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Data from children suggest that the prevalence of child labour in the cocoa industry in Côte d’Ivoire is a worrying 38%. However, while surveying children has the potential to reduce sensitivity biases such as social desirability bias, it presents significant ethical dilemmas and may also be associated with other reporting biases, making accurate estimates of child labour difficult. To address this, we collected data from 1741 cocoa producers to assess whether parents could provide more accurate estimates using indirect survey methods. We compared direct questioning with a list experiment and a novel non-verbal method (‘colorbox’). We found higher prevalence rates of child labour using indirect elicitation methods, but lower than those obtained from children’s surveys. Qualitative in-depth interviews revealed motivations for underreporting, including fear of legal consequences and mistrust of stakeholders. Indirect methods alone are not sufficient to correct for underreporting when child labour is collected from parents. Future research should prioritise direct data collection from children and address ethical concerns to obtain more accurate estimates of child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing presence of young people on the Nigerian streets participating in child labour has continued to attract public policy attention. Available research on child labour reveals sparse scholarly information on the security implications for young people in South-West Nigeria, particularly Ondo State. The study aims to understand the argument that child labour poses major security threats to the overall well-being of child labourers. A total of 147 questionnaires were distributed, with 12 focus group discussions and 12 semi-structured interviews conducted with young people and guardians (mostly mothers). Frequency distributions were employed to analyse the quantitative data, and NVivo (v.14) qualitative software was used to identify themes and sub-themes. A content analytical tool was used to make sense of the themes. Child labour activities include street trading, hawking, domestic help and construction work. Causes of child labour activities include lack of access to basic education, cultural and societal beliefs, poverty, and family breakdown, among others. Security threats include occasional kidnapping for ransom, sexual molestation, slavery, exploitation, risk of injury, diseases, and death. The study suggests a more responsive Child's Rights Act in Nigeria for the protection of the rights and dignity of every child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous domestic laws and treaties prohibiting child labour, the practice persists in many African countries, including in government supply chains. It is important to highlight the connection between public procurement and child labour in Africa because the continent hosts over 50% of the world's child labourers. Furthermore, tackling child labour through public procurement processes has not attracted much academic and policy attention. In order to shift this narrative, this article examines the public procurement frameworks of Ghana and Nigeria to reveal how they address child labour throughout the process of planning, tendering, contract award and contract management. It finds that the selected countries' legal frameworks are inadequate in addressing child labour and recommends measures to improve the identified limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of agriculture has been a topic of public debate over the last twenty years. The cocoa sector has been at the centre of this debate because of the large demand for chocolate in the Global North, which was one of the first sectors to begin to adopt sustainability standards. In this article, we focus on the actions taken by Northern and Southern actors to try to achieve cocoa sustainability over the past five years. Based on interviews and observations in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and European countries, complemented by document analysis, we map the controversies in the sector. Three issues emerge from our analysis: fair remuneration for producers, child labour and deforestation. We note differences of views between the actors of the North and the South, especially around the question of the fair remuneration of small producers. Emerging concerns are the single ingredient labels and the European regulations on zero imported deforestation and human rights due diligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Involvement of children in street trading is inimical, contrary to the Rights of the Child, and threatens holistic child development. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic characteristics of child street vendors in Nnewi. Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of children selling wares on the streets of Nnewi, southeast Nigeria. Results: 147 children (90 boys and 57 girls) aged 8 – 19 years were interviewed: 57 (38.8%) lived with their parents, 63 (42.9%) with relations and friends, while 27 (18.3%) lived alone. Also, 27 (18.4%) were Anambra state indigenes, others hailing from surrounding states. The parents of all the subjects were of low socioeconomic status. Trading was taking place during school hours for financial gains of the family. As many as 42.9% of the subjects had completed primary education: 89 (60.5%) had completely dropped out of school for varying periods. Nine girls (6.1%) had been sexually abused and 46 children (32.7%) had at sometime lost their earnings to robbers. Majority (79.6%) aspired to higher education if given the opportunity. Conclusion: Many parents in the low socioeconomic groups still keep their children out of school to work and help boost the family income. It is recommended that legislation be made against children trading during school hours.

