Search

Research objectives: Following M.A. Usmanov stated claim that hanging seals were not at all used in the Horde offices, this became an indisputable fact. However, D. Kolodzeichik proved the existence of golden hanging seals, which were officially called altunbaisa, on Crimean charters of the 17th century. He suggested that this innovation was introduced into the office of the Gireys. Recent studies allow us to speak confidently about the widespread existence of gold and silver gilded seals in the territory of the Siberian, Crimean and Kazan Khanates, in the Nogai Horde, and in the Caucasus in the 16th century. In addition, they are recorded among the peoples of the Middle Volga and Trans-Urals. Only two types of documents were certified with such seals – wool and letters of commendation. Traces of the phenomenon lead to the late Golden Horde’s offices. This paper exa­mines information about the use of metal hanging seals in the offices of the Golden Horde and post-Horde states. Research materials: Messages from the inventories of the archives of the Posolsky Prikaz and the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Russian-Crimean and Russian-Nogai embassy books, as well as documents of the internal office work of the Foreign Ministry. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The existence of gold and silver hanging seals, which were used to fasten individual documents in the post-Horde states of the 16th century, is demonstrated. At the same time, indirect data and the logic of the transformation of clerical practices allow us to assume their presence at least as early as the 15th century. Golden seals, apparently, became a logical step in the gradual transformation of the khan’s labels and paiz. At some point, these two items merged into one. This could have happened after the practice of awarding paiz ceased. The observations made here allow us to rethink the ideas about the Horde’s stationery traditions that have been long established in the scientific community.

The article examines the history of the mutual fire insurance society in the city of Kharkiv as one of the oldest among such societies in Dnieper Ukraine at the end of the 19th century. The author pays special attention to the organizational structure of the company, its management and financial activities. The analysis of the activity and organizational principles of the existence of mutual insurance societies allows to shed light on the life of a Ukrainian city of the time and the state of social support of the urban population. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that it remains poorly studied and until now there is not a single generalizing work on this topic. Also of scientific interest is the study of historical experience of formation of the mutual insurance system which occupied an important place in the socio-economic system of that time. The purpose of the article is to analyse the organizational principles of the existence of this society as one of the oldest societies not only in the Kharkiv province, but also in the empire as a whole. The subject of the research is the development and functioning of the mutual fire insurance system at the end of the 19th century as an important indicator of the economic, political, legal and social spheres of life by the example of the Kharkiv Society. The research of national traditions of the system of mutual insurance of property against fires is important in the process of formation and further improvement of the modern system of social support of the population, including economic protection of the population against losses caused by fires, military actions, natural disasters etc. Therefore, historical analysis of the insurance development can prevent fatal errors in its further formation and the future development of our country. When writing the article, the author used descriptive and comparative methods as well as systemic analysis and synthesis of historical material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kern Family Foundation’s nearly $88 million investment in the Medical College of Wisconsin enhanced the effectiveness of the partnership through a charter of principles to ensure alignment of values and expectations. Their charter describes a commitment to shared values, including character, caring, and practical wisdom, as well as freedom of expression, principled innovation, merit, and inclusive excellence. This article describes how creating a charter of principles shared by funder and grantee can establish a common language and understanding of the key priorities and principles guiding the funded work. This article shares insights into the process of developing this charter, its key elements and benefits, and lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to shed light on the historical fate of the charter of Prince of Volodymyr Andrii Yuriiovych for townspeople of Toruń dated August 27, 1320, and to make public new information about its external features. Methodology. Reconstruction of the "odyssey" of the letter was carried out using the general historical research method, first of all chronological, historical- systemic, and method of verification. While working with documents, a methodological toolkit was used for the study of diplomatic monuments, which consists of the application of paleographic, sphragistic, and watermark research methods, as well as the description method. Scientific novelty. The current location of the charter, which remained unknown to the scientifi c community for a long time, was established. For the first time, a detailed description of the back of the charter is provided, indicating the features of the composition of the parchment sheet and the method of certifying the document. Modern photos of the front and back of the charter are presented. Conclusions. The original, which at various times belonged to the collections of state institutions, private individuals, and public organizations, is now kept in the funds of the manuscripts department of the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg). Examination of the document revealed that in the past, it had been sealed with an impression seal, which left a mark, and had been rolled up in the form of an unsealed "envelope". