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The article emphasizes that in order to improve the protection of children's rights during military conflicts and combat domestic violence, to identify facts of domestic violence against children, to improve and unify the forms of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and taking into account statistical data on cases of all forms of violence based on gender and domestic violence and the effectiveness of measures taken in these cases. Domestic violence is one such phenomenon that only worsens in the period of military aggression, while it can remain invisible or have an inadequate level of response from society due to many reasons. The problem of domestic violence is not new. This is especially true for children and teenagers. However, just as before the war, so now, children who are witnesses of domestic violence are not always recognized as victims. They are recognized as victims only if physical violence was directly directed against the child. Which, after all, a child who has witnessed domestic violence is obviously wrong, because the child who has witnessed domestic violence has at least already been harmed, in particular to his mental health. Different statistical forms in the subjects of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence, as well as their failure to take into account the features of today's global challenges, make it impossible to qualitatively analyze data on the effectiveness of the system of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence / gender-based violence and lead to a lack of comprehensive scientific research on the impact of the pandemic and war on the situation of domestic violence / gender-based violence. At the same time, it is important to take into account in statistical forms vulnerable categories of affected persons, such as women, children, persons with disabilities, for the purpose of further analysis of such information and formation of effective assistance programs for such categories of persons based on the received data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the transformation of the understanding and response to domestic violence in France, drawing on two influential research fields: (1) social psychology's social representations and social change theory, and (2) coercive control, a conceptualization of domestic violence as captivity, rather than assault. Experimental and legal evidence illustrates how conceptualizing domestic violence as coercive control impacts its social and legal understanding in France. Coercive control describes an ongoing pattern of gender-based domination that entraps women in personal lives. It recognizes the multidimensional nature, dynamics, and impacts of domestic violence as gender-based control over women's rights and resources. It reframes domestic violence as a liberty crime, making concrete a social representation of domestic violence as a breach of women's human rights, inseparable from its consequences on their children, in line with the women's human rights perspective championed by the United Nations and binding legal instruments, such as the Council of Europe Istanbul Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘good’ post-separation child is an ‘incomplete citizen’ targeted by family court associated interventions to guide their decisions. This article revisits this hypothesis through a High Court case law analysis of three private and public proceedings involving six court-determined ‘alienated’ children. Court instructed experts and Judges sought to redirect the children into normative values. The so-called ‘alienation’ expert has become a dangerous family court element. Their control over ‘alienation’ assessments and children’s social liberties and rights, through so-called ‘reunification treatments’, and often without external oversight or regulation, caused harm to all six children. The article shows how the ‘Alienation and (Residential) Reunification’ industry has become a legal disciplinary and punishing system to ‘deal with’, ‘coerce’ or ‘break’ so-called ‘alienated’ children to re-engage with even court determined violent fathers. When these ‘interventions’ failed, the court went as far as to interfere with criminal investigations and justice to maintain the so-called ‘treatment’ plan. The children found themselves legally entrapped where their voices were withheld from influencing the proceedings (despite deemed Gillick competent). The rebellious ‘alienated child’s’ wishes and feelings were perceived as a threat to the patriarchal family order. The child was therefore punished and regulated back into normative social family boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the need and types of support for children with a parent in prison, the measures in place to know who they are and the consequences of associated policies for their development. These are discussed within a cultural‐historical child development framework and, within that, questions are raised about optimal development and children's rights. The article is grounded in a mixed‐methods study of a support service for children of prisoners in Worcestershire. Parental imprisonment can impact negatively on societal, institutional and personal aspects of children's development. However, when children are supported through family‐centred, relationship‐focused, strengths‐based services, they can engage more fully in the institutions and social situations of their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the proper administrative procedure and transparency in the activities of the guardianship and guardianship authority regarding the granting of permission to commit acts where the child has the right of ownership and use is one of the main directions of observing the property rights and interests of children in a democratic society and should be guaranteed and protected by the state. In connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and in the conditions of military actions against Ukraine, an acute problem arises of the proper protection of the rights and interests of children in relation to the property in which the child has the right of ownership and use, and the proper control of the body of guardianship and care over their execution and compliance by all authorities and local self-government of the procedure for adopting and granting the appropriate permission for the implementation of the provisions of normative legal acts in compliance with the provisions of the new Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”. In connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, which introduces the institution of interested persons, i.e. another person whose right, freedom or legitimate interest is negatively affected or may be affected by an administrative act (Article 27 of the Law), the issue of obtaining consent arises not only parents and legal representatives of the