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This article investigates how Western-educated scholars negotiate the distinction-making process and strategise the conversion of acquired cultural capital to social capital upon return to China. Building on Bourdieusian theory, it finds anti-Western distinction constructed by local scholars monopolises their privileged positions in Chinese academic reproduction. Cultural capital obtained by returnee scholars is often devalorised by nationalist rhetoric, posing obstacles to its convertibility to other forms of capital. Some returnees tactically hide their acquired cultural capital to demonstrate easiness with Chinese culture and to marginalise their returnee peers as too 'Westernised' to fit in. Others stress their cosmopolitan cultural capital as sources of distinction, claiming they do not want to play the Chinese game, but are more likely to be excluded from the core academic network, thus disadvantaging their career progression. This study highlights how transnational mobility across fields affects the revalorisation of rule-specific cultural capital in the process of distinction-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iterative Driver Estimation and Assimilation (IDEA) data assimilation technique was used with the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) to improve neutral density specification in the upper thermosphere. Two different neutral density data sources were examined to enhance the capability of simulating the global thermospheric state. The first were accelerometer estimates of neutral density from the Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite. The second were neutral density estimates from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb‐scan airglow observations aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. Due to the intensity of the November 2003 storm, two changes were necessary in WAM. The first was allowing the Kp geomagnetic index to exceed 9 and the second was changing the relationship between Kp and the solar wind parameters used to drive the model. With these changes, results show that IDEA effectively captures the thermospheric neutral density at the CHAMP satellite altitude and follows the time‐dependence through the November 2003 storm period. Furthermore, a cross‐comparison was conducted with the GUVI dayside limb scan measurements. GUVI neutral densities within 270–320 km show the closest agreement with WAM when CHAMP data was assimilated by IDEA. We speculate on the potential for observations from GUVI at 300 km to be used as a data source in the IDEA‐WAM simulations. These simulations demonstrate the utility of the IDEA data assimilation technique with physical models and that using either accelerometer observations or ultraviolet airglow limb measurement during extreme storm periods could be used. Plain Language Summary: Strong variations in the neutral density of the thermosphere heavily impact the position of low Earth orbit objects as they respond to radiative inputs from the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range, energetic particle precipitation in the auroral regions, and global‐scale electrical currents generated during geomagnetic storms. In this study, the Iterative Driver Estimation and Assimilation (IDEA) data assimilation technique was used with the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) to improve neutral density specification in the upper thermosphere. The Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite and the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb scan UV airglow observations aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite were examined to enhance the capability of simulating the global thermospheric state. Results show that IDEA effectively captures the thermospheric neutral density at the CHAMP satellite altitude throughout the November 2003 storm period. Furthermore, GUVI limb scan measurements on the dayside were cross‐compared with IDEA densities. We speculate on the potential for observations from GUVI during the daytime to be used as a data source in the IDEA‐WAM simulations. This study demonstrates data assimilative physical models are capable of improving neutral density specification for better orbit determination and prediction of low Earth orbiting satellites. Key Points: Iterative Driver Estimation and Assimilation (IDEA) data assimilation system greatly improves the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) thermospheric neutral density nowcasting capabilityDifferent locations of observed and modeled high‐latitude density hole structures lead to discrepancy between Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload and the model outputIDEA output is validated against Global Ultraviolet Imager data, indicating a potential use case for limb‐scan measurements in the WAM neutral density forecast [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a long analysis of a patient, Giulia, whose obstinate will to achieve evokes the workings of alchemical sulphur at its fieriest and a dread of its coniunctio with alchemical salt. Jung's description of these symbols in Mysterium Coniunctionis offers a useful imaginal perspective to clinical work in the area of compulsion and its possible transformations. Right from the start, the analytic relationship appeared to be mirrored and affected by this alchemical perspective. However, it was only after much time, uncertainty and emotional endurance that a fuller psychological experience of sulphur and salt could be accessed, allowing the analysis to take a more imaginative and mercurial turn. In the course of his work with Giulia the author has witnessed and experienced a range of intense affects—the many colours that the combustion of sulphur can generate—whether on the verge of unstoppable creation or ruthless destruction, often of archetypal intensity. This experience has been lived through and has undergone a transformative relation with salt, which until then had lived a dissociated existence in the fixed trauma of the compulsion and in a nocturnal underworld of tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use multi‐year observations of cross‐track winds (u) from the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) to calculate third‐order structure functions in the thermosphere as a function of horizontal separation (s). They are computed using the mean (〈δu3〉) and the median 〈δu3〉med $\left({\langle \delta {u}^{3}\rangle }_{\text{med}}\right)$ and implemented over non‐polar satellite paths in both hemispheres. On height averages, 〈δu3〉 is shown to scale with s2 for s ≃ 80–1,000 km, in agreement with equivalent estimates in the lower atmosphere from aircraft observations. Conversely, 〈δu3〉med ${\langle \delta {u}^{3}\rangle }_{\text{med}}$ follows an s3 power law for almost the whole s range, consistent with the two‐dimensional turbulence scaling law for a direct enstrophy cascade. These scaling laws appear independent of winds in distinct atmospheric regions. Furthermore, the functions are predominantly positive, indicating a preferential cyclonic motion for the wind. Plain Language Summary: The dynamics of upper atmosphere winds differ significantly from those at lower altitudes, with larger magnitudes and increased sensitivity to solar events. Satellites, especially those in polar orbits, offer an effective means of studying these winds, particularly their East‐West component. To mitigate the chaotic nature of individual measurements influenced by various physical processes, it is common to compute wind averages. A particular way of doing this is by calculating the so‐called third‐order structure functions (SFs), a statistical quantity that provides information on the underlying turbulence processes. The third‐order SFs of satellites' zonal wind observations present two main characteristics. First, they are consistently positive, predicting a preferential cyclonic rotational motion. This is, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Second, and more importantly, the functions display the same type of dependence on the horizontal distance as third‐order SFs of winds in the lower atmosphere. This suggests that similar underlying large‐scale turbulence mechanisms may be at play. Key Points: Third‐order structure functions of zonal winds in the thermosphere at mid‐ and low‐ to mid‐latitudes are calculatedMeso‐ and Synoptic‐scale structures share a preferential cyclonic motion in the thermosphereMeasured scaling laws of third‐order structure functions seem to be independent of the atmospheric region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) is investigated using accelerometer measurements to determine whether the feature is density‐dominated, wind‐dominated, or some combination of the two. An ascending‐descending accelerometry (ADA) technique is introduced to address the density‐wind ambiguity that appears when interpreting the ETA in atmospheric drag acceleration analyses. This technique separates ascending and descending acceleration measurements to determine if a wind's directionality influences the interpretation of the observed ETA feature. The ADA technique is applied to accelerometer measurements taken from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload mission and has revealed that the ETA is primarily density‐dominated from 9:00 to 16:00 local time (LT) near 400 km altitude, with the acceleration perturbations behaving similarly between 2003 and 2004 across all seasons. This finding suggests that the perturbations in the acceleration due to in‐track wind perturbations are small compared to the perturbations due to mass density, while indicating that the formation mechanisms across these local times are similar and persistent. The results also revealed that in the terminator region at 18:00 LT the acceleration perturbations deviate appreciably between ascending and descending passes, indicating different or multiple processes occurring at this local time compared to the 9:00–16:00 LT ascribed to the ETA. These results help constrain ETA formation theories to specific local times and thermospheric property responses without the use of supplemental wind measurements, while also indicating regions where in‐track winds cannot always be neglected. Plain Language Summary: Earth's thermosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere, is a highly variable region that contributes to satellite drag in low Earth orbit. The equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) is a perturbation feature that produces increases and decreases in drag accelerations across the lower latitudes of the thermosphere. Direct measurements of the thermosphere are often limited, so satellite instruments, such as accelerometers, have been used to analyze the acceleration that a satellite experiences due to atmospheric drag to indirectly measure thermospheric properties. However, the measured drag acceleration is dependent on both mass density and wind, making it difficult to determine whether a change in drag across the ETA is due to either property. This has implications on what mechanisms are responsible for its formation. This work introduces an ascending‐descending accelerometry technique to exploit the fact that while acceleration perturbations produced by mass density are independent of satellite direction, those arising from winds can either be positive or negative depending on the relative spacecraft motion. By separating satellite orbits into ascending (south‐to‐north) and descending (north‐to‐south) passes, it can be determined whether drag acceleration perturbations are due to mass density, wind, or a mixture of the two, helping constrain possible formation mechanisms. Key Points: Accelerometer observations of the Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly (ETA) cannot distinguish between in‐track density and wind perturbationsA new technique is applied to observations determining that the ETA, occurring between 9 and 16 LT, is a density‐dominated featureThe ETA demonstrates repeatable annual behavior for each season, suggesting a common and persistent formation mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Iterative Driver Estimation and Assimilation (IDEA) data assimilation technique was used with the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) to improve neutral density specification in the upper thermosphere. Two different neutral density data sources were examined to enhance the capability of simulating the global thermospheric state. The first were accelerometer estimates of neutral density from the Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite. The second were neutral density estimates from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb‐scan airglow observations aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. Due to the intensity of the November 2003 storm, two changes were necessary in WAM. The first was allowing the Kp geomagnetic index to exceed 9 and the second was changing the relationship between Kp and the solar wind parameters used to drive the model. With these changes, results show that IDEA effectively captures the thermospheric neutral density at the CHAMP satellite altitude and follows the time‐dependence through the November 2003 storm period. Furthermore, a cross‐comparison was conducted with the GUVI dayside limb scan measurements. GUVI neutral densities within 270–320 km show the closest agreement with WAM when CHAMP data was assimilated by IDEA. We speculate on the potential for observations from GUVI at 300 km to be used as a data source in the IDEA‐WAM simulations. These simulations demonstrate the utility of the IDEA data assimilation technique with physical models and that using either accelerometer observations or ultraviolet airglow limb measurement during extreme storm periods could be used.

Climate change and rising sea levels have led to managed realignment at the coast, but the practice of realignment has an ambiguous socioecological identity that has hindered its widespread use. Realignment represents the realization of the nature‐based coastal management strategies first proposed in the United States during the Shoreline Debate of the early 1980s. It was put into practice in 1990 on Northey Island, Essex, as an experimental response to coastal erosion, and has subsequently become relatively widespread on the British coast. Realignment has been represented either as a form of ecological modernisation or as a rewilding, though it can challenge both these understandings through the radical ambiguity of the 'wild experiments' it produces. This ambiguity, however, means that while realignment has the potential to enable a structural transformation of socioecological relations at the coast, it has commonly only been used for the purposes of pragmatic environmental reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important attack weapon in information countermeasures, high-power microwave weapon can interfere with or damage important enemy sensors, destroy key electronic components and pose a great threat to radar, navigation, communication systems, battlefield awareness systems and other weapon equipments. Now high-power microwave weapon technology has become a research hotspot in the world and also a new concept weapon technology under development. the US, Russia and European Defense Agency attach great importance to the development and application of the technology. Currently, the US is a leader in research on high-power microwave sources, high-power microwave emission and transmission, high-power microwave effects and protection. A major breakthrough has been made in miniaturization of high-power microwave warhead and accurate beam control. Russia is leading the way in repetition frequency pulse power sources and high-power microwave generation technology. In this paper, the development states of high-power microwave weapons of US, Russia and European Defense Agency are investigated.

