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Understanding the acceptability of long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy (LAI-ART) among people with HIV (PWH), especially priority populations, is essential for effective implementation. We conducted semi-structured interviews with patients in three Ryan White-funded HIV clinics in San Francisco, Chicago, and Atlanta. We employed maximal variation sampling across age, gender, race, ethnicity, and time living with HIV and oversampled for individuals with suboptimal clinical engagement. An 8-step hybrid deductive and inductive thematic analysis approach guided data analysis. Between August 2020 and July 2021, we conducted 72 interviews. Median age was 46 years; 28% were ciswomen, 7% transwomen, 44% Black/African-American and 35% Latinx, 43% endorsed a psychiatric diagnosis, 35% were experiencing homelessness/unstable housing, and 10% had recent substance use. Approximately 24% were sub-optimally engaged in care. We observed a spectrum of LAI-ART acceptability, ranging from enthusiasm to hesitancy to rejection. We also characterized four emergent orientations towards LAI-ART: innovator, pragmatist, deliberator, and skeptic. Overall, the majority of participants expressed favorable initial reactions towards LAI-ART. Most approached LAI-ART pragmatically, but acceptability was not static, often increasing over the course of the interview. Participants considered their HIV providers as essential for affirming personal relevance. HIV stigma, privacy concerns, and medical mistrust had varied impacts, sometimes facilitating and other times hindering personal relevance. These findings held across priority populations, specifically young adults, cis/trans women, racial/ethnic minorities, and individuals with suboptimal clinical engagement. Further research is needed to explore the transition from hypothetical acceptance to uptake and to confirm the actual benefits and drawbacks of this treatment.

The text explores the history of urban gambling in Chicago, focusing on policy and numbers games unique to African American communities. It delves into the political and criminal elements intertwined with gambling, including the involvement of organized crime and the impact on African American women working in the industry. The document also discusses the evolution of gambling from riverboats to thoroughbred racing, highlighting the connections between gambling, politics, and crime in Chicago's history. [Extracted from the article]

The John Worthy School (JWS) was created at the turn of the twentieth century to house younger male misdemeanants within Chicago's House of Correction separately from older offenders. The JWS reflected reformers', experts', and city leaders' goals of reforming, educating, and punishing juveniles differently from more "hardened" criminals. Although scholars have previously focused on the creation of juvenile courts, few have examined the creation, implementation, and operation of correctional institutions for younger offenders. Doing so highlights the clear tensions in these facilities and the limits of juvenile incarceration. In addition, through the JWS and informal subsidiary institutions, the city of Chicago expanded the reach of the city's power into the lives and families of those detained within the walls of the facility. However, shortly after the JWS closed, such responsibility transferred to county and state authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile British artisans played a key role in the global diffusion of industrialization, taking their skills to Continental Europe and the USA. While research in recent decades among those who might be classed as minor innovators or tweakers has increased our knowledge and understanding of their contribution to this process, less is known about those skilled tradespeople who might be classed as implementers, in other words, those who proved capable of constructing, installing and operating new industrial plant and machinery but are not noted for their innovations. This article is the study of the life and context of William Harman, a highly mobile individual involved in the construction of steamships and locomotives and whose career took him from his home near Hull to France and across the United States as the frontier moved westwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface of an architectural drawing can be a cauldron of creativity, a place where even gravity and friction might not exist. Russian‐born and based in Paris, architecturally trained artist Kirill Chelushkin creates astounding, often large‐scale works that explore the ontology of drawing. Here he describes the inspirations for his machine‐related architectural representations, including Russian Constructivism and historical, battered and burnt blueprint drawings of the rapidly disappearing machines of the Soviet industrial complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2022 mpox outbreak, our study conducted 30 interviews with a recruited sample of Chicago gay men (age 18+) during June-September to investigate their experiences of mpox, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Participants were interviewed with a semi-structured guide about gay sexual identity and social experiences; HIV/AIDS, ART, and PrEP; and COVID-19 behaviors and vaccination. All 30 interview respondents had been fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and expressed minimal COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. All the men living with HIV in our study were on ART with HIV well controlled. A majority of HIV- participants (70%) were on PrEP, with participants universally aware of PrEP benefits. Additionally, most participants had already received at least one shot of the Jynneos mpox vaccine, with many interviewees enduring long lines, sometimes at multiple locations, before vaccination in primarily gay social spaces. These Chicago gay men demonstrated widespread enthusiasm for mpox vaccination as a disease prevention strategy and most of them had already been vaccinated despite significant barriers. The enthusiasm of the participants in our study emerged within a medical landscape shaped by both COVID-19 vaccination and HIV/AIDS-related health interventions including ART and PrEP, which may have helped instill increased medical trust among this population. Our study suggests that out urban gay men