Abstract Using a mixed research design, the overall objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of child labour in Ethiopia’s districts of Raya-Kobo and Angot. The study’s specific objectives are to examine types of activities and prevalence of child labour, to identify the children’s working contexts, and to evaluate the extent of harm children face in workplaces. The study hypothesizes the existence of significant variations in the profiles of child labour (activity types, prevalence rates, settings, and level of harm to children) as a result of several circumstances. While survey methodology was used to collect primary data from 431 randomly selected respondents, desk review and document analysis were also used to gather secondary data. The sampling procedures used include multi-stage purposive and systematic random sampling. Descriptive and inferential (Ordered Probit Regression model) methods of data analysis are utilized to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive analysis demonstrate a high incidence and magnitude of child labour, as well as children’s early entry to work. The regression analysis reveals children’s exposure to high levels of harm at work, which is directly exacerbated by household age, income diversification, land fragmentation, livestock number, shocks, and the predicted value of remittances. Contrarily, access to rural transportation, household heads’ education level, cart ownership, and family size reduce children’s harm extent while working. The study highlights the need to design strategies for age-appropriate work to protect children from hazardous and high-intensity activities, undertake community awareness campaigns about the impact of child labour on children, and strengthen local stakeholders’ capacity. Additionally, connecting rural areas and farmers’ croplands to towns or major routes via repaired or new roads would be beneficial.

This paper uses household panel data from the Thai Socio‐Economic Surveys of 2012 and 2017 to examine the effects of parental health shocks on child education and labour. Three measures of parental health are analysed: chronic illness, hospitalisation, and functional health status. The results show that the parentʼs illness decreases school enrolment and leads to fewer years of education completed. Boys are less likely to have attended school if any parent was chronically ill or had any health problems. Parentsʼ chronic illness increases the probability of entering the labour force for youths aged 15 and over; however, only maternal illness increases their time spent at work. Additionally, parental illness significantly increases household health expenditures, but there is a significant decline in education expenditures. The results suggest that targeted government support to low‐income families affected by major illnesses of parents could help them to maintain their children in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature shows that a ban on child labour may be self-enforcing under the extreme assumption that, above the subsistence level, no amount of consumption can compensate parents for the disutility of child labour. The present paper shows that a partial ban may be self-enforcing also in a more general model where education is an alternative to work, and the disutility of child labour can be compensated by higher present consumption or future income, but a total ban may not. It also shows that, in the absence of informational asymmetries, child labour can be eliminated and a first best achieved if the ban is combined with a credit-backed policy including a subsidy to parents, and a tax on skilled adults. A first best is out of reach if the use children make of their time when they are neither at school, nor working in the labour market is private information, because the policy maker then faces an incentive-compatibility constraint. The second-best policy reduces child labour, but not to zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article researches the intricate dynamics of decision-making within farmer cooperatives, focusing on the Upper Denkyira East Municipality in the Central region of Ghana, Africa. We selected a sample of 387 farmers using a combination of cluster and simple random sampling techniques. We gathered primary data through the administration of a structured questionnaire. Our findings reveal a pattern of rational decision-making among farmers, particularly concerning membership selection, access to credit facilities, procurement of agricultural inputs, and utilisation of welfare services within cooperatives. Demographic factors, such as age, gender, educational attainment, farming experience, and land ownership status, significantly influence these decisions. There is a significant association between decision-making processes and the adoption of agronomic practices, food security, and livelihood assets. Initiatives aimed at capacity-building should focus on providing training and educational resources to improve farmers' understanding of cooperative principles, financial management, and agricultural best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's right to play and leisure has historically and currently been violated by the many demands of adults. This is now evident in the widespread structuring of the time of middle-class children in programmed activities, including sports. In a contribution to this special issue on leisure, citizenship and human rights the paper begins with an overview of how participation in sports became so work-like for many children. This is followed by an examination of the struggle to define such work as child labour. And the paper concludes with a consideration of how it may be possible to transform sport, protecting participants under the framework of children's and labour rights – nurturing children accomplished in sport without exploiting or abusing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most prevalent types of child abuse is child neglect. India is a home to the largest child population in the world, with almost 41 per cent of the total population under eighteen years of age. But in this scenario, According to the Times of India 2023, 90% of children are abused in one way or the other before they attain the age of 18. The health and security of the country's children is an integral part of nation's progress and development. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) define that child maltreatment as harm experienced by a children under the age of 18 years by an adult or child that is in the form of physical, sexual or emotional but can also involve a lack of love, care and attention. Child neglect is very common serious public health problem and it has adverse effects on childhood experiences. It affects the health, opportunity, and wellbeing of children in their later life. Any form of neglect of a child under the age of eighteen by a parent, caregiver, or any person acting in a custodial capacity is considered child neglect. The important contributing factors of child neglect are socio-economic conditions of the family, living arrangements and living with domestic violence, parental mental health and drug and alcohol use. The prevalence of child neglect can be reduced through creating awareness of their rights among the children, especially the right to protection, among parents and other stakeholders, must strictly follow the laws (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act) to punish those who abuse/exploit the children and take action to strengthen accountability on the part of government, NGOs and the civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, child labor is a major issue and a grave human rights violation. Millions of children in India are denied their childhood, education, and fundamental rights because they are made to work in perilous and exploitative circumstances. International organizations, civil society, and the government have all given the problem of child labor in India a great deal of attention. Child labor is still an issue, and children continue to suffer in spite of efforts to stop it. The purpose of this study is to analyze India's human rights abuses and child labor. Furthermore, the techniques for preventing child labor and preserving human rights in India are attempted to be provided in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a mixed research design, the overall objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of child labour in Ethiopia's districts of Raya-Kobo and Angot. The study's specific objectives are to examine types of activities and prevalence of child labour, to identify the children's working contexts, and to evaluate the extent of harm children face in workplaces. The study hypothesizes the existence of significant variations in the profiles of child labour (activity types, prevalence rates, settings, and level of harm to children) as a result of several circumstances. While survey methodology was used to collect primary data from 431 randomly selected respondents, desk review and document analysis were also used to gather secondary data. The sampling procedures used include multi-stage purposive and systematic random sampling. Descriptive and inferential (Ordered Probit Regression model) methods of data analysis are utilized to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive analysis demonstrate a high incidence and magnitude of child labour, as well as children's early entry to work. The regression analysis reveals children's exposure to high levels of harm at work, which is directly exacerbated by household age, income diversification, land fragmentation, livestock number, shocks, and the predicted value of remittances. Contrarily, access to rural transportation, household heads' education level, cart ownership, and family size reduce children's harm extent while working. The study highlights the need to design strategies for age-appropriate work to protect children from hazardous and high-intensity activities, undertake community awareness campaigns about the impact of child labour on children, and strengthen local stakeholders' capacity. Additionally, connecting rural areas and farmers' croplands to towns or major routes via repaired or new roads would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forum Pedagogiczne / Pedagogical Forum is the property of Uniwersytet Kardynala Stefana Wyszynskiego w Warszawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The brick industry, characterized as an informal and unorganized sector in India, has witnessed growth concurrent with urbanization across various states. This labor-intensive industry relies significantly on the widespread exploitation of women and children and heavily depends on migrant workers for production. This study aims to shed light on the current socio-economic conditions of women in the brick industries of Falta and Budge Budge-II C.D blocks in the South 24 Parganas District of Indian state West Bengal. The variables considered for this study encompass gender, age, marital status, nature of work, experience, education, income, benefits, and challenges —these factors serve as indicators of the socio-economic status of women in these manufacturing units. Environmentalists have identified the brick industry as one of the hazardous sectors with adverse implications for the health and physiological well-being of women and children. The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. The findings reveal that women in this field experience various forms of suffering, and the prevalence of child labor is notably high for both boys and girls in the brick kilns of these two blocks.

