koju je utvrđeno da dobro opisuje gotovo sve reakcije. Istaložene nanočestice cinkovog oksida su karakterizirane pomoću optičkog mikroskopa. In this study synthesis of core shell nanoparticles with the core of enzyme urease and the shell of zinc was carried out. The synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out in redistilled water with different concentrations of zinc and urea at temperature T = 25 °C, and with the same concentration of urease. The rate of enzyme precipitation was described by the first order kinetics. This kinetic described well almost all experiments. Synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized using the optical microscope.
- Published
- 2016
39. Optimization of deposition conditions for transparent coatings from sol
- Author
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Kolenić, Mateja and Macan, Jelena
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,nanošenje uranjanjem ,crystallization ,dip coating ,kristalizacija ,morfologija ,prevlake ,morphology ,zinc oxide ,coatings ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Basic Technical Sciences. Materials ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Temeljne tehničke znanosti. Materijali - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada je ispitati kako pojedini parametri utječu na stvaranje ZnO prevlaka. Pripremljeni su solovi cinkova acetata dihidrata, koristeći dietanolamin ili heksametilentetraamin kao stabilizator te destiliranu vodu, izopropanol ili 1-metoksi-2-propanol kao otapalo. Ispitivan je utjecaj različitih otapala, amina, koncentracija cinkovog acetata te različitih omjera amina i cinkovog acetata. Uzorci pripravljenih solova ostavljeni su da stoje na sobnoj temperaturi do prelaska u čvrsto stanje, a potom su sušeni na 110 °C i kalcinirani na temperaturama od 200 do 500 °C. Iz sola su izvučene prevlake tehnikom uranjanja, sušene te kalcinirane pri prethodno navedenim uvjetima. Dio prevlaka je korišten kao podloga za rast igličastih kristala ZnO iz sola. Uzorci su karakterizirani rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom, infracrvenom spektroskopijom, diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom te pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom. The aim of this study is to investigate effects of some parameters on preparation of ZnO coatings. Sol is prepared from zinc acetate dihydrate dissolved in isopropanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol or distilled water. Diethanolamine or hexamethylenetetramine were used as a stabilizer. Influence of different solvents, amines, concentrations of zinc acetate and different ratios of amine and zinc acetate was investigated. Samples of sol were left on room temperature until they solidified. Then they were dried at 110 °C and annealed at 200 – 500 °C. Coatings from sol were prepared by dip coating method, dried and annealed as described above. Some of coatings are used as a substrate for growth of needle-like ZnO crystals from sol. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy.
- Published
- 2016
40. Fotokatalitička razgradnja azo bojila uz poli(3, 4-etilendioksitiofena)/ZnO nanokompozitni fotokatalizator
- Author
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Tašić, Aleksandar and Hrnjak-Murgić, Zlata
- Subjects
nanocomposite photocatalyst ,cinkov oksid ,waste water ,zinc oxide ,azo bojilo RR45 ,azo dye RR45 ,poli(3 4-etilendioksitiofen) ,nanokompozitni fotokatalizator ,Fotokataliza, otpadne vode, azo bojilo RR45, cinkov oksid, vodljivi polimeri, poli(3, 4-etilendioksitiofen), nanokompozitni fotokatalizator ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,fotokataliza ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,vodljivi polimeri ,photocatalysis ,conductive polymers ,poly(3 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ,otpadne vode - Abstract