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state regulation of nature conservation was closely connected with the formation of the first states and was the logical conclusion of the traditionalreligious level of human ecological consciousness. However, with the development of technology and globalization, the speed of resource development has also increased. New challenges have emerged that need to be addressed by improving the state apparatus and improving the effectiveness of environmental measures. Prospects for progress are based in the field of scientific substantiation of state environmental acts, the involvement of public organizations and the interaction of individual states with each other. Therefore, government regulation should be considered in the complex of the multi-level "religionscience-society-state-international law" environmental protection system. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical model of urban development of the territory of on the principles of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common two-exon deletion distinguishes the gene encoding the free hemoglobin capturing protein-haptoglobin (HP)-into two alleles: HP1 and HP2. To evaluate the impact of this copy number variant (CNV) on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people living with HIV, we imputed this variant in 432 European-descent (EUR) and 491 African-descent (AFR) participants from the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research Study using an optimized imputation pipeline and evaluated its associations with NCI. At baseline, in AFR, the HP2 allele decreased the odds of NCI (defined by a global deficit score, GDS, ⩾ 0.5 ; Odds Ratio, OR = 0.584, p = 0.022). However, in EUR, HP2 increased the odds (OR = 2.081, p = 0.040) of NCI suggesting a detrimental effect. These effects were extended to longitudinal analyses using repeated measurements where the protective effect of the HP2 allele in AFR became marginally significant (p = 0.054) and in EUR the detrimental effect increased in significance (p = 0.037). In EUR, the HP2 allele slightly reduced the risk of NCI over time (OR = 0.028 per allele per year, p = 0.024). Further analyses of cognitive domain-specific impairment revealed that the HP-NCI effect was based on changes in learning, speed of information processing, and verbal domains over time differing by ancestry groups. Overall, these findings suggest that these functional HP CNV alleles influence the likelihood of NCI and contribute to changes in neurocognitive function over time in people living with HIV.

In R v Zora, the Supreme Court of Canada underscored the responsibility of all participants--the defence, the Crown, and the presiding judge--to uphold section 11(e) of the Charter. While the discussion in Zora was within the context of the bail system, there is no reason that the notion that all court actors bear a responsibility to uphold the Charter does not apply more broadly throughout criminal law. This essay posits that, like in Zora, the same broad, multi-actor responsibility extends to all Charter rights and that these shared responsibilities are especially critical when dealing with the rights of youth. For more than a century, Canada has dealt with youth criminal matters separately from adults. This is partly due to the inherent and heightened vulnerability of young people that come before the court. The enhanced procedural protections of the Youth Criminal Justice Act ("YCJA") and the careful attention to the Charter rights of young people are central to the proper functioning of youth court system in Canada. The purpose of this essay is to embark on a broad exploration of common Charter considerations in the practice of youth criminal justice and to tie these Charter considerations to the SCC's message in Zora--that all court participants bear a responsibility to uphold the rights of youths. The topics covered herein represent a non-exhaustive list of Charter issues that arise within youth proceedings. The focus is on issues unique to youth criminal justice, to the extent that that is possible. While this essay primarily addresses sections 7, 9, 11, 12 and 15, it is important to note that youths regularly face the same issues as adults that fall under other sections of the Charter, particularly section 8. However, given that the focus of this work is on the unique rights or interpretations of rights afforded to youths, Charter issues that apply equally to all accused, regardless of age, are not covered in this essay. While section 8 concerns are routinely raised in youth criminal proceedings, their substance is not sufficiently distinct from adult matters to be addressed herein. Ultimately, this essay seeks to convey the urgent message that the defence of the Charter rights of youth is crucial to the healthy functioning