This study aims to analyse how internal parental migration influences school participation and work for children aged 10–15 years in Indonesia as measured by four categories, namely, (a) children attending school, (b) working children, (c) children attending school and working and (d) children who do not attend school and do not work (idle). The method used in this study is a multinomial logit model, while the data used is from the 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS) provided by Indonesian Central Board of Statistics (BPS). The results show that parental internal migration generally leads to a reduction in school participation rates and an increase in work participation rates among the children of migrant parents. The impact is greater when the mother migrates. However, the negative impact of parental internal migration on children’s participation in education and child labour decreases as the duration of migration increases. In addition, this study also provides some important findings regarding the important aspects that can affect child school participation and work, including the quality of parents’ work after migration, parents’ education, child’s age, family size and family welfare, including the quality of the environment where the children live.

Over the years, concerns about working conditions and labour rights within the textile industry have become increasingly prominent. Addressing these issues, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has played a pivotal role in shaping and improving working conditions across the textile sector. This paper aims to explore the key legal regulations and non-legislative initiatives undertaken by the ILO. The author refers to the texts of the conventions, studies of the ILO and other organisations, as well as the literature on law. The research conducted indicates that the ILO’s actions positively impacted the textile industry’s labour practices globally. Nevertheless, the author argues that it is necessary to adopt a convention specifically dedicated to labour rights in the textile industry, thereby promoting fair and sustainable practices that benefit workers, businesses, and economies.

In this paper, we aim to theoretically advance critical social marketing (CSM). Our purpose is to advance a guiding ethos for the disparate corpus of CSM scholarship and encourage social marketers to become more critically informed in their research and practice. We introduce a critically reflexive, decolonising, intersectional, and trauma-informed CSM framework for social marketing theory, research, and practice towards emancipatory behaviour and social change. Our framework is applied in the context of the social problem of child labour. We then discuss and offer conclusions of the implications of our CSM framework, provide suggestions for a future research agenda that challenges scholars to engage in critically informed research and practice in social marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine areas of policy priority by consideration of the demographic structure of the Roma living in the Kale Neighborhood, one of the oldest neighborhoods of Ankara. The economic and social characteristics of the area are also discussed. The data used in the study comes from the pre-test and pilot studies conducted in the Kale Neighborhood as part of Project No. 122R016: "Demographic Integration and Differentials of the Roma Population and Policy Priorities in Turkey", which was made possible by financial support from the TUBITAK 1001 Program. The results of the study show that the average household size in the Kale neighborhood is currently 4.6, and while 51% of households live as a nuclear family, 29% of families are broken in some way. In a neighborhood where 47% percent of population is under the age of 18, it is observed that the proportion of children who attend school decreases rapidly with age, and the general level of education is quite poor. In addition, in a neighborhood where child labor and child marriages are widespread, the average age of first-time marriage is 17 for women and 21 for men. There are an average of 4.2 children per woman in the neighborhood. These findings show that the Kale neighborhood is not typical of modern Turkey in terms of demographics, although it is comparable with the demographic structure of 1980s Turkey. It is seen that the failure of the neighborhood to keep up with the country can be associated with the widespread poverty of the district, as well as the discrimination that Roma people in the neighborhood face in almost every aspect of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household shocks can significantly affect a family's well-being, often leading them to resort to child labour as a coping mechanism. However, child labour not only impedes a country's progress but also detrimentally affects children's welfare. This study investigates the effects of household shocks on child labour in Tanzania, utilising data from two waves of the National Panel survey conducted in 2014--15 and 2019--20. The study employs a fixed-effects regression model to examine the effects of household shocks on child labour measured by child hours of work. The findings of this study reveal that both climate and food price shocks correlate with increased child labour hours. We also observe that child school attendance acts as a deterrent to child labour. To address these challenges, the government should prioritize implementing social safety nets and assistance programs to alleviate the impact of climate and food price shocks on vulnerable households. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for policymakers to focus on expanding access to and enhancing the quality of education, particularly in rural areas where child labour rates are disproportionately higher. Such measures have the potential to effectively reduce child labour incidence and simultaneously improve schooling outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds an overlapping generations household economy model where child labour is present. Child schooling is determined by parental altruism. The degree of parental altruism is determined by the level of schooling of the parent. A more educated parent has a greater willingness to invest in the human capital formation of the child. These differences in the preferences of parents towards their offspring's schooling have significant effects on the long-run dynamics of schooling. The dynamics of schooling exhibit the possibility of the existence of a child labour trap. If the economy is trapped in an inefficient equilibrium, increasing the child wage and the adult unskilled wage can help the economy get rid of the child labour trap. In this paper, we also study the efficacy of child labour ban and education subsidy in enhancing schooling and reducing child labour. We find that education subsidy is always likely to increase child schooling and reduce child labour. But banning child labour will increase schooling if the adult wage exceeds the sum of schooling cost and subsistence consumption expenditure. Once the economy reaches the advanced stage, banning child labour is desirable to take the stable equilibrium to full schooling equilibrium, but before that, banning child labour is not desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational outcomes for children are of the utmost importance since they form the foundation of education systems worldwide. Children's learning outcomes have been adversely affected by natural and human disasters since their inception. This paper employs a scoping review approach to investigate the influence of environmental shocks and child labour on children's educational outcomes. Numerous empirical studies have been screened in this study to determine how environmental shocks and child labour influence children's educational outcomes. This present study is the most recent research to examine the influence of environmental shocks and child labour on children's educational outcomes. This study found that environmental shocks (death, climate variability, flooding, and hurricanes) are positively associated with child labour and negatively related to children's learning outcomes, while child labour (farming, domestic chores, fishing, and hawking) has a negative influence on children's educational outcomes. This study also found that the interaction effect of environmental shocks and child labour has detrimental impacts on children's learning outcomes. Available literature has shown that research on the influence of environmental shocks and child labour on children's education and environmental shocks on child labour is still growing. More studies are needed on the influence of other kinds of environmental shocks and child labour on children's educational outcomes as well as the influence of environmental shocks on child labour, particularly on the African continent. This is because there is a dearth of literature despite the fact that they are susceptible to environmental shocks since they are located in the tropics and other areas habitually unprotected from life-threatening weather events, which reduce their per capita income and increase child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of child labour in Bangladesh is a major concern, exposing children to hazardous working conditions with severe physical and psychological impacts on their well being. This ethnographic study investigates the interplay between the agency and vulnerability of child labourers in hazardous battery-recycling workshops, exploring the social, economic, and cultural factors that contribute to their vulnerability. The research posits that while addressing poverty and socio--economic challenges is essential to combat child labour, a blanket ban on child labour in developing countries might be unfeasible due to complex economic factors. Therefore, the study suggests a middle ground between the 'absolutist universalist' and 'contextualist' approaches. This approach entails improving working conditions, enforcing age-related labour laws, and revising child labour policies to reflect the needs and views of children and their families. It emphasises participatory decision-making and introduces support measures for children compelled to work, including residential vocational schools and stipends. The study also advocates treating hazardous child labour as child abuse, legally combating it, and increasing public awareness against such practices. Additionally, the paper underscores the necessity of re-evaluating current social policies and thoroughly assessing anti-poverty initiatives to effectively curb child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contribution of household non-farm enterprises (NFEs) to human capital development in children, measured through child labour and schooling. We use nationally representative panel data from Tanzania and control for observed and time-invariant unobserved factors in pooled least squares and household fixed effects estimations. Both contemporaneous