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The spatial distribution of the field of lithospheric magnetic anomalies carries information about its sources—deep tectonic structures—and reflects the processes occurring at mantle depths. Based on the geomagnetic data measured by the CHAMP satellite at an observation altitude of ~290 km, the lithospheric magnetic field parameters over the territory of Africa were calculated. A series of lithospheric magnetic anomalies of the total intensity Ta maps of various scales and degrees have been constructed. The distribution of Ta over the territories of Southern and East Africa is given. An analysis of lithospheric magnetic anomalies maps over the territories of African superplume influence showed good agreement with the existing hypothesis about the passage of the mantle superplume flow from the lower mantle to the upper mantle in the northeast direction and its further continuation under the East African rift zone. The parameters of the anomalous lithospheric magnetic field contain information about the magnetization of the lithosphere deep layers, reflecting the magnetic properties of large regional tectonic structures and the topography of the Curie surface, which is associated with the geothermal regime and tectonic setting at different levels of the lithosphere. This work shows the perspective of the geomagnetic field satellite observations using in the study of the tectonics of active zones and mapping of deep lithosphere heterogeneities in hard-to-reach areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impacts of the transition to parenthood on the relationship between (from a Bourdieusian perspective) habitus and field in social reproduction. The paper is based on a longitudinal study of white middle-class gentrifier households in Amsterdam before and after childbirth. The study reveals the disruptive (as well as re-configurative) impact of parenthood as transition, even for this relatively privileged group (in terms of legitimated habitus and spatial discretion and mobility). Our findings strongly suggest the highly gendered nature of this transition, and also reveal the significance of spatial dimensions of this gendered experience – from embodiment all the way through to changing relationships in urban space. These impacts suggest parenthood as a distinct 'field' of social struggle and emphasise the significance of gender and spatial experience in understanding habitus-field relations, alongside the more acknowledged temporalities of social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method to define a background for the ionospheric electron density (N e) is proposed, making use of mid-latitude measurements under different solar conditions from the Langmuir Probes onboard CHAMP and three identical Swarm satellites. In particular, CHAMP measurements during the years 2004 and 2009, and Swarm observations during 2016 and 2017 have been considered in the 15°-wide latitudinal belt from 35°N to 50°N, and from 0° to 360° in longitude. CHAMP/Swarm in-situ N e measurements have been then used to check and compare this new defined background with the one computed directly from IRI-2016 N e output at satellite altitude. The distributions of the relative deviations between the two backgrounds, and of positive and negative anomalies (i.e., N e variations from each background greater than 30%) with respect to the geomagnetic activity levels have been evaluated under each investigated condition, namely year/satellite, season, night-time or noon hours. Results of this comparison highlight a general overestimation of N e from IRI during noon hours, while a better agreement between the two backgrounds is found during night-time. However, an underestimation of IRI with respect to Swarm-derived background is found for 2017 data. Finally, the analysis of 2004 plasma data suggests that the IRI-2016 model can be used as a background during periods characterized by high levels of geomagnetic activity. Due to the difficulties to construct a background for satellite data, the proposed method can be considered an useful tool for analyses of electron density variations at the heights of the satellites in Low Earth Orbits (LEO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the variation of the Thermospheric Mass Density (TMD) is important for solar‐terrestrial physics and applications for spacecraft safety. The thermosphere, as an open system, is impacted by various space environment conditions and has complicated temporal and spatial features. Consequently, TMD observations contain a wealth of multi‐scale feature information. How to extract such information from observations is a challenge that requires ongoing research. It is vital to improving our understanding of the TMD features. Deep learning (DL) can learn complex representations directly from raw data, which makes it a compelling feature extraction and modeling tool for providing a novel perspective for TMD modeling. The Residual Network is used in this study to build a DL model with deep network architecture. The observations of CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload are utilized in the training phase, while the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model and Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Extended model are used to evaluate the performance of the DL model. The results reveal that, compared with the shallow model of the typical Multi‐Layer Perceptron, the DL model can better extract multi‐scale features in the observations while retaining generalization capabilities. Controlled simulation experiments allow us to extract the effects of different physical processes, which improves the interpretability of the DL model. It is demonstrated that the DL model can discriminate the physical processes corresponding to the different space environment indices by simulating Equatorial Mass density Anomaly and geomagnetic storms. Plain Language Summary: Observation is a key to understanding the world, and better extraction of features from observational data will help us understand various physical phenomena. Deep learning (DL) has the ability to learn complicated representations directly from raw data, making it an excellent feature extraction and modeling tool. It can provide a novel perspective for extracting information from observations. An upper‐atmospheric mass density DL model with the deep network architecture is developed based on the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload satellite data. The performance of the DL model was further cross‐verified by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite, High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model, and Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Extended model. The results show that, compared with the typical shallow neural network model, the DL model has a stronger ability to extract the features in the original observation data while keeping the generalization performance. Controlled simulation experiments can increase the interpretability of the DL model. By simulating the climatological features and space weather influence, we show that the DL model can distinguish the effect of different energy input processes on the upper‐atmospheric mass density. Key Points: The ResNet framework can improve the ability of the deep learning (DL) model to extract features from the observational dataThe features of thermospheric mass density under different solar radiation conditions are well captured by the DL modelThe DL model has the potential to distinguish the effects of physical processes related to various space environmental indices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Understanding the variation of the Thermospheric Mass Density (TMD) is important for solar‐terrestrial physics and applications for spacecraft safety. The thermosphere, as an open system, is impacted by various space environment conditions and has complicated temporal and spatial features. Consequently, TMD observations contain a wealth of multi‐scale feature information. How to extract such information from observations is a challenge that requires ongoing research. It is vital to improving our understanding of the TMD features. Deep learning (DL) can learn complex representations directly from raw data, which makes it a compelling feature extraction and modeling tool for providing a novel perspective for TMD modeling. The Residual Network is used in this study to build a DL model with deep network architecture. The observations of CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload are utilized in the training phase, while the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model and Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Extended model are used to evaluate the performance of the DL model. The results reveal that, compared with the shallow model of the typical Multi‐Layer Perceptron, the DL model can better extract multi‐scale features in the observations while retaining generalization capabilities. Controlled simulation experiments allow us to extract the effects of different physical processes, which improves the interpretability of the DL model. It is demonstrated that the DL model can discriminate the physical processes corresponding to the different space environment indices by simulating Equatorial Mass density Anomaly and geomagnetic storms.