Pročišćavanje otpadnih voda moguće je na više načina, različitim metodama i procesima: mehaničkim uklanjanjem onečišćenja, fizikalnim, biološkim, kemijskim metodama. Fotokataliza je proces koji se ubraja u kemijske metode pročišćavanja otpadnih voda, a provodi se upotrebom fotokatalizatora od kojih su najčešći metalni oksidi (TiO2, ZnO … ). U ovom radu istraživana je efikasnost fotokatalitičke razgradnje onečišćenja, azo bojila Reactive Red 45 (RR45) u vodi uz primjenu sintetiziranog nanokompozitnog fotokatalizatora, cinkovog oksida (ZnO) i vodljivog polimera poli(3,4-etilendioksitiofen) (PEDOT). Zato je u radu provedena sinteza PEDOT/ZnO kompozitnog fotokatalizatora pri različitim omjerima monomer:oksidans (1:2; 1:3; 1:5). Sintetizirani fotokatalizatori karakterizirani su Infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovim transformacijama (FTIR), Rendgenskom difrakcijom (XRD), Pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) i termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA). Fotokataliza provedena je pod UV-A zračenjem i simuliranim Sunčevim zračenjem gdje je ispitana učinkovitost uklanjanja azo bojila Reactive Red 45 (RR45) praćenjem obezbojenja vode s UV/Vis spektroskopijom. Iz rezultata fotokatalitičke aktivnosti vidljivo je da uzorak čistog cinkova oksida ima najveću fotokatalitičku aktivnost pod oba tipa zračenja. Najmanju efikasnost uvijek pokazuje kompozit s većim udjelom polimera, što znači da se optimalni fotokatalizator postiže uz manji udio polimera. Wastewater treatment is possible by different methods and processes: mechanical removal of impurities, physical, biological, chemical methods. Photocatalysis is one of the chemical methods of wastewater treatment and is carried out by using a photocatalyst such as metal oxides (TiO2, ZnO, ...). This paper investigated the effectiveness of photocatalytic degradation of pollution, Reactive Red 45 (RR45) azo dye, in water with the use of the synthesized nanocomposite photocatalyst, Zinc oxide (ZnO) and the conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Therefore, the synthesis of PEDOT/ZnO composite photocatalyst was carried out at various monomer to oxidant ratios (1:2; 1:3; 1:5). Synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformations (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Photocatalysis was carried out under UV-A irradiation and simulated Solar irradiation where the effectiveness of RR45 azo dye removal was followed by monitoring the discoloration of water with UV/Vis spectroscopy. From the results of photocatalytic activity it can be seen that the sample of pure Zinc oxide has the highest photocatalytic activity under both types of irradiation. The smallest effectiveness showed the composite with higher share of polymer, which means that the optimal photocatalyst is achieved with lower share of polymer.
- Published
- 2016
41. Fotokatalitička razgradnja bojila Reactive Red 45 upotrebom nanokompozita cinkov oksid/lebdeći pepeo
- Author
-
Mitrović, Domagoj and Kratofil Krehula, Ljerka
- Subjects
nanokompozit ,cinkov oksid ,fly ash ,nanocomposite ,fotokataliza ,lebdeći pepeo ,otpadne vode ,zinc oxyde ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,photocatalysis ,wastewater - Abstract
Otpadne vode raznih preradbenih industrija predstavljaju vrlo velik ekološki problem. U tu svrhu razvijaju se brzi i ekonomični procesi u obradi otpadnih voda, a kao jedan od njih koristi se fotokatalička degradacija organskih komponenti otpadnih voda fotokatalizatorima među kojima se kao vrlo učinkovit pokazao cinkov oksid (ZnO). U ovome radu istraživana je fotokatalitička razgradnju azo bojila Reactive Red 45 uz upotrebu sintetiziranog ZnO ili kompozita ZnO/lebdeći pepeo (ZnO/FA) kao katalizatora. Lebdeći pepeo u kompozitu služi kao nosač katalizatora ZnO. ZnO je sintetiziran pomoću dva različita postupka, a kompozit ZnO/lebdeći pepeo sadrži 16 ili 20 mas% lebdećeg pepela. Rezultati određivanja fotokatalitičke razgradnje pokazuju da najveću fotokatalitičku aktivnost pokazuju uzorci ZnO 1. postupak i ZnO 2. postupak koji se mogu učinkoviti koristiti u tri uzastopna ciklusa fotokatalize. Wastewater from a variety of processing industries is a growing environmental problem in today's world. For this purpose, scientists are developing quick and cost-effective wastewater treatment processes. One of them is the photocatalytic degradation of organic components in wastewater using photocatalysts, among which zinc oxide (ZnO) proved to be highly efficient. This work studies the photocatalytic degradation of azo dye Reactive Red 45 using synthesized ZnO and nanocomposite zinc oxide/fly ash (ZnO/FA) as the catalysts. Fly ash is used as a catalyst carrier in the composite. ZnO is synthesized using two different methods. The nanocomposite zinc oxide/fly ash contains 16 or 20 wt. % of fly ash. The results of photocatalytic degradation show the highest photocatalytic activity using zinc oxyde synthesized according to the first and second procedure that can be used in three consecutive cycles of photocatalysis without losing effectiveness.