of a youth criminal justice system, and that all participants are obligated to work towards that purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada ("SCC") released its landmark decision in the case of R v Jordan. With the objective of addressing widespread delay within the Canadian justice system, the implications of the ruling were such that the Court set out definitive limits on the length of time in which accused persons must be brought to trial before a stay of proceedings is presumed to be entered. Since the decision, many scholars have emphasized the importance of resolving delay within the justice system to ensure that widespread stays of proceedings are not being entered, whereby the justice system may consequently fall into a state of disrepute. However, an equally important consideration that has not yet been explored concerns the risks that a failure to adequately remedy delay may result in police and Crown rushing to resolve cases within these strict time constraints. To explore this gap within the literature, this paper utilizes wrongful conviction concepts and available data to demonstrate that the current state of delay within the justice system has the potential to contribute to a "rush to justice" mentality among police and Crown. The development of such a mentality is problematic as it has the potential to lead to a wrongful conviction. Considering this elevated risk for wrongful convictions, this paper thus provides a new perspective in underscoring the importance of resolving delays within the justice system in the advent of Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The actions of the Gondar mayor office in Gondar Town are examined in this essay, as are the elements that influenced the official mission and method of government administration during the brief reign of the Imperial Majesty (Emperor Haylä Selassie I) from 1941 to 1974. Additionally, how it was used, accountability, and the performance of Mayors or Käntibas between 1941 and 1974 will be specifically covered in the article. According to my study, the view of the mayor's administration and the level of preservation of its legacy in Gondar was influenced more by administrative requirements and urban development than by politics and nationalism. It does this by looking through administrative records pertaining to the mayor's office that has persisted in Gondar government offices. Additionally, a field survey and inventory of infrastructure such as roads, energy, transit, education, taxation, and security were prepared for the study. The majority of these infrastructures didn't work and still don't today. By discussing the hitherto overlooked successes and shortcomings of the mayor administration and its transformational impact on the city's urban landscape and growth, this paper will close a significant gap in the historiography of the mayor administration and the purpose of twentiethcentury Gondar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with descriptions of the Russian monastery of St. Panteleimon and the Serbian monastery of Hilandar on Mount Athos in the monumental work “Athonias” (1848-1865) by Athonite monk and historiographer Iakobos Neasketiotes. A comparison of the texts of the two most recent and complete manuscript copies of the work allows us not only to see the thematic expansion and the addition of the documents, but also to conceptually revise our insights into the history of Athonite monasteries. The six available Athos versions, including the Koutloumousiou codex gr. 516 and the non-catalogued codex Neasketiotes of 1842, both Greek autographs of Iakobos Neasketiotes, allow us to trace the expansion and deepening of Hilandarian themes in his fundamental historiographical work, “Athonias”.

The traditional interpretation of the term “non-fiction/official” includes a number of features that are often mandatory for their texts. In modern linguistics the non-fiction/official prose is interpreted differently, which can be traced back to the analysis of the research objects under new aspects. As a result of this process, we can observe that theoretical terms have lost their definitional precision and that their boundaries are often fluid. In the present article the attempt is made to show the relativity of constraint features for non-fiction/official prose using the example of the international document “Charter”, which is characterized from a communicative-pragmatic point of view. In doing so, the peculiarities of pragmatic strategies and tactics of a collective author are taken into account and their use of language in relation to a collective recipient is worked out. The analysis of the communication situation, inherent to a Charter, which typifies the characteristics of the text subtype “Charter”, has pointed out the relativity of characteristics and confirmed it. As an international document, the Charter has the characteristics of a law addressed to professionals as well as to the broad mass of the population. The peculiarity of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages consists in the possibility of choosing the appropriate clause for the activities of the state and municipal organs according to the language-political situation on site, which the Charter as a legal sub-type of the documents “de lege ferenda” with less mandatory Forms character. This feature of the charter has a particularly strong impact on its third part, demonstrating the influence of the pragmatic communication goal on the modification of the text type form in its linguistic form.

