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This paper examines and conceptualizes the economic aspect of young people's activities on the network, focusing on YouTube. We will present YouTube activity and explore how the young population active on the platform perceives it: Is the dominant element in this context play and self-expression for its own sake or generating financial gain? Or is it a hybrid form of activity that embodies both elements? Are there distinct characteristics that define the play/labor of girls on YouTube and if so, are specific protections needed? We will argue that, YouTubers' activities resemble a type of platform work that indeed involves an aspect of potential exploitation of minors, and has a gendered dimension – a situation that calls for reforming existing child labor norms to address it. We propose that two principles must be recognized to promote a solution. First, it is important to acknowledgee that YouTuber activity is not just leisure but also work, even when the participants are children and youth below the legal employment age. Second, since this is a form of work, children should not be excluded from participating in these platforms, but should be provided with fair employment conditions and wages. This two-staged recognition could not only address the economic exploitation of children and youth on platform work, but also untangle the connections these platforms create between the economic aspirations of girls and traditional gender norms.

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Children who are said to be the face of the future are exactly the ones whose right is being violated. Instead of playing and studying they work to earn a living for their family and for themselves. This situation has been observed over the years that poverty forces poor families to send their children to work, which results in serious problems the world is facing nowadays. This study illustrates the struggles of children engaged in child work studying in the public schools situated in Minalin District. The researchers focused on the pupils engaged in child work currently enrolled in their 1st to 6th grade. Given the population, the researchers used the purposive sampling to attain the needed sample for the study. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted by the researchers that elicited a better understanding regarding the relationship of child work to academic performance and absences incurred by the respondents. Based on the findings, Males dominate the gender of the respondents from Grades 4,5 and 6 who were willing to work despite it being child labor. The respondents' General Weighted Average was 77. 35 which is just two points higher on the passing grade set by the DepEd. Also indicated that Child Work has a strong negative relationship to Academic Performance of the respondents. In Minalin there were no cases reported about children engaged in child work at the Department of Social Welfare and Development. Therefore, for this reason parents and all stake holders should work hand in hand for our children to be nurtured and realize their value as a member of society, and to their family towards the fulfillment of their dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes a rural development perspective to examine the various reasons behind the use of children under 18 years in cocoa farms in Ghana. Using descriptive research, a sample size of 385 cocoa farmers was selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. The analyses included mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and perception index. Although the level of usage of children on cocoa farms was relatively low (74%), majority of the children were involved in nursing of cocoa seedlings (87.8%), digging of holes for seedlings (76.3%), gathering of pods (55.7%) and heaping of pods (53.9%). Farmers involved children on cocoa farms for the following three reasons; to acquire indigenous knowledge of farming patterns (Mean=2.18), it is a way of life to learn their parents' occupation (Mean=2.18), and income source of the household (Mean=2.11). The challenge most farmers face in the use of children for farm activities is the fact that the children do not meet the required strength/energy (Mean=2.48). Policy efforts towards the complete eradication of using children under 18 years on cocoa farms must take into consideration the rural nature of the environments in which cocoa farming takes place in order not for it to backfire as is the case currently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hebron University Research Journal (Humanities) is the property of Hebron University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For a long time the world has campaigned against child labour, both with local and global efforts. These initiatives however tend to ignore contextual forces such as, specific socio-cultural contexts and societal interpretation of child labour. Scholarship on this subject uncovers several circumstances, reasons, consequences, processes, and challenges of child labour among different communities in Africa. Extant literature also reveals information regarding the complexities of sociocultural dimension in examining child labour practices. Building on the already existing evidence, this paper uncovers sociocultural complexity in explaining child labour practices among semi nomadic pastoral Wataturu communities in Igunga. The paper exploits various information collected through library and archival research, participant observation, and oral interviews to demonstrate how sociocultural set up of Wataturu challenges the mainstream approach to the claimed child labour practices.