child to obtain the appropriate permission of the body of guardianship and guardianship regarding the execution of transactions with the property owned and/or used by the child, as well as other co-owners of the given property, whose rights and interests may be violated when the relevant administrative act is adopted. In addition, conflicting issues that are not regulated in the current legislation of Ukraine regarding the refusal and/or suspension of the consideration of an administrative case when the guardianship authority grants permission to commit transactions with property owned and/or used by a child are considered. The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of these norms and the conflicting gaps that exist in the administrative procedure for obtaining the permission of the body of guardianship and care for the execution of transactions regarding real property, the ownership of which or the right to use which the child has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With high incidences of poverty and a depressed economy as well as limited political will, it will be difficult to guarantee the socio-economic rights of children in Zimbabwe. Children struggle to get access to basic services such as health care, basic education, clean water and proper sanitation. This study critically reviews the implementation or lack thereof, of the key socio-economic rights as enunciated in the constitution and child-sensitive policies in Zimbabwe. Through document analysis, the study offers a nuanced examination of social policy implementation in the country. This paper advances the argument that poverty and inequality in Zimbabwe have worsened the lives of children who are subjected to inadequate food, lack access to proper heath facilities and proper shelter among other social amenities. Using a human security framework, the paper foregrounds the need for deliberate policies which respond to the needs of the underprivileged children. The paper concludes that a multifaceted and multi-stakeholder approach will ensure that no child is left behind as envisioned by the agenda of the sustainable development goals. It recommends that the government should implement various policies which guarantee the protection of children in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern digital world opens up many opportunities for communication, learning, and entertainment. However, along with these opportunities, the number of threats is also increasing. The development of information technologies is accompanied by a rapid spread of offenses in this area. Cyberbullying, as a form of digital violence, has become a serious threat to children in the virtual space. It is a dynamic phenomenon, because it is becoming more dangerous every year, and the number of people affected by it is increasing. Cyberbullying violates not only emotional and social well-being but also security, which is one of the fundamental human rights. Given the increasing digitization of society and the increase in the number of online interactions, understanding and effectively combating cyberbullying is becoming an extremely important component of creating a safe and healthy environment for children’s development. The scientific research is devoted to the investigation of the problem of cyberbullying how to ensure a child right to safety in the online environment. The article analyzes various aspects of cyberbullying, including approaches to defining the concept by foreign and Ukrainian scientists, its types, and consequences for children’s development. An analysis of the legislation was carried out, and the effectiveness of the measures provided by it to prevent and counteract the above-mentioned phenomenon was analyzed. The role of educational institutions and their effectiveness in combating cyberbullying has been studied. It was concluded that there is no single approach to defining the concept of cyberbullying and its types. It was said that the negative impact can have various manifestations and can be both psychological and physical. It was also concluded that there are problems in the effectiveness of measures aimed at combating cyberbullying. The conclusions of the article indicate the importance of a comprehensive approach to the problem of cyberbullying and the need for joint efforts of all interested parties to create a safe online environment for children, forming a model of responsible behavior in cyberspace. The need to develop and implement effective strategies against cyberbullying aimed at ensuring and protecting the child right to safety is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on custodial institutions has been the subject of intense scrutiny. During the pandemic, many international jurisdictions failed to develop clear and child-focussed plans for the management of children in custody, instead relying on strategies developed for adult populations. Presenting the findings from the United Kingdom's (England Wales) first empirical in-depth exploration of the impacts of COVID-19 on children at each stage of the Youth Justice System, this article discusses the devastating effect on incarcerated children. The pandemic exacerbated existing failures in the children's secure estate, eradicated children's rights and exposed children to increased vulnerabilities. We present an urgent need for a fundamental ideological reconsideration of the purpose of custody for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary education is being undeniably shaped by datafication, and while new algorithmic and automated decision-making processes can have educational benefits, they also raise issues about children's digital rights and education policy responses to these rights. This study mapped how children's digital right to privacy and related human rights concepts are present in education policy documents of Australia's three largest state government departments of education. A children's rights coding framework was developed from the United Nation's 'General comment No. 25 (2021) on children's rights in relation to the digital environment' and used to code the dataset. Two levels of analysis were then undertaken. Level 1 involved code and subcode frequency analyses of concepts related to children's digital rights in policy documents. Level 2 was a descriptive qualitative analysis designed to understand how digital rights were expressed in policy. The study found that although all state government departments of education reflected some elements of children's digital rights, some states had a more complex, sustained and public-facing commitment to expressing these in policy. The study concluded that Australian government departments of education should work towards providing more transparent public-facing policy on children's digital rights that can empower students and their families to make informed decisions within a rapidly shifting digital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the