The question of the attitude of the peasantry to socialist modernization, the relevance of which is due to the fact that historically the south of Russia set one of the general algorithms of scientific search in studying the problems of this area is considered. It is noted that one of these problems is related to the content and organizational components of the peasantry labor activity in the Kuban-Black Sea region and further in the North Caucasus region. It is indicated that these components of activity began to be updated in the light of the policy of the authorities, as well as a number of accepted legal sources. The relevance of this study lies in the research of the foundations of labor relations between the peasantry and the Soviet state, which laid the “foundation” for the subsequent regulation of social and labor legal relations and formed the socialist branch of law — collective farm law. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the cumulative factors that accompanied the procedure for the emergence of the socialist foundations of labor in the collective farms of southern Russia in 1920s. The study is based on archival materials, scientific papers and periodicals. Two legal sources are analyzed: the Normal Statute of Agricultural Productive Communes and the Exemplary Statute of an Agricultural Labor Artel. Attention is focused on the transformation of regulatory changes. Conclusions are drawn that manipulations with the peasantry became experimental for future collectivization, revealed the illiteracy of the peasants, and also made it possible to lay the foundation for collective farm law.

The paper presents a list of sixty-nine forged charters containing English produced following the Norman Conquest of 1066. The list can be considered a supplement to The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1066–1220 (Da Rold et al. 2010) – a project conducted jointly at the University of Leeds and University of Leicester collecting all known texts containing English, in order to provide an insight and allow research into “transitional”, post-Conquest English. The paper outlines the significance of charters in the Medieval world, and discusses some key issues and misconceptions related to studying this period in the history of the English language.

Abstract Background COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) displaying some typical histological features. These include diffuse alveolar damage with extensive pulmonary coagulation activation. This results in fibrin deposition in the microvasculature, leading to the formation of hyaline membranes in the air sacs. Well-conducted clinical trials have found that nebulised heparin limits pulmonary fibrin deposition, attenuates progression of ARDS, hastens recovery and is safe in non-COVID ARDS. Unfractionated heparin also inactivates the SARS-CoV-2 virus and prevents entry into mammalian cells. Nebulisation of heparin may therefore limit fibrin-mediated lung injury and inhibit pulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2. Based on these findings, we designed the CHARTER-Ireland Study, a phase 1b/2a randomised controlled study of nebulised heparin in patients requiring advanced respiratory support for COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods This is a multi-centre, phase 1b/IIa, randomised, parallel-group, open-label study. The study will randomise 40 SARs-CoV-2-positive patients receiving advanced respiratory support in a critical care area. Randomisation will be via 1:1 allocation to usual care plus nebulised unfractionated heparin 6 hourly to day 10 while receiving advanced respiratory support or usual care only. The study aims to evaluate whether unfractionated heparin will decrease the procoagulant response associated with ARDS up to day 10. The study will also assess safety and tolerability of nebulised heparin as defined by number of severe adverse events; oxygen index and respiratory oxygenation index of intubated and unintubated, respectively; ventilatory ratio; and plasma concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL6, IL-8, IL-10 and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, fibrinogen and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10 and IL-6/IL-10. These parameters will be assessed on days 1, 3, 5 and 10; time to separation from advanced respiratory support, time to discharge from the intensive care unit and number tracheostomised to day 28; and survival to days 28 and 60 and to hospital discharge, censored at day 60. Some clinical outcome data from our study will be included in the international meta-trials, CHARTER and INHALE-HEP. Discussion This trial aims to provide evidence of potential therapeutic benefit while establishing safety of nebulised heparin in the management of ARDS associated with SARs-CoV-2 infection. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04511923 . Registered on 13 August 2020. Protocol version 8, 22/12/2021 Protocol identifier: NUIG-2020-003 EudraCT registration number: 2020-003349-12 9 October 2020

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to highlight the role of the European human rights system in the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Accordingly, the authors determine its place in the system of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms by comparing the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the European Social Charter and OSCE documents. The article reveals the special role of these normative acts in the protection of human rights and freedoms in general. Within the framework of the topic, the normative legal acts on human rights in circulation were interconnected to analyze the work in the legal context for implementation into the legal system. Relevant articles are provided as examples. The article emphasizes the importance of the European system of human rights protection for the law enforcement activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The regulatory framework of the European legal space in this area has been comprehensively analyzed. Based on the results of the study, it was proposed to include effective parts of the European system of human rights protection in the domestic system of human rights protection. For the mechanism of realization of human and civil rights, under the current legislation we understand a system of methods and means of realization of a particular right, organized in a functional and chronological order.