We investigate the effect of an educational cash transfer on schooling and working of the recipients and their non-recipient siblings in Indonesia, using a matched difference-in-differences strategy. We find that the cash transfer increases the probability of schooling for all recipients. Specifically, the likelihood of schooling for the senior secondary school children increases by 19 percentage points. However, there is no effect on the recipient's probability to work. Furthermore, there is no significant spill-over effect on non-recipient siblings' schooling. While the transfer reduces the incidence of child labour for non-recipient girls, it increases the probability of non-recipient boys to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A first attempt is made in this article to examine and conceptualize the economic aspect of the activities of young populations in the network. Recent studies have shown how daily use of digital technology, surfing the web, and using social networks affect monetary exchanges and change familiar conceptions of work and leisure. Children and adolescents are integral parts of the digital technology and Internet landscape, causing changes to childhood concepts and perceptions regarding childhood and money. The article is a part of a comprehensive study that examines these effects and focuses on children and adolescents' YouTube activities from an economic perspective. First, we present a theoretical review of the characteristics of network activities as work, prevailing perceptions regarding children's work, and the combination of leisure and work elements on YouTube. We then present findings regarding salient features of 'work' found in the leisure activities of the young population on YouTube. In the final chapter we provide suggestions based on the recognition of activities on YouTube as desired productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between parental time poverty, child work, and school attendance in Ghana using data from the sixth and seventh rounds of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS6 and GLSS7). Results of the analysis indicate an increasing decline in child enrolment in public schools (from 9% to 6%) among time poor household heads. In addition, parental time poverty increases children's walking hours to and from school and private school enrolment. We observed heterogeneity of parental time poverty on child work in relation to the location of households and gender disaggregation. Child work and school attendance-reducing effect of parental time poverty is mainly prevalent among male children but mixed for location. Our result is robust to the alternative estimation method of addressing endogeneity and further shows that household income is the primary channel through which time poverty influences child work and school attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper finds out whether the Margin of Appreciation can accommodate children's engagement in work in the field of human rights in rural and urban Ghana drawing on the experiences and perceptions of 60 participants. Qualitative exploratory study was undertaken using semi-structured interviews with parents of children who both were and were not involved in child work (10), and stakeholders, including government officials and NGO representatives (10); focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) in order to gather the needed data. The average age of participants was 31 years. Participants were purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor). Interviews were recorded, and transcribed, using a framework approach as the main data analysis method. The paper argues that there is the need to understand diversity in the field of human rights and accommodate the best interests of the child to local contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labor and child work conditions are analyzed in Cozumel and Valle de Bravo, both major tourist destinations in Mexico, where critical situations of minors employed in tourism-related activities were identified. Theoretically, local development considers child labor as a variable that increases the vulnerability of children and impedes their well-being. Qualitative methodology that included interviews and direct observation was used. The main finding was that poverty-related factors are the main drivers of child labor, compromising education, health, and therefore the future of minors. Nevertheless, several other factors intervene in child work, therefore public policies ought to focus on the context of each of the areas where these types of tourism-related work prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of child labor in onion farming in Garu-Tempane has received less attention at the local and national levels. The study examined factors influencing child labor in onion production in Garu-Tempane district in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Primary data were collected from the onion farmers, children involved in onion farming, staff of institutions responsible for ensuring the welfare of children and teachers in Garu-Tempane district. In all, thirty-one (31) respondents were interviewed. Secondary data were obtained from the Department of Social Welfare and other sources relevant to the study. Data analysis was done using the thematic analysis method. The researchers familiarized themselves with the data collected through recording and transcription. The transcribed data were grouped into thematic areas based on the research objectives. The findings show that children's quest to have their own farm, poverty, socialization, large family size, low level of awareness, and Insufficient water supply are the factors influencing child labor. The study recommended an increased public awareness campaign. The formation of committees at the community level to be responsible for monitoring the work that children are engaged in. It also explored policy options for addressing the issue of child laborers in Ghana and how this can be prevented and improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Despite dynamic changes in Polish agriculture in the last decades, the participation of children in work in the agricultural sector is still considerable, and an assessment of this phenomenon remains equivocal. Objective The aim of the study was presentation of the scale of the engagement of adolescents in work on family farms, and recognition of their opinions concerning risk related with performance of this work, as well as determination of factors related with the assessment of the risk. Material and methods The study was conducted in 2016–2017 in a representative group of 511 Polish adolescents aged 14 on a representative group of 5,468 persons within all-Polish studies concerning the economic activity of adolescents, The respondents evaluated work-related risk for their health. Results The results of the study showed that approximately 70% of Polish adolescents from agricultural families help their parents with the performance of work related with running a farm. Adolescents devote about 1 hour during a working day to work on farm. Boys devote to agricultural work more than twice as much time as girls. Risk associated with the performance of agricultural work by adolescents is estimated by the adolescents as low. According to them, work activities in agriculture are rather light, and do not threaten health and safety. Simultaneously, approximately 18% of adolescents admit that they were involved in an accident at work. Conclusions In the opinions of the majority of adolescents, work on their parents’ farm has rather a positive effect, also on family income, family relations and relations with their contemporaries, as well as education outcomes.