and dynamic analyses are performed separately for boys and girls and for different types of NFEs, including those with and without employees, as well as father- and mother-owned NFEs. We find that father-owned and NFEs without employees are associated with less child labour on average. The impacts on schooling are not consistently estimated, except for girls and father-owned NFEs. Less child labour among boys is associated with father's NFEs and among girls with NFEs hiring employees. Our findings indicate that NFEs may contribute to reducing the child labour problem, but they may be insufficient for resolving low school attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Domestic Workers Dataset is the largest single set of surveys (n = 11,759) of domestic workers to date. Our analysis of this dataset reveals features about the lives and work of this "hard-to-find" population in India—a country estimated to have the largest number of people living in forms of contemporary slavery (11 million). The data allow us to identify child labour, indicators of forced labour, and patterns of exploitation—including labour paid below the minimum wage—using bivariate analysis, factor analysis, and spatial analysis. The dataset also helps to advance our understanding of how to measure labour exploitation and modern slavery by showing the value of "found data" and participatory and citizen science approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm production continues to expand in many developing countries in the tropics. Its expansion has been associated with economic gains, but oil palm production could also have immense social implications, especially affecting human capital development with significant labour implications. We use a farm household dataset from a native but emerging oil palm production zone, Cameroon to examine the relationship between oil palm production and child educational outcomes such as enrollment rate, attendance rate and the number of school days missed. Using different analytical techniques, we show that oil palm production is positively associated with the enrollment rates of both boys and girls. We do not find any statistical relationship between oil palm production and attendance rates by gender. However, we find evidence of a strong negative association between oil palm production and the number of school days missed by boys. That is, oil palm production is associated with more school days attended by boys. Exploring the mechanism that could be explaining these results, we show that households may be investing the income gains from oil palm production in the human capital development of their children. Our results are robust over different regression estimators and alternative specifications. We also show that the results are unlikely to be driven by omitted variable bias. These findings have implications on whether oil palm production could stir integrated growth and human capital development, especially in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT This paper uses household panel data from the Thai Socio‐Economic Surveys of 2012 and 2017 to examine the effects of parental health shocks on child education and labour. Three measures of parental health are analysed: chronic illness, hospitalisation, and functional health status. The results show that the parentʼs illness decreases school enrolment and leads to fewer years of education completed. Boys are less likely to have attended school if any parent was chronically ill or had any health problems. Parentsʼ chronic illness increases the probability of entering the labour force for youths aged 15 and over; however, only maternal illness increases their time spent at work. Additionally, parental illness significantly increases household health expenditures, but there is a significant decline in education expenditures. The results suggest that targeted government support to low‐income families affected by major illnesses of parents could help them to maintain their children in school.

Abstract This article contributes to the stock of scientific knowledge by showing the effect of orphan status on child labour and school attendance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While the abolition of child labour is undeniably one of the major tasks assigned to the International Labour Organization (ILO) when it was founded, child labour remains a severe problem worldwide. In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, children do not have access to school. Instead of ending up in school, millions of children are forced to engage in child labour in income-generating and non-income-generating activities. Little researchers have yet made it possible to obtain simultaneous information on child labour, school attendance and orphaned children. This paper describes the research that tries to make such a connection. Data used is from the out-of-school children and adolescents (OOSC-DRC-2012) survey organised by the Ministry of Primary, secondary and Vocational Education. Using a bivariate probit econometric model and testing the endogeneity with an instrumental variables approach, funding of the analysis supports the assumption of a significant negative relationship between child labour and school attendance. The result shows also that being orphaned reduces a child's likelihood of school attendance and increases the probability of entering the labour market. It is underlined that most children are present in non-income-generating than income-generating activities.