This paper outlines the contribution of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Cultural Tourism (ICTC) to tourism management throughout the history of the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage (1972) and traces the evolution of international standard-setting texts on tourism brought forward by ICOMOS. It presents the draft International Charter for Cultural Heritage Tourism - Reinforcing cultural heritage protection and community resilience through responsible and sustainable tourism management (2021). Its new principles are formulated to address challenges of our time, instigate change, improve practice, guide future cultural tourism development and support adaptive and responsive visitor management supporting a more resilient future.

The Pannonhalma survey letter of Saint Ladislaus was written at the end of the 11th century and it is a charter that has survived in its original form. It includes approximately three dozen toponymic remnants the great majority of which may be identified as toponyms used even today. Their historical linguistic development can be traced well thanks to later data and their origin has usually been established. The survey contains four toponymic remnants that cannot be found in records in other documents or whose correlation with data in later charters is uncertain. The localization and etymology of these names pose numerous questions and only some attempts have been made to explain them. The paper summarizes these and whenever possible proposes new opportunities for identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One part of the Hungarian records discovered recently on the back side of medieval charters from Margaret Island (Island of Rabbits, Insula Leporum) originates from nuns copying in the Dominican monastery there. This discovery has provided an opportunity to shed light on a new aspect of scribal activity on the island in the early 16th century. The paper presents the steps that revealed the work done in the scriptorium on Margaret Island and adds conclusions in the light of the new sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I provide a comprehensive linguistic analysis for the name of Bodajk in Fejér County, one of the estates in the charter confirming the assets of the Székesfehérvár hospitallers (1193). I introduce the local features of the name, its historical data and based on these I discuss issues related to toponym etymology. As part of this, I also assess findings of scholarly publications and introduce in more detail the solution that I found to be most plausible. In connection with etymology, I also pay attention to the processes related to changes in terms of historical phonology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wallachian monasteries are very well documented in the 16th century, but the life of nuns or monks after joining the monastery is a lesser-known aspect. Various details can be found in the life of a noblewoman (taking the name of Mușa), who decided to become a nun (Magdalina) during the first years of the 16th century. Mușa's life before entering the monastery is not very well known. Although many researchers tried to link her to the Craiovescu family, one of the most influential families in Wallachia at that time, this paper argues against this opinion. The historical sources describe her as a relative of a Wallachian nobleman, Cârjeu, and as the wife of Hamza, another important nobleman from the first decades of the 16th century. Mușa took vows in the monastery, which she built, and even after she became a nun, she preserved some of her former habits. Thus, the nun Magdalina kept in her possession villages and Roma families, which she donated to different monasteries, a widespread situation in the Byzantine monasticism. Although the sources did not describe her everyday life as a nun, they documented her relations with the political and ecclesiastical elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the philological features of a 12th-century linguistic record, the charter confirming the property of the Székesfehérvár hospitallers (1193). The document from the earliest centuries of Hungarian written culture is an original and authentic charter thus its examination represents an especially important task in Hungarian historical linguistics as the study of Hungarian-language elements recorded in the Latin text with modern analytical tools may bring important results not only for the fields of science in question but any discipline with a historical interest. As the first step of scrutinizing the charter from the perspective of linguistics, we need to explore the extra-linguistics factors, thus in this paper I focus on these underlying conditions. I discuss the operation of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in Hungary, the monastery in Fehérvár, the circumstances of the creation of the charter and its author, while I also briefly discuss the issue of Hungarianlanguage elements in the charter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Historica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The progress seen over the last 30 years in fundamental, clinical, and therapeutic research, along with the development of several regulatory guidelines and scientific recommendations aimed at improving routine and specialized pain care, has unfortunately not translated into a widespread application of the benefits. Studies highlight the dissatisfaction of patients experiencing pain, in terms of physical suffering and the repercussions at a personal, family, professional, economic, and