research on children's right to participation has focused on formal settings, with less attention given to everyday contexts. The current study explores the scope of children's participation in everyday life in the family, school and community. Based on a sample of 46 000 children from 32 countries, children's participation was found to vary across the different contexts. Moreover, the quality of the children's relationships with adults was found to be positively related to the degree of their participation. Finally, some cross‐national differences were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labour is a complex social problem worldwide, affecting the physical, moral and educational development of children. A cross sectional quantitative survey research design was used to assess child labour in quarrying activities of the Ga West Municipality, Ghana. The municipality was selected due to evidence in literature of children engaging in quarrying activities. The study examined child labour occurrence and intensity, the working condition of child labourers in the stone quarries; factors influencing child labour in quarrying activities; and the impact of quarrying activities on children. Data which were analysed using probit model and descriptive statistics indicated a negative effect of stone quarry activity on the development, growth and education of the child. Significant influencers were poverty, attitude and poor perception of parents, broken homes, traditional belief systems and migration. The study recommends offering educational support, grants and essential resources to vulnerable households in order to ensure that children remain in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the initiatives and policies implemented in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to protect Children of Determination (COD) from abuse and neglect. Despite global efforts to address child abuse, children with disabilities, referred to here as children of determination, remain particularly vulnerable. This paper explores the social framework, legal protections, prevention strategies, challenges, and necessary measures to ensure that such children are safe and empowered to protect themselves from abuse. The paper also explores approaches to enhancing the efficacy of the caregivers engaged with these children so that they can predict, prevent, and deal with incidents of abuse. Drawing upon qualitative research and data analysis, the study assesses the effectiveness of existing programmes and proposes a model for a child advocacy centre that promotes and implements best practices. The study adopts a qualitative approach to collect the views of ten social workers and parents of children of determination through in-depth interviews, and to analyse data, legislation, and initiatives related to the target population in the UAE. In particular, this study highlights the critical importance of protecting girl children from abuse, given that international research indicates that girls are more vulnerable to abuse than boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite some reforms in youth criminal justice policy, Vietnam keeps witnessing termed imprisonment as the most frequent sentence for young offenders. Taking this as the most urgent issue, the authors of this paper clarifies that the reasons for this phenomenon remain within the sentencing regime. Some derive from integrating juvenile sentencing regime into the traditional criminal system. The others come from Vietnamese traditional criminal law's theoretical and practical controversies. In addition, the paper also discusses the ambiguity of the nature of supervisory and educational measures and the issue of the discretion assigned to judicial authorities to the extent they harm upholding the child right-based approach. To conclude, the paper offers some recommendations for Vietnam to overcome these short- and long-term challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Forest School's potential to support gender equality among primary school-aged children. Using a rights-based perspective, an observational study – including children's drawings – explored children's constructions of gender in Forest School and classroom sessions. The study found that although children generally appeared more constrained by gender norms in Forest School than in the classroom, Forest School provided increased opportunities for greater freedom from these norms. These findings offer initial insights into aspects of Forest School that may address or perpetuate gender inequality, and raise questions about how Forest School practice might be adapted to support gender equality more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labor is defined as the exploitation of children in any form of labor that destructively affects the child's mental, social, and physical health and creates hurdles to obtaining a regular education. This study was conducted to investigate the main socio-economic factors contributing to child labor and barriers to education and analyze the practical implications of child labor laws in Pakistan. The study area in this study is Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. The primary data were collected through an online questionnaire survey from teachers, school administrators, government officials responsible for enforcing child labor laws and educational policies, and representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), while personal observations and interviews were used for the collection of data from child laborers, parents or guardians of child laborers. A total of 80 teachers or education experts, 70 children and their guardians, 30 policymakers, and 20 social workers were participants in the data collection process. The outcomes of this study concluded that about 78% of participants lacked awareness of these laws, while 71% perceived them as ineffective. The socioeconomic factors contributing to child labor are quantitatively assessed, with poverty identified as the primary factor (65%). The statistical analysis indicates that the socioeconomic factors have a significant contribution to the implementation of child education laws in Pakistan (a p-value lower than the level of significance (0.05). Discrimination based on gender or social status, high cost of education, and insufficient qualified teachers are significant barriers to providing quality education for children in Pakistan. This study recommends promoting inclusive education and strengthening social welfare programs to support their efficacy in combating child labor and ensuring access to quality education for all children in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundObjectives/AimsDesignData sourcesMethodsResultsConclusionChildhood is a time when health behaviours are established and the foundations for health literacy are cemented. In Aotearoa New Zealand nurses are responsible