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An important goal of environmental and comparative physiology research is to identify species or populations that may be susceptible to environmental change such as heat wave events that are predicted to become more frequent and intense in the future. This study tested the hypothesis that fishes inhabiting alkaline lakes face significant physiological challenges, which results in reduced thermal tolerance. Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) were collected from an alkaline lake (pH 9.3) in Alberta, Canada and held under neutral conditions in the laboratory. Subsequently, fish were acutely exposed (4 d) to neutral (pH 7) or alkaline (pH 9.5) waters at 10 or 25°C. Exposure to alkaline water reduced critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in stickleback by approximately 1°C, but thermal acclimation capacity ("thermal plasticity") was unaffected by alkaline exposure. Alkaline conditions resulted in physiological disturbances characteristic of exposure to high pH including elevated whole-body ammonia and lactate concentrations. Acute warming to CTmax in alkaline-exposed fish resulted in reductions in whole-body sodium and chloride concentrations. In addition, alkaline exposure compromised recovery from exercise at elevated temperatures. Overall, these results suggest that the physiological disturbances observed in response to alkaline exposure may render fish more susceptible to acute warming, reducing thermal tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride attack severely impacts the performance of reinforced concrete. The total and free chloride ion concentration (CIC) of self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared with three supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) – fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BS) and silica fume (SF) – were measured by accelerated salt immersion tests. The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (CDC) at any exposure time and erosion depth were calculated using the Boltzmann–Matano method. The influence of the type and content of SCM, the water–binder ratio (W/B) and the type of salt solution on CIC and CDC were investigated. Both the introduction of SCM and the reduction of W/B effectively reduced the CIC. The SCM that most effectively reduced CIC was SF, followed by BS and then FA. Free CIC was reduced to a greater degree than total CIC in FA and BS concrete, but the opposite was true for SF concrete. The presence of calcium chloride in salt solution increased total CIC while reducing free CIC. Apparent free CDC dropped over exposure time and initially increased with erosion depth but eventually stabilised. A model of apparent free CDC considering time–depth dependency was created, which shows that time reduction factors of CDC is greater in SCC containing SCM than in control SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way the central nervous system (CNS) responds to diverse stimuli is contingent upon the specific brain state of the individual, including sleep and wakefulness. Despite the wealth of readout parameters and data delineating the brain states, the primary mechanisms are yet to be identified. Here we highlight the role of astrocytes, with a specific emphasis on chloride (Cl−) homeostasis as a modulator of brain states. Neuronal activity is regulated by the concentration of ions that determine excitability. Astrocytes, as the CNS homeostatic cells, are recognised for their proficiency in maintaining dynamic homeostasis of ions, known as ionostasis. Nevertheless, the contribution of astrocyte‐driven ionostasis to the genesis of brain states or their response to sleep‐inducing pharmacological agents has been overlooked. Our objective is to underscore the significance of astrocytic Cl− homeostasis, elucidating how it may underlie the modulation of brain states. We endeavour to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between astrocytes and brain states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride attack severely impacts the performance of reinforced concrete. The total and free chloride ion concentration (CIC) of self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared with three supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) – fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BS) and silica fume (SF) – were measured by accelerated salt immersion tests. The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (CDC) at any exposure time and erosion depth were calculated using the Boltzmann–Matano method. The influence of the type and content of SCM, the water–binder ratio (W/B) and the type of salt solution on CIC and CDC were investigated. Both the introduction of SCM and the reduction of W/B effectively reduced the CIC. The SCM that most effectively reduced CIC was SF, followed by BS and then FA. Free CIC was reduced to a greater degree than total CIC in FA and BS concrete, but the opposite was true for SF concrete. The presence of calcium chloride in salt solution increased total CIC while reducing free CIC. Apparent free CDC dropped over exposure time and initially increased with erosion depth but eventually stabilised. A model of apparent free CDC considering time–depth dependency was created, which shows that time reduction factors of CDC is greater in SCC containing SCM than in control SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obtaining and interpreting blood gases and electrolytes is fundamental to the management of many critically ill patients. In such conditions, the speed and accuracy of tests, particularly ABG and electrolytes, to detect and monitor metabolic derangements is very important. Even though most ABG equipment can measure electrolyte concentrations, 2 separate samples -one whole blood and the other -serum are drawn and sent for analysis. Also there is a lack of consensus on the interchangeability of the values of electrolytes obtained from the two machines, which prevents the use of just one sample for the estimation of both these analytes. This study is being undertaken to assess the concordance between whole blood electrolytes measured by a point-of-care device and serum electrolytes measured in an auto-analyzer. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, data of samples from patients hospitalized, in a tertiary care between January 2017 to March 2018. Patients of all age groups tested for electrolytes i.e. Sodium, Potassium and Chloride were both by the ABL800 FLEX from RADIOMETER COPENHAGEN (Direct ISE technology) and Dimension Clinical Chemistry System from SIEMENS (Indirect ISE technology). Results & Conclusion: There were a total of 255 samples were used for the study in whom electrolytes was done by both ABG analyser and Chemistry Analyser. The values of sodium potassium and chloride done on ABG analyser and the Chemistry analyser the p value was statistically significant it was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.8325 for K+; r = 0.8763 for Na+; and r = 0.8695 for Cl-). Furthermore, the Bland Altman plot showed that the values were lying between the 95% CI of the mean difference which shows there is a good agreement between the two instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective International guidelines recommend that preterm infants should be supported to maintain their serum electrolytes within "normal" ranges. In term babies, cord blood values differed in pathological pregnancies from healthy ones. Study Design We examined cord blood sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, and creatinine to derive maturity-related reference intervals. We examined associations with gestational age, delivery mode, singleton versus multiple, and prenatal maternal adverse conditions. We compared preterm cord values to term, and to adult reference ranges. Results There were 591 infants, 537 preterm and 54 term. Preterm cord glucose levels were steady (3.7 ± 1.1 mmol/L), while sodium, chloride, and creatinine increased over GA by 0.17, 0.14 mmol/L/week, and 1.07 µmol/L/week, respectively (p < 0.003). Average preterm cord potassium and chloride were higher than the term (p < 0.05). Compared with adult reference intervals, cord preterm reference intervals were higher for chloride (100–111 vs. 98–106 mmol/L), lower for creatinine (29–84 vs. 62–115 µmol/L), and more variable for potassium (2.7–7.9 vs. 3.5–5.0 mmol/L) and sodium (130–141 vs. 136–145 mmol/L). Cesarean section was associated with higher potassium and lower glucose, multiple births with higher chloride and creatinine and lower glucose, and SGA with lower glucose. Conclusion Cord blood values varied across the GA range with increases in sodium, chloride, and creatinine, while glucose remained steady. Average preterm reference values were higher than term values for potassium and chloride. Preterm reference values differed from published adults' reference values. The changes across GA and by delivery mode, SGA, and being a multiple, which may have direct implications for neonatal care and fluid management. Key Points Cord blood electrolyte, creatinine, and glucose values vary across neonatal gestational age. Average preterm cord values of potassium and chloride were higher than term values. Cord reference values differ by delivery mode, growth, and multiple impacting neonatal care decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The electrochemical dissolution method of instrument retrieval emphasizes on the dissolution of the instrument rather than sacrificing dentine. Most of the studies conducted for electrochemical dissolution used fluoride-containing electrolytes and were performed inside a beaker. In this study, we used chloride-based fluids as electrolytes. