Search

L’organisme Allô prof d’aide aux devoirs a vu le jour en 1996 afin d’offrir du soutien aux élèves dans la réalisation de leurs travaux scolaires à la maison. Le gouvernement du Québec ainsi que différents donateurs privés ont fondé cet organisme à but non lucratif afin de permettre aux élèves d’avoir accès à un enseignant à l’extérieur des heures régulières. Le service téléphonique est la première plateforme mise en place par l’organisme et elle reste, encore aujourd’hui, la plus utilisée. Lors de la communication avec l’élève, l’enseignant interagit avec celui-ci de manière à lui permettre de résoudre le problème auquel il fait face. Ce travail de recherche se concentre sur cette interaction et sur les pratiques enseignantes déployées par les répondants téléphoniques d’Allô prof. Les objectifs de recherche sont la description des pratiques enseignantes préconisées et la catégorisation de celles-ci de manière à définir celles menant à une manifestation explicite de l’apprentissage de l’élève. Pour ce faire, une analyse d’appels téléphoniques a été réalisée de même que des entrevues avec des enseignants travaillant pour l’organisme comme répondants téléphoniques. L’analyse des appels a été effectuée selon la classification en boîtes de Bardin (2013) et par une analyse déductive des pratiques relevées. De leur côté, les entrevues ont mené à une analyse inductive de manière à faire émerger les pratiques ainsi que les défis auxquels font face les enseignants répondants dans le cadre de leur travail. Cette analyse a exposé que les interactions entre les enseignants et les élèves ne répondent pas aux modèles décrits dans la littérature. En effet, dans plusieurs situations, les enseignants agissent comme transmetteurs de savoir et questionnent peu les élèves durant la communication. Dans d’autres situations, les enseignants questionnent les élèves, mais à l’aide de questions fermées menant à des réponses comme « oui », « ok » ou « non ». Ce type de questionnement n’impliqu

La lignocellulose est un biopolymère complexe, abondant et renouvelable, présent dans les parois cellulaires des plantes, qui est composé de lignine, de cellulose et d'hémicellulose. La lignocellulose fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches ces dernières années, notamment dans le contexte des applications en bioénergie (bioéthanol, biogaz, ), la production de produits chimiques (phénols, sucres, ) et produits biobasés (bioplastique, nanocellulose,). L'utilisation de la lignocellulose comme matière première peut contribuer à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre associées à l’usage des combustibles fossiles et ainsi diminuer l’impact de ceux-ci sur le changement climatique. Cependant, il reste encore des défis à surmonter, tels que l'optimisation de la sélection et de la préparation de la matière première, l'amélioration de l'efficacité des processus de conversion de la lignocellulose, et le développement de chaînes d'approvisionnement durables pour la biomasse lignocellulosique.Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié diverses biomasses lignocellulosiques inexploitées en Algérie, notamment les tiges d'alfa, les palmes sèches, les grignons d'olive, les cônes de pin et les déchets de tomates, et analysé leurs compositions chimiques. Chaque biomasse a une composition spécifique, reflétée dans les concentrations différentes de cellulose, d'hémicellulose, de lignine et d'azote. Des micro-organismes capables de produire des enzymes, qui peuvent agir sur la lignocellulose, telles que la cellulase, la xylanase et la laccase ont été cultivés sur ces bioressources :les déchets de tomates se sont révélés être le substrat le plus adapté pour la production de ces enzymes. Une souche identifiée comme Trametes versicolor K1 était un bon producteur de laccase dans des conditions de culture submergées. Dans ces conditions, son développement sur les déchets de tomates a permis également une accumulation de saccharose et de sucres réducteurs. Ces déchets abondants en Algérie et dans, Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The present invention relates to calix[4]arenes of the formula (1a), in which: Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are selected from hydrogen, halogen, NO2, N3, CN, CHO, COOR', CONR"2, NR2, triazole moiety and C1-C3-alkyl group, said C1-C3-alkyl group being optionally substituted, Z is a heterocyclic moiety which is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, purine, tetrazine, oxazole, pyrazole and thiazole, said heterocyclic moiety being optionally substituted, R1 and R2 are selected from hydrogen and C1-C8-alkyl, said C1-C8-alkyl group being optionally substituted, n being an integer comprised between 1 and 4 (preferably equal to 1), They exhibit high cytotoxicity against cancer cells., https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2024156819, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Macrocyclization has proven to be a useful design strategy in the development of efficient anion receptors. In addition to the ring size, the overall preorganization due to structural rigidity is key. To explore this in the context of developing an efficient pyrophosphate receptor, three macrocycles featuring a 26-membered interior ring size and similar H-bonding motifs have been synthesized, and their anion binding ability has been investigated. Computational studies and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data showed different degrees of