- Published
- 2016
42. Fotokatalitička aktivnost nanokompozita polipirol/cinkov oksid
- Author
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Šuka, Sniježana and Kratofil Krehula, Ljerka
- Subjects
nanokompoziti ,polipirol ,cinkov oksid ,polypyrrole ,nanocomposites ,zinc oxide ,fotokataliza ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,photocatalysis - Abstract
U ovom je radu istražena fotokatalitička aktivnost sintetiziranih kompozita vodljivog polimera polipirola i cinkovog oksida (PPy/ZnO). Cilj rada bio je ispitati fotokatalitičku aktivnost kompozita PPy/ZnO pod ultraljubičastim (UV) te simuliranim Sunčevim zračenjem pri razgradnji azo-bojila Reactive Red 45 u otpadnim vodama. Uzorci su pripremljeni polimerizacijom iz monomera pirola (Py) u prisustvu cinkovog oksida te oksidansa željezova (III) klorida (FeCl3); uz molarni omjer monomera i oksidansa 1:1 te različito vrijeme sinteze (90, 180 i 270 minuta). Istraživani uzorci okarakterizirani su infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR) i UV/Vis spektroskopijom. Efikasnost fotokatalitičke razgradnje organskog azo bojila (Reactive Red 45), odnosno stupanj njegova uklanjanja iz vodene otopine, praćena je mjerenjem apsorbancije UV/Vis spektroskopijom. Fotokatalizator PPy/ZnO 90 min pokazao je visoku učinkovitost razgradnje bojila pri UV-A zračenju dok je pod djelovanjem Sunčevog zračenja njegova učinkovitost niska. This work studies the photocatalytic activity of synthesized conductive polymer polypyrrole/zinc oxide nanocomposites (PPy/ZnO). The aim of this study was to examine the photocatalytic activity of composites PPy/ZnO under ultraviolet (UV) and simulated solar radiation in a degradation process of azo dye Reactive Red 45 in the wastewater. The composite samples were prepared during a polymerization process of monomer polypyrrole (PPy) in the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) and oxidant iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) where the concentration ratio of monomer:oxidant was 1:1 and the duration of synthesis was 90, 180 and 270 min. The samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation (FTIR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The efficiency of decomposition of organic azo dye (Reactive Red 45), i.e. the extent of its removal from aqueous solution, was monitored by measuring the absorbance by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalyst PPy/ZnO 90 min showed very high efficiency under UV-A radiation while its efficiency is low under the solar radiation.
- Published
- 2016
43. Sinteza i karakterizacija nanokompozita polipirol/cinkov oksid
- Author
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Husak, Andrea and Kratofil Krehula, Ljerka
- Subjects
polipirol ,cinkov oksid ,polypyrrole ,kompoziti ,zinc oxide ,fotokataliza ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering in Material Development ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo. Kemijsko inženjerstvo u razvoju materijala ,composites ,photocatalysis - Abstract
U radu je provedena sinteza nanokompozita polipirol/cinkov oksid (PPy/ZnO), a reakcije polimerizacije monomera pirola u prisutnosti ZnO bile su različite duljine trajanja (90, 180 i 270 minuta). Cilj rada bio je dobiti optimalnu količinu vodljivog polimera u kompozitnom materijalu koja će, u kombinaciji sa ZnO, omogućiti učinkovitu razgradnju organskih onečišćenja u vodi kako bi ih preveli u biorazgradljive spojeve ili ih u potpunosti mineralizirali. Djelotvornost vodljivih polimernih kompozitnih fotokatalizatora PPy/ZnO ispitana je tijekom fotokatalitičke razgradnje organskog azobojila Reactive Red 45 na UV-A svjetlu. Metode koje su korištene za karakterizaciju kompozita PPy/ZnO bile su: FTIR spektroskopija, UV/Vis spektroskopija i pretražna elektronska mikroskopija (SEM). Uzorcima je određena i elektrovodljivost. Iz rezultata je vidljivo da je u procesu razgradnje bojila Reactive Red 45 najučinkovitiji uzorak PPy/ZnO sintetiziran 90 min. This work involves a synthesis of polypyrrole/zinc oxide (PPy/ZnO) nanocomposites. Composites synthesis was carried out during a process of monomer pyrrole polymerization in the presence of ZnO with different polymerization time (90, 180 and 270 minutes). The aim of the work was to get the optimal content of conductive polymer in the composite material which, in a combination with ZnO, will enable effective degradation of organic pollutants in water to make them biodegradable or completely mineralized. The effectiveness of conductive polymer composite photocatalyst PPy/ZnO is tested for photocatalytic decomposition of organic azo dye Reactive Red 45 under UV-A light. Methods used for characterization of PPy/ZnO composites were: FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electroconductivity of the samples was also determined. The results show that in the process of Reactive Red 45 degradation the most effective photocatalyst is PPy/ZnO composite synthesized for 90 min.