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted mandibular first premolars were divided into five groups based on the electrolytes used. Canals were enlarged to ProTaper Universal F2, and files were intentionally broken inside the canal. These specimens were subjected to electrochemical characterization by applying the potential of 9V for 20 min. Optical images were taken to assess the change in surface topography. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (analysis of variance [ANOVA]). Results: The rate of dissolution based on the electrolyte used decreased in the following order, viz. Tyrode's solution>artificial saliva>normal saline>Ringer's lactate/physiological serum. Conclusion: Apart from fluoride, chloride-based electrolytes could be an efficient alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aims of this study were (1) to determine the associations of cardioplegic solutions with postoperative main strong ion difference (mSID), which is the difference between sodium ion concentration and chloride ion concentration ([Cl−]) and (2) to determine the associations of cardioplegic solutions with markers of organ dysfunction. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, patients aged <5 years who underwent cardiac surgery in a tertiary teaching hospital were included. Patients were classified on the basis of the type of cardioplegic solution: modified del Nido cardioplegia (mDNC) and conventional cardioplegia (CC). The effects of mDNC on postoperative mSID and markers of organ functions were examined using propensity-matched analysis. Results: A total of 500 cases were included. mDNC solution was used in 163 patients (32.6%). After propensity score matching, patients in the mDNC group (n = 152) had significantly higher minimum mSID [28 (26, 30) mEq/L vs. 27 (25, 29) mEq/L, p = 0.02] and lower maximum [Cl−] [112 (109, 114) mEq/L vs. 113 (111, 117) mEq/L, p < 0.001] than patients in the CC group (n = 304). The incidences of low mSID and hyperchloremia in the mDNC group were significantly lower than those in the CC group (63.8 vs. 75.7%, p = 0.01 and 63.2 vs. 79.3%, p < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury and B-type natriuretic peptide level between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of modified del Nido cardioplegia may reduce the incidence of abnormal mSID and hyperchloremia compared with the use of a chloride-rich cardioplegic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion processes of steel in concrete contaminated with chlorides take place as macrocell corrosion as well as self‐corrosion (i.e., microcell corrosion). While macrocell corrosion can be detected by element current measurement, self‐corrosion cannot be precisely determined electrochemically. This results in deviations in corrosion investigations between the mass losses calculated coulometrically from macrocell current measurements and the actual, corrosion‐related gravimetric mass losses. This is relevant in practice as part of corrosion monitoring. In the following, a simple approach is presented by considering this self‐corrosion current mathematically in the macrocell current measurement. The empirical regression functions determined for this purpose can be applied to a large number of different influencing parameters and allow the determination of the cumulative steel degradation at time‐varying macrocell current densities under consideration of different safety levels. This allows a much more accurate estimation of the actual corrosion‐induced mass losses during corrosion monitoring than previously possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on understanding and managing metabolic acidosis in anesthesia and critical care settings. It discusses the nuances of acid-base imbalances, the role of chloride in metabolic acidosis, and strategies for its physiochemical management, offering insights crucial for healthcare practitioners navigating critical care scenarios.

Integrating waste and industrial by-products into concrete is an alternative way to reduce global cement consumption, enhancing its eco-friendliness. In this context, residues with fly ash have been increasingly utilised. Considering the vulnerability of concrete with fly ash to carbonation and, at the same time, its high resistance to chlorides, it is important to investigate the behaviour of these concretes under their combined actions. For this purpose, an experimental investigation was conducted, studying mortar and concrete specimens with 40% replacement of cement with fly ash. These specimens were subjected to a combination of actions (Cl− and CO2) in two phases: initially through immersion and drying tests, and subsequently through a combination of accelerated tests. Concerning the chloride impact study, free and total chloride profiles were studied. Concerning the impact of carbonation, colourimetric and chemical tests were used. The results demonstrate a significant influence of combined action not only on chloride penetration in cement-based materials with fly ash but also on the development of a carbonation front. Exposure of cement-based materials with fly ash to environments with high Cl− and CO2 content sequentially may lead, on the one hand, to an increase in carbonation resistance. However, on the other hand, it may result in a substantial reduction in chloride penetration resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Providing farms with low-toxic and effective defoliants from local raw materials speeds up cotton harvesting. Therefore, their development is relevant. Purpose. To obtain effective defoliants with insecticidal properties and physiological activity, to study the interaction of the components: calcium tetraurea chloride and ammonium chloride. Methodology. We used the visual-polythermal method; calcium was determined complexometrically, urea amide - spectrophotocalorimetrically (FEK-56M), chlorate - permanganometrically, chloride ions – by volumetric argentometric method. Originality. A polythermal solubility diagram for a system of calcium tetraurea chlorate and ammonium chloride has been constructed. Findings. Data were obtained on the solubility of the system Сa(ClO3)2∙4CO(NH2)2 - NH4Сl - H2O crystallization, viscosity, density, pH in the presence of ammonium chloride. in a 55% solution of calcium tetraurea chlorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an extraction method for the retrieval of Cs+ from chloridecontaining salt brine solutions. We employ the calixarene crown ether known as MAXCalix as the extractant, which exhibits a remarkable selectivity for Cs+ over Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, with separation factors ranging from 100 to 104. The efficiency of the extraction strongly depends on the chloride concentration in the aqueous phase. Notably, when the chloride concentration reaches 4 mol L−1, we achieve a Cs+ distribution ratio of 7.9. Accordingly, the retrieval of Cs+ from the organic phase is achieved when the HCl concentration is maintained at a low level. In multicomponent chloride brine solutions, the distribution ratios for Cs+ are somewhat lower, yet still fall within the range of 4–6. Nevertheless, these ratios remain favorable for separation purposes. Additionally, the distribution ratios of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ offer insights into the coordination chemistry of MAXCalix. Our experimental data indicate a correlation between ionic size and distribution ratio. Cs+ forms the strongest complex, followed by K+ and Na+, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ exhibit minimal extraction, potentially due to interactions with the diluent. These findings may open new approaches for the development of a decontamination strategy tailored to address salts and brine solutions contaminated with Cs-137. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous chemical cycles of pyrogenic nitrogen and halides influence tropospheric ozone and affect the stratosphere during extreme Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCB) events. We report field‐derived N2O5 uptake coefficients, γ(N2O5), and ClNO2 yields, φ(ClNO2), from two aircraft campaigns observing fresh smoke in the lower and mid troposphere and processed/aged smoke in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Derived φ(ClNO2) varied across the full 0–1 range but was typically <0.5 and smallest in a PyroCB (<0.05). Derived γ(N2O5) was low in agricultural smoke (0.2–3.6 × 10−3), extremely low in mid‐tropospheric wildfire smoke (0.1 × 10−3), but larger in PyroCB processed smoke (0.7–5.0 × 10−3). Aged biomass burning aerosol in the UTLS had a higher γ(N2O5) of 17 × 10−3 that increased with sulfate and liquid water, but that was 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than values for aqueous sulfuric aerosol used in stratospheric models. Plain Language Summary: The injection of reactive material into Earth's atmosphere from fires affects atmospheric composition at regional and hemispheric scales. Reported stratospheric ozone depletion during extreme events, such as the 2020 Australian wildfires, illustrates one example of fire impacts and the role of heterogeneous (gas‐particle) processes. We report field quantification of rates and product yields from airborne observations of smoke. Extremely slow heterogeneous reaction rates on young smoke increase with transport and aging, but upper atmospheric values are still a factor of 10 slower than parameterizations used in stratospheric models. Heterogeneous production of ClNO2, a major lower atmospheric chlorine activation pathway, may be active on biomass burning aerosol in the upper atmosphere. Key Points: ClNO2 formation