preorganization as a result of differences in flexibility. The interaction of the three macrocycles with chloride, dihydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen pyrophosphate was investigated in solution by NMR and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The tetrahydrazone-based macrocycle featuring intermediate flexibility exhibited the best affinity for all three anions investigated. Our results suggest that in addition to the proper preorganization of binding groups in a macrocycle a certain degree of flexibility is also required for an optimal affinity with the target guest., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The synthesis of phosphate receptors represents an important avenue of research given the ubiquity of phosphate in biological and environmental systems. While many molecular scaffolds suitable for smaller anions are available either commercially or via reported synthetic routes, scaffolds suitable for larger anions such as phosphate are less common. In this work, we present a clear and straightforward synthesis of the basic molecular scaffold 3,6-diaminophenanthrene and of a novel 3,6-bisureidophenanthrene anion receptor prepared from this scaffold. Of the seven synthetic steps using readily available starting materials and reagents, only a single chromatographic purification step was required. The different interactions of the 3,6-bisureidophenanthrene-based anion receptor with phosphate and chloride are demonstrated. We expect that this convenient synthesis of the 3,6-diaminophenanthrene building block will pave the way for applications in many different fields of research, from materials science to supramolecular chemistry., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The electrochemical behavior of furfural was studied on various electrode materials (Au, Pt, Cu, C, Ag) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPyrr][NTf2]), using electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, long-term potentiostatic electrolyses) and ex-situ high-resolution NMR. A reduction wave between -2.30 and -2.43 V vs. Fc+/Fc depending on the electrode material is assigned to the formation of furfuryl alcohol and two hydrofuroin diastereomers. The proposed mechanism, consistent with that generally reported in aqueous or organic media, starts with an electron transfer to the furfural carbonyl function, via an outer-sphere mechanism. An oxidation wave around +1.90 V is assigned to the formation of an adduct between the NTf2- anion and furfural via an inner-sphere mechanism., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

As data-intensive techniques proliferate across many scientific disciplines, new criteria for more objective interpretation and a priori evaluation are required to reconcile data-driven results with understanding of the underlying physics. Many unsupervised tools are used by researchers in the framework of combustion science to simplify models, speed up calculations, and discover hidden patterns in data. Heuristic criteria and rules of thumb are primarily used to select appropriate settings for such data-driven tools, particularly in unsupervised learning. This can lead to the choice of sub-optimal models, which can be difficult to interpret. For this reason, the present study aims to provide new guidelines for evaluating and interpreting problems when clustering and dimensionality reduction techniques are used in conjunction. In particular, the Vector Quantization Principal Component Analysis (VQPCA) algorithm is an ensemble of both techniques and has demonstrated its effectiveness in various combustion applications. However, more objective criteria are needed for the comparative evaluation of different unsupervised solutions for a given test case. This can reduce the level of user expertise required in the hyperparameters selection process. In this study, a novel definition of a case-independent, projection-based index for the comparative evaluation of low-dimensional manifold projections is presented. The proposed index was tested on a hierarchy of datasets from simple synthetic data with “known answer” to more complex combustion-related datasets, namely experimental piloted flames at different Reynolds numbers, a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of n-heptane in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) conditions, and finally a DNS of a turbulent lifted hydrogen flame in heated coflow. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the index in automatically choosing solutions that exhibit optimal trade-offs in model complexity and performance. Furthermore, the, 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The synthesis of a series of mononuclear, dicationic CoII funnel complexes is reported herein. Three ligands Calix‐TMPAX present a calix[6]arene cone closed at its small rim by a tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine (TMPA) unit and differ by the nature of three cavity walls, anisole, phenol or quinone. The X‐ray diffraction structure of [CoII(MeCN)Calix‐TMPAOMe](ClO4)2 displays a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, with Co bound to all 4 nitrogen atoms of the TMPA cap, and to one MeCN guest molecule buried inside the calixarene cavity. All complexes were fully characterized in solution as high spin 5‐coordinate species using various techniques, including 1H NMR spectroscopy. For comparison purpose, an analogous CoII complex based on the TMPACH2OH ligand, devoid of