- Published
- 2016
44. Internalization, location and effect of nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides on feeding and structure of digestive system of terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda
- Author
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Pipan Tkalec, Živa and Drobne, Damjana
- Subjects
digestive glands ,nanodelci ,cinkov oksid ,titanium dioxide ,srebro ,Porcellio scaber ,metals ,zinc oxide ,kovinksi oksidi ,zinc chloride ,titanov dioksid ,cells structure ,terrestrial isopod ,cinkov klorid ,Crustacea ,raki enakonožci ,udc:595.373:546.3/.9:620.3(043.3)=163.6 ,kovine ,prebavne žleze ,metal oxides ,nanoparticles ,silver ,struktura celic ,disertacije ,Isopoda - Published
- 2015
45. Svojstva poliakrilatnih nanopremaza za drvo
- Author
-
Palčić, Kristijan
- Subjects
Poliakrilatni premazi ,svojstva poliakrilatnih premaza ,nanočestice ,titanijev dioksid ,cinkov oksid - Abstract
Moderni pristupi zaštite drva i premaza od štetnog ultraljubičastog zračenja uključuju i uporabu anorganskih UV apsorbera u nanoveličinama kako bi se zadrţala postojanost sustava drvo- premaz i zadrţala prozirnost premaza. Dodavanjem nanočestica moţe se značajno utjecati na svojstva premaza kao što su viskoznost, pH vrijednost, te mehanička svojstva. U ovom diplomskom radu ispitivat će se promjena tvrdoće i elastičnosti poliakrilatnih premaza za drvo nakon dodatka nanočestica titanijevog dioksida ili cinkovog oksida u različitim koncentracijama.
- Published
- 2014
46. Postojanost poliakrilatnih nanopremaza na toplinski modificiranom drvu
- Author
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Miklečić, Josip
- Subjects
toplinski modificirano drvo ,titanijev dioksid ,cinkov oksid ,nanočestice ,poliakrilatni premaz ,razgradnja drva - Abstract
Usprkos poboljšanim svojstvima u odnosu na nemodificirano drvo, toplinski modificirano drvo još je uvijek podložno površinskoj razgradnji uslijed djelovanja vanjskih utjecaja i stoga ga je potrebno zaštititi premazima. Promjena boje drva prvi je znak propadanja, a proizvođačima drvnih proizvoda često je u interesu da drvo što duže zadrži svoju prirodnu boju kako bi izbjegli razočaranje kupaca. Dodavanjem nanočestica u premaz može se značajno utjecati na njegova svojstva. Nanočestice zbog svoje male veličine znatno smanjuju raspršivanje svjetlosti, te na taj način zadržavaju prozirnost premaza. Budući da nema podataka o utjecaju dodatka nanočestica UV apsorbera u vodene premaze na postojanost toplinski modificiranog drva, u ovom istraživanju cilj je bio utvrditi može li se, kao i u slučaju nemodificiranog drva, povećati postojanost toplinski modificiranog drva dodatkom nanočestica titanijevog dioksida i cinkovog oksida u vodeni poliakrilatni premaz. Za analizu postojanosti toplinski modificiranog drva, poliakrilatnih premaza i sustava drvo – premaz korištena su mjerenja dobivena ispitivanjem prirodnim i ubrzanim izlaganjem u QUV uređaju. Izlagani su nemodificirani i toplinski modificirani uzorci bukovine površinski neobrađeni i obrađeni s devet sustava poliakrilatnih vodenih premaza. U premaze su dodane nanočestice TiO2 i ZnO u različitim koncentracijama i kombinacija nanočestica TiO2 i ZnO s pigmentima (crveni i žuti). Za dva sustava premaza korištena je i predobrada drva vodenom otopinom HALS spojeva. U ovom radu također su provedena ispitivanja „umjetnog“ sustava drvo – premaz u kojem su uzorci drva bili izloženi iza slobodnih filmova premaza i ispitivanja