may comprise a distinctive minority population with increased medical trust due to specific social, sexual, and historical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigate a largely unexplored policing mechanism: Strategic Task Force (STF) inspections in Chicago. This process exists at the intersection of civil and criminal legal systems: properties affiliated with criminal drug or gang activity are swept by building inspectors and police officers, with the explicit purpose of finding code violations and prompting civil legal action against the owner. Using two datasets of inspected buildings, we demonstrate that those who own properties targeted by the STF more often face financial and legal hurdles such as foreclosures, ownership transfers, and property restrictions. This finding coheres with qualitative court data, which demonstrates a pervasive punitive attitude in STF cases. We argue that STF inspections amount to a denial of criminal due process for residents in communities of color, punishing alleged offenders via a civil process with much more flexible procedural standards. Our analysis of punishing people through property highlights the need for expanding standards of criminal due process to civil contexts to guarantee defendants' substantive rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, residents and community organizations in the ethnically diverse neighborhood of Albany Park, on Chicago’s northwest side, have been resisting gentrification, emerging as one of the city’s most active neighborhoods in anti-displacement organizing and policy setting. We seek to understand how a multiplicity of actors, human and non-human, have coalesced to achieve a modicum of success in stalling, subverting, and overcoming gentrification and its attendant displacement of low-income residents. We draw on the work of urban assemblage theorists to build a temporal and spatial analysis, showing the complex assemblage of resistance actors, their experiences, and their narratives over a 20-year time span. Despite the fear of many scholars and residents, Albany Park shows that once started, gentrification is not inevitable. We introduce the concept of “inplacement” to show resistance to displacement is possible through the work of civil society organizations and other neighborhood actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two books, "Puerto Rican Chicago: Schooling the City, 1940-1977" by Mirelsie Velázquez and "The 'Puerto Rican Problem' in Postwar New York City" by Edgardo Meléndez, that explore the experiences of Puerto Rican migrants in mid-twentieth century urban centers. The books highlight the challenges faced by Puerto Ricans in finding housing, employment, and education despite their status as U.S. citizens. The authors caution against comparing Puerto Rican migration to earlier waves of European migration, emphasizing the unique circumstances and relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States. Velázquez's book focuses on the educational experiences of Puerto Rican migrants in Chicago, highlighting their struggle for freedom, autonomy, and a sense of belonging. Meléndez's book examines the emergence and impact of the "Puerto Rican problem" campaign in New York City, tracing its evolution and consequences on politics and policies affecting Puerto Ricans. Both books provide valuable insights into the distinct experiences of Puerto Rican migrants and expand our understanding of urban history. [Extracted from the article]

With the rise of economic inequality in recent decades, dollar stores have flourished in the United States. Although the media has increasingly portrayed dollar stores as violent crime magnets, limited academic research has examined their impact on nearby crime. This study employed a difference-in-differences approach to investigate the impact of dollar stores on localized violent crime patterns in Chicago. Results showed a significant increase in violent crimes, especially robberies, in nearby areas relative to the control areas, following the opening of dollar stores. There were no signs of spatial crime displacement. Moreover, after the closing of dollar stores, the levels of violent crime in nearby areas relative to the control areas returned to those of the prestore opening period, regardless of the type of crime. This study also explored how the impact of dollar store openings on nearby crime rates evolves over time and varies according to the surrounding context of the store's location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract During the 2022 mpox outbreak, our study conducted 30 interviews with a recruited sample of Chicago gay men (age 18+) during June-September to investigate their experiences of mpox, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Participants were interviewed with a semi-structured guide about gay sexual identity and social experiences; HIV/AIDS, ART, and PrEP; and COVID-19 behaviors and vaccination. All 30 interview respondents had been fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and expressed minimal COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. All the men living with HIV in our study were on ART with HIV well controlled. A majority of HIV- participants (70%) were on PrEP, with participants universally aware of PrEP benefits. Additionally, most participants had already received at least one shot of the Jynneos mpox vaccine, with many interviewees enduring long lines, sometimes at multiple locations, before vaccination in primarily gay social spaces. These Chicago gay men demonstrated widespread enthusiasm for mpox vaccination as a disease prevention strategy and most of them had already been vaccinated despite significant barriers. The enthusiasm of the participants in our study emerged within a medical landscape shaped by both COVID-19 vaccination and HIV/AIDS-related health interventions including ART and PrEP, which may have helped instill increased medical trust among this population. Our study suggests that out urban gay men may comprise a distinctive minority population with increased medical trust due to specific social, sexual, and historical experiences.

The text explores the views of the Czech immigrant community in the US on the 1929 New York Stock Exchange crash through Czech newspapers from Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas, using a comparative approach to analyse the publications.