societal level. In light of this, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) dedicated 2018 as the Global Year for Excellence in Pain Education -- Bridging the Gap between Knowledge and Practice. The 2022 IASP theme addresses a similar objective, with the Global Year for Translating Pain Knowledge into Practice. The Charter against Pain was developed by a multidisciplinary task force made up of 77 health professionals implicated in pain management, per the current IASP pain definition, across all medical domains. This charter summarizes in a single page the 16 fundamental principles designed to reinforce the quality of care for patients with pain. These statements are founded on scientific and organizational principles that are recognized and accepted worldwide. Nonetheless, the charter is essential for perfecting their implementation into routine practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This theoretical essay argues that the development of so-called 'smart innovations' is based on the monotonous application of seven standardized principles: electrification, digitalization, webification, datafication, personalization, actuation, and marketization. When a new smart innovation appears, what has typically occurred was the implementation of these principles to an object or process that, until that moment, had managed to remain unscathed by the smart innovation monoculture. As reactions to this dominant logic, ten major critical arguments against smart innovations have emerged in the academic literature: smart innovations are considered to be superseding, unhealthy, subordinating, exploitative, manipulative, addictive, fragile, colonial, labyrinthine, and both ecologically and socially unsustainable. To a certain extent adopting the traits of a manifesto, this essay aims to challenge the monoculture of smart innovations by means of proposing the development of a charter potentially capable of promoting change on two fronts. First, facilitating technologists to develop truly creative ideas that are not based on the application of the monotonous principles of smart innovation. Second, challenging technologists to develop new ideas and concepts that are effectively beyond the above-mentioned ten criticisms. This is a highly relevant area for citizen-driven, political, and academic activism, as smart innovations, despite their conceptual weaknesses and patent negative consequences, surprisingly continue to be preferred beneficiaries for funding in contemporary policy-making and academic research circles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) displaying some typical histological features. These include diffuse alveolar damage with extensive pulmonary coagulation activation. This results in fibrin deposition in the microvasculature, leading to the formation of hyaline membranes in the air sacs. Well-conducted clinical trials have found that nebulised heparin limits pulmonary fibrin deposition, attenuates progression of ARDS, hastens recovery and is safe in non-COVID ARDS. Unfractionated heparin also inactivates the SARS-CoV-2 virus and prevents entry into mammalian cells. Nebulisation of heparin may therefore limit fibrin-mediated lung injury and inhibit pulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2. Based on these findings, we designed the CHARTER-Ireland Study, a phase 1b/2a randomised controlled study of nebulised heparin in patients requiring advanced respiratory support for COVID-19 pneumonia.Methods: This is a multi-centre, phase 1b/IIa, randomised, parallel-group, open-label study. The study will randomise 40 SARs-CoV-2-positive patients receiving advanced respiratory support in a critical care area. Randomisation will be via 1:1 allocation to usual care plus nebulised unfractionated heparin 6 hourly to day 10 while receiving advanced respiratory support or usual care only. The study aims to evaluate whether unfractionated heparin will decrease the procoagulant response associated with ARDS up to day 10. The study will also assess safety and tolerability of nebulised heparin as defined by number of severe adverse events; oxygen index and respiratory oxygenation index of intubated and unintubated, respectively; ventilatory ratio; and plasma concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL6, IL-8, IL-10 and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, fibrinogen and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10 and IL-6/IL-10. These parameters will be assessed on days 1, 3, 5 and 10; time to separation from advanced respiratory support, time to discharge from the intensive care unit and number tracheostomised to day 28; and survival to days 28 and 60 and to hospital discharge, censored at day 60. Some clinical outcome data from our study will be included in the international meta-trials, CHARTER and INHALE-HEP.Discussion: This trial aims to provide evidence of potential therapeutic benefit while establishing safety of nebulised heparin in the management of ARDS associated with SARs-CoV-2 infection.