is active on biomass burning (BB) particles but decreases with transport to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)N2O5 uptake coefficients are low on young BB smoke and increase with transport through a PyroCB and UTLS agingN2O5 uptake coefficients on aged BB particles in the UTLS are significantly lower than those used in model parameterizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorbents for anionic species of iodine are required at every stage of 129I management. Development of iodine adsorbing material suitable for usage as engineered safety barriers (ESB) component in deep geological repository (DGR) sites or geological disposal facilities (GDF) is a particularly important concern due to the final of disposal iodine-containing radioactive waste is one of the most challenging problem in nuclear industry nowadays. This literature review discusses data on silver-containing materials, which are characterized with the highest sorption properties towards anionic iodine species and high fixation permanence of radioiodine. Emphasis is on materials with high surface area modified with silver in various chemical forms (Ag+, Ag0, Ag2O, AgCl etc.), methods of these materials obtaining are analyzed. Studying of data reported in scientific literature shows that porous materials with silver applied on the surface as insoluble compounds, such as silver (I) oxide, silver chloride or bromide, are the most advantageous for usage as ESB component in DGR sites for anionic radioiodine species uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiotensin II increases apical plasma membrane pendrin abundance and function. This study explored the role of the small GTPase Rac1 in the regulation of pendrin by angiotensin II. To do this, we generated intercalated cell (IC) Rac1 knockout mice and observed that IC Rac1 gene ablation reduced the relative abundance of pendrin in the apical region of intercalated cells in angiotensin II-treated mice but not vehicle-treated mice. Similarly, the Rac1 inhibitor EHT 1864 reduced apical pendrin abundance in angiotensin II-treated mice, through a mechanism that does not require aldosterone. This IC angiotensin II-Rac1 signaling cascade modulates pendrin subcellular distribution without significantly changing actin organization. However, NADPH oxidase inhibition with APX 115 reduced apical pendrin abundance in vivo in angiotensin II-treated mice. Moreover, superoxide dismutase mimetics reduced Cl- absorption in angiotensin II-treated cortical collecting ducts perfused in vitro. Since Rac1 is an NADPH subunit, Rac1 may modulate pendrin through NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production. Because pendrin gene ablation blunts the pressor response to angiotensin II, we asked if pendrin blunts the angiotensin II-induced increase in kidney superoxide. Although kidney superoxide was similar in vehicle-treated wild-type and pendrin knockout mice, it was lower in angiotensin II-treated pendrin-null kidneys than in wild-type kidneys. We conclude that angiotensin II acts through Rac1, independently of aldosterone, to increase apical pendrin abundance. Rac1 may stimulate pendrin, at least partly, through NADPH oxidase. This increase in pendrin abundance contributes to the increment in blood pressure and kidney superoxide content seen in angiotensin II-treated mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study defines a new signaling mechanism by which angiotensin II modulates oxidative stress and blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the methodology used to validate the threshold levels of durability indicators from data acquired from existing reinforced concrete structures that may present corrosion problems resulting from carbonation or chloride ingress. This study was conducted in the framework of the French National Project PERFDUB in close collaboration with the MODEVIE ANR project. Durability tests form the basis of a performance‐based approach for the durability of concrete structures, and in order to set the threshold level for each of these durability indicators, it is important to take into account the experience feedback that can be obtained from the actual behavior of existing structures. This paper presents the investigations carried out on eight reinforced concrete structures, all of them having an age well in excess of 50 years, and the main data gathered on some relevant durability and lifetime indicators. Based on all these data, predictive models of carbonation and chloride penetration are applied in order to validate the threshold levels to be adopted for the durability indicators, and several other conclusions are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute heart failure is a common clinical syndrome leading to hospital admission, with few evidence-based therapies for managing congestion. This trial aims to assess the efficacy of acetazolamide combined with loop diuretics in achieving decongestion among patients who fail to respond to oral diuretics and progress to acute decompensated heart failure in the absence of injectable furosemide. Methods: This single-center, double-blind randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio aims to evaluate 130 patients admitted to the infusion ward. Participants will receive standard furosemide treatment and be randomized to either oral acetazolamide (250 mg twice daily) or placebo for 3 consecutive days. The primary objective is to assess the efficacy of combined oral acetazolamide and furosemide therapy in achieving decongestion. The prespecified secondary outcomes include the following: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels on day 30, readmission rates within 3 months, healthrelated quality of life as assessed by the Heart Failure Quality of Life Questionnaire at 3 months, and changes in weight, creatinine levels, urinary sodium excretion, potassium levels, and hematological indices from the complete blood count on day 3 of the trial. Conclusion: Diuretic resistance commonly occurs in patients with heart failure, underscoring the urgent need for innovative interventions that can effectively address the limitations of current diuretics, including diuretic resistance and electrolyte imbalances, while enhancing their efficacy in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers. Materials and Methods This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1 ) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a flame photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and Discussion The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased Na+ and Clconcentration in cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dSm-1 caused a significant decrease in seed cotton yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on seed cotton yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a higher seed cotton yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: This study investigated serum, vitreous, and anterior chamber fluid electrolyte changes, corneal thickness (CT), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) as an auxiliary diagnostic method in the identification of drowning in fresh or salt water. Materials and methods: The study used 35 healthy, adult, male, white New Zealand rabbits, seperated into five groups (control, saltwater drowning (SWD), saltwater immersion (SWI), freshwater drowning (FWD), freshwater immersion (FWI)). CT, CV, ACV, and ACD measurements were made with Pentacam topography at 0, 2, and 4 h in all groups. Magnesium (mg), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) were measured in the blood at 0 and 2 h, and in blood, vitreous fluid, and humor aqueous at 4 h. Results: It was determined that CT, CV, ACV, and ACD are not of great value in drowning diagnosis and are affected by the fresh or salt water rather than drowning. Vitreous Na, Cl, and Mg levels are ineffective in determining drowning after one h. Anterior chamber fluid may provide valuable information in the differentiation freshwater - saltwater drownings at the 4th h in corpses retrieved from water. Conclusion: Anterior chamber fluid Na and Cl levels, especially in corpses removed from salt water, can be an easily used test that can help diagnose drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufactured sand, known for its artificial production, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability, serves as an excellent alternative to natural sand. Stone powder content plays a crucial role in determining the performance of manufactured sand, significantly enhancing concrete compaction and its ability to withstand environmental degradation. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using environmentally and economically advantageous manufactured sand in the construction of subway tunnel segments in coastal areas. It investigates the impact of stone powder content on the corrosion resistance of concrete made with manufactured sand under the combined influence of chloride salts and stray currents. The analysis covers corrosion tendencies, the post-rusting performance of reinforcement bars, the resistance of concrete to chloride transport, and microstructure properties, which are assessed through electron microscope scanning and mercury compression testing. The findings indicate that the corrosion resistance of manufactured sand concrete generally surpasses that of river sand concrete. Furthermore, stone powder content within the 3–8% range leads to a denser concrete microstructure, reduced porosity, lower free-chloride ion levels, increased polarization resistance of post-corrosion reinforcements, lower corrosion current density, and reduced mass loss of reinforcing bars. This research provides valuable theoretical support for promoting the use of environmentally friendly manufactured sand concrete in subway construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair cells are the principal sensory receptors of the vertebrate auditory system, where they transduce sounds through mechanically gated ion channels that permit cations to flow from the surrounding endolymph into the cells. The lateral line of zebrafish has served as a key model system for understanding hair cell physiology and development, often with the belief that these hair cells employ a similar transduction mechanism. In this study, we demonstrate that these hair cells are exposed to an unregulated external environment with cation concentrations that are too low to support transduction. Our results indicate that hair cell excitation is instead mediated by a substantially different mechanism involving the outward flow of anions. Further investigation of hair cell transduction in a diversity of sensory systems and species will likely yield deep insights into the physiology of these unique cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of three aqueous chloride salts, NaCl, KCl and LiCl, on the photoreforming of glycerol over TiO2, and Pt promoted TiO2 catalysts, has been investigated. At concentrations between 0.01 to 0.05 M an enhancement in activity over the TiO2 catalyst by a factor of ~10 can be ascribed to the presence of the cation, with the effect occurring at increasingly high concentrations of salt in the order Li

Production and processing of oil and gas are associated with the formation of a huge volume of wastewater of complex composition disposed in different ways after thorough treatment. Environmental control of the composition and degree of purification of oil- and gas-bearing wastewater requires using effective methods for determining various pollutants, including chloride and fluoride. The object of the study was a sample of wastewater from the largest gas field Mustakillikning 25 yilligi in the Surkhandarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was shown that the sample was salty (dry residue was 34.1–31.7 g/dm3) and had a neutral reaction. The method of atomic emission analysis of water revealed high concentrations of potassium, sodium, and sulfur, a significant amount of calcium and magnesium, and a significantly smaller amount of a number of other elements contained in water. Study of various methods of sample preparation for ionometric measurements of chloride ion shows that a significant proportion of chlorine is bound with organic components of water. It is shown that boiling (~100°C) or fusing at 800–850°C with NaOH eliminates the interfering effect of accompanying components (sulfur, iodine, and organic matter) on the chloride determination. The results obtained provide quantitative determination of the total content of chlorine in water both in the form of a free chloride ion and in a bound state, probably in the composition of organochlorine compounds. The presence of fluorine in the organic part of the sample has not been revealed. The possibility of using a single sample preparation (boiling or fusing) for the determination of both chloride and fluoride ions has been shown. The interfering effect of the accompanying elements upon fluorine determination is masked by a buffer solution regulating the total ionic strength. The developed procedures are easy to use, selective, and cost-effective. The trueness and precision of the developed techniques have been evaluated and proved using a method of varying the sample volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 are closely related, intracellular Cl−/H+ antiporters belonging to the CLC family of channels and transporters. They localize to acidic late endosomes and lysosomes and probably function in ionic homeostasis of these contiguous compartments. ClC‐7 transport function requires association with the accessory protein Ostm1, whereas ClC‐6 transport does not. To elucidate their roles in endo‐lysosomes, we measured Cl−‐ and pH‐dependences of over‐expressed wild‐type ClC‐6 and ClC‐7, as well as disease‐associated mutants, using high‐resolution recording protocols. Lowering extracellular Cl− (corresponding to luminal Cl− in endo‐lysosomes) reduced ClC‐6 currents, whereas it increased transport activity of ClC‐7/Ostm1. Low extracellular Cl− activated ClC‐7/Ostm 1 under acidic extracellular conditions, as well as under conditions of low intracellular chloride. Activation is conserved in ClC‐7Y713C, a variant displaying disrupted PI(3,5)P2 inhibition. Detailed biophysical analysis of disease‐associated ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 gain‐of‐function (GoF) variants, ClC‐6Y553C and ClC‐7Y713C, and the ClC‐7Y577C and ClC‐6Y781C correlates, identified additional functional nuances distinguishing ClC‐6 and ClC‐7. ClC‐7Y577C recapitulated GoF produced by ClC‐6Y553C. ClC‐6Y781C displayed transport activation qualitatively similar to ClC‐7Y713C, although current density did not differ from that of wild‐type ClC‐6. Finally, rClC‐7R760Q, homologous to hClC‐7R762Q, an osteopetrosis variant with fast gating kinetics, appeared indifferent to extracellular Cl−, identifying altered Cl− sensitivity as a plausible mechanism underlying disease. Collectively, the present studies underscore the distinct roles of ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 within the context of their respective localization to late endosomes and lysosomes. In particular, we suggest the atypical inhibition of ClC‐7 by luminal Cl− serves to limit excessive intraluminal Cl− accumulation. Key points: ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 are late endosomal and lysosomal 2 Cl−/1 H+ exchangers, respectively. When targeted to the plasma membrane, both activate slowly at positive voltages.ClC‐6 activity is decreased in low extracellular (i.e. luminal) chloride, whereas ClC‐7 is activated by low luminal chloride, even at acidic pH.The functional gain‐of‐function phenotypes of the ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 disease mutations ClC‐6Y553C and ClC‐7Y715C are maintained when introduced in their respective homologues, ClC‐7Y577C and ClC‐6Y781C, with all mutations retaining chloride dependence of the respective wild type (WT).An osteopetrosis mutation of ClC‐7 displaying fast gating kinetics (R762Q) was less sensitive to extracellular chloride compared to WT.The opposing substrate dependences of ClC‐6 and ClC‐7 Cl− / H+ exchangers point to non‐overlapping physiological functions, leading us to propose that inhibition of ClC‐7 by luminal chloride and protons serves to prevent osmotic stress imposed by hyper‐accumulation of chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The panels of high chromium steel (A1010), high-performance steel (HPS 70W) and weathering steel (WS) were exposed to accelerated salt-spray corrosion test for 1 week and to less aggressive test for additional 13 weeks. After the tests, the corrosion products formed were extracted layer after layer and examined as a function of their depth with Mössbauer transmission spectroscopy. In the case of A1010 steel, the amounts of goethite (α-FeOOH) and akaganéite (β-FeOOH) were almost equal along the depth of the corroded layer up to ∼20 μm. The rust layers on HPS and WS panels were much thicker, respectively up to ∼0.6 mm and ∼1 mm, poorly adherent and contained mostly akaganéite near the metal–rust interface, α-FeOOH increasingly further away, and – after long exposure – also up to 20% Fe as maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). Formation of β-FeOOH near the interface was promoted by chloride concentrated by spray-dry cycles. The microstructure and depth profiles of identified species, and especially the role of β-FeOOH, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) in processed palm oils is of concern, as these oils are widely used for edible purposes. The mitigation method studied here optimizes the removal of chloride through water washing of crude palm oil (CPO), to limit the formation of 3-MCPDE. The contaminant removal obtained via washing CPO supports the quantitative findings. By utilizing 5% water in the washing step, water-soluble chlorides in CPO are removed by up to 76%, resulting in a 71% reduction of 3-MCPDE to within statutory limits. In this study, a linear correlation was developed between the chloride and the corresponding 3-MCPDE with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. Using the correlations, 1.0 mg/kg of 3-MCPDE in refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) will be obtained from CPO with 1.2 mg/kg chloride with 7% wash water usage. The study also showed minor GE reduction between 7 and 11% was attained after water washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model alloys, Fe–20Cr and Fe–20Cr–20Ni (wt%) with and without 1% Si, were exposed to four different gas mixtures Ar–10H2O, Ar–10H2O–0.1HCl, Ar–10H2O–0.1HCl–10CO2, Ar–10H2O–0.1HCl–10CO2–0.5SO2 (vol.