Research summary Policy implications In 2012, Chicago closed half of its public mental health clinics, which provide services to those in need regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay. Critics of the closures argued that they would result in service shortages and divert untreated patients to the criminal justice system. We explore this claim by examining whether and to what extent the closures increased criminal justice contact. Using a difference‐in‐differences framework, we compare arrests and mental health transports in block groups located within a half mile of clinics that closed to those equidistant from clinics that remained open. While we find evidence that police‐initiated mental health transports increased following the closures, we do not observe similar changes in arrests.Chicago's mental health clinic closures remain a contentious issue to this day. Our results suggest that the shuttered clinics were meeting a need that, when left unmet, created conditions for mental health emergencies. While the closures do not appear to have routed untreated patients to the county jail, they increased police contact and, subsequently, transportation to less specialized emergency care facilities. Our findings demonstrate the need to strengthen health care access, crisis prevention, and the mental health safety net to preclude police from acting as mental health responders of last resort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicago's preoccupation with its architectural heritage has created an architourism industry around extant works by famous architects like Daniel H. Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Mies van der Rohe. The social histories of these buildings can be illuminated through archaeological research such as the 2023 summer field project at the former sites of the Armour Mission and the Armour Flats. Excavation there produced materials related to the processes of urban renewal that made manifest the Mies-designed site plan for the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) campus. Amid building demolition, we recovered evidence of food consumption patterns as well as several children's toys from the turn of the twentieth century. The results presented here are preliminary—full analysis will be shared with our community partners in the Black Metropolis National Heritage Area to see what responses, correctives, or new questions for future research emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suburbanization and segregation are intertwined processes that continue to shape American landscapes in profound ways. This research sheds light on both processes in the context of a community-oriented archaeology project based in the Village of Maywood, Illinois. Suburban communities began developing around major U.S. cities, like Chicago, at the turn of the twentieth century. These communities were envisioned and marketed as idyllic spaces free from the dangers and stresses of urban living. In practice, most were majority-white neighborhoods where segregationist policies were implemented and strictly enforced. The Village of Maywood, one such example, was established as an all-white suburban enclave. However, in the mid-1880s, the village established a 4 × 5 block restricted zone where African American and Jewish residents could rent and buy property. Efforts to control where certain minority populations lived within the Village of Maywood closely mirrored urban Chicago's efforts to spatially confine and restrict the residential options of African American and Jewish groups. Archival and archaeological research focused on a residence within the village's restricted zone to explore the impacts exclusion and marginalization had on households within these contested spaces. Fieldwork and outreach were organized to amplify the work being done by community stakeholders to preserve the Village of Maywood's unique history and legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camp Douglas existed from September 1861 through early 1866, when the military decommissioned it. During this time, the camp grew to encompass 60 acres located on the southern outskirts of Chicago where it served as a recruitment and training center and, later, beginning in February 1862, a Confederate POW facility. Before the end of 1865, the federal government began auctioning off camp structures and materials, and thereafter, the camp began to fade from physical view, while Northern interests actively sought to expunge Camp Douglas, as well as other federal POW camps, from popular memory. The erasure of the camp was all but complete by the early twentieth-first century, when a group of individuals formed the Camp Douglas Restoration Foundation, Inc., in order to tell the story of the camp and determine if subsurface remains of the site existed. Since 2012, the foundation has sponsored 11 archaeological investigations of the camp. These excavations, which relied on volunteers drawn from the public, exposed camp deposits, raised public awareness about the site, and highlighted the site's connection to twentieth-century events, while demonstrating that developed urban areas may harbor significant archaeological remains. The results of the archaeological research reaffirm that Camp Douglas is a significant Chicago site whose story is worth investigating and telling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the intersection of policing and politics in the United States, with a specific focus on New York City and Chicago. It introduces four books that explore the relationship between policing and politics, emphasizing how police practices are influenced by electoral politics and power dynamics within society. The books also delve into the role of police departments in shaping public perception and popular culture. The article concludes by discussing the activism and movements for police accountability that have emerged in response to these issues, highlighting successful efforts to abolish the death penalty and reach reparations for victims of police torture. It also explores the development of youth policing teams and the influence of policing and crime on contemporary political discourse. [Extracted from the article]

Environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity is widespread in many urban areas including Chicago. In an effort to evaluate the heavy metal fraction originating from industrial activities, plant samples of Daucus Carota or wild carrot were collected at or adjacent to six sites located in two of Chicago's designated industrial corridors. Plants, especially herbaceous species, have been deemed suitable as environmental pollution monitors as they are able to provide information about the heavy metal fraction accessible to biota. The leaves of Daucus Carota were acid digested and analyzed with total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry TXRF. The results showed elevated heavy metal mass fractions for at least one collection site which is close to an operational railyard. Other studies investigating heavy metals in proximity to railroad operations found elevated mass fractions for several elements, but specifically manganese as well. This suggests that abrasion from shunting and breaking releases certain pollutants into the local environment. The data were compared with studies executed in Rome, Italy, and Pakistan, which used Daucus Carota to evaluate heavy metal pollution. It was found that the heavy metal mass fractions obtained for Chicago were higher for some elements indicating an increased pollutant burden for these elements. The same samples were also analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GFAAS for the elements copper and lead and the data compared. Those two elements were chosen as they were present at each location and GFAAS has proven to be highly sensitive for them. It was found that the two methods provided comparable results for copper, whereas for lead, TXRF overestimated the mass fractions most likely due to limitations of the spectra evaluation software. The analysis of a certified reference material ‘BCR 679 white cabbage’ showed that most data obtained by TXRF were in good agreement with the certified values, with the exception of lead, which was not certified. However, since GFAAS has high sensitivity toward lead and is considered reference method for that element by regulatory agencies, a comparison between GFAAS and TXRF data for lead in the same sample can serve as good indicator for TXRF performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits the potential of Global Positioning System datasets sourced from mobile phones to estimate the racial composition of road users, leveraging data from their respective Census block group. The racial composition data encompasses approximately 46 million trips in the Chicago metropolitan region. The research focuses on the relationship between camera tickets and racial composition of drivers vs. police stops for traffic citations and the racial composition in these locations. Black drivers exhibit a higher likelihood of being ticketed by automated speed cameras and of being stopped for moving violations on roads, irrespective of the proportion of White drivers present. The research observes that this correlation attenuates as the proportion of White drivers on the road increases. The citation rate measured by cameras better matches the racial composition of road users on the links with cameras than do stops by police officers. This study therefore presents an important contribution to understanding racial disparities in moving violation stops, with implications for policy interventions and social justice reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological practice grapples with several kinds of dissonance in and of Chicago: the current municipally mandated commissions charged with responding to and reevaluating the commemorative landscape; the amateur, academic, private, and state archaeological apparatus that oversees what, if any, archaeological research is undertaken and reported; and the desires of people in Chicago for an understanding of the city that goes beyond the veneration of great architects and architecture. Archaeological work at Chicago's Mecca Flats (built 1892) is a case study for potential ways to subvert forms of urban dissonance. The Mecca was a modern apartment prototype, a hotel for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, a majority-white- then majority-Black-tenancy building, a social center of the 1920s Black Metropolis, and a symbol of urban blight demolished to expand the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 2018, archaeological research joined the more commonplace architectural veneration to uncover this material legacy of urban renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual-level behavior can be influenced by injunctive and descriptive social network norms surrounding that behavior. There is a need to understand how the influence of social norms within an individuals social networks may influence individual-level sexual behavior. We aimed to typologize the network-level norms of sexual behaviors within the social networks of Black sexual and gender minoritized groups (SGM) assigned male at birth. Survey data were collected in Chicago, Illinois, USA, between 2018 and 2019 from Black SGM. A total of 371 participants provided individual-level information about sociodemographic characteristics and HIV vulnerability from sex (i.e., condomless sex, group sex, use of alcohol/drugs to enhance sex) and completed an egocentric network inventory assessing perceptions of their social network members (alters) injunctive and descriptive norms surrounding sexual behaviors with increased HIV vulnerability. We used Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify network-level norms based on the proportion of alters approval of the participant engaging in condomless sex, group sex, and use of drugs to enhance sex (i.e., injunctive norms) and alters engagement in these behaviors (i.e., descriptive norms). We then used binomial regression analyses to examine associations between network-level norm profiles and individual-level HIV vulnerability from sex. The results of our LPA indicated that our sample experienced five distinct latent profiles of network-level norms: (1) low HIV vulnerability network norm, (2) moderately high HIV vulnerability network norm, (3) high HIV vulnerability network norm, (4) condomless sex dominant network norm, and (5) approval of drug use during sex dominant network norm. Condomless anal sex, group sex, and using drugs to enhance sex were positively and significantly associated with higher HIV vulnerability social network norm profiles, relative to low HIV vulnerability norm profiles. To mitigate Black SGMs HIV vulnerability, future HIV risk reduction strategies can consider using network-level intervention approaches such as opinion leaders, segmentation, induction, or alteration, through an intersectionality framework.