For a long time the world has campaigned against child labour, both with local and global efforts. These initiatives however tend to ignore contextual forces such as, specific socio-cultural contexts and societal interpretation of child labour. Scholarship on this subject uncovers several circumstances, reasons, consequences, processes, and challenges of child labour among different communities in Africa. Extant literature also reveals information regarding the complexities of sociocultural dimension in examining child labour practices. Building on the already existing evidence, this paper uncovers sociocultural complexity in explaining child labour practices among semi nomadic pastoral Wataturu communities in Igunga. The paper exploits various information collected through library and archival research, participant observation, and oral interviews to demonstrate how sociocultural set up of Wataturu challenges the mainstream approach to the claimed child labour practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labour elimination is a challenge in almost all countries worldwide. Studies show that child labour is deep-rooted within households where it is produced and supplied to various economic sectors as specifically demanded. The knowledge about how it evolves within the household during an individual's childhood is complex. This study explores the influence of parenting practices and attitudes on the genesis of child labour in small-scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. A qualitative research approach was adopted during the investigation. A purposefully selected sample of 73 participants obtained from the population of mining communities in Tabora and Shinyanga was used. Primary data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data were gathered from grey literature. The collected qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The major findings established that the problem of child labour evolves and is perpetuated during an individual's childhood due to households' parenting practices and attitudes towards child work. It is proposed that the government, policymakers and other stakeholders responsible for the elimination of child labour should design and implement intervention policies and programmes aimed at changing parenting attitudes of community members and practices towards child work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are a global challenge, prioritized in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The ACE questionnaire is widely adopted in the USA as a tool for measuring population-level trends, such as negative health, behavioral, and economic outcomes. Intuitively, children in resource-scarce settings are exposed to higher levels of trauma. To understand the global picture, theWorld Health Organization (WHO) adapted the ACE international questionnaire (ACE-IQ), to inform policy and target interventions. However, evaluation of whether the ACE-IQ captures the experiences of around 160 million working children remains limited. (2) I applied the ACE-IQ scoring tools to detailed case studies of working children, comparing issues highlighted by holistic assessment to those captured by the ACE-IQ. (3) The ACE-IQ struggles to capture nuance across cultural contexts. As a consequence, application of the ACE-IQ as a policy tool risks “policy failure”. The tool reflects prevalentWestern concerns, such as school attendance and parental supervision, but global concerns affecting working children such as forced economic migration and famine are neglected. This limitation produces “policy myopia”, sidelining certain global challenges. (4) The ACE-IQ is a useful public health tool, increasingly used to define policy goals. However, given the limitations of the ACE-IQ, the consequences of prioritizing these particular policy goals need to be actively acknowledged and mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the temporal dimension of childhood, through time use of boys and girls in Ethiopia, focusing on the relationship between children's work and school attendance. We argue that children's time use reflects both current exigencies and more strategic future-orientated considerations, with work mainly serving the former, and education, the latter. We compare two cohorts of children aged 12 years from Young Lives longitudinal study, interviewed at two different points in time, 2006 and 2013. We examine the role of education aspirations, labour demand and structural factors such as household wealth and composition. Contrary to expectations, increased returns to work in rural areas have lowered boys' education aspirations and increased their school drop-out rates relative to girls'. Though time allocation is correlated with