utjecaja ekstraktivnih tvari na promjenu boje toplinski modificiranog drva. Tijekom prirodnog i ubrzanog izlaganja praćene su promjene na površinski obrađenom toplinski modificiranom drvu, slobodnim filmovima poliakrilatnog premaza i na toplinski modificiranom drvu iza slobodnih filmova premaza. Provedena su mjerenja boje, sjaja, pojave pukotina, ljuštenja i plijesni, mehaničkih svojstava, toplinskih svojstava, transmitancije filmova premaza i kemijskih promjena. Provedeno istraživanje pokazalo je da toplinska modifikacija bukovine smanjuje gustoću, povećava kiselost, izrazito smanjuje polarnu komponentu slobodne površinske energije, povećava udio lignina, vodenog i otapalnog ekstrakta. Dodatak ZnO nanočestica imao je veći utjecaj na svojstva tekućeg poliakrilatnog vodenog premaza od TiO2 nanočestica. Dodatak ZnO nanočestica povećao je viskoznost premaza uz povećanje pH vrijednosti. TiO2 i ZnO nanočestice povećale su čvrstoću, modul elastičnosti i staklište, a smanjile istezanje poliakrilatnog vodenog premaza. Istraživanje utjecaja TiO2 i ZnO nanočestica, pigmenata i toplinske modifikacije na sustav drvo – premaz prije izlaganja pokazalo je da toplinska modifikacija drva ima veliki utjecaj na adhezivnu čvrstoću, upojnost vode i vodene pare, a dodatak ZnO nanočestica na smanjenje suhe debljine filma. Upojnost tekuće vode i vodene pare sustava drvo – premaz smanjuje se toplinskom modifikacijom bukovine i povećanjem temperature modifikacije, a povećava dodatkom ZnO nanočestica u poliakrilatni vodeni premaz. Dodatkom TiO2 i ZnO nanočestica u pliakrilatni vodeni premaz smanjila se promjena boje sustava toplinski modificirano drvo – premaz tijekom prirodnog i ubrzanog izlaganja, ali je i dalje bila vrlo izražena i jasno vidljiva ljudskom oku. Bolji učinak stabilizacije promjene boje postignut je s TiO2 nanočesticama i povećanjem koncentracije nanočestica. Predobrada toplinski modificiranog drva otopinom HALS spojeva nije bila učinkovita u zaštiti od promjene boje tijekom prirodnog i ubrzanog izlaganja. Dodatak pigmenata u premaze s nanočesticama TiO2 i ZnO najviše je stabilizirao promjenu boje toplinski modificiranog drva tijekom ubrzanog izlaganja, a tijekom prirodnog izlaganja pigmenti su povećali stabilnost boje uzoraka drva obrađenih premazima s ZnO nanočesticama. Prirodno i ubrzano izlaganje vanjskim okolišnim uvjetima uzrokovalo je smanjenje suhe adhezije na toplinski modificiranom drvu bez obzira na vrstu premaza i povećanje staklišta svih ispitivanih premaza koje je bilo izraženije tijekom ubrzanog izlaganja. Dodatak nanočestica TiO2 u poliakrilatni vodeni premaz umanjio je promjene suhe adhezije nakon ubrzanog i prirodnog izlaganja, dok je dodatak nanočestica ZnO umanjio promjene suhe adhezije samo nakon ubrzanog izlaganja. Povećanje promjene boje toplinski modificirane bukovine tijekom ubrzanog izlaganja povezano je sa smanjenjem ligninske vrpce na 1595 cm-1, a tijekom prirodnog izlaganja s povećanjem vrpce na 1640 cm-1 koja se pripisuje kinoidnim spojevima. Dodatak TiO2 i ZnO nanočestica u poliakrilatni vodeni premaz nije smanjio kemijske promjene sustava toplinski modificirano drvo – premaz tijekom prirodnog i ubrzanog izlaganja, dok su se kemijske promjene smanjile kombinacijom pigmenata i nanočestica TiO2 i ZnO. Ekstraktivne tvari pridonijele su većoj promjeni boje toplinski modificiranog drva na višoj temperaturi (212 °C) tijekom ubrzanog izlaganja, što je vidljivo i na promjeni vrpce na 1595 cm-1.