%) at 650 °C. The Fe–20Cr and Fe–20Cr–20Ni alloys underwent breakaway corrosion in Ar–10H2O–(0.1HCl)–(10CO2), forming Cr2O3 and Fe-rich oxide nodules. Silicon addition markedly increased corrosion resistance for both alloys by forming an additional SiO2 layer beneath the Cr2O3 scale. Addition of SO2 to Ar–10H2O–0.1HCl–10CO2 significantly suppressed the formation of Fe-rich oxide nodules on Fe–20Cr. Corrosion in the SO2-bearing gas resulted in (Cr, Fe, S)-rich precipitates in all alloys. The effects of gas composition and Si alloying on corrosion of both alloys are discussed in terms of transport processes within the scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion behaviours of Fe–25Cr, Fe–25Cr–2Mn–1Si, Fe–25Cr–20Ni, 310SS, Ni–25Cr, and Ni–25Cr–2Mn–1Si (all in wt%) with and without NaCl–KCl deposits in Ar–60%CO2–20%H2O gas at 750 °C were studied. Without salt deposits, Fe–25Cr performed protectively, while Fe–25Cr–20Ni and Ni–25Cr underwent breakaway oxidation with multilayered scales formed. Adding alloy elements Si + Mn increased the corrosion resistance of all alloys by forming additional Mn-rich oxides and silica. Surface deposits of NaCl–KCl accelerated corrosion, forming porous Fe-rich oxide nodules for Fe–25Cr and thick, porous scales and internal oxidation zones for all other alloys. The protective effect of Si + Mn alloying disappeared in the presence of chlorides. Limited intergranular carbides were observed for all alloys in the gas-only condition. The extent of carburisation increased with the presence of chloride deposits for all Fe-based alloys, but remained unchanged for Ni-based alloys. Corrosion of these alloys at 750 °C is compared with that at 650 °C. The effect of chlorides in volatilising metals at 750 °C is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe toxicity from povidone-iodine is rare, causing metabolic acidosis from the conversion of iodine to sodium iodide and direct tissue destruction. We report a case of fatal iodine toxicity following sclerotherapy. An elderly man presented following ablation of a large renal cyst with 10% povidone-iodine and 100% ethanol. He appeared intoxicated however denied alcohol ingestion. Over hours he developed progressive hypotension despite multiple vasopressor agents. Blood gas analysis demonstrated a metabolic acidosis (pH 7.11, bicarbonate 13 mmol/L) with an apparent hyperchloremia of 124 mmol/L. The ethanol concentration was 55 mmol/L (249 mg/dL). Imaging confirmed large volume residual radio-opaque fluid at the procedure site. The fluid was percutaneously drained and dialysis commenced for iodine toxicity. Iodine concentrations peaked at 8940 µmol/L (reference range 0.32-0.63 µmol/L) 14.5 h post exposure. Point of care chloride concentrations remained elevated (peak 129 mmol/L) following the trend of iodine concentrations, normalising once the iodine concentration was 1559 µmol/L. The patient deteriorated despite maximal therapy and succumbed on day 3. Iodide interferes with point of care testing chloride measurements. Point of care chloride concentrations may have a role as a surrogate marker for iodine but only at very high iodine concentrations (>2000 µmol/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization in freshwater ecosystems has become an increasingly prevalent issue. Past studies indicate that increased salinity levels in lakes can impact biota, stimulate internal nutrient loading, and prevent seasonal turnover, potentially resulting in impairment to the lake ecosystem. Salt retention in soils and groundwater causes elevated salt concentrations in fresh water long after road salt was applied. We examined salt retention and release in soils collected near the tributaries flowing into and out of a salt-impacted urban lake. We distributed each soil sample into plastic trays and exposed them to three treatments, conducted in series: (1) non salt-contaminated water as a conditioning rinse; (2) salt-contaminated water to mimic salt de-icer runoff; and (3) non salt-contaminated water to determine salt release. We measured retention of chloride from each soil sample based on how much chloride was measured in water draining the soil (effluent). We observed considerable variability among sites presumably because of soil heterogeneity, although overall the soils in our study area retained a modest amount of chloride (mean of ∼29 mg/L) from simulated salt runoff events, even at short exposure times (<30 min). In addition, some soils released chloride following a relatively salt-free rinsing event. There was an overall positive relationship between percent soil organic matter and Cl- retention. We also measured the impact of chloride on bioavailable phosphorus concentration in the effluent, which was relatively modest and variable. Soil total phosphorus had a strong positive correlation with %SOM. Our results suggest that in addition to direct runoff of salt de-icers from roads to lakes, soil retention can also serve as a chloride source that can be released over time, resulting in a delayed impact to aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) infusion is commonly used to correct metabolic acidosis, but its clinical efficacy remains controversial. This study aims to investigate whether acid–base balance parameters should be a consideration for administering SB treatment. Methods: Children with metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.35 and bicarbonate < 22 mmol/L) who were treated with or without 50 mg/ml SB injection were grouped and extracted from a retrospective cohort database of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. The interaction between acid–base balance parameters and SB treatment on mortality was analyzed through mortality curves and cross-effect models. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of death following SB treatment in the overall children as well as in subgroups, and potential confounding factors were adjusted for. After employing propensity score matching to account for confounding factors, further analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of SB treatment within each chloride subgroup. Results: A total of 5865 children with metabolic acidosis were enrolled, of which 2462 (42.0%) received SB treatment. In the overall population, it was found that SB treatment did not reduce hospital mortality or 28-day mortality. Interactions between acid–base balance parameters (chloride and anion gap) and SB treatment on mortality were observed. Subgroup analysis clarified that when chloride levels were below 107 mmol/L, children treated with SB had higher in-hospital mortality (29.8% vs 14.9%) and 28-day mortality (26.5% vs 13.4%), with adjusted ORs of 2.065 (95% CI, 1.435–2.97) and 1.947 (95% CI, 1.332–2.846), respectively. In contrast, when chloride levels were greater than or equal to 113 mmol/L, children treated with SB had a shorter stay in the PICU (median: 1.1 days vs 5.1 days, adjusted p = 0.004) and lower in-hospital mortality (4.3% vs 10.3%) and 28-day mortality (4.0% vs 8.4%), with adjusted ORs of 0.515 (95% CI, 0.337–0.788) and 0.614 (95% CI, 0.391–0.965), respectively. After controlling for confounding factors through matching, the impact of SB treatment on the risk of death in each chloride subgroup was consistent with the aforementioned results. However, treatment with SB did not significantly increase the risk of death in newborns or children with moderate to severe metabolic acidosis when chloride levels were below 107 mmol/L (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The use of sodium bicarbonate for treating metabolic acidosis has been found to increase mortality in children with low chloride levels but decrease mortality in those with high chloride levels in this study. Further prospective multi-center clinical studies and basic research are needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant ascites commonly occurs in advanced or recurrent stages of epithelial ovarian cancer during peritoneal carcinomatosis and is correlated with poor prognosis. Due to its complex composition of cellular and acellular components malignant ascites creates a unique tumor microenvironment, which mediates immunosuppression and promotes progression of disease. However, the immunosuppressive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: In the present study, we explored the antitumor activity of healthy donor NK and T cells directed against ovarian cancer cells in presence of malignant ascites derived from patients with advanced or recurrent peritoneal carcinomatosis. A wide range of methods was used to study the effect of ascites on NK and T cells (FACS, ELISA, EliSpot, qPCR, Live-cell and confocal microscopy, Western blot and electrolyte flux assays). The ascites components were assessed using quantitative analysis (nephelometry, potentiometry and clinical chemistry) and separation methods (dialysis, ultracentrifugal filtration and lipid depletion). Results: Ascites rapidly inhibited NK cell degranulation, tumor lysis, cytokine secretion and calcium signaling. Similarly, target independent NK and T cell activation was impaired in ascites environment. We identified imbalanced electrolytes in ascites as crucial factors causing extensive immunosuppression of NK and T cells. Specifically, high sodium, low chloride and low potassium content significantly suppressed NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Electrolyte imbalance led to changes in transcription and protein expression of electrolyte channels and impaired NK and T cell activation. Selected inhibitors of sodium electrolyte channels restored intracellular calcium flux, conjugation, degranulation and transcript expression of signaling molecules. The levels of ascites-mediated immunosuppression and sodium/chloride/potassium imbalance correlated with poor patient outcome and selected molecular alterations were confirmed in immune cells from ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion: Our data suggest a novel electrolyte-based mechanism of immunosuppression in malignant ascites of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. We show for the first time that the immunosuppression of NK cytotoxicity in coculture assays is correlated to patient poor survival. Therapeutic application of sodium channel inhibitors may provide new means for restoring immune cell activity in ascites or similar electrolyte imbalanced environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the