educational aspirations, we demonstrate that aspirations are not static, and change over childhood; locality and everyday exigencies interact with gender in reshaping children's aspirations and time-use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Despite dynamic changes in Polish agriculture in the last decades, the participation of children in work in the agricultural sector is still considerable, and an assessment of this phenomenon remains equivocal. Objective. The aim of the study was presentation of the scale of the engagement of adolescents in work on family farms, and recognition of their opinions concerning risk related with performance of this work, as well as determination of factors related with the assessment of the risk. Materials and method. The study was conducted in 2016–2017 in a representative group of 511 Polish adolescents aged 14 on a representative group of 5,468 persons within all-Polish studies concerning the economic activity of adolescents, The respondents evaluated work-related risk for their health. Results.The results of the study showed that approximately 70% of Polish adolescents from agricultural families help their parents with the performance of work related with running a farm. Adolescents devote about 1 hour during a working day to work on farm. Boys devote to agricultural work more than twice as much time as girls. Risk associated with the performance of agricultural work by adolescents is estimated by the adolescents as low. According to them, work activities in agriculture are rather light, and do not threaten health and safety. Simultaneously, approximately 18% of adolescents admit that they were involved in an accident at work. Conclusions. In the opinions of the majority of adolescents, work on their parents’ farm has rather a positive effect, also on family income, family relations and relations with their contemporaries, as well as education outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of child labour is well determined by relevant international instruments and it can be said that it is theoretically unquestionable. In practice, however, there are various concerns about how to distinguish legal child work from illegal child labour. Sexual exploitation of children, as well as trafficking in children for further exploitation, are still reality in many countries of the world, although they are characterized as the worst forms of child abuse and incriminated as criminal offenses. In addition, a large share of child labour falls under labour in agriculture and household work - these are forms that are very difficult to perceive, and in some cultures and traditions are practically allowed, regardless of the existing legal prohibitions. There are also different strategies which countries are developing to approach the problem of child labour. The aim of the research is to show that the theoretical framework of the content of child labour is undisputed and that it allows clear distinction of child work from child labour. Also, by examining content and scope of basic legal institutes it can be concluded how an effective system for protecting children from labour exploitation and other forms of illicit engagement should potentially look like.

(1) Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are a global challenge, prioritized in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The ACE questionnaire is widely adopted in the USA as a tool for measuring population-level trends, such as negative health, behavioral, and economic outcomes. Intuitively, children in resource-scarce settings are exposed to higher levels of trauma. To understand the global picture, the World Health Organization (WHO) adapted the ACE international questionnaire (ACE-IQ), to inform policy and target interventions. However, evaluation of whether the ACE-IQ captures the experiences of around 160 million working children remains limited. (2) I applied the ACE-IQ scoring tools to detailed case studies of working children, comparing issues highlighted by holistic assessment to those captured by the ACE-IQ. (3) The ACE-IQ struggles to capture nuance across cultural contexts. As a consequence, application of the ACE-IQ as a policy tool risks “policy failure”. The tool reflects prevalent Western concerns, such as school attendance and parental supervision, but global concerns affecting working children such as forced economic migration and famine are neglected. This limitation produces “policy myopia”, sidelining certain global challenges. (4) The ACE-IQ is a useful public health tool, increasingly used to define policy goals. However, given the limitations of the ACE-IQ, the consequences of prioritizing these particular policy goals need to be actively acknowledged and mitigated.