Ionospheric observations along with CHAMP/STAR neutral gas density measurements were used to retrieve thermospheric parameters and to check whether the equinox transition season exists separately from the December solstice and June solstice seasons. Juliusruh and Boulder ionosonde stations located in "far-from-pole" and "near-pole" longitudinal sectors were analyzed during deep solar minimum in 2008–2009. The results were compared to GOLD column O/N2 ratio observations. The retrieved thermospheric parameters have shown that equinoctial transition period exists separately from the winter one at Juliusruh, while column O/N2 ratios, exospheric temperatures Tex, and vertical plasma drifts related to thermospheric winds retrieved at Boulder for the winter season do not significantly differ from vernal values. This means that the December solstice season just does not exist as it merges with the vernal season in the "near-pole" longitudinal sector. The obtained results indicate that two longitudinal sectors manifest different seasonal variations both in thermospheric circulation and neutral composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined with the ground, airborne, and CHAMP satellite data, the lithospheric field over Xinjiang and Tibet is modeled through the three-dimensional Surface Spline (3DSS) model, Regional Spherical Harmonic Analysis (RSHA) model, and CHAOS-7.11 model. Then, we compare the results with the original measuring data, NGDC720, LCS-1, and the newest SHA model with the degree to 1000 (SHA1000). Moreover, the error estimation and the geological analysis are carried out, and we investigate the possible correspondence between the lithospheric field and the surface heat flow. The results show that the 3DSS model can better describe the detailed distribution of the lithospheric field after comparing it with other models. Some new features are reflected, particularly in the areas of Southern Xinjiang and Tibet, such as a positive anomaly stripe in the southwest, its neighboring Tashkurgan–Hotan–Cele–Minfeng–Qiemo–Ruoqiang belt, and the middle edge of the Kunlun Mountains. The stripe, in terms of rock composition, has a shallow magnetic field source and is related to magnetic intrusions; the lithospheric field in Tibet is weak. Additionally, when the heat flow distribution is compared to our results, there is a good consistency between a positive stripe of heat flow and a positive stripe of the lithospheric field in southern Tibet. The large heat flow values may be related to the shallow Curie surface, which shows that demagnetization is happening close to the surface. However, more of a ferromagnetic mineral, Titanium magnetite, is found there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper thermosphere mass density over the declining phase of solar cycle 23 is investigated using a day‐to‐night ratio (DNR) of thermosphere properties to evaluate how much relative change occurs climatologically between day and night. Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations from 2002 to 2009, MSIS 2.0 output, and TIEGCM V2.0 simulations are analyzed to assess their relative response in DNR. The CHAMP observations demonstrate nightside densities decrease more significantly than dayside densities as solar flux decreases. This causes a steadily increasing CHAMP mass density DNR from around two to greater than four with decreasing solar flux. The MSIS 2.0 nightside densities decrease, with decreasing solar flux, more significantly than the dayside, resulting in the same trend as CHAMP. TIEGCM V2.0 displays an opposite trend in density DNR with decreasing solar flux due to dayside densities decreasing more significantly than nightside densities. A sensitivity analysis of the two models reveals the TIEGCM V2.0 to have greater sensitivity in temperature to levels of solar flux, while MSIS 2.0 displayed a greater sensitivity in mean molecular weight. The pressure DNR from both models contributed the most to the density DNR value at 400 km. As solar flux decreases, the two models' estimate of pressure DNR deviate appreciably and trend in opposite directions. The TIEGCM V2.0 dayside temperatures during middle‐to‐low solar flux are too cold relative to MSIS 2.0. Increasing the dayside temperature values by about 50–100 K and decreasing the nightside temperature slightly would bring the TIEGCM V2.0 into better agreement with MSIS 2.0 and CHAMP observations. Plain Language Summary: The mass density of the upper thermosphere varies daily as the atmosphere thermally expands and contracts due to dayside heating and nightside cooling, respectively. However, the magnitude of change in mass density from day‐to‐night is not well described. The general consideration is that this day‐night ratio (DNR) in mass density is constant regardless of solar flux levels. This study demonstrates through observations and modeling that the mass density DNR varies from a value around two during solar maximum to a factor greater than four during solar minimum. This has implications on how the thermosphere responds to geomagnetic storms under these two phases of the solar cycle, and the level of drag a spacecraft in low Earth orbit will experience. The cause of such change is suggested to lie within the thermosphere itself by how solar energy is transformed and transported globally. Simulations from a physics‐based model suggests the dayside thermosphere during solar minimum requires higher temperatures to better represent the observations. Several mechanisms are possible that could alter the model's dayside and nightside temperatures, but further investigation is required to identify any one mechanism as the cause. Key Points: Mass density day‐to‐night ratio (DNR) from Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations spanning 2002–2009 increase with decreasing solar fluxMSIS 2.0 mass density DNR indicate a similar solar flux trend as CHAMP data while TIEGCM V2.0 results display an opposite trendOpposite trend revealed in the TIEGCM V2.0 output is attributed to dayside temperatures being too cold for middle‐to‐low solar flux [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The pandemic experience deeply changed the border between familiar and unfamiliar starting from the same perception/representation of one's own body, that becomes a field full of anxiety where all contacts are potentially cause of danger and contagion, conditions that change in depth the way of living relations. We analyze, through psychoanalytical experiences, as specific of pandemic in digitalization era the intertwining between body, network, and technology, another level of the transformations of the border between familiar and unfamiliar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical reconstructions are a valuable methodology for quantifying head kinematics in sports impacts. By recreating the motion of human heads observed in video using