- Published
- 2013
47. Učinkovitost i sigurnost primjene nanočestica cinkovog oksida i titanijevog dioksida u pripravcima za zaštitu od sunca
- Author
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Herjavec, Lana
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,titanijev dioksid ,nanočestice ,pripravci za zaštitu od sunc - Abstract
Anorganski filtri, ZnO i TiO2, su filtri širokog spektra i koriste se već dugi niz godina u pripravcima za zaštitu od sunca u kombinaciji s organskim filtrima osiguravajući visok stupanj zaštite. Pripravci koji sadrže ZnO i TiO2 posebice su prikladni i za osjetljivu i dječju kožu zbog rijetke pojave iritacije kože. Međutim, ti pripravci ostavljaju bijeli netransparentni film na koži nakon primjene. To nepoželjno svojstvo kozmetičkog pripravka može se umanjiti smanjenjem veličine čestica anorganskih filtara iz mikrometarskog u nanometarsko područje. Veličina čestica ZnO i TiO2 ključni je čimbenik koji određuje njihovu učinkovitost u zaštiti od sunca. Također o veličini čestica ovisi dermalna i transdermalna apsorpcija tih anorganskih filtara što može dovesti do pojave toksičnih učinaka koji nisu uočeni pri dugotrajnoj primjeni čestica ZnO i TiO2 većih veličina. U ovom diplomskom radu opisane su najnovije spoznaje povezane sa učinkovitošću i sigurnošću primjene pripravaka za zaštitu od sunca koji sadrže nanočestice ZnO i TiO2.
- Published
- 2013
48. Utjecaj cinkovog oksida na vodenu leću (Lemna minor L.)
- Author
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Sesar, Domagoj
- Subjects
cinkov oksid ,vodena leća ,toksičnost ,oksidacijski stres - Abstract
Cink je esencijalni metal neophodan za rast i razvoj biljaka i životinja. Cink je, odmah iza željeza, najzastupljeniji teški metal i sastavni dio velikog broja enzima u biljkama. U višim koncentracijama je fitotoksičan. U ovom je radu istražen učinak čestica cinkovog oksida (u rasponu koncentracija 2, 5-250 mg L-1) na vodenu leću (Lemna minor L.) koja je često korištena testna biljka. Primijenjen je statički oblik standardiziranog Lemna-testa (test inhibicije rasta) u trajanju od 7 dana koji se temelji na stopama rasta. Osim rasta, određen je omjer mase suhe i svježe tvari, sadržaj klorofila i karotenoida, funkcionalnost fotosintetskog aparata te pojedini pokazatelji oksidacijskog stresa u vodenoj leći. Cinkov oksid značajno je smanjio stopu rasta broja listića i mase svježe tvari, funkcionalnost fotosintetskog aparata te sadržaj klorofila a. S druge strane, taj je metal uzrokovao povećanje oksidacijskog oštećenja lipida i proteina te indukciju antioksidacijskih enzima (peroksidaza, katalaze i glutation-S-transferaze). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na toksičnost cinkovog oksida za vodenu leću što je vjerojatno posljedica povećanog nakupljanja cinkovog oksida u biljnom tkivu. Rezultati također pokazuju da je oksidacijski stres uključen u mehanizam toksičnosti cinkovog oksida.
- Published
- 2012
49. INFLUENCE OF ZINK OXIDE ON DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC PIGMENTS IN TRANSPARENT GLAZE
- Author
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Glasenčnik, Marija and Goršek, Andreja
- Subjects
transparentna glatzura ,cinkov oksid ,keramičen pigment ,transparent glaze ,udc:666.29(043.2) ,Zink oxide ,ceramic pigment - Abstract
V diplomskem delu opisujemo eksperimentalni postopek določanja vpliva vsebnosti ZnO na razvoj keramičnih pigmentov v transparentni glazuri. Proučevali smo, ali je z vidika barv, katera od vzorčnih transparentnih frit primerna alternativa za standardno transparentno frito FCE 692, katere vsebnost ZnO ni znana. Ugotovili smo, da rumeno, modro, zeleno in kobaltno modro obarvani keramični pigmenti z različnimi strukturami dajejo v transparentni glazuri z isto vsebnostjo ZnO enako ekstremno barvno odstopanje. Minimalno barvno odstopanje je pri transparentni glazuri (frita FC 8923/132) z vsebnostjo ZnO, w =1 %. V tem primeru je razlika barvnih vrednosti manjša od 2, kar pri proizvodnji keramičnih ploščic predstavlja še dovoljeno barvno odstopanje glede na standarden vzorec. ZnO je draga surovina. Njegova cena na svetovnem trgu raste. Predvidevamo, da je frita FC 8923/132 za katero smo ugotovili, da je primerna alternativa za standardno frito FCE 692, glede na nizko vsebnost ZnO cenovno ugodna. In this diploma work the experimental procedure of analyzing the influence of ZnO on development of ceramic pigments in transparent glaze was described. We were studying, from the colour point of view, if any of the sample transparent frits would be an appropriate alternative for the standard transparent frit FCE 692 with an unknown content of ZnO. We ascertained that yellow, blue, green and cobalt blue ceramic pigments with different structure, give the same extreme deviation in the transparent glaze with the same content of ZnO. The minimal colour deviation is with the transparent glaze (frit FC 8923/132) with the content of ZnO. w =1 %. In this case the difference of colour value is less than 2, which in production of ceramic tiles still represents the allowed colour deviation regarding the standard sample. ZnO is an expensive raw material. Its price on the world market is growing. We anticipate that the frit FC 8923/132 for which we determined that it is an appropriate alternative for the standard frit 692 according to the low quantity of ZnO is affordable.