Copyright of América Latina Hoy is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study focuses on children’s representations of the engagement into working activities and the meaning attached to work. The aim of this research is to emphasize the importance of conducting research from a child-centered perspective for a better understanding of aspects that concern children. Arguing that children have to right to express themselves, the study describes how Romanian children from a traditional rural community value the work that they do based on their discourse. While the study signals that communities tend to undervalue children’s work, it shows aspects that lead to children’s empowerment, as revealed from interviews conducted with children. The research employed a mixed method of analysis, triangulating the data from 7 interviews realized with children from a small rural community with a pilot survey and former findings in the area. The data was coded and analyzed with QSR NVIVO 11 Program.

Child trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation is a difficult phenomenon to detect. It is also not readily definable considering that this specific form of trafficking is closely linked with the phenomenon of forced child labour, and even with the broader occurrence of child labour. A lack of globally reliable data and the convergence of different concepts related to child trafficking for labour exploitation pose significant challenges when trying to regulate the circumstances concerning child work and the criminalisation of trafficking for labour exploitation. This article offers a clear overview of the available data related to all the phenomena, and aims to clarify all the situations involved, defining child work, child labour, forced child labour and child trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation. Furthermore, this article discusses the possible loopholes and critical issues that could hinder global approaches to resolving these issues. La trata infantil con fines de explotación laboral es un fenómeno difícil de detectar, y tampoco es sencillo definirlo si se tiene en cuenta que esta forma específica de trata está estrechamente relacionada con el fenómeno del trabajo forzado infantil e, incluso, con el fenómeno más general de trabajo infantil. Todo ello supone un desafío a la hora de regular las circunstancias que definen el trabajo realizado por niños y la criminalización de la trata para la explotación laboral. Este artículo ofrece un repaso de los datos disponibles en esta materia y procura aclarar las situaciones que se pueden plantear, así como definir trabajo realizado por niños, trabajo infantil, trabajo infantil forzado y trata infantil con fines de explotación laboral. Por último, profundiza en las posibles deficiencias y en los aspectos críticos que podrían obstaculizar un acercamiento global a esta problemática. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0926

In Mexico it is very common to talk about poverty, it is a subject to which different definitions have been assigned, from the life standard, inequality, economic position, to the deprivation of basic security, the absence of entitlements and exclusion. Not only is it governed by the goods and services acquired by the so-called poor people, but it is also necessary to know some characteristics such as per capita current income, educational backwardness in the home, access to health services, among others. In the specific issue of the state of Chihuahua, due to poverty, there is a significant number of children or minors working, which causes a negative impact both at the national (cost) and personal levels, due to the considerable violation of the human rights of these minors who are abused or exploited, as a result of entering a job informally due to the legal conditions prevailing in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Indonesia's transition to democracy in 1998, wealth inequality has increased significantly with a dramatic rise in the wealth of the rich and stagnating income growth among poorer citizens. Similar to many developing countries, the issue of child workers in Indonesia is a critical problem. The 2015 National Labour Force Survey recorded 1.65 million children aged 15-17 involved in child work in Indonesia. Efforts to encourage the participation of child workers in schooling has been greatly promoted but few studies have investigated the issue of the impact of child work on student learning outcomes. Children involved in work are likely to be left behind in educational achievement. Their disadvantaged social, cultural, and economic backgrounds lead to physical and psychosocial vulnerabilities, which requires democratic-classroom approaches, characterized by child-centred settings and teachers familiar with students' diverse learning abilities. This paper presents findings from a study investigating Indonesian teachers' perspectives on the impacts of work on student learning outcomes and how they implement diverse teaching and learning styles when educating child workers. This study highlighted the lack of school and teacher readiness in managing child workers' diverse needs and the absence of teachers' involvement in developing policies for child worker education that may all lead to child workers not achieving learning outcomes. This study outcomes also support democratic-style classroom approaches in making education a reliable investment for child workers. This study provides recommendations for improved policies and practices for the local government and schools in the East Nusa Tenggara province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roteiro is the property of Roteiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Considering the inherently hazardous nature of some artisanal fishing and farm work in Ghana, there is sometimes a thin line between what is considered child work and child labour. I drew on literature exploring cultural relativism and human rights and the concept of the margin of appreciation in considering whether child labour violates human rights. I aimed to establish parental perceptions of child labour and human rights in rural and urban Ghana amongst 60 government officials, NGO representatives, and both parents whose children were/were not involved in child labour. The average age of participants was 31 years. Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents (10), stakeholders (10), focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) utilised to gather the needed data and purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor) in Ghana. Interviews were recorded, transcribed utilising a framework approach as the main data analysis method. The paper finds that children are engaged in work to teach them work ethics as most parents consider work socialisation as beneficial for children and society. The paper also finds that knowledge of human rights makes parents more committed to children's welfare. Overall, the paper finds that sensitivity to the economic and cultural context is important in understanding the issue of child labour and, more generally, in applying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and working out the parenting policies and practices that are in the best interests of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on children's representations of the engagement into working activities and the meaning attached to work. The aim of this research is to emphasize the importance of conducting research from a child-centered perspective for a better understanding of aspects that concern children. Arguing that children have to right to express themselves, the study describes how Romanian children from a traditional rural community value the work that they do based on their discourse. While the study signals that communities tend to undervalue children's work, it shows aspects that lead to children's empowerment, as revealed from interviews conducted with children. The research employed a mixed method of analysis, triangulating the data from 7 interviews realized with children from a small rural community with a pilot survey and former findings in the area. The data was coded and analyzed with QSR NVIVO 11 Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[b]Introduction[/b]. Performance of work is related with experiencing various emotions, from positive – indicating full satisfaction with work, to negative – describing failures, and even harm caused by work. Such emotions are also experienced by children engaged in work on family farms. Objective. The objective of the study is the determination of emotions experienced in association with performing agricultural work in childhood, and indication of the factors conditioning the occurrence of positive and negative emotions. [b]Materials and Method[/b]. The study was conducted by the method of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire technique, and covered a group of 482 adults from agricultural families. [b]Results[/b]. In childhood, positive emotions related with the performance of work are more often experienced than negative emotions. The occurrence of positive emotions is positively related with willingness to perform work activities, working time, respondent’s age, age at which a child started to perform work, and age at which a child discontinued helping on a farm. The occurrence of negative emotions is positively related with unwillingness to perform work, performing work activities beyond the physical capabilities of a child, neglecting school duties, missing classes at school due to work, and with working time. [b]Conclusion[/b]. With work performed in childhood are associated positive and negative emotions experienced in childhood and adulthood. The performance of work in childhood shapes emotions experienced by an adult which may affect his/her quality of life and functioning in adulthood.

This article reports on a study that investigated the effectiveness of child labour laws intended to promote child rights and the protection of children from unfair and forced labour. Legal scholars distinguish between child work and child labour: forced child labour manifests itself in abusing children sexually, forcing children to work on farms, and compromising children's rights to education. Although South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia have laws in place to protect children from child labour, the abuse of children continues in these countries. Furthermore, although these three countries are signatories to conventions of the International Labour Organization that seek to eliminate child labour, they have been unable to stem the tide of child labour. This article argues that there is a need for the three countries to work closely together to implement policies that reverse or fight against child labour. The researchers used a qualitative methodology to interpret the variations in the application of child labour laws. They found there are no harmonised laws to deal with child labour in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Hence, this article recommends that an independent supranational organisation be established in Southern Africa to monitor, evaluate, and implement progressive laws to eradicate child labour in line with internationally recognised best practices as set out in child labour laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a study that investigated the effectiveness of child labour laws intended to promote child rights and the protection of children from unfair and forced labour. Legal scholars distinguish between child work and child labour: forced child labour manifests itself in abusing children sexually, forcing children to work on farms, and compromising children's rights to education. Although South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia have laws in place to protect children from child labour, the abuse of children continues in these countries. Furthermore, although