a calixarene core, was synthetized. Its X‐ray structure shows a dicationic 7‐coordinate cobalt(II) center in the N4O3 environment provided by the ligand, leaving no space for exogenous ligand binding. This contrasts with the 5‐coordinate complexes obtained with the calix‐ligands that allow guest‐ligand binding and exchange. A brief overview of the coordination properties of the calix‐complexes, compared to those obtained with TMPA ligands, devoid of a cavity, highlights major differences in terms of complexation kinetics, geometry, coordination to the labile site, anion affinity, nuclearity, and stability., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An efficient copper-catalyzed synthesis of (annelated) benzimidazoles is reported. This transformation is based on a simple and straightforward one-pot sequence involving a copper-catalyzed cross coupling between o-haloanilines and lactams/amides followed by a subsequent cyclization under acidic conditions. A variety of (annelated) benzimidazoles could be easily obtained in high yields from readily available starting materials and this procedure could be further applied to the synthesis of the antihypertensive blockbuster drug telmisartan., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The effective capture of radioiodine is vital to the development of the nuclear industry and ecological environmental protection. There is, therefore, a continuously growing research exploration in various types of solid-state materials for iodine capture. During the last decade, the potential of using macrocycle and cage-based supramolecular materials in effective uptake and separation of radioactive iodine has been demonstrated. Interest in the application of these materials in iodine capture originates from their diversified porous characteristics, abundant host–guest chemistry, high iodine affinity and adsorption capacity, high stability in various environments, facile modification and functionalization, and intrinsic structural flexibility, among other attributes. Herein, recent progress in macrocycle and cage-based solid-state materials, including pure discrete macrocycles and cages, and their polymeric forms, for iodine capture is summarized and discussed with an emphasis on iodine capture capacities, mechanisms, and design strategies., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

La réaction de SN2’, initialement mise en évidence en 1960 par Crabbé, correspond à l’addition d’un dérivé organométallique du cuivre, préformé ou généré in situ de façon catalytique, sur un substrat possédant un groupe partant en position allylique s’effectuant avec migration de la double liaison, le tout avec en général d’excellents niveaux de régio-, chimio- et stéréo- sélectivités. Au départ de substrats chiraux, cette réaction est en outre stéréospécifique et représente une des meilleures méthodes pour la mise en place de centres stéréogènes carbonés, ce qui est encore, à l’heure actuelle, loin d’être trivial. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié plus en profondeur cette réaction et l'avons appliquée à divers substrats., Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Helicoidal crystallites in rhythmically banded spherulites manifest spectacular optical patterns in small molecules and polymers. It is shown that concentric optical bands indicating crystallographic orientations typically lose coherence (in-phase twisting) with growth from the center of nucleation. Here, coherence is shown to increase as the twist period decreases for seven molecular crystals grown from the melt. This dependence was correlated to crystallite fiber thickness and length, as well as crystallite branching frequency, a parameter that was extracted from scanning electron micrographs, and supported by numerical simulations. Hole mobilities for 2,5-didodecyl-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione (DPP-C12) measured by using organic field-effect transistors demonstrated that more incoherent boundaries between optical bands in spherulites lead to higher charge transport for films with the same twist period. This was rationalized by combining our growth model with electrodynamic simulations. This work illustrates the emergence of complexity in crystallization processes (spherulite formation) that arises in the extra variable of helicoidal radial twisting. The details of the patterns analyzed here link the added complexity in crystal growth to the electronic and optical properties of the thin films., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Functionalized, saturated nitrogen heterocycles form the core structures of many molecules that have an impact on our daily lives, including natural products and pharmaceuticals. An efficient and general method for the direct alpha-peroxidation of saturated nitrogen heterocycles is reported. Upon simple reaction with tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper(II) chloride and 1,10-phenanthroline, a broad range of nitrogen heterocycles equipped with a 2-pyridyl directing group are readily peroxidized at room temperature to the corresponding stable hemiaminals with full regioselectivity. These hemiaminals were, moreover, shown to be remarkably efficient precursors of the corresponding iminium ions upon simple treatment with citric acid, enabling, overall, the introduction of a series of nucleophiles at the alpha position of the starting nitrogen heterocycles., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Solid supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are excellent platforms for studying the biophysical properties of cell membranes, as well as versatile biomimetic films for biotechnology applications. Among the existing approaches used to form SLBs, vesicle fusion and rupture onto solid supports is the most commonly employed one owing to its straightforward procedure. SLBs are typically formed on atomically flat and very hydrophilic surfaces, overlooking the influence of roughness and topography on membrane formation and organization. As a matter of fact, lipid bilayers in vivo are corrugated at the nanoscale level, as a result of interactions with proteins, fibrils, and other components within the intracellular and extracellular environment. Fundamental studies of the effect of surface roughness on SLBs are scarce and restricted to few contributions, where nanoroughness has shown to affect lipid mobility by a 5-fold decrease and inhibit domain growth in phase-separated membranes. In this work, the impact of nanoroughness on the formation and stability of SLBs onto SiO2 surfaces with different degrees of vertical and lateral surface roughness is studied. Combining quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy with force spectroscopy (AFM-FS), it is shown that nanoroughness affects the formation of SLBs by increasing the activation energy of vesicle fusion, rupture and spreading, and weakens the stability and lateral organization of the formed SLBs., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The benzothieno-benzothiophene derivatives are among the best-performing organic semiconductor materials. Their triumphant application in electronic devices is correlated to their capability to form well-defined thin film structures featuring crystalline order at the substrate–organic interface. Thin films of the molecule 2,7-bis(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy) benzo[b]-benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene (OEG-BTBT) are prepared by spin coating and physical vapor deposition using different experimental conditions. Atomically flat silicon oxide surfaces with defined surface energies are used as substrates. The crystalline morphology is studied for the monolayer regime up to thick films by X-ray reflectivity, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Depending on the preparation process, substantial variations are found in the structure of the first monolayers. The highly flexible oligoethylene glycol side chains allow different monolayer formation processes. Also, the subsequent crystal growth strongly depends on the nucleation in the monolayer regime. Here, we observe two distinct nucleation scenarios, one directly at the substrate surface and one at the edges of sub-monolayer terraces. As a consequence, the mosaicity of the crystallites in thick films is strongly affected by the growth type. This work illustrates that different thin film preparation processes can result in different nucleation mechanisms for subsequent crystallization. Consequently, variations in the crystallographic order in device relevant films are observed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study aims to investigate the chemistry of the Ni-O-Pb-Bi system through a combined microscopic andelectrochemical analysis of the Ni-NiO-NiBi3 equilibrium in molten lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Through SEMEDXmetallographic characterization, we examined to the precipitates formed on the solid nickel substrate inmolten LBE, confirming the formation of the NiBi3 within the temperature range of 469–748 K. Subsequently, weinduced the Ni(LBE)-NiO(s)-NiBi3(s) ternary equilibrium in LBE and measured the equilibrium oxygen concentrationsat different temperatures. The equilibrium nickel activity was derived using the measured equilibriumoxygen concentration in the temperature range of 518–595 K. Finally, the Ni-Bi IMCs floating on LBE at the endof the measurements were collected and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the presence of theNiBi3 phase., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A straightforward entry to 5-membered cyclic cyanamides from readily available allylic and propargylic cyanamides is reported. These starting materials are easily obtained by a multicomponent A3 coupling followed by a von Braun reaction and they were shown to be readily cyclized by a ring-closing enyne metathesis, upon simple reaction with Grubbs II catalyst, to the corresponding highly functionalized cyclic cyanamides., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Copper is one of the most efficient and attractive metals for catalysis. In addition to their availability, low cost and limited toxicity, copper complexes can be utilized to catalyze a broad variety of reactions, including radical ones. For such reactions, organic halides are by far the most versatile and attractive substrates: our contribution to the catalysis of radical reactions from organic halides with copper complexes is summarized in this account., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A general and inexpensive catalytic system is reported for the copper-catalyzed carbonylative coupling between alkyl iodides and alcohols or sodium hydroxide. Upon reaction with catalytic amounts of copper(I) chloride and N,N,N’,N”,N”-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine under a mild pressure of carbon monoxide (5 bar), a range of secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides are readily converted to the corresponding esters and carboxylic acids without competing direct nucleophilic substitution. Main advantages of this procedure include its broad applicability, the use of an especially inexpensive and available catalytic system and its user-friendliness., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Ynamides contain a triple bond directly connected to a nitrogen atom that bears an electron-withdrawing group. They represent an especially useful and emerging class of reagents, notably because of their strongly polarized triple bond, which enables the development of unique chemical transformations. While they were discovered by Viehe in 1972, their chemistry has remained little investigated and the renaissance of ynamide chemistry started at the dawn of the 20th century with the development of efficient methods for their synthesis. Since then, ynamide chemistry has developed at a remarkably high rate, notably in the past 20 years. Although there are several reviews on ynamide chemistry, most of them are out of date or only focus on special aspects of ynamide chemistry and there is no book about ynamide chemistry yet. Thus, a comprehensive book on ynamide chemistry would be timely and is highly needed.This book covers all aspects of ynamide chemistry, including their discovery, their syntheses, their application in heterocyclic chemistry, natural product synthesis, and organometallic chemistry, and their use as coupling reagents. It provides a systematic and comprehensive overview on ynamide chemistry for the researchers in this field, general readers interested in synthesis, and those who want to enter this field and need a comprehensive and up-to-date overview. Undoubtedly, this book will play a key role in connecting the past with the future to further foster the development of ynamide chemistry., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A central challenge of neuroscience is to elucidate how brain function supports consciousness. Here, we combine the specificity of focal deep brain stimulation with fMRI coverage of the entire cortex, in awake and anaesthetised non-human primates. During propofol, sevoflurane, or ketamine anaesthesia, and subsequent restoration of responsiveness by electrical stimulation of the central thalamus, we investigate how loss of consciousness impacts distributed patterns of structure-function organisation across scales. We report that distributed brain activity under anaesthesia is increasingly constrained by brain structure across scales, coinciding with anaesthetic-induced collapse of multiple dimensions of hierarchical cortical organisation. These distributed signatures are observed across different anaesthetics, and they are reversed by electrical stimulation of the central thalamus, coinciding with recovery of behavioural markers of arousal. No such effects were observed upon stimulating the ventral lateral thalamus, demonstrating specificity. Overall, we identify consistent distributed signatures of consciousness that are orchestrated by specific thalamic nuclei., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Cavities are a ubiquitous feature of chemical structures encountered in various fields ranging from supramolecular chemistry to molecular biology. They are involved in the encapsulation, transport, and transformation of guest molecules, thus necessitating a precise and accessible tool for estimating and visualizing their size and shape. MoloVol is a free, open-source software parametrizable through a user-friendly graphic interface developed for calculating a range of geometric features of chemical structures. MoloVol utilizes up to two spherical probes to define cavities, surfaces, and volumes. The general scope of the program utility and its algorithms were previously reported. This poster presents the utility of MoloVol for the characterization of cavities in macrocyclic and cage compounds (Fig. 1). MoloVol is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux distributions at https://molovol.com, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cavities are a ubiquitous feature of chemical structures encountered in various fields ranging from supramolecular chemistry to molecular biology. They are involved in the encapsulation, transport, and transformation of guest molecules, thus necessitating a precise and accessible tool for estimating and visualizing their size and shape. MoloVol is a free, open-source software parametrizable through a user-friendly graphic interface developed for calculating a range of geometric features of chemical structures. MoloVol utilizes up to two spherical probes to define cavities, surfaces, and volumes. The general scope of the program utility and its algorithms were previously reported. This poster presents the utility of MoloVol for the characterization of cavities in macrocyclic and cage compounds (Fig. 1). MoloVol is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux distributions at https://molovol.com, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Defect engineering in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has gained worldwide research traction, as it offers tools to tune the properties of MOFs. Herein, we report a novel 2-fold interpenetrated Bi-based MOF made of a tritopic flexible organic linker, followed by missing-linker defect engineering. This procedure creates a gradually augmented micro- and mesoporosity in the parent (originally