The "traditional view" on the historical decline of child labour has emphasised the role of the approval of effective child labour (minimum working age) laws. Since then, the importance of alternative key driving factors such as schooling, demography, household income or technology has been highlighted. While historically leading countries such as England and industrial labour have been studied, peripheral Europe and a full participation rate also including agriculture and services have received limited research attention. The contribution of this paper is to provide a first empirical explanation for the child labour decline observed in a European peripheral country like Portugal using long historical yearly data. For doing so, we use long series of Portugal's child labour participation rate and several candidate explanatory factors. We implement cointegration techniques to relate child labour with its main drivers. We find that not only factors related to the "traditional view" were important for the Portuguese case. In fact, a mixture of legislation, schooling, demography, income, and technological factors seem to have contributed to the sustainable fall of Portugal's child labour. Hence, explanations for observed child labour decline seem to differ by country and context, introducing a more nuanced view of the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour studies in the African colonial period are facing a revival, but literature on the role and working conditions of children remains over-generalized. At the same time, child labour has played a central role in economic activities in Africa, and it still does. This article contributes to filling this gap by studying Portuguese colonial Africa as a narrative of tension between labour market forces, public policy, and (limited) agency of children. Labour scarcity facing demand hikes contributed to the increased use of children for labour in the colonial period. We contribute to the history of African labour by compiling data on the – until now – largely neglected use of child labour in mining and agriculture in the Portuguese African colonies. We find children were used to support adults or, with less agency, simply replaced (often forced) adult labour in plantations, mining, and other activities abandoned by adults. (Promised) wage differentials, taxes, forced labour, pass systems, and forced cultivation schemes acted as (dis)incentives to labour migration. Intra and inter-country movement of large numbers of adult labourers stimulated the demand for child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Medipol University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Victorian Age was a period of economic progress for England, driven by technological advancements and the expansion of power. During this era, the British Empire dominated much of the world, and the imperialists bragged that the Sun never sets on the vast empire. The main factor behind this rapid economic progress was industrialization, which was marked by the establishment of various industries across the nation. But the industrialization of Great Britain was not without its consequences; the advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increased demand for cheap industrial labour. It was the poor working-class families that were brought in to supply this cheap labour to meet the increasing demands of the fast-progressing nation. Many children from such families were also hired to keep the nation's economic graph pointing upward. Child labour, thus, became a by-product of industrialization in England. While the mighty nation revelled in the glorious result of the Industrial Revolution, the poor children toiled hard, hidden away in dark, gloomy factories. This paper aims at exploring the issue of child labour during this period through the poem A Voice from the Factories: In Serious Verse by Caroline Norton, a prominent Victorian poet and activist. It examines the sufferings and depravity of child labourers in Industrial England as addressed by Norton and many of her contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire meant creating a new state system forthe Slovak people in the form of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Although a united state of two nations, the Slovak territory was less economically, educationally and socially developed. Based on a content analysis of archival documents, the contemporary periodical Care for Youth and the legal regulation of the period under study, the study answers the questions: What was the initial state of social care for children in the Slovak territory? What specific forms and content contributed to its development? What was the significance of children’s homes in social care? The results show that the Slovak nation found itself in a completely new situation in the field of social care for children, a situation it had never known before; it did not have its own system of child care. The pauper care made the first beginnings, the implementation of which was in the competence of the municipalities. The latter focused on the provision of food and clothing and the establishment of orphanages. Gradually, charitable associations, individuals and the church began to care for children. There was no direct involvement of the state, which provided only subsidies. In the case of orphanages, there was a struggle throughout the period to create their mission. Nevertheless, the workers of the orphanages focused their care on social and educational activities, paying attention to regional and local games, dances and songs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores the deconstruction of child labour in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sites, highlighting different perspectives. Despite the economic benefits to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), ASM poses challenges, particularly where children are concerned. Method: ology: Our study uses a convergent parallel mixed methods approach to interpret qualitative and qualitative data based on the conceptual framework of human capital. Trivariate probit and Tobit models were used for quantitative data and content analysis was employed for qualitative data. We collected primary data by interviewing children involved in artisanal mining activities. Interviews were conducted with consent from the children and their parents or guardians. We adopt snowball sampling due to the lack of a database. The Centre of Expertise on Mining Governance (CEGEMI) developed the data collection instruments in collaboration with Inner City Fund (ICF) International and validated by the United States Department of Labour. Findings: We found that limited access to education leads to decreased school attendance rates among children, pushing them towards engaging in hazardous and non-hazardous economic activities within the DRC's mining areas. Moreover, excessive working hours negatively impact children's academic performance. Consequently, there is a trade-off between attending school and engaging in child labour at ASM sites in the DRC. Limitations: This study did not consider domestic activities carried out by children. This could give even more detailed results. Public policy implications: Governments and partners must prioritise creating a comprehensive list of hazardous activities for children in the ASM context. Careful conceptualisation is necessary to ensure the clarity and effectiveness of this list. Raising awareness about the merits of removing children from activities related to mining is important for households living in and around ASM sites. Interventions aiming to reduce child labour and increase school attendance in ASM zones must remain mindful of the socio-economic and school infrastructure needs.