for communicating health messages to children at key stages in children’s lives.This review explores the ways in which nurses communicate health messages to children and adolescents in Aotearoa New Zealand. It evaluates whether current approaches to health communication are in-line with a child’s rights-based approach.An integrative review using a systematic literature search strategy.In July 2022, 9 databases were searched including: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), Cochrane Library, EBSCO (host), Web of Science Core Collection, CINHIAL plus, psychINFO and PsychEXTRA.Following title and abstract screening 41 articles went through to full-text screening. These were uploaded into NVivo v.12 for analysis. Results were analysed using content analysis with a deductive coding framework informed by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A total of 20 articles met all inclusion criteria and were assessed of high quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.Nurses communicate health messages using a variety of strategies, some of which align with the rights of the child. No evidence was found of nurses communicating health messages through play or creative activities or by adopting principles and practice of continuity of care, including health communication beyond the paediatric context.Opportunities exist for improvements to the rights of children and adolescents within nursing practice. Further research about the rights of children in healthcare services including not only identifying the barriers but research that includes interventions and proposes solutions is necessary . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upholding human rights, including children's rights, is one of the demands for reform in Indonesia. Article 28B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states children's rights to survival, growth, and development as well as protection from violence and discrimination. Indonesia, which has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, issued Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (UU SPPA), which changes the paradigm from retributive to restorative justice. This research highlights the authority of Community Counselors (PK) in accelerating the resolution of juvenile criminal cases, by examining the role of PK from the pre-adjudication, and adjudication, to post-adjudication stages. The research method used is descriptive normative through literature and empirical studies. The research results show that the PK has significant authority in accelerating the resolution of juvenile criminal cases. Still, several inhibiting factors exist, such as legal culture, public awareness, limited facilities, coordination between institutions, and legislation. Recommendations include increasing the socialization of PK authority, changing the legal culture of society towards restorative justice, building correctional centers in each district/city, and revising the SPPA Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Labour Party's proposal to end tax breaks for private schools to fund state education, raising concerns about potential impacts on private schools and the education system. Legal challenges based on human rights laws, including the right to education, are considered in the context of these proposed changes. The potential impact on educational options, social mobility, and the financial viability of smaller private schools is highlighted, with the Lester and Pannick Joint Opinion discussing issues related to property rights, discrimination, and the right to education. Various stakeholders, including private schools, parents, and religious communities, are considering legal challenges under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to address the diverse impacts of the proposed policies. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the human mobility of adults to the United States from Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Venezuela, and Mexico, highlighting driving factors, risks, and psychosocial consequences. It also addresses multilateral governance in the Americas following the forced Venezuelan migration and the rights of children and adolescents in human mobility. Additionally, attitudes towards immigration in Spain and female migration from the Northern Triangle of Central America to the United States are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

The contribution deals critically with the issue of citizenship and children's rights, identifying a silent void starting from the change we have witnessed with the progressive questioning of the principles, secular, and religious, of adult authority and the sacrosanct affirmation rights of minors and their defence against violence and abuse. This questioning, for example in Italy, took the form of the abolition of the concept of patria potestatis, replaced with that of parental responsibility. However, looking at the juridical, pedagogical, and children's literature, it seems that in the face of numerous publications which speak of children's rights, very few are those that deal with the theme of (any?) the duties of minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate children's experiences regarding their involvement in the justice system and explore the different facets of their participation, the mechanisms and practices applied, and criticisms and improvements to the justice system. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted through consultation with EBSCO, Web of Science, Pubmed, and PsycArticles. Five articles were included to understand the perspectives of professionals, children, and young people regarding their participation in the justice system. Results: The children and young people involved in the justice system have negative experiences with its professionals, who doubt their ability to understand, devaluing their opinions. The children give up expressing their experiences, reducing participation and creating barriers with professionals. The children say that greater encouragement from judges reduces stress and makes the process more comfortable, increasing their participation. The professionals reveal that the mechanisms used in the system reinforced this lack of participation, despite its initial objective of integrating and including children and young people in the justice system. In general, the child's legal guardians are better informed about their rights and procedures and have a greater opportunity to give their opinions than children and young people. Conclusions: Despite the advancement and improvement in procedures and mechanisms used to ensure children's participation, they still have negative experiences about the system itself and the professionals, which reduces their participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient and family advisory councils are common within children's hospitals. However, lack of diversity among