instrumented test dummies in a laboratory, physical reconstructions allow for in-depth study of real-world head impacts using well-established surrogates such as the Hybrid III crash test dummy. The purpose of this paper is to review all aspects of the physical reconstruction methodology and discuss the advantages and limitations associated with different choices in case selection, study design, test surrogate, test apparatus, text matrix, instrumentation, and data processing. Physical reconstructions require significant resources to perform and are therefore typically limited to small sample sizes and a case series or case–control study design. Their accuracy may also be limited by a lack of dummy biofidelity. The accuracy, repeatability, and sensitivity of the reconstruction process can be characterized and improved by good laboratory practices and iterative testing. Because wearable sensors have their own limitations and are not available or practical for many sports, physical reconstructions will continue to provide a useful and complementary approach to measuring head acceleration in sport for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sociology has a rich tradition studying ‘elite’ and ‘street’ social spaces, but rarely considers spaces between these fields and the social actors within them. This article fills that gap by examining the life stories of affluent Oslo youth engaged in illegal drug dealing. Participants had access to economic, social, and cultural capital in both elite and street social space. Making money in legitimate and illegitimate ways kept participants relatively marginal in both spaces. Having social networks among street-oriented peers and among elites facilitated drug dealing but also allowed them an exit from drug crimes when needed. They were educated and often employed, but also had high levels of drug and street cultural competence. This left them relatively estranged from their affluent background milieu leading to persistence in drug dealing. I argue that illegal drug markets among the affluent can be viewed as an in-between social space, that ‘elite’ or ‘street’ youth are likely best conceptualized as existing on a sociocultural spectrum between fields and provide a Bourdieusian framework to study social actors who stand between fields and the impact this may have on their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aetiology and pathophysiology of complex diseases are driven by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The variability in risk and outcomes in these diseases are incompletely explained by genetics or environmental risk factors individually. Therefore, researchers are now exploring the epigenome, a biological interface at which genetics and the environment can interact. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the role of epigenetic mechanisms in complex disease pathophysiology. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWASes) investigate the association between a phenotype and epigenetic variants, most commonly DNA methylation. The decreasing cost of measuring epigenome-wide methylation and the increasing accessibility of bioinformatic pipelines have contributed to the rise in EWASes published in recent years. Here, we review the current literature on these EWASes and provide further recommendations and strategies for successfully conducting them. We have constrained our review to studies using methylation data as this is the most studied epigenetic mechanism; microarray-based data as whole-genome bisulphite sequencing remains prohibitively expensive for most laboratories; and blood-based studies due to the non-invasiveness of peripheral blood collection and availability of archived DNA, as well as the accessibility of publicly available blood-cell-based methylation data. Further, we address multiple novel areas of EWAS analysis that have not been covered in previous reviews: (1) longitudinal study designs, (2) the chip analysis methylation pipeline (ChAMP), (3) differentially methylated region (DMR) identification paradigms, (4) methylation quantitative trait loci (methQTL) analysis, (5) methylation age analysis and (6) identifying cell-specific differential methylation from mixed cell data using statistical deconvolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Kepler, Newton and Huygens in the seventeenth century, geodesy has been concerned with determining the figure, orientation and gravitational field of the Earth. With the beginning of the space age in 1957, a new branch of geodesy was created, satellite geodesy. Only with satellites did geodesy become truly global. Oceans were no longer obstacles and the Earth as a whole could be observed and measured in consistent series of measurements. Of particular interest is the determination of the spatial structures and finally the temporal changes of the Earth's gravitational field. The knowledge of the gravitational field represents the natural bridge to the study of the physics of the Earth's interior, the circulation of our oceans and, more recently, the climate. Today, key findings on climate change are derived from the temporal changes in the gravitational field: on ice mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica, sea level rise and generally on changes in the global water cycle. This has only become possible with dedicated gravity satellite missions opening a method known as satellite gravimetry. In the first forty years of space age, satellite gravimetry was based on the analysis of the orbital motion of satellites. Due to the uneven distribution of observatories over the globe, the initially inaccurate measuring methods and the inadequacies of the evaluation models, the reconstruction of global models of the Earth's gravitational field was a great challenge. The transition from passive satellites for gravity field determination to satellites equipped with special sensor technology, which was initiated in the last decade of the twentieth century, brought decisive progress. In the chronological sequence of the launch of such new satellites, the history, mission objectives and measuring principles of the missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE flown since 2000 are outlined and essential scientific results of the individual missions are highlighted. The special features of the GRACE Follow-On Mission, which was launched in 2018, and the plans for a next generation of gravity field missions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ measurements by the Low Earth Orbital (LEO) satellites, such as CHAMP, GRACE, and C/NOFS satellites have shown that the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model has shortcomings in describing the solar activity variation of the topside electron density. In particular IRI overestimates the measured densities in the topside ionosphere during the very low solar activity reached during