Child labour is one of the major obstacles to the realization of universal primary education in low- and middle-income countries. Child labour deprives children of their chances to acquire the required skills for the development of their potential. This is akin to a child trying to prepare for an exam while carrying a heavy backpack of worries, fears, and distractions on their back which affects their desired outcome. This study provided an updated review of the literature on child labour's influence on primary school pupils' enrolment. Child labour literature was explored via a scoping literature review strategy. As a result of this literature review, child labour negatively impacts primary school enrolment. This study also revealed that child labour is the major contributor to primary school pupils' dropout. Finally, this review revealed that enforcing a minimum employment age of 15 and reducing the return to child labour without providing social supports such as conditional cash transfer to the poor household would facilitate an increase in children’s dropout rate in developing countries. Based on the empirical child labour literature, more research is needed to be conducted using qualitative and quantitative measures to capture first-hand information to augment quantitative measures.

The increasing presence of young people on the Nigerian streets participating in child labour has continued to attract public policy attention. Available research on child labour reveals sparse scholarly information on the security implications for young people in South-West Nigeria, particularly Ondo State. The study aims to understand the argument that child labour poses major security threats to the overall well-being of child labourers. A total of 147 questionnaires were distributed, with 12 focus group discussions and 12 semi-structured interviews conducted with young people and guardians (mostly mothers). Frequency distributions were employed to analyse the quantitative data, and NVivo (v.14) qualitative software was used to identify themes and sub-themes. A content analytical tool was used to make sense of the themes. Child labour activities include street trading, hawking, domestic help and construction work. Causes of child labour activities include lack of access to basic education, cultural and societal beliefs, poverty, and family breakdown, among others. Security threats include occasional kidnapping for ransom, sexual molestation, slavery, exploitation, risk of injury, diseases, and death. The study suggests a more responsive Child’s Rights Act in Nigeria for the protection of the rights and dignity of every child.

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The following conversation is an abridged transcript of a discussion that Prof. Dr. Beata Halicka (UAM) held with Prof. Dr. Johannes-Dieter Steinert of the University of Wolverhampton in the UK. It took place on December 1, 2022 and was the opening event of a conference entitled Little Workers: Child Labor in socio-cultural and economic perspectives throughout history. The conference was organized by the Department of Economic History, the Department of Eastern European History and the Research Unit of Cultural History and was held at the Faculty of History of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Johannes-Dieter Steinert is a prominent specialist in the field of child forced labourers in National Socialist Germany and German occupied Eastern Europe. His books on the subject have been published in English, German and Polish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper attempts to see the women and child worker in the old city of Hyderabad in the Bangle industry. Women make up a sizable portion of India's labour force, yet they are paid less and have less secure jobs than men. As a result, many of these mothers choose to earn an income for their families by working from home. Women who work in the informal sector work with minimum pay and hence the girl child is an easy prey to assist the mother in supplementing the income and helping in the household chores so that more time is left to pursue the trade for an income. Our sample includes 100 women respondents and 150 girls. Being in the unregulated, home-based informal sector has made it challenging to organize the employees, leaving the bulk of bangle-makers in precarious positions both at work and at home. The increasing number of children, especially girls, who are taking part in the production of bangles is also a cause for alarm. It would appear that the piece rate method of payment and the fact that the work may be done from home encourage the participation of family members, including children, in the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays we perceive child labour as a shameful torture and a wicked destruction of the natural order of things. After all, childhood is a time for carelessness, fun and schooling, and children are innocent and vulnerable. Nowadays people believe that these are primeval and natural rights, which is not true. There used to be two models of child labour which I present in my paper. Domestic work in the countryside and in cities, characteristic of the feudal economy at the time when a workplace and a place of residence were the same place (this is still the case in the countryside nowadays), and work outside home, for example in a factory, characteristic of the capitalist economy. There were also varied mixed forms. Thus, in the pre-modern period, rural children were already given to work on a lord's farm, to a rich farmer, or to serve in a city. Similarly, in modern times, children worked at home in domestic industries. The extensive use of child labour was first made possible by the lack of compulsory schooling, which in turn later prevented regular child labour. As long as there was an economic need, however, school had to give way to earning a living for one's family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]