chlorine isotope disequilibrium between chlorides in pore fluids and chlorides in seawater and infer its consequences for chlorine isotope exchange between ocean sediment pore fluids and seawater. We illustrate our methodology with pore fluids from two IODP drilled to depths of ≈1000 m (U1456 and U1457) in the Indus River fan dominated by clay-detritus sediments of the western Himalayas. At these two sites, the concentrations of chloride and sodium ions do not show significant changes with depth and remain very close to those of seawater. As a function of depth, however, chlorides show a progressive decrease in 37Cl (downto −2.5 and −1.4 ‰ respectively), while Ca2+ increases and Mg2+ decreases, as commonly observed in clay-rich oceanic sediments. The rate of the δ37Cl decrease is correlated to the lithology and sedimentation rate. Examining the chlorine budget on these two sites, we conclude that: (1) Most of the chlorine (≥96% of the total Cl) is contained in the pore fluids as chlorides, while the chlorine stored in the other sinks (minerals or organochlorine) is generally very minor (representing <4% of the total Cl). (2) These other sinks are too small to sequester the lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine, which could compensate for the decreased δ37Cl of the chlorides observed in the pore fluids (assuming that the pore fluids originally had chlorides with the chlorine isotopic composition of seawater, δ37Cl = 0 ‰). (3) This lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine has been released from the sediment into the overlying seawater, with fluxes of about 20 mol of chloride per square metre per kiloyear. In order to evaluate the consequence of this unbalanced on a global scale, we extend this chlorine budget analysis to 22 other oceanic sites drilled by IODP in a variety of tectonic environments. It is estimated that worldwide oceanic sediment pore fluids contain 1 × 1020 mol of chloride with mean δ37Cl at −2.3 ± 0.1 ‰ and mean chlorinity at 0.290 ± 0.055 mol Cl- per kg of sediment. Most of the calculated values of the lost 37Cl-enriched chlorine flux are between 3.5 and 45.6 mol of chloride per square metre per kiloyear (mean value of 18.3 mol Cl.m−2.kyr−1), corresponding to a typical chloride exchange time between sediments and seawater of between 5.5 and 71 Myr with a mean value of 14 Myr. Importantly, in oceanic sediments, a relationship between the δ37Cl of the chlorides in their pore fluids and the nature of the detrital minerals (smectite, illite, kaolinite, carbonate, quartz, ...) may exists. This relationship should be modulated by the detrital input from the continents to the oceanic sediments and should therefore be a consequence of the climatic conditions on the continents (mainly rain, temperature). The δ37Cl of the seawater should vary according to these detrital inputs. The expected range of variation would be between −0.3 and +0.3 ‰. This is consistent with the range of δ37Cl in seawater predicted by the study of evaporites deposited since 2 Ga (Eggenkamp et al., 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrhea is the increase of excretion of human water content and an imbalance in the physiologic processes of the small and large intestine while shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite in plants. This study aims to study the anti-diarrheal activity of shikimic acid through restoring kidney function, antioxidant activity, inflammatory markers, sodium/potassium-ATPase activity, apoptosis genes, and histology of the kidney in SD rats fed lactose diet to induce diarrhea. Results: Thirty-six male SD rats (150 ± 10 g, 12 weeks old) were divided into 2 equal groups (18 rats/group) as follows: normal and diarrheal rats. Normal rats were divided into 3 equal groups of 6 rats each: the control, shikimic acid, and desmopressin drug groups. Diarrheal rats were also divided into 3 equal groups of 6 rats each: diarrheal, diarrheal rats + shikimic acid, and diarrheal rats + desmopressin drug groups. Shikimic acid restored serum urea and creatinine, urinary volume, kidney weight, sodium, potassium, and chloride balance in serum and urine. The acid returned the antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, malondialdehyde, NADPH oxidase activity, conjugated dienes, and oxidative index) activity and the inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10) to values approaching the control values. Shikimic acid also restored the sodium/potassium-ATPase activity, the apoptosis genes p53 and bcl-2, and the histology of kidney tissue in diarrheal rats to be near the control group. Conclusions: Shikimic acid rescues diarrhea and its complications through restoring kidney function, serum and urinary electrolytes, antioxidant activity, inflammatory markers, sodium/potassium-ATPase activity, the apoptosis genes, and the histology of the kidney in diarrheal rats to approach the control one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis (AGMA) and high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) are two forms of metabolic acidosis, which is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of various acid–base disorders in patients with advanced CKD using point-of-care testing (POCT) and to determine the relationship between POCT parameters. Methods: In a group of 116 patients with CKD in stages G4 and G5, with a mean age of 62.5 ± 17 years, a sample of arterial blood was taken during the arteriovenous fistula procedure for POCT, which enables an assessment of the most important parameters of acid–base balance, including: pH, base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride(Cl−), anion gap (AG), creatinine and urea concentration. Based on this test, patients were categorized according to the type of acidosis-base disorder. Results: Decompensate acidosis with a pH < 7.35 was found in 68 (59%) patients. Metabolic acidosis (MA), defined as the concentration of HCO3− ≤ 22 mmol/L, was found in 92 (79%) patients. In this group, significantly lower pH, BE, HCO3− and Cl− concentrations were found. In group of MA patients, AGMA and HAGMA was observed in 48 (52%) and 44 (48%) of patients, respectively. The mean creatinine was significantly lower in the AGMA group compared to the HAGMA group (4.91 vs. 5.87 mg/dL, p < 0.05). The AG correlated positively with creatinine (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and urea (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), but there was no correlation between HCO3− and both creatinine (r = −0.015, p > 0.05) and urea (r = −0.07, p > 0.05). The Cl− concentrations correlated negatively with HCO3− (r = −0.8, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The most common type of acid–base disturbance in CKD patients in stages 4 and 5 is AGMA, which is observed in patients with better kidney function and is associated with compensatory hyperchloremia. The initiation of renal replacement therapy was significantly earlier for patients diagnosed with HAGMA compared to those diagnosed with AGMA. The more advanced the CKD, the higher the AG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart failure‐associated hypochloremia can be depletional from diuretics or dilutional from water retention. Serum osmolality reflects water balance but has not been evaluated in dogs with heart disease. Hypothesis: To determine if serum osmolality is related to heart disease stage and amount of mathematical correction of serum chloride (Cl−) concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD). Animals: Seventy‐seven dogs (20 healthy, 25 Stage B MMVD, 32 Stage C/D MMVD). Methods: Serum Cl− concentrations were mathematically corrected. Osmolality was calculated (calOsm) and directly measured by freezing point depression (dmOsm) and compared by Bland‐Altman analysis. Biochemical variables and osmolality were compared among healthy, Stage B, and Stage C/D dogs. Correlations were explored between osmolality and biochemical variables. Median and range are presented. P <.05 was considered significant. Results: The calOsm was different among groups (P =.003), with Stage B (310 mOsm/kg; 306, 316) and C/D dogs (312 mOsm/kg; 308, 319) having higher calOsm than healthy dogs (305 mOsm/kg; 302, 308). Osmolality methods were moderately correlated (P <.0001, rs =.46) but with proportional bias and poor agreement. The amount of Cl− correction was negatively correlated with calOsm (P <.0001, rs = −.78) and dmOsm (P =.004, rs = −.33). Serum bicarbonate concentration was negatively correlated with Cl− (P <.0001, rs = −.67). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with Stage B and Stage C/D heart disease had higher calOsm than healthy dogs. Osmolality was inversely related to the amount of Cl− correction, which supports its use in assessing relative body water content. Poor agreement between calOsm and dmOsm prevents methodological interchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical review of the reasons behind the initiation of this project to find a more sustainable, cost efficient, and safer form of chloride extraction that would result in stabilisation of archaeological copper and its alloys with tin and zinc. The imperative has become increasingly strident with cutbacks in funding for museum conservation facilities and with the reduction in staff, leaving less time for routine analyses of traditional immersive washing treatments that could take several years to effect. Owing to the faster oxidation and reduction kinetics of copper, compared with tin and zinc ions, the problems of uncontrolled corrosion of copper alloys in a chloride-rich environment have led to unacceptable levels of decay in heritage collection items. This study looked at the chloride extraction rates under subcritical conditions for both primary and secondary chloride-rich mineral species nantokite, clinoatacamite, and atacamite and determined the impact of changing the solution pH from 8 to 10, while also addressing the impact of temperature. The range of temperatures between 130 and 230°C was assessed at 50°C intervals at both levels of acidity of the leaching liquors. For the nantokite treatment, the formation of a cuprite patina which replaced the waxy-grey initial corrosion products was regarded as a bonus. The nature of the patina and changes in surface textures resulting from the treatment are critically reviewed and a series of recommendations for future work are included in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A presumed cause of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accumulation of unmeasured anions, leading to a high anion gap (AG). In patients with CKD with a high AG, only minor increases are expected. The aim of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of the AG in documented steady state CKD to examine the effect of CKD on a high-AG metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). Methods In this cross-sectional study the AG, bicarbonate, and chloride were evaluated in 1045 blood and urine samples of 501 patients with steady state CKD in the outpatient clinic. The influence of phosphate, albumin and potassium on the AG were evaluated. Results The mean AG increased from 8.8 mEq/l (±1.57) in CKD stage 1 to 11.2 mEq/l (±2.22) in CKD stage 5 (P  < 0.001). Correction for albumin or phosphate did not influence the magnitude of the AG. Correction for potassium did alter the prevalence of HAGMA, but not the severity. [HCO3−] decreased between CKD stages 1 and 5 by 5.1 mEq/l. The [Cl−] increased by 2.6 mEq/l between CKD stages 1 and 5. Conclusions The elevation of the AG in patients with steady state CKD is limited and less pronounced than the decrease in [HCO3−]. Normal AG metabolic acidosis seems to be more important in CKD than HAGMA. The CKD stage and the magnitude of the AG should be taken into account when evaluating a patient with HAGMA. This study suggests that an AG >15 mEq/l is rarely due to renal failure alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of concrete incorporating slag is necessary due to global environmental concerns, but the decrease in concrete durability caused by environments rich in chloride ions requires more advanced concrete mix designs, especially in coastal areas. The aim of this study was thus to assess the influence of slag addition on the transport of chloride ions in reinforced concrete (RC) beams under sustained bending moments, considering two conditions of environmental chlorine exposure: drying–wetting cycles and soaking. The results showed that the chloride diffusion coefficient (CDC) increased in tension zones and decreased in compression zones when the sustained bending load in the concrete beam was increased. However, it was also found that the addition of slag can significantly reduce the chloride diffusion depth and CDC for both environmental conditions, with a more significant effect under drying–wetting cycles. The chloride concentration on the surface of slag concrete in the compression zone was greater than that in the tension zone and greater than that in both the tension and compression zones of the ordinary concrete. A prediction model was established for describing the chloride penetration characteristics of concrete beams subjected to sustained bending moment. The proposed model is a reasonable approach for predicting chloride distribution in RC beams with slag addition subjected to bending moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 30 years, many synthetic organic substances have been proposed as promising inhibitors to prevent chloride‐induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Using molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods the formation of protective film on steel have been investigated at atomistic level considering different organic inhibitors, comparing the theoretical results with experimental data. In previous work, the interaction between chlorides and both dry and hydrated triethylenetetramine (TETA) film on hydroxylated γ‐FeOOH surface is studied. Using the same simulation protocol, the aim of this work is to investigate the interaction between the Cl− ions and the benzoate inhibitor film to understand how the corrosion process can be avoided. The dry benzoate film efficiently prevents the adsorption of chlorides on lepidocrocite (γ‐FeOOH) surface. At the same time the MD simulations show the hydrated benzoate film have a lower efficiency because some chlorides come into contact with the γ‐FeOOH surface, and moreover, at longer time they cause a depletion of organic inhibitors close to them, then an inhomogeneity in the exposed film. Not only the number of chlorides that penetrate through the protective film must be considered but also the stability of dry or hydrated protective film during the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in human colonic cell lines and murine intestine suggest the presence of a Ca2+-activated anion channel, presumably TMEM16a. Is there a potential for fluid secretion in patients with severe cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations by activating this alternative pathway? Two-dimensional nondifferentiated colonoid–myofibroblast cocultures resembling transit amplifying/progenitor (TA/PE) cells, as well as differentiated monolayer (DM) cultures resembling near-surface cells, were established from both healthy controls (HLs) and patients with severe functional defects in the CFTR gene (PwCF). F508del mutant and CFTR knockout (null) mice ileal and colonic mucosa was also studied. HL TA/PE monolayers displayed a robust short-circuit current response (ΔIeq) to UTP (100 µM), forskolin (Fsk, 10 µM) and carbachol (CCH, 100 µM), while ΔIeq was much smaller in differentiated monolayers. The selective TMEM16a inhibitor Ani9 (up to 30 µM) did not alter the response to luminal UTP, significantly decreased Fsk-induced ΔIeq, and significantly increased CCH-induced ΔIeq in HL TA/PE colonoid monolayers. The PwCF TA/PE and the PwCF differentiated monolayers displayed negligible agonist-induced ΔIeq, without a significant effect of Ani9. When TMEM16a was localized in intracellular structures, a staining in the apical membrane was not detected. TMEM16a is highly expressed in human colonoid monolayers resembling transit amplifying cells of the colonic cryptal neck zone, from both HL and PwCF. While it may play a role in modulating agonist-induced CFTR-mediated anion currents, it is not localized in the apical membrane, and it has no function as an apical anion channel in cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy human colonic epithelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the exposure test of fly ash (FA) concrete in different environments, chloride diffusion coefficients and main microstructural parameters measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry and their time-dependent properties were analysed. Then, the effect of FA content on time-dependent chloride diffusivity and microstructural parameters was investigated. Finally, according to similarity theory and Jaccard coefficient, the similarities of instantaneous chloride diffusion coefficient and main microstructural parameters between two environments were discussed. Results show the proportion of pores with size ≥100 nm has the best correlation with chloride diffusivity of concrete. Besides, chloride diffusion coefficients and main microstructural parameters decrease with exposure time. The decreasing rate increases with the increase of FA content. Moreover, in the laboratory environment with high temperature and high salinity, an acceleration effect on chloride diffusion can be observed. Results of similarity analysis indicate that chloride diffusivity and the main microstructural parameters at an exposure time of 320 days in the laboratory environment are the most similar to those on site at an exposure time of 840 days. For concrete with FA content not more than 40%, the Jaccard coefficients of similar criterion parameters related to chloride diffusivity and microstructural parameters are all greater than 0.87. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant ascites commonly occurs in advanced or recurrent stages of epithelial ovarian cancer during peritoneal carcinomatosis and is correlated with poor prognosis. Due to its complex composition of cellular and acellular components malignant ascites creates a unique tumor microenvironment, which mediates immunosuppression and promotes progression of disease. However, the immunosuppressive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: In the present study, we explored the antitumor activity of healthy donor NK and T cells directed against ovarian cancer cells in presence of malignant ascites derived from patients with advanced or recurrent peritoneal carcinomatosis. A wide range of methods was used to study the effect of ascites on NK and T cells (FACS, ELISA, EliSpot, qPCR, Live-cell and confocal microscopy, Western blot and electrolyte flux assays). The ascites components were assessed using quantitative analysis (nephelometry, potentiometry and clinical chemistry) and separation methods (dialysis, ultracentrifugal filtration and lipid depletion). Results: Ascites rapidly inhibited NK cell degranulation, tumor lysis, cytokine secretion and calcium signaling. Similarly, target independent NK and T cell activation was impaired in ascites environment. We identified imbalanced electrolytes in ascites as crucial factors causing extensive immunosuppression of NK and T cells. Specifically, high sodium, low chloride and low potassium content significantly suppressed NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Electrolyte imbalance led to changes in transcription and protein expression of electrolyte channels and impaired NK and T cell activation. Selected inhibitors of sodium electrolyte channels restored intracellular calcium flux, conjugation, degranulation and transcript expression of signaling molecules. The levels of ascites-mediated immunosuppression and sodium/chloride/potassium imbalance correlated with poor patient outcome and selected molecular alterations were confirmed in immune cells from ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion: Our data suggest a novel electrolyte-based mechanism of immunosuppression in malignant ascites of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. We show for the first time that the immunosuppression of NK cytotoxicity in coculture assays is correlated to patient poor survival. Therapeutic application of sodium channel inhibitors may provide new means for restoring immune cell activity in ascites or similar electrolyte imbalanced environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates, this study evaluated a new process for extracting copper using iodized solutions and sulfuric acid diluted in seawater without pressure or high temperatures. The work involved a leaching test carried out under various conditions by varying the concentrations of chloride ions, H2SO4, and an evenly distributed oxygen supply in an aeration system. It was demonstrated that Cl− ion addition could promote the chalcopyrite-leaching process. The leaching efficiency of copper reached 70% after 96 h. However, a chloride ion dosage excess can have the opposite effect on extraction, reducing copper recovery. XRD and SEM-EDS results showed that cuprous chloride (CuCl) was formed at high dosages (>0.5 M); meanwhile, at a lower dosage, elemental sulfur (S) was formed in the presence of sulfuric acid solution and seawater medium. In contrast, in an aerated system, surface roughness markedly increased due to continuous oxidation on the surface of the ore. This change in morphology and the high value of the redox potential, given by the aerated system and the acidic environment, allowed copper recovery of up to 70% after 96 h. The results showed that an aerated system is the most effective factor in chalcopyrite concentrate leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sichuan Basin of China is a typical underground brine enrichment area. In order to develop and utilize the brine resource, it is necessary to study the phase equilibria and phase diagram of brine systems. In this work, the phase equilibria of the quinary system NaCl + KCl + MgCl2 + SrCl2 + H2O (saturated with NaCl) at 308.2 K of the underground brines in Sichuan Basin are measured experimentally by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. The phase diagram, water content diagram, and sodium chloride content change diagram of the quinary system with NaCl saturated are also drawn, respectively. The results show that the phase diagram of the quinary system contains three invariant points, seven isothermal solubility curves, and five solid crystal zones at 308.2 K. In the phase diagram, the KCl crystallization area is the largest, followed by SrCl2·6H2O, KCl·MgCl2·6H2O, and SrCl2·2H2O, while MgCl2·6H2O has the smallest crystallization area. Magnesium chloride in the quinary system has the largest solubility and has strong salting‐out effect on other salts. Furthermore, the unreported mixed ion interaction parameters θMg, Sr and ΨMg, Sr, Cl of Pitzer model are fitted, respectively. Consequently, the solubilities of the quinary system NaCl + KCl + MgCl2 + SrCl2 + H2O at 308.2 K are predicted using the Pitzer model, and the calculated phase diagram at 308.2 K is also plotted in detail. The predicted solubilities of the quinary system were in good agreement with the experimental solubilities. Finally, the study on the phase equilibrium of the quinary system can provide phase equilibrium data for the development and utilization of liquid mineral resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy constitutes the most common paroxysmal manifestation of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency (G1D) and is generally considered medication‐refractory. It can also prove therapeutic diet‐resistant. We examined acetazolamide effects in G1D motivated by several longstanding and recent observations: First, the electrographic spike‐waves characteristic of absence seizures often resemble those of G1D and, since the 1950s, they have occasionally been treated successfully with acetazolamide, well before G1D was segregated from absence epilepsy as a distinct syndrome. Second, synaptic inhibitory neuron failure characterizes G1D and, in other experimental models, this can be ameliorated by drugs that modify cellular chloride gradient such as acetazolamide. Third, acetazolamide potently stimulates model cell glucose transport in vitro. Seventeen antiepileptic drug or therapeutic diet‐refractory individuals with G1D treated with acetazolamide were thus identified via medical record review complemented by worldwide individual survey. Acetazolamide was tolerated and decreased seizures in 76% of them, with 58% of all persons studied experiencing seizure reductions by more than one‐half, including those who first manifested myoclonic‐astatic epilepsy or infantile spams. Eighty‐eight percent of individuals with G1D continued taking acetazolamide for over 6 months, indicating sustained tolerability and efficacy. The results provide a novel avenue for the treatment and mechanistic investigation of G1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete reaction of chalcopyrite at ≥220 °C under pressure oxidation conditions (10 or 20% w/w pulp density, PO2 700 kPa) is a clean process producing a residue consisting of hematite and un-reacted gangue minerals. However, when the process water contains chloride ions, covellite intermediate formation is significant and subsequently generates elemental sulphur that can persist for up to 60 min. Increasing the temperature to 230 °C reduces this time, although the dissolution of copper and the oxidation of sulphur still follows non-parallel reaction pathways. At 245 °C, the production of elemental sulphur in the presence of moderate chloride levels, 15 g/L, is no longer significant. The effects of other chemical additions (including enhancement of aluminium content) are also examined. Particular emphasis is given to the mineralogy of the leach residues and the deportment of iron in these residues to various phases that include hematite, basic ferric sulphate and natrojarosite. The residues are found to also contain a number of other intermediate phases in addition to covellite and sulphur, such as antlerite and clinoatacamite, depending upon the leach conditions employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil treated with different concentrations of copper (75, 160, and 190 mg/kg soil) and cadmium (4, 8, and 10 mg/kg soil) had assessments for their effects on the growth of algae (Cladophora and Spirogyra). Soil treated with copper (190 mg/kg) and cadmium (10 mg/kg) has shown a significant impact, decreasing the dry weight of Cladophora (1.600 and 0.353 mg) and Spirogyra (1.500 and 0.189 mg). Chlorophyll a and b content also expressed decreased with copper application to the soil at 190 mg/kg. Cladophora and Spirogyra algae had concentrations of 0.082 and 0.007 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. In algae Cladophora, the cadmium (10 mg/kg soil) levels reached 0.073 and 0.008 mg/g of fresh weight, while Spirogyra had concentrations of 0.013 and 0.011 mg/g. In the nutrient concentration status of cladophora, soil treatment with cadmium (10 mg/kg) was the most beneficial for phosphorus, chloride, and sodium levels (0.170, 0.010, and 0.010 mg/g, respectively). Similarly, the phosphorus and sodium concentrations had declined with copper treatments in algae spirogyra (0.150 and 0.040 mg/g, respectively), while chloride concentration reduction was by cadmium (10 mg/kg soil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The study aims to improve the quality of hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles（FCV）, as well as solve the technical problem that trace halide impurities in hydrogen is difficult to be accurately quantified. Methods A method for the determination of halides in hydrogen for FCV by ion chromatography was developed using "lye + reducing agent" as absorption solution. When chlorine impurities exist, neither water nor lye as absorbent solution could fully absorb chlorine gas. The reducing agent thiosulfate could completely reduce hypochlorite to chloride ion under alkaline condition and improve the absorption efficiency of chlorine gas. Results With "NaOH + S2O32-" as the absorption solution, the absorption efficiency of chlorine gas reached 91.0%, and the absorption efficiencies of chloride mixture were 92.6%-115.9%. The absorption efficiencies of low concentration hydrogen chloride and chlorine gas samples were more than 80.0%, and the relative deviations of the two parallel tests values were less than 10%. The detection limits of hydrogen chloride and chlorine were 0.014 μmol/mol and 0.007 μmol/mol, respectively. Conclusions The established method meets the requirements of halide detection in FCV. All of the halide impurities in hydrogen for FCV collected from four different sources were lower than the limit value of GB/T 37244-2018 Fuel specification for proton exchange membrane fuel cell vehicles—Hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]