the last solar minimum (2008–2009). We have used Alouette and ISIS topside sounder data and CHAMP, GRACE, as well as Swarm in situ measurements to deduce a correction term for the IRI electron density topside model that more accurately describes the variation with solar activity. We have used a linear variation with the solar index PF10.7 and described the latitudinal and altitudinal variation of the regression parameters A0 and A1 (intercept and slope). We find good agreement between the regression parameters deduced from the topside sounder and from the CHAMP and GRACE observations. Swarm results show the same latitudinal structure as the other data sets, however, a scaling factor is needed to obtain agreement of the absolute values. The new model was evaluated with Alouette and ISIS topside sounder, as well as LEO satellites in situ data showing a significant improvement over the current IRI model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron temperature enhancement is known to occur in the main ionospheric trough during geomagnetic disturbances. In this paper, we study fea-tures of the formation of the electron temperature (Te) enhancement in the subauroral ionosphere by comparing results of the numerical simulation with measurements of Te onboard the CHAMP satellite under moderate geomagnetic activity conditions. It is shown that depending on the terminator position and universal time (UT), the location of the enhanced Te regions in the subauroral ionosphere varies in different seasons. So, in winter ring-shaped and sickle-shaped regions can be formed, whereas during the equinox and summer periods sickle-shaped regions of different lengths and clarity are generally observed.

This paper contains reflections on the use of the imagination in technologically-mediated therapy and analysis. As part of the individuation process the psyche is seen as needing to adapt to new technological ways of communicating. The notion of a technologically-mediated self is posited describing a self which can only be apprehended through, and by, the use of telecommunications. This self is seen as identical to the in-person self, a subset, or superset of it. There is a revisioning of our notions of the container and the field in this work performed through technological-mediation. The need to engage the imagination in approaching this kind of work is emphasized in order to create an imaginal play-space in which the body will be deeply affected. Some thoughts on how the process of individuation might look through such analytic work is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large thermospheric neutral density enhancements in the cusp region have been examined for many years. The Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite for example has enabled many observations of the perturbation, showing that it is mesoscale in size and exists statistically over solar cycle timescales. Further studies examining the relationship with magnetospheric energy input have shown that fine‐scale Poynting fluxes are associated with the density perturbations on a case‐by‐case basis, whilst others have found that mesoscale downward fluxes also exist in the cusp region statistically. In this study, we use nearly 8 years of the overlapping Super Dual Auroral Radar Network and Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment datasets to generate global‐scale patterns of the high‐latitude and height‐integrated Poynting flux into the ionosphere, with a time resolution of 2 min. From these, average patterns are generated based on the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. We show the cusp is indeed an important feature in the Poynting flux maps, but the magnitude does not correlate well with statistical neutral mass density perturbations observed by the CHAMP satellite on similar spatial scales. Importantly, the lack of correlation between mesoscale height‐integrated Poynting fluxes and the cusp neutral mass density enhancement gives possible insight into other processes that may account for the discrepancy, such as energy deposition at finer scale sizes or at higher altitudes than captured. Key Points: Statistical patterns of the total downward Poynting flux into the atmosphere have been derived using Super Dual Auroral Radar Network and Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment dataStatistical patterns of neutral mass density perturbations as a percentage of the background density have been derived using Challenging Minisatellite Payload dataMesoscale downward Poynting flux in the cusp region do not correlate very well with neutral mass density enhancements at a similar scale [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archetypal images of separation and dissociation are very present in Jung's model of individuation, and Jung proposed a dynamic relationship between conscious and unconscious parts of the psyche of analyst and analysand. In addition, numerous contemporary authors emphasize the multiplicity of the self and the emergence of the field created by both participants, allowing for symbolization and transformation. I describe here my attempts to reach the encapsulated psychic split of a client. Defeated in my search for any conscious, developed self-state that could readily match his, I had to nurture the field of our relationship, where a child was imprisoned and allow space for daydreaming. The field ultimately supported the emergence of a primitive part of me matching his, which he required to safely mirror his experience. In staying and dreaming within this field of longing, we reconstructed his initial trauma. The defeat of my ego and the response to the multiplicity of Mark's states through the sustained reverie of holding a child, a single archetypal image, stirred the good mother in me, forged a container for non-rational, affective somatic psychic splits, and initiated psychic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time thermospheric parameters (neutral composition, exospheric temperature and vertical plasma drift related to thermospheric winds) have been inferred for ionospheric G-conditions observed with Millstone Hill ISR on 11–13 September 2005; 13 June 2005, and 15 July 2012. The earlier developed method to extract a consistent set of thermospheric parameters from ionospheric observations has been revised to solve the problem in question. In particular CHAMP/STAR and GOCE neutral gas density observations were included into the retrieval process. It was found that G-condition days were distinguished by enhanced exospheric temperature and decreased by ~2 times of the column atomic oxygen abundance in a comparison to quiet reference days, the molecular nitrogen column abundance being practically unchanged. The inferred upward plasma drift corresponds to strong ~90 m/s equatorward thermospheric wind presumably related to strong auroral heating on G-condition days.