patient and family advisors (PFAs) may result in exclusion of crucial perspectives and perpetuate inequities. We sought to understand PFA perspectives on how children's hospitals should approach: (1) recruitment and support of PFAs from groups at greater risk of health inequities; and (2) development of meaningful partnerships with PFAs or patient and family advisory councils on institutional diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of PFAs of children's hospitals from communities at greater risk for health inequities based on self-identified race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, disability, language, or other factors. Focus groups were virtual and group discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive qualitative analysis. RESULTS: In total, 17 PFAs participated across 5 focus groups (4 in English, 1 in Spanish). We identified 6 themes: (1) PFA diversity is necessary to understand existing health inequities; (2) diversity needs to be considered broadly; (3) recruiting for diverse PFAs requires intentionality, visibility of PFACs within and outside of the hospital, and deliberate connections with families and communities; (4) efforts to increase PFAC diversity must be accompanied by work to develop inclusive environments; (5) diversity efforts require meaningful engagement and equity; and (6) diverse PFACs can enrich DEI efforts but require organizational commitment and follow-through. CONCLUSIONS: Insights from our qualitative study of PFAs can be used by healthcare systems to foster diversity and inclusion in PFACs and advance hospital DEI efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between developmental disorders, specifically ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is examined in this study. The National Survey of Children's Health was utilized to generate odds ratios using logistic regression. Children with developmental disorders had higher odds of all ACEs compared to neurotypical children. ASD diagnosis had the strongest correlation with Community ACEs, while ADHD diagnosis was more strongly correlated with household ACEs. Co-occurring ASD/ADHD correlated strongly with abuse/neglect ACEs. These findings indicate the need for targeted interventions to reduce experiences of ACEs and support access to and navigation of healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of childhood has evolved over the years, inspired by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, shifting from developmental models to a conception of childhood that recognizes children as moral agents. This evolution highlights the importance of respecting children's agency and their right to be heard in matters that are related to them. In conventional health research, however, children's voices are often inadequately accessed. In this commentary, we discuss the imperative to recognize children's agency in dental research and a shift from research on children to research with and by children. Moreover, we underscore the importance of actively seeking and listening to children's voices and recognizing their agency in shaping research and healthcare practices in the field of dentistry. Further, we explore the application of participatory research approaches in dental research and provide examples of studies that have involved children in various capacities. We conclude this commentary by emphasizing the potential benefits of participatory research in both qualitative and quantitative dental studies to promote deeper understanding, clearer communication, and stronger advocacy regarding children's interests. Primarily, we call for greater recognition of children's agency in dental research and advocate for more inclusive and child‐centred research methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of perceived stress, neglect, online and offline violence, and respect for human rights on depression. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the data of 6277 middle and high school students (M = 15.64, SD = 1.69) from the Survey on the Human Rights of Children and Youth (2018) were used. The main results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis are as follows. First, gender and age had significant impacts on depression. Second, neglect, perceived stress, and online violence were positively related to depression, whereas offline violence showed no relationship with depression. Third, respect for human rights, which is the final stage of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, was negatively associated with depression. This study contributed to the research by verifying that perceived respect for human rights is a protective factor against depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage at a young age remains a significant social issue requiring special attention, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Marriage Prevention Policy in Majalengka Regency, as regulated by Regent Regulation Number 54 of 2021, which focuses on the prevention of child marriages. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing primary and secondary data sources through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the rate of child marriages in Majalengka Regency is still increasing, despite the government's efforts to implement preventive measures, including socialization strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of child marriages. One of the main challenges in effectively preventing child marriages is the limited human resources available for implementing the program. This research highlights the need for strengthened resources and better coordination among stakeholders to effectively reduce the prevalence of child marriages in the region. The study also suggests that additional interventions, such as enhanced education and community involvement, are essential to complement the ongoing efforts and address this persistent issue comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The health and welfare of children and adolescents—the nation's future—must always be a priority. One would, therefore, expect this to be reflected in the manifestos of political parties. This article suggests that pediatricians and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) should play a more proactive role in influencing political parties to commit to an inclusive manifesto that addresses key issues related to child health and welfare, by also liaisoning and collaborating with other stakeholders, such as parents, educators, and child rights organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's participation rights and well-being are two prominent concepts in children's lives. While they are mainly addressed separately in research, empirical associations exist between them. The article analyzes the perspectives of children and teachers concerning children's participation in decisions affecting their school life in one participatory initiative in a