This study conducted 28 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Young Black Men who have Sex with Men in Chicago to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on their HIV care and ancillary service access. The qualitative analysis identified both negative and positive effects. The negative effects included: (l) mixed disruptions in linkage to and receipt of HIV care and ancillary services, and (2) heightened concerns about police and racial tensions in Chicago following the murder of George Floyd, contributing to possible disruption of retention in care. The positive effects included: (1) the ability to reflect and socially connect, contributing to heightened self-care and retention in care, and (2) some improvements in receipt of medical care. These findings suggest that while COVID-19 disruptions in care reduced in-person use of HIV care, the expansion of telemedicine allowed more administrative tasks to be handled online and focused in-person interactions on more substantive interactions.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread consequences for economic, social, and general wellbeing with rates of anxiety and depression increasing across the population and disproportionately for some workers. This study explored which factors were the most salient contributors to mental health through a cross-sectional 68-item questionnaire that addressed topics related to the pandemic. Data were collected through an address-based sampling frame over the two months from April 2022 to June 2022. A total of 2,049 completed surveys were collected throughout Chicago's 77 Community Areas. Descriptive statistics including frequency and percentages were generated to describe workplace characteristics, work-related stress, and sample demographics and their relationship to psychological distress. Independent participant and workplace factors associated with the outcomes were identified using multivariable logistic regression. The weighted prevalence of persons experiencing some form of psychological distress from mild to serious was 32%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, certain marginalized communities experienced psychological distress more than others including females, adults over the age of 25 years of age, and people with higher income levels. Those who had been laid off, lost pay, or had reduced hours had increased odds of psychological distress (aOR = 1.71, CI95% 1.14–2.56; p = 0.009) as did people that reported that their work-related stress was somewhat or much worse as compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR = 2.22, CI95% 1.02–4.82; p = 0.04, aOR = 11.0, CI95% 4.65–26.1; p < 0.001, respectively). These results warrant further investigation and consideration in developing workplace and mental health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do patterns of unequal policing persist or transform within gentrifying neighborhoods? Using an original survey of Chicago residents, we assess whether gentrifiers and longtime residents experience policing differently. Building on macro-level studies which rely on aggregate population data and micro-level studies which rely on ethnographies and interviews, we conduct a meso-level study that compares the experiences and views of differently positioned residents. We find that the phenomenon of being "over-policed and under-protected" that characterizes race-class subjugated neighborhoods is replicated within gentrifying neighborhoods for longtime residents. Meanwhile, gentrifiers express less concern about crime and report fewer interactions with police. While the average gentrifier has low levels of police contact, we find some evidence that a subset of gentrifiers are more likely to call the police about quality-of-life issues compared to neighbors. Our methodological approach provides a blueprint for how survey research can provide insights on individual-level experiences and attitudes in gentrifying neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban areas like Chicago, daily life extends above ground level due to the prevalence of high-rise buildings where residents and commuters live and work. This study examines the variation in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations across building stories. PM2.5 levels were measured using PurpleAir sensors, installed between 8 April and 7 May 2023, on floors one, four, six, and nine of an office building in Chicago. Additionally, data were collected from a public outdoor PurpleAir sensor on the fourteenth floor of a condominium located 800 m away. The results show that outdoor PM2.5 concentrations peak at 14 m height, and then decline by 0.11 μg/m3 per meter elevation, especially noticeable from midnight to 8 a.m. under stable atmospheric conditions. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations increase steadily by 0.02 μg/m3 per meter elevation, particularly during peak work hours, likely caused by greater infiltration rates at higher floors. Both outdoor and indoor concentrations peak around noon. We find that indoor and outdoor PM2.5 are positively correlated, with indoor levels consistently remaining lower than outside levels. These findings align with previous research suggesting decreasing outdoor air pollution concentrations with increasing height. The study informs decision-making by community members and policymakers regarding air pollution exposure in urban settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pregnant women in Chicago are disproportionately affected by maternal morbidity and mortality and are more likely to reside in neighborhoods that experience greater economic hardships and food apartheid than any other race/ethnicity. Addressing social determinants of health such as structural inequities, economic environment, and food apartheid issues may provide insights into eliminating Black maternal morbidity and mortality disparities. This study explores food choice determinants and dietary perspectives of young, urban, Black pregnant women. Two audio-recorded focus groups were conducted in Chicago, IL between March 2019 and June 2019 to discuss pregnancy experiences and factors affecting maternal nutrition. Thematic analysis was used to identify the codes, themes, and subthemes of the data. Data analysis was guided by the Social Ecological Model (SEM) as a theoretical framework. Eleven, young, Black women were recruited. Three major themes were discussed across the SEM levels that influenced food choice including food access, stress and family influences on eating, and the need for nutritional education during