these three countries are signatories to conventions of the International Labour Organization that seek to eliminate child labour, they have been unable to stem the tide of child labour. This article argues that there is a need for the three countries to work closely together to implement policies that reverse or fight against child labour. The researchers used a qualitative methodology to interpret the variations in the application of child labour laws. They found there are no harmonised laws to deal with child labour in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Hence, this article recommends that an independent supranational organisation be established in Southern Africa to monitor, evaluate, and implement progressive laws to eradicate child labour in line with internationally recognised best practices as set out in child labour laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent child-work study by the International Labour Organization reports that 27% of children in Tajikistan ages 5–17 worked in 2013. Although children worked in agriculture or performed household chores in Soviet Tajikistan, child work for pay is a relatively new phenomenon in modern Tajikistan. This study examines the pathways to child work and the families’ perceptions of child work experiences. Some of the main findings of this study are the themes connected to normalization and acceptance of child work in Tajikistan. These are explained by expectations placed on children at the social, family and personal levels that are in turn affected by macroeconomic forces that are by-products of the transitional economy. The study also explores differences in expectations by gender, age and area of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Child labour is pervasive across sub-Saharan Africa. The common assumption is that monetary poverty is its most important cause. This paper investigates this hypothesis with empirical evidence by exploring structural, geographic, monetary, demographic, cultural, seasonal and school-supply factors simultaneously that can influence child labour. It is a first attempt in the literature to combine quantitative with qualitative methods to identify a broader range of potential factors-on the demand- and supply-side and at the micro and macro levels-for why children work in agrarian economies like Ghana. Interviews with the Minister of Education and with children enrich the multivariate regression results. The multiple sources of child labour appear to include, in particular, the structure of the economy, social norms and no returns to rural basic education. Policy responses are outlined especially on the demand side that are needed to help reduce harmful child labour that affects children's education and later opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Labour Organisation (the ILO) has regulated child labour through the Minimum Age Convention and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. Such conventions aim at the reduction and eventual elimination of harmful labour practices. After the ratification of such conventions, many countries have adopted domestic laws prohibiting harmful labour. Despite such regulations, statistics prove that children still participate in harmful work. The main purpose of this article is to assess the ILO child labour conventions critically, so as to provide further understanding of the provisions of the text of such instruments. While the aim of the Minimum Age Convention was the progressive eradication of child labour, the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention recognises the existence of tolerable forms of child labour, and it seeks to eliminate the worst forms of child labour

Since the beginning of the 2008 economic crisis, reports of child work across Europe have increased. This article looks into the European Union (EU) legal framework that applies to children who work, and offers a socio-legal analysis of child work regulation more generally. In so doing, it considers the role of a range of factors relevant to the regulation of child work, including children's rights, cultural relativism, social constructions of childhood, empirical evidence of the benefits and harm of child work, and the different contexts in which children are found working. Crucially, the article advances a justification for retaining a restrictive approach in relation to child work in the European context on the basis of legal, social, economic and cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Zambia, the ways in which social change intersects with rural livelihoods to increase children’s workload and commodify their labour are poorly understood. In this article, changing patterns of rural children’s work are seen as necessitated by their evolving household roles and contributions in an increasingly rural cash-based economy. Drawing on child-focused qualitative research in rural Lundazi district in Zambia, it is explored how children use a traditional labour practice called ‘ganyu’ (piecework) to ameliorate poverty. The infiltration of the cash-based economy, amplified by the Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes, a predominantly adult-centred traditional informal socio-economic levelling mechanism ofganyu, and its evolution into more cash-oriented transactions increasingly involving children are discussed. Althoughganyuhas largely been seen as characterized by exploitative labour relations, the empirical findings from this research indicate the complex ways in which the practice is empowering children and their families. The resources accrued throughganyuare vital for both personal and household well-being. The findings of this study have important implications to rethink not only contentious issues of child labour but also dominant narratives of childhood that fail to take into account children’s lived experiences as situated in local, social, economic, and cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]