Le résumé académique est un genre discursif d’usage courant au niveau universitaire,qui attire trop peu l’attention sur les besoins d’une formation spécifique pour produire cet écrit en L2. Pourtant, les résumés produits par les étudiants sont souvent de faible qualité. Nous avons utilisé la Linguistique Systémique Fonctionnelle (LSF), pour caractériser le registre des résumés académiques d’étudiants de niveau avancé en langue française dans chacune de ses variations contextuelles-situationnelles (champ, teneur et mode). Ainsi nous avons mis en valeur les aspects qui appauvrissent les résumés académiques élaborés par les apprenants de français de niveau avancé ; les résultats constituent autant de points de départ pour un entrainement spécifique à la rédaction de résumés académiques à l’avenir.

Satellite gravity data fusion with multi-type and huge-amount is one of the hot topics in physical geodesy. After a brief review of dynamic approach, the CHAMP-only and GRACE-only gravity fields by using HL-SST and LL-SST data from 2003 to 2009 are recovered respectively. An combination strategy of CHAMP and GRACE data by using Helmert variance component estimation (VCE) is proposed based on normal equation level fusion. Three gravity field models with 150° and order by CHAMP-only data, GRACE-only data and combining CHAMP and GRACE data from 2003 to 2009 are recovered. The comparisons between our recovered models and those latest released models were performed. The external accuracy validations using marine gravity anomalies from DTU13 products and height anomalies from GPS/leveling data are also conducted in this paper. The results show that long-term CHAMP data do contribute to the accuracy improvement of gravity field solution. The accuracy of the combined model using CHAMP and GRACE data is better than those of the individuals and comparative to the models published by international groups.

Abstract The utility of frequency- and space-limited spherical harmonic Slepian basis functions for magnetic anomaly modeling over restricted spherical patches of the Earth was investigated using combined near-surface scalar and CHAMP satellite vector observations from Australia and adjacent marine areas. In particular, Slepian spherical harmonic models up to degree 360 were studied for modeling anomaly features of 1° (~111 km) and longer over a 25°-radius cap centered on Australia. Relative to the roughly 130,000 coefficients required for global spherical harmonic modeling, less than 5% of this number of coefficients is sufficient for effective localized Slepian modeling. Slepian coefficients have maximum power over the spherical cap and may be exploited for estimating the magnetic anomaly vectors and gradients to all orders within the working precision of the observations. The Earth cap modeled by Slepian coefficients is also more efficient in accommodating local crustal constraints from drilling and other geological and geophysical studies for interpreting the associated magnetic anomaly data registered in spherical coordinates. In general, Slepian spherical harmonic modeling is well suited for combining spectrally diverse compilations of near-surface and satellite magnetic observations over any spatially restricted spherical cap of the Earth or other planetary body. Graphical Abstract The utility of frequency- and space-limited Slepian spherical harmonic basis functions up to degree 360 was studied for modeling near-surface scalar and CHAMP satellite magnetic anomalies of 1° (~111 km) and longer over a 25°-radius cap centered on Australia. Slepian spherical harmonic modeling is well suited for combining spectrally divorce compilations of near-surface and satellite magnetic observations. It is also very efficient for updating global spherical harmonic models for new regional data and providing perspectives on how magnetic lithospheric anomalies vary up to satellite altitudes that are not available from standard upward and downward anomaly continuations. For example, Map A shows the Australians magnetic anomaly estimates at 10 km altitude from the Slepian model jointly constrained by near-surface and CHAMP satellite magnetic observations that minimize the differences between Maps B and C of upward continued near-surface and downward continued CHAMP data, respectively. Map D, on the other hand, shows the Slepian model estimates at 275 km altitude that minimize differences between Maps E and F of downward continued CHAMP and upward continued near-surface data, respectively. Any continuous, however, is not unique and subject to measurement and modeling errors so that its interpretation at location lacking observations requires considerable care.