nonporous) network. The resulting MOFs can tolerate a remarkable extent of linker vacancy (with absence of up to 60% of linkers per Bi node) created by altering the crystal-growth rate as a function of synthesis temperature and duration. Owing to the enhanced porosity and availability of the uncoordinated Lewis acidic Bi sites, the defect-engineered MOFs manifested improved surface areas, augmented CO2 and water vapor uptake, and catalytic activity. Parallel to this, the impact of defect engineering on the optoelectronic properties of these MOFs has also been studied, offering avenues for new applications., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Coordination cages have been widely reported to bind a variety of guests, which are useful for chemical separation. Although the use of cages in the solid state benefits the recycling, the flexibility, dynamicity, and metal-ligand bond reversibility of solid-state cages are poor, preventing efficient guest encapsulation. Here we report a type of coordination cage-integrated solid materials that can be swelled into gel in water. The material is prepared through incorporation of an anionic Fe II 4 L 6 cage as the counterion of a cationic poly(ionic liquid) (MOC@PIL). The immobilized cages within MOC@PILs have been found to greatly affect the swelling ability of MOC@PILs and thus the mechanical properties. Importantly, upon swelling, the uptake of water provides an ideal microenvironment within the gels for the immobilized cages to dynamically move and flex that leads to excellent solution-level guest binding performances. This concept has enabled the use of MOC@PILs as efficient adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from water and for the purification of toluene and cyclohexane. Importantly, MOC@PILs can be regenerated through a deswelling strategy along with the recycling of the extracted guests., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children and the second leading cause of infant death worldwide. While global circulation has been extensively studied for respiratory viruses such as seasonal influenza, and more recently also in great detail for SARS-CoV-2, a lack of global multi-annual sampling of complete RSV genomes limits our understanding of RSV molecular epidemiology. Here, we capitalise on the genomic surveillance by the INFORM-RSV study and apply phylodynamic approaches to uncover how selection and neutral epidemiological processes shape RSV diversity. Using complete viral genome sequences, we show similar patterns of site-specific diversifying selection among RSVA and RSVB and recover the imprint of non-neutral epidemic processes on their genealogies. Using a phylogeographic approach, we provide evidence for air travel governing the global patterns of RSVA and RSVB spread, which results in a considerable degree of phylogenetic mixing across countries. Our findings highlight the potential of systematic global RSV genomic surveillance for transforming our understanding of global RSV spread., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A fundamental question associated with chirality is how mixtures containing equal amounts of interconverting enantiomers can spontaneously convert to systems enriched in only one of them. Enantiomers typically have similar chemical properties, but can exhibit distinct reactivity under specific conditions, and these differences can be used to bias the system’s composition in favor of one enantiomer. Transport properties are also expected to differ for enantiomers in chiral solvents, but the role of such differences in chiral symmetry breaking has not been clarified yet. In this work, we develop a theoretical framework to show that asymmetry in diffusion properties can trigger a spontaneous and selective symmetry breaking in mixtures of enantiomers. We derive a generic evolution equation for the enantiomeric excess in a chiral solvent. This equation shows that the relative stability of homochiral domains is dictated by the difference of diffusion coefficients of the two enantiomers. Consequently, deracemization toward a specific enantiomeric excess can be achieved when this difference is large enough. These results hold significant implications for our understanding of chiral symmetry breaking., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Nitrogen is an essential component of all living organisms and a basic element for synthesizing many chemical products. However, N2 is chemically inert and inaccessible to most organisms in its original form. Therefore, it must be first converted into other more reactive forms like ammonia or nitrates in a process named “Nitrogen Fixation”. Nitrogen fixation (NF) with low energy consumption and minimal CO2 emissions is a significant challenge in today's technological landscape. The natural processes allowing NF are mostly lightning and the activity of some bacteria. The global population growth also increases food demands, thus the industrialization of agriculture using nitrogen-based fertilizers has driven the development of artificial NF processes. In the beginning of the 20th century, intensive research efforts led to the development of several industrial NF processes. The most developed processes are (I) Birkeland–Eyde (B-E) process, (II) Frank–Carlo (F-C) process, and (III) Haber–Bosch (H-B) process. As a result of high energy consumption, the first two processes were abandoned and quickly replaced by the H-B process. In the H-B process, nitrogen