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04511923 . Registered on 13 August 2020. Protocol version 8, 22/12/2021 Protocol identifier: NUIG-2020-003 EudraCT registration number: 2020-003349-12 9 October 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marina Business, or Marina in&with Business is a new term in the terminology of nautical tourism, introduced in Croatia in the conditions of COVID-19. In other words, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the old, disorganized relationships of entities operating in and with marinas. The damaged relations during the pandemic showed all the illogic in their existing relations as well as the damage to the better results of Croatian charters and ports of nautical tourism, especially marinas. The fact that the state distanced itself from the economy and the development of entrepreneurship was reflected in the development of nautical tourism in Croatia, which developed independently in all its sub-forms after the Homeland War. Favourable post-war opportunities on the market of nautical tourism offer, i.e. lagging in the development of nautical tourism capacities and high dynamics of tourism demand, favoured nautical tourism enterprises that achieved positive business results until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. If the problem of cruising is excluded, both large world cruises and small domestic cruises, nautical tourism ports, especially marinas and charters, developed dynamically, but with the intention of doing profitable business, the problems gradually deepened. At the same time, the relationship problem could not be solved due to the good mutual business results. The emergence of the pandemic in 2020 showed the other side of the cooperative relationship between charterers and marinas, which for both subjects led to the distancing of the state in aid programs that should have been specific and not general for subjects of all types of businesses. In addition to the problems of charters and marinas, it is also necessary to consider the activity of skippers, who are of great importance for Croatian charter, which is considered the largest in the world. The services of skippers are used by about 40% of sailors, and they are an important segment for the success of the Croatian charter business. It should be noted here that in the further paragraphs of this paper the terms nautical tourism ports and marinas will be used, and this is because charter is mainly located in marinas and only to a lesser extent in other forms of nautical tourism ports, so it is also mentioned in nautical tourism ports. Thus, the relationship "marina-charterskippers" represents a working symbiosis that links it to the intention of all successful businesses. The goal of the research is to valorise the factors of the quality of business cooperation and good business relationships that ensure profitable business for everyone. The research hypothesis states that the necessary good business cooperation can be achieved through a higher level of cooperation than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing need to understand the interaction of marine fauna with line fishing, both recreational and commercial, particularly in regions where shark depredation has become an increasing issue. The dynamic nature of the fishing requires underwater filming techniques that can move with the fishing activity and capture high-resolution footage enabling the identification of fauna species. In the case of shark depredation, the development of deterrent devices specifically designed for use while line fishing will require underwater footage to determine the effectiveness of those devices designed to invoke avoidance behaviours in sharks that approach hooked fish. Two new and inexpensive mounting systems were developed, enabling a range of "action" cameras to be attached to fishing lines to capture underwater footage while line fishing. Using these mounting systems with GoPro™ cameras, high-resolution video was obtained during line fishing trials in which the effectiveness of shark deterrents was investigated. The video footage enabled the identification of fish and shark species and recorded any avoidance behaviours of sharks, in response to the presence of deterrents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By examining the 1935 attempt by the Enkeldoorn Town Management Board in Southern Rhodesian (modern-day Zimbabwe) to change the town's name to Charter, this article examines the contentious politics of place renaming and its intersection with struggles over public memory, identity, and belonging. It examines how the Afrikaner population, which was a component of Southern Rhodesia's white society, campaigned against the intended renaming of Enkeldoorn Town and fought to safeguard their identity by retaining the Afrikaans name Enkeldoorn. This article adds to Southern Africa's increasing literature on white identities, whiteness, and white societies by illuminating divisions within the Southern Rhodesian settler community based on ethnic differences between English and Afrikaans-speaking whites. Additionally, it examines the significance of place names as embodiments of a people's collective memory and legacy building, contributing to current discussions about toponymic commemorative practises by connecting them to broader concepts such as the social construction of places and collective memory. Place renaming is usually controversial since place names encapsulate a people's cultural experience and collective heritage. Therefore, place renaming becomes a point of contention between colonised peoples, affected social groups, and the state or socio-politically-dominant parties wanting to impose new names. • Explores the historical geographies of British-Afrikaner settler relationships and whiteness in South Rhodesia. • Argues that place naming is a form of memorialisation. • Shows how subordinate groups may contest the hegemonic geographies of dominant groups. • Explores the post-colonial politics of place re-naming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)