primary school in China. Thematic analysis of participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and document examination in one case demonstrates how children experience increased subjective well-being in their participation, focusing on the different types of subjective well-being that children reported improving as a result of their participation. The article indicates that children improved their subjective well-being in two dimensions: social well-being (e.g., friendships with peers and teacher-student relationships) and psychological well-being (e.g., relaxation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show that multidimensional child poverty (MCP) is determined by several socioeconomic factors that influence the formation of stratified groups of poor children under five years of age living in Central America. This study advocates for a comprehensive set of children's rights with the purpose of addressing the different facets of child poverty from the perspective of child well-being, in order to estimate the incidence of MCP, by including multiple childhood deprivations and socioeconomic determinants. Child-specific indicators and household deprivation indicators are considered in the estimation of MCP. The study also states that child poverty is a complex concept, which includes the various types of deprivations experienced by children in the Central American societies and their deprivations are considered as the denial of children's rights. Therefore, the MCP is estimated based on a conditional latent class analysis that includes not only manifest deprivation variables, but also socioeconomic determinants that help to better predict the incidence and probabilities of children being multidimensionally poor according to different poverty strata. The socioeconomic factors that show high risks of MCP are rural areas, indigenous children, young mothers and low levels of education attained by the head of the household, among others. One of the reasons to investigate the MCP for Belize and El Salvador is because there are few studies that address this problem for these countries and this research sheds light on the characteristics of early childhood poverty. The results indicate that the incidence of MCP is 49% in Belize and 76% in El Salvador. The research work concludes that the International Rights of the Child provide the opportunity to implement comprehensive social policies in Central America to eradicate child poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INGOs regularly take up mediating positions between young people and structures of global governance. This article explores this relationship through a particularly generative historical case: the 1997 Oslo International Conference on Child Labor and parallel Working Children’s Forum. Informed by scholarship on the internal complexity of transnational advocacy networks, it disentangles the broad category of ‘working children’s organizations and their INGO allies’. An analysis of the relationship between one INGO (the International Save the Children Alliance) and the Latin American working children’s movement (MOLACNATs) in a moment of heightened conflict unearths critical disagreements between these two transnational political actors in terms of their representational frameworks, approaches to children’s participation, and ideas about childhood itself. This demonstrates how the often-stated INGO goal of facilitating children’s participation in global governance is neither singular nor self-evident in its meaning and can be a site of contestation between child-led social movements and allied INGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely known that criminal punishment, especially imprisonment, has negative effects for innocent persons, most notably the families of prisoners. This is an issue attracting increasing attention from penal theorists and philosophers. Adding to this literature, this article examines the extent to which incarceration of a parent is consistent with fundamental rights that are often ascribed to children. In particular, we focus on children's rights against being separated from their parents. To this end, we begin with a discussion of the philosophical basis for children's rights against being separated from their parents against their will. Drawing from recent work by Kimberley Brownlee and Matthew Liao, we argue that children have such a right and that it is grounded in children's welfare interest and the importance of parent–child relationships for children to develop adequately into autonomous agents. We then examine three arguments why imprisoning a parent is justified despite the fact that children have a right against being separated from their parents. For each of these arguments, we argue that while they may show the imprisonment of a particular parent to be sometimes compatible with respecting the right against parent–child separation, an extensive use of imprisonment as punishment of the sort that persists in many states is not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Australia ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Convention) in 1990, all children within its borders became entitled to the protection of the rights set out in the Convention. Children, thus, became rights holders. More than just human rights holders, they became children's rights holders. The Convention is the first international instrument to address the protection of children from violence directly. Corporal punishment (CP) is increasingly recognised internationally as physical abuse and a violation of children's rights. However, CP in the home is still legal in all Australian jurisdictions even though it violates several of the rights protected by the Convention. This contribution will examine Articles 2, 3(1), 5, 16, 19(1), 24(3) and 37(a) of the Convention to outline how parental CP undermines the legally binding obligations of the Convention by violating the rights espoused by these provisions. This article then calls for CP to be outlawed by all state and territory governments to adhere to the aim of the Convention that because of children's unique vulnerabilities, all their rights need to be protected, respected and promoted by those who ratified the Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia assaulting another person is a criminal offence. It occurs when one person strikes another person, applying force of any kind either directly or indirectly, without the person's consent. There is an exception. Children are specifically denied legal protection from intentional assaults when it is rebranded as corporal punishment. Successive governments have failed to act to provide children with the same protection from assault as adults despite repeated calls by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child to prohibit corporal punishment in all settings, and the robust body of evidence of the substantial harm it causes (Gershoff & Grogan‐Kaylor, 2016). This glaring inconsistency in the law, should cause us to question how far we have evolved in our attitudes and treatment of children. In particular just how deeply ingrained are attitudes and prejudices about children that rationalise or justify acts and omissions that harm them, and fail to protect their rights (Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children, Yale University Press, 2013). This paper will examine past and contemporary attitudes to children and the narrative that helps explains why policy makers and the community tolerate the use of physical force against children, and why a new narrative is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on ways in which United Nations human rights treaties can be used as a normative framework for evaluating program outcomes. In this article, we conceptualize a human rights-based approach to program evaluation and locate this approach within the broader evaluation literature. The article describes how a rights-based framework can be used as an aspirational set of indicators for program evaluations to promote activities that align with internationally agreed-upon human rights norms. We then describe a case study of the evaluation through which this method was developed, including its sampling design, methodology, and findings. The United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) inclusive education evaluation described highlighted the need for conceptual clarity around what inclusive education is, and the importance of contextualized innovation toward meeting the educational rights of children with disabilities. Human rights perspectives and evaluation designs can help create such clarity, but should also be used with care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the legal milestones observed in the Portuguese child protection system (CPS), several concerns call for political action to ensure the effective guarantee of children's rights. In this context, it is imperative to discuss proposals for reforming the CPS. Agreement on these proposals by the stakeholders in the system is key to validating and improving the system. Therefore, the main research questions of the present study are (1) what is the level of agreement among stakeholders in the CPS on certain proposals for child protection reform? and (2) what are the positions on those proposals? Mixed methods were conducted based on an online survey (n = 292), supported by Qualtrics, and eight focus groups involving stakeholders as former beneficiaries, families, practitioners and academics (n = 18). Findings show a harmonious alignment with the proposals, justifying an urgent reform of the CPS and the need to strengthen a child-centred system. Three themes emerged: promotion of quality family-based care and promotion of adoption; development of child-friendly terminology; and improvement of the CPS administration. The conclusions highlight implications for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article explores children's learning experiences from taking part in an educational intervention about social services in school. Data were collected from six group interviews with 27 children after they had participated in lessons about social services. Following a narrative evaluation approach, the analysis focuses on the narratives of change that are made visible through the children's shared reflections about their learning experiences. Findings: In their narratives of change, the children presented the educational intervention as meaningful for them because it increased their knowledge about social services as a possible support function for children and families. Some of the children related their previous more negative perceptions of social services to a collective story building on the idea that social services take children away from their families. Through the educational intervention, this collective story changed in part into another collective story building on the idea that social services help children and families to improve their relationships. Applications: The study shows that an educational intervention about social services in school has the potential to increase children's knowledge about social services and to influence in a positive direction the collective stories that shape public perceptions of social work. Although such changes in collective stories can be expected to benefit social work practice, welfare professionals must be careful to promote opportunities for children to share experiences of social services that challenge, as well as align with, any of these collective stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of local and regional authorities in promoting and protecting human rights in Europe. It highlights the emergence of human rights cities, which prioritize human rights in their governance programs, and explores the variation in how subnational authorities perform on human rights issues. The article also discusses the importance of local and regional authorities in the implementation of European Court of Human Rights judgments and calls for greater attention to be given to subnational actors in human rights work. The special issue includes articles that examine various aspects of the human rights role of local and regional authorities, such as their appearance in case law, their position in the European human rights system, their engagement with specific human rights issues, and their perception and practice of human rights. [Extracted from the article]

The dominant arrangement for governance in many States which are party to international human rights treaties is decentralisation. This puts implementation of human rights in the hands of institutions which are geographically closer to intended beneficiaries. Decentralisation to different levels of government introduces complexity, risk and opportunity to the governance of human rights. In response, UN Treaty Monitoring Bodies focus on State responsibility for implementation of human rights. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has emphasised the State as the coordinating body responsible for children's rights under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In this paper, Wales is used as an example of a jurisdiction where decentralisation is a feature of children's rights, which has enabled a progressive approach to implementation. It explains the principled Children's Rights Approach which provides public authorities in Wales with a coherent framework to give effect to international children's rights policy planning and service delivery. As the contours of decentralisation in Wales are typical of arrangements in many States parties to the CRC, insights from Wales will be transferable to other jurisdictions. This experience is also relevant to other areas of human rights implementation in the context of decentralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co‐production values lived experience as it promotes individuals as assets and offers insight where little is known about a problem. This paper critically considers the pragmatic approach to co‐design adopted in Wales with young people and parents affected by child criminal exploitation during the COVID‐19 pandemic. It suggests that combining co‐design with data collection facilitated the recruitment, sensitisation and facilitation of vulnerable groups. By placing informed consent at the forefront of co‐design, young people and parents decided how they wanted their voices heard. Further, combining data gathering with co‐design contextualised solution development within their lived experiences. However, embedding these solutions into policy and practice remains subject to existing power imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory approaches are important to ensuring that the involvement of children in decision‐making is normalised in service provision. Participation work requires that professionals have well‐developed engagement skills, and a commitment to the right of the child or young person to participate. Effective participatory approaches also require that organisations provide active support for child‐centred practice. The Reconceptualising Services from the Perspectives of Experienced Children and Teens (ReSPECT) approach is an Australian professional development (PD) program that addresses these key aspects of participation work. It offers professionals a way to:(1) increase their awareness of the complex issues, challenges and benefits surrounding participation; and (2) develop a sense of empowerment and competence in the 'doing' of participation work. The PD program encourages professionals to understand their own position in relation to participation work with children, develop bespoke strategies that account for their unique practice context and assemble support structures that can maintain their participation strategies beyond the training. The principles and practices of the ReSPECT PD program are outlined and positioned within the existing literature on theoretical and practice approaches. The paper contributes to critical debate on the mechanisms that can lead to changes in professional practice and organisational culture, for the meaningful engagement of children as stakeholders in decision‐making. It is shared as a way of supporting others designing professional development approaches for child and youth decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Susanna Marinelli 1, Francesca Negro 2, Maria Cristina Varone 2, Lina De Paola 2, Gabriele Napoletano 2, Alessandra Lopez 3, Simona Zaami 2*, Giuseppe Basile 4. • The article aims to shed a light on the unique complexities inherent in surrogacy and the legal-ethical challenges that currently exists even in many advanced democracies, which frequently result in uneven and ill-defined standards and processes. • The recent proposal of making surrogacy a "universal crime" has prompted us to better analyze the topic and its ethical and legal implications. • Legislative harmonization at the international level is essential to prevent the cross-border surrogacy trend. The "universal crime" draft bills appear to be difficult to enforce and too vague to be credible at the moment. The article aims to shed a light on the unique complexities inherent in surrogacy and the legal-ethical challenges that currently exists even in many advanced democracies, which frequently result in uneven and ill-defined standards and processes. The recent proposal of making surrogacy a "universal crime", meant to prevent cross-border surrogacy, i.e. travels by citizens from countries where it is illegal to countries where it is legal, has also been weighed, by exploring the current legislative state of affairs, trends and future horizons. Recent case-law has been analyzed and interpreted, with a close focus on Italian Supreme Court ruling n. 38162, issued on 30th December 2022 and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rulings issued over the past decade. Uncertainty and ill-defined norms and court rulings risk harming the rights of children, surrogate mothers and intended parents. So far, court decisions have somehow filled the legal vacuum, considering that cross-border surrogacy is not specifically regulated in many countries and the status of children born abroad is still controversial. The views and judgments of supranational courts on the issue need to be accounted for when drafting new specific legislation. It is of utmost importance to uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy abroad, whose best interests risk being damaged. Legislative harmonization at the international level is essential to prevent the cross-border surrogacy trend. The "universal crime" draft bills appear to be difficult to enforce and too vague to be credible at the moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child abuse in sports is a significant threat to the well-being of young athletes. The aim of this study was to create in-depth knowledge of children's perspectives and relational situations regarding the manifestation and effects of emotional abuse towards athletes in children's sports. Based on interviews with 15 children aged 12–18 and five coaches, five themes of emotionally abusive interactions were identified: (a) scolding by coaches; (b) negative criticism from coaches and children; (c) expression of aggression and disappointment by coaches; (d) teasing and joking by children; and (e) denial of attention and support from coaches. These interactions lead to emotionally harmful effects for some of the children, which were not always recognized by coaches and were sometimes downplayed. The findings have implications for identifying situations and behaviours that may constitute emotional abuse in children's sports, paving the way for proactive measures aimed at preventing emotional abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Convention on the Rights of the Child states that all children and young people have the right to have a voice in matters concerning them, in accordance with age and maturity. In the endeavour to make youth sport a safe place free from abuse and harassment, it is crucial to ensure that young athletes can exercise their participation rights. Drawing from an online study involving over 550 Swedish young equestrians aged 15–17, the aim was to investigate whether and in what ways young equestrians can make their voices heard. The results show that the possibility to have a voice is conditioned by sociocultural factors such as what type of stable the youths are active in. The results are analysed from 'The ladder of participation'. In sum, social interaction and access to horses are important conditions for how young equestrians experience the possibility to have a voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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