pregnancy. These choices were primarily rooted in the detrimental effects of food apartheid experienced within the participants' neighborhoods. Therefore, acknowledging, understanding, and addressing food apartheid and its impact on Black maternal health disparities is needed in clinical practice, research, and policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicago, the "city of neighborhoods," was a center for 1970s community activism. This article uncovers the history of Northwestern University's Center for Urban Affairs (CUA), which worked behind the scenes to create networks—and supply research—that helped Chicago community organizations be so effective. Their work was directed by two veterans of the civil rights movement, John McKnight and Stanley Hallett. Both were committed to "liberating data" and sharing it with community organizations, who used it to remake institutions so that they served rather than exploited surrounding areas. CUA students and faculty pursued research questions raised by community organizations while questioning existing institutional arrangements. CUA activities cast new light on 1970s neighborhood activism in Chicago, which produced innovations in credit, housing, health, municipal resource allocation, and more. Their approach remains critical today, as urban universities again seek models for nonexploitative, mutually beneficial relationships with surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the significance of scale in urban history, focusing on Chicago's environmental history. It discusses the influence of William Cronon's book "Nature's Metropolis" on historians' understanding of the city. The article examines various aspects of Chicago's relationship with the natural world, including waste disposal, pollution, and the role of activists. It also addresses current environmental challenges such as the threat of Asian carp and lead water service lines. The article concludes by comparing Chicago's approach to Philadelphia's green infrastructure strategy. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of considering different scales and perspectives to fully comprehend urban environmental history. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the Chicago School of Sociology's influence on psychiatric epidemiology. While the Chicago School text usually associated with psychiatric epidemiology is the 1939 book by Faris and Dunham, it is important to acknowledge the influence of earlier Chicago School projects during the 1920s. These projects, tackling everything from homelessness and delinquency to the ghetto and suicide, provided models not only for Faris and Dunham, but also for numerous methodological and theoretical insights for the social psychiatry projects that would emerge after World War II. The social sciences and the humanities still have important roles to play in informing contemporary approaches to psychiatric epidemiology and deriving ways to tackle the socio-economic problems that contribute to mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the time right for a price-theory revival? Recent prospects are encouraging, but there are significant challenges. We provide an overview of price-theoretic microeconomics, drawing on lessons from the Chicago, UCLA, and London-Vienna traditions. We also discuss contemporary scholarship about the place of price theory in economics education. Finally, we consider how to raise the relative status of price theory within the academy, which we view as a necessary but not sufficient condition for revitalizing price theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Midwest with its own architectural histories and topologies may be termed a land of few walls. Architect Kevin Erickson examines Lebbeus Woods's relation to this landscape and the genesis of his preoccupation with walls, not as protectors of boundaries, but as sites of dialogue and collaboration. Rather than mere surfaces for large paintings, walls – new or abandoned – invite reflection on the relationship between art and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did Chicago develop one of the largest and most successful Bicycle Sharing Systems in a very short time, what benefits does this system afford to the city and its residents, and what developments threaten this success? Urban areas benefit significantly and in a variety of ways from micromobility, which contributes to an urgently needed sustainability transformation. In this qualitative, exploratory case study, we examine the foundations of the success and types of benefits of the second largest bicycle sharing system in North America, the City of Chicago's Divvy. We juxtapose our data, which consists of participant and non-participant observations, fieldwork, interviews, documents, and social media posts, with a typology gleaned from the academic literature on bicycle sharing systems to explore Divvy's wide-ranging positive impact. This typology includes economic, environmental, health and safety, and quality of life benefits. In addition, we identify two further benefits from our data: modularity and zoetic capacity. Despite this impact, we show how the consequences of changes in the ownership structure since 2018 are threatening the success and benefits. The emerging service model is no longer based on the initial pillars of its success: the city's policy and vision for Divvy, the funding and ownership structure, and the strategic deployment of bicycle stations to balance demand potential with locational equity. Based on our study, we conclude that it is unlikely that the new micromobility system, refocused on more profitable e-bike and e-scooter rentals in privileged neighborhoods, is viable in the long term because it is abandoning the core values that embedded Divvy into the fabric of the city. Worse, the emergent model may actually contribute to a systematic exclusion of poorer neighborhoods and less privileged residents of Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How accessible is linguistically-appropriate health care to Latina women in demographically shifting suburban landscapes in the United States? Using data from a survey of Latina immigrant women and those from mixed-status households in the Chicago suburbs, this research examines barriers Latinas face in accessing healthcare for themselves and their families. This research also asks how those barriers vary among suburban contexts. Qualitative GIS mapping is used to situate women's experiences in relation to the local availability of healthcare services. The findings show Latina women must make complex