from air is combined with hydrogen during steam methane reforming under extremely high pressures (100−250 bar) and moderately high temperatures (500°C) in presence of an active catalyst (Fe or Ru–based catalysts) to yield a high proportion of ammonia. For a fully optimized and integrated H-B process, an energy efficiency as low as 0.48 MJ/mol of nitrogen is reported. Nevertheless, despite its effectiveness, this process consumes almost 1%–2% of the world’s total energy resources and emits more than 180 million tons of CO2 annually. In addition, a fully operational H-B process demands a large infrastructure that does not allow for decentralization on a small scale which makes the transportation requirement an additional disadvantage of this method. It is therefore necessary to develop a new NF process allowing for lower en, Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

We investigate experimentally and theoretically a system ruled by an intricate interplay between topology, nonlinearity, and spontaneous symmetry breaking. The experiment is based on a two-mode coherently-driven optical resonator where photons interact through the Kerr nonlinearity. In presence of a phase defect, the modal structure acquires a synthetic Möbius topology enabling the realization of spontaneous symmetry breaking in inherently bias-free conditions without fine tuning of parameters. Rigorous statistical tests confirm the robustness of the underlying symmetry protection, which manifests itself by a periodic alternation of the modes reminiscent of period-doubling. This dynamic also confers long term stability to various localized structures including domain walls, solitons, and breathers. Our findings are supported by an effective Hamiltonian model and have relevance to other systems of interacting bosons and to the Floquet engineering of quantum matter. They could also be beneficial to the implementation of coherent Ising machines., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen in Europe where it represents a new public health threat. While climate change has been cited as a potential driver of its spatial expansion on the continent, a formal evaluation of this causal relationship is lacking. Here, we investigate the extent to which WNV spatial expansion in Europe can be attributed to climate change while accounting for other direct human influences such as land-use and human population changes. To this end, we trained ecological niche models to predict the risk of local WNV circulation leading to human cases to then unravel the isolated effect of climate change by comparing factual simulations to a counterfactual based on the same environmental changes but a counterfactual climate where long-term trends have been removed. Our findings demonstrate a notable increase in the area ecologically suitable for WNV circulation during the period 1901–2019, whereas this area remains largely unchanged in a no-climate-change counterfactual. We show that the drastic increase in the human population at risk of exposure is partly due to historical changes in population density, but that climate change has also been a critical driver behind the heightened risk of WNV circulation in Europe., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An efficient and broadly applicable rhodium-catalyzed direct ortho-arylation of anilines with aryl iodides relying on readily available aminophosphines as traceless directing groups is reported. Its scope and functional group compatibility were both found to be quite broad as a large variety of both aminophosphines and (hetero)aryl iodides, including complex ones, could be utilized. The ortho-arylated anilines could be obtained in high average yields, without any competing diarylation and with full regioselectivity, which constitutes a major step forward compared to other processes. The reaction is moreover not limited to aryl iodides, as an aryl bromide and a triflate could be successfully used, and could be extended to diarylation. Mechanistic studies revealed the key and unique role of the aminophosphine, acting not only as a substrate but also as a ligand for the rhodium catalyst., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions were an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Through the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network (COVIGEN), LAC countries produced an important number of genomic sequencing data that made possible an enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance capacity in the Americas, paving the way for characterization of emerging variants and helping to guide the public health response. In this study we analyzed approximately 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences generated between February 2020 and March 2022 by multiple genomic surveillance efforts in LAC and reconstructed the diffusion patterns of the main variants of concern (VOCs) and of interest (VOIs) possibly originated in the Region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spread of variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu reflects human mobility patterns due to variations of international air passenger transportation and gradual lifting of social distance measures previously implemented in countries. Our results highlight the potential of genetic data to reconstruct viral spread and unveil preferential routes of viral migrations that are shaped by human mobility patterns., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published