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This article explores the manifestation of the "relational unconscious" as a co-constructed, emergent amalgam of the unconscious' of analytic participants in the field of any ongoing psychotherapy, whether composed of two, three, or more participants in the field. The phenomenon is illustrated in the psychotherapy of a couple, Jay and Kim, revealing the influences of their unconscious minds, and the therapist's, upon one another's. The analogy of the field as a dramatic "stage" helps capture how the therapeutic drama evolves, creating themes of dramatic repetition, in relationship to spontaneous moments of improvisation which lend to unpredictably altering the fixed premises of their respective narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the magnetic latitude (±50°) and longitude, local solar time (LST), and month‐to‐month variability of the M2 lunar semidiurnal tide in the ionosphere is revealed through analysis of topside F region electron density measurements by the Planar Langmuir Probe instrument on the CHAMP satellite during the two 5‐year periods 2001–2005 and 2005–2009. The local time precession rate of CHAMP is such that 5 years is required to obtain full LST coverage for every month of the year at each latitude of interest. Thus, each 5‐year period is compressed into one equivalent year. M2 amplitudes, expressed in terms of percent residuals from a background value, range between about 3% and 20% and vary considerably with LST and magnetic longitude. Longitude variations in principle arise from zonal asymmetries in lunar tidal forcing due to Earth and ocean tides, as well as magnitude of Earth's magnetic field. The O1 diurnal tide is also discussed in the context of CHAMP and other measurements of the F region ionosphere. Key Points: First global‐scale view of the lunar tide in ionospheric F region electron densities is providedMagnetic longitude and local time dependencies are revealed as a function of monthNeutral winds are likely the major contributor to significant hemispheric and longitudinal asymmetries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we derived for the African region a scaling factor, RTEC to estimate equivalent Total Electron Content (TEC) observed by ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The sources of TEC data used to derive RTEC include 11 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and GNSS receiver on-board CHallenging MiniPay load (CHAMP) satellite. The computed TEC ratios from simultaneous observations of CHAMP satellite and IGS during the years 2001–2008 were found to minimally depend on the (i) locations of the stations, (ii) seasons, and (iii) solar activity. The average of TEC ratios for the local time intervals 09:01–15:00, 15:01–18:00, 18:01–24:00, and 00:01–09:00 were determined as 0.532, 0.561, 0.724, and 0.765 respectively. These average ratios of CHAMP TEC to Ground-based TEC were considered as RTEC. The IGS observed TEC over 4 spatially different stations that were not used in determining RTEC and TEC data measured using CHAMP satellite within vicinity of the stations that were scaled (equivalent Ground TEC) correlated highly (r ⩾ 0.91). Moreover, the percentage of absolute differences between the equivalent Ground and IGS observed TEC over the stations that were ⩽5 TECU ranged from 64 to 84%. Comparison of simultaneously IGS observed and equivalent Ground TEC over the 4 stations showed that the RTEC captures TEC variation with solar activity, seasons and spatially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the meanings that the term "social" assumes in the discourses of organizations and social entrepreneurs. The broader hypothesis is that these senses are in dispute in a field in formation and in search of asserting itself. The present clipping is limited to analyzing how the notion of "social" is operated by three central entrepreneurs agencies: Ashoka Brasil, Endeavor Brasil and Artemisia. For that, Pierre Bourdieu's field theory is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first comparison of ground and satellite measurements of low‐latitude traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). Three TID events were simultaneously observed by a 630.0‐nm airglow imager and the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite at Kototabang, Indonesia (geographic coordinates: 0.2° S, 100.3° E, geomagnetic latitude: 10.6° S). In 630.0‐nm airglow images of all three events, there are clear southward‐moving structures. Events 1 and 2 are a single pulse with horizontal scales of ∼500–1,000 km. Event 3 shows five wave fronts with a horizontal scale size of 500–1,000 km. All three TIDs are medium‐scale TIDs. Horizontal wavelengths of both airglow intensity at an average emission altitude of 250 km and CHAMP neutral density variations measured at 400 km are estimated by fitting a sinusoidal function to the observed data. The estimated horizontal wavelengths for airglow and neutral density data are 1,031 and 880 km for event 1 and 560 and 420 km for event 3, respectively. These values between airglow and CHAMP are comparable, suggesting both instruments are observing the same wave. For event 1, the CHAMP electron density mapped along the geomagnetic field line onto the airglow altitude does not show wave structure similar to the airglow variation. For events 2 and 3, the plasma density did not show wavy structures similar to the waves seen in the airglow image and CHAMP neutral density. These results suggest that the TIDs observed in airglow images are not caused by ionospheric plasma instability but by gravity waves in the thermosphere. Key Points: We observed the traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at the low latitudesWe used the simultaneous observations by 630.0‐nm airglow imager and the CHAMP satelliteWe concluded the TIDs caused by the gravity waves in the neutral atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate determination of thermospheric neutral density holds crucial importance for satellite drag calculations. The problem is twofold and involves the correct estimation of the quiet time climatology and storm time variations. In this work, neutral density estimations from two empirical and three physics‐based models of the ionosphere‐thermosphere are compared with the neutral densities along the Challenging Micro‐Satellite Payload satellite track for six geomagnetic storms. Storm time variations are extracted from neutral density by (1) subtracting the mean difference between model and observation (bias), (2) setting climatological variations to zero, and (3) multiplying model data with the quiet time ratio between the model and observation. Several metrics are employed to evaluate the model performances. We find that the removal of bias or climatology reveals actual performance of the model in simulating the storm time variations. When bias is removed, depending on event and model, storm time errors in neutral density can decrease by an amount of 113% or can increase by an amount of 12% with respect to error in models with quiet time bias. It is shown that using only average and maximum values of neutral density to determine the model performances can be misleading since a model can estimate the averages fairly well but may not capture the maximum value or vice versa. Since each of the metrics used for determining model performances provides different aspects of the error, among these, we suggest employing mean absolute error, prediction efficiency, and normalized root mean square error together as a standard set of metrics for the neutral density. Plain Language Summary: Thermospheric neutral density is the largest source of uncertainty in atmospheric drag calculations. Consequently, mission and maneuver planning, satellite lifetime predictions, collision avoidance, and orbit determination depend on the accurate estimation of the thermospheric neutral density. Thermospheric neutral density varies in different timescales. In short timescales, the largest variations occur due to the geomagnetic storms. Several empirical and physics‐based models of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system are used for estimating the variations in the neutral density. However, the storm time responses from the models are clouded by the climatology (background variations), upon which the effect of geomagnetic storms is superimposed. In this work, we show that it is critical to use reference levels for the neutral density to extract the true performance of the models for the evaluation of the storm time performances. We demonstrate that mean absolute error, prediction efficiency, and normalized root mean square error should be considered together for the performance evaluations, since each of them provides different