spatial, financial, and temporal trade-offs when seeking high quality, linguistically-appropriate healthcare in the Chicago suburbs, especially in exurban areas where services that meet their needs are in short supply. Latina women's qualitative healthcare experiences in the suburbs are valuable for policy insights targeting this social group. Further, this paper demonstrates how qualitative GIS can be used in understanding spatial access to health services for vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicago's homicide arrest rate dropped from 91% in 1965 to 57% in 1994 and dropped still lower in recent years. This pattern mirrors the trend in the national homicide clearance rate. A plausible explanation for this great decline is the trend in homicide case mix, which arguably has made it intrinsically more difficult to solve homicide cases. Our analysis describes the change in case mix for the period 1965 to 2020 and analyzes the effect on the arrest rate for the first 30 years of this period, all by use of a unique homicide case microdata set. We document the large changes in case mix: for example, the percentage of all homicides in which a male victim was shot outdoors increased from 18% (1965) to 69% (2020). But the change in case mix does not account for Chicago's great decline during the earlier decades, as we demonstrate by use of a novel arrest rate index. In fact, the arrest rates in each of the categories defined by location, sex, and weapon type exhibited similar declines through 1994. (Subsequent years of arrest data are unavailable for now.) Our preferred explanation for the great decline is that the operational standard for making an arrest increased during this period. That interpretation is well supported by evidence explaining the corresponding national trend, though direct evidence is lacking for Chicago. This interpretation challenges the use of the arrest rate as a police performance indicator and offers a positive interpretation of the great decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater chloride concentrations have been increasing in North American surface waters for decades, largely driven by increases in the use of road salt, which is commonly applied as a deicer. In Chicago, thousands of tons of road salt are applied to roadways each winter, and increases in surface water chloride concentrations have been noted across the region since the mid‐1960s. While much of the applied salt runs directly off to nearby waterways during snowmelt events, some percolates to groundwater, affecting public supply wells and increasing the amount of chloride released to streams as baseflow during the non‐salting season. In the present study we have developed a spatially distributed chloride mass balance across the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) for a 30‐year period (1990–2020) to better our understanding of long‐term chloride fluxes and storage. Our results show that inputs of road salt to the region increased by 33% between 1990 and 2020. During this same period, riverine chloride loads across the region increased by 60%. Despite these increases in riverine chloride export, we find that chloride is accumulating in CMSA groundwater at a rate of ∼480 ktons year−1. We show that shallow aquifers, <30 m, exhibit only seasonal chloride storage, without long‐term accumulation. In contrast, at depths below 30 m, we find chloride concentrations to be increasing over time, indicating that legacy chloride is accumulating at deeper depths in CMSA groundwater. The present results highlight the importance of legacy chloride to long‐term water quality dynamics in North American cities. Plain Language Summary: The amount of salt used on roads to melt snow and ice has been increasing for many years in North America. This salt can make its way into nearby surface waters and groundwater, and can cause problems for public water supplies and aquatic ecosystems. In Chicago, where thousands of tons of road salt are used each winter, researchers have found that the amount of salt entering rivers has increased by 60% since 1990. However, they have also found that a lot of the salt is accumulating in the deeper parts of the groundwater system, which means that even if less salt is used in the future, it will take a long time for the system to recover. This study highlights the importance of considering the long‐term effects of salt use on water quality in cities. Key Points: Road salt application in Chicago increased by ∼30% between 1990 and 2020Downstream chloride export from the Chicago region to the Illinois River totals ∼1,000 ktons year−1Groundwater is a major sink for legacy chloride in the Chicago region at depths below 30 m [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an ethnographic account of the Lathrop Preservation Campaign, a grassroots effort to prevent the demolition of Lathrop Homes, one of the most diverse public housing developments in Chicago, Illinois. In 2000, the Chicago Housing Association implemented a Plan for Transformation to redevelop public housing throughout the city, based on a nationwide effort to deconcentrate poverty in subsidised housing and create mixed-income communities. The Lathrop Preservation Campaign, which consisted of residents, organisers and allies, worked to stop the demolition of Lathrop Homes, minimise the loss of public housing units and to prevent the displacement of residents. Through participant observation and interviews, the authors trace how the community came together to challenge the use of poverty deconcentration programmes and to mobilise around issues of historic preservation and racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the high‐rise elevator comprises a particularly important and yet heretofore undertheorised space for understanding narratives about failure and breakdown in public housing in the US and beyond. Using Chicago as a case study, I draw upon historical newspaper articles and interviews with former public housing tenants, as well as interviews with former police officers who worked in public housing developments, to show how broken and vandalised elevators became a metonym in public discourse for the widely perceived "brokenness" of high‐rise public housing writ large. Insofar as malfunctioning elevators symbolised social immobility, were seen as a locus of crime, and drained the housing authority's finances, they also became a site of intensive policing. When that intensive policing failed to solve structural problems in Chicago's public housing high rises, policymakers demolished them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) have overturned the clinical assessment of esophageal motility disorders. It has been widely incorporated into clinical practice as it is a delicate diagnostic tool for assessing esophageal motility patterns. Objective: To assess the diagnostic ability of HRM in categorization of esophageal motility disorder using the Chicago Classification v3.0 Patients and Methods: a retrospective descriptive study done on 100 adult patients who underwent esophageal manometry test in the Endoscopy unit of Gastroenterology and Hepatology center at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok city. The study was conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 by reviewing the high-resolution esophageal manometry of these patients using the Chicago classification v3.0. The recorded esophageal symptoms were correlated with the findings obtained during HREM test. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.8 years with a standard deviation of 16 year. Females were on average older than males with a mean age of 47.8 years compared to 41.2 year for males. More than half of the patients (53%) had dysphagia as the main symptom that HRM done for. Globus sensation was the second one (14%) followed by Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (13%). The yield of HRM found to be abnormal (77%) as esophageal motility disorders. Those patients with dysphagia had achalasia II as the highest frequency (28.3%), while no even one patient of those with GERD, globus sensation or nausea and vomiting had achalasia detected by HRM. The most frequent result of GERD patients was esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (38.5%). More than half (57.1%) of patients with globus sensation had a normal HRM test. Distal esophageal spasm was found to be the most frequent finding among patient with non-cardiac chest pain. Conclusion: There is an apparent diagnostic value of HRM in categorization of esophageal dysmotility when applying the Chicago Classification v3.0 in those patients with suggestive symptoms of motility disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Czech immigrants in America played an important role in the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia after World War I, and even today more than one million Americans claim Czech ancestry. Czech Americans understandably kept a close eye on the young democracy in the centre of Europe during the interwar period. Their reflections are recorded primarily within regional periodicals, which, although being available at least to some extent, are still not sufficiently reflected in the academic literature. Generally, the most researched period is the “peak” of the Czechoslovak immigrant community’s activity in the US around World War I, but there are large gaps elsewhere, especially in the interwar period. The paper attempts to compare the views of Czech immigrants in America on the stock market crash in New York in the autumn of 1929. It focuses specifically on Czech periodicals published in three locations — Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas. The comparison of these three perspectives provides the opportunity to explore the perspective of Czech Americans in urban and rural areas in three different states across the United States. It also focuses on periodicals from a period that researchers have so far shown little interest in. Additionally, comparing these three locations allows for an examination of social, religious, demographic, and other differences, as the Czech immigrant community in the US has never been homogeneous, although it is often presented as such. The paper thus aims to provide a fresh perspective on one of the key moments of interwar history through the eyes of the Czech immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese pavilion at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was much admired by visitors. Unlike most of the fair buildings, however, the Ho-o-den remained in situ on the Wooded Island long after the exposition was over, thus providing an architectural reference for anyone interested in Japanese design. This is the second of two articles, the first of which appeared in issue 8.2 of the Journal of Japonisme and detailed the design, construction and initial reception of the Ho-o-den at the fair. This second instalment explores Ho-o-den's influence on the design of 20th century architecture and graphic design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The release of dashcam footage showing a Chicago Police Department (CPD) officer fatally shooting 17-year-old Laquan McDonald in 2015 placed extraordinary scrutiny on CPD to avoid another controversial case of police misconduct. Using data on arrests as well as traffic stops and searches, we assess whether the quantity and quality of policing in Chicago changed after the video documenting this vivid incident of deadly force was released. We find that while both felony and misdemeanor arrest rates declined after Laquan's murder was publicized, this event had no discernable impact on traffic stop rates, contraband hit rates, or the ratio of felony to misdemeanor arrests. Supplemental analyses reveal that declines in felony arrest rates were most pronounced in majority-Black districts due to reductions in drug possession and firearm arrests. Our findings provide nuanced evidence of a depolicing effect that may reflect attempts by CPD to reclaim legitimacy following this pivotal event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use citizen complaint data from the Chicago Police Department and Civilian Office of Police Accountability filed between 2013-2020 to determine the extent to which Body-worn camera (BWC) footage enhances the efficacy of evidence used to formulate a conclusion of responsibility, and whether racial disparities in investigation outcomes would subsequently be reduced. Accordingly, we exploit the staggered deployment of BWCs across 22 Chicago police districts over time to estimate the effect of BWCs on these outcomes. Findings indicate BWCs led to a significant decrease in the dismissal of investigations due to insufficient evidence ("not sustained") and a significant increase in disciplinary actions against police officers ("sustained" "outcomes") with sufficient evidence to sanction their misconduct. We further find that disparities in complaints across racial groups for the "unsustained" category faded away with the implementation of BWCs. The article concludes with theoretical and research implications based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]