- Published
- 2010
50. Tekstil za zaštitu od Sunčeva zračenja i mogućnosti objektivne karakterizacije
- Author
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Tomljenović, Antoneta
- Subjects
UV zaštitni tekstil ,sirove pamučne tkanine ,neobojene poliesterske tkanine ,zaštitna sjenila ,ultrazvučna obrada ,mikrovalna obrada ,laserska obrada ,UV apsorberi ,titanov dioksid ,cinkov oksid ,multifunkcionalno oplemenjivanje ,UV zaštitna učinkovitost - Abstract
Ispitivanja mogućnosti objektivne analize tkanina namijenjenih izradi UV zaštitnih sjenila su provedena na uzorcima sirovih pamučnih te poliesterskih tkanina koje nisu optički bijeljene, a unutar obje skupine tkanina odabrani su uzorci različitih konstrukcijskih karakteristika. Pritom su definirani relevantni makro- i mikrokonstrukcijski parametri posebice značajni za karakterizaciju UV zaštitne učinkovitosti ispitivanih supstrata. U dijelu istraživanja provedena je laserska, ultrazvučna i mikrovalna obrada tekstilnih supstrata s ciljem modifikacije njihovih karakteristika, a radi postizanja čim boljih zaštitnih učinaka. Pritom je utvrđen njihov nedvojben utjecaj, a nastale strukturne promjene obrađenih tkanina se tumače specifičnostima provedenih obrada. Istraženo je i sinergijsko djelovanje navedenih nekonvencionalno obrađenih tekstilnih materijala na UV zaštitni učinak dobiven apliciranjem nano čestica anorganskih oksida u okviru multifunkcionalnog oplemenjivanja i sredstava na osnovi organskih apsorbera. Definiran je i utvrđen UV zaštitni učinak te multifunkcionalni učinak ispitivanih materijala, kao i prilagođenost postignutih zaštitnih učinaka spram drugih utjecaja vezanih uz specifičnu namjenu. Provedenim ispitivanjima je utvrđeno nedvojbeno povećanje UV zaštitne učinkovitosti tekstilnih supstrata primjenom sredstava na osnovi organskih apsorbera, kao i apliciranjem čestica titanovog dioksida i cinkovog oksida u okviru fluorkarbonske apreture, posebice kod dvoslojnih uzoraka. Pritom je utvrđen i pozitivan učinak apliciranih anorganskih oksida na uljeodbojna i vodoodbojna svojstva kod većine obrađenih supstrata, bez izrazitih posljedica na ispitivana vlačna svojstva uzoraka. U okviru analize UV zaštitne učinkovitosti ispitanih supstrata u radu je dan i poseban osvrt na dosad nedovoljno istražene utjecajne elemente bitne za njihovu karakterizaciju. Stoga će dobivene spoznaje omogućiti definiranje relevantnih parametara za objektivnu karakterizaciju materijala namijenjenih izradi UV zaštitnih sjenila, kao i njihovu usporedbu te dati doprinos preciznijoj karakterizaciji kao i potpunijem osmišljavanju te projektiranju svojstava zaštitnih tekstilnih proizvoda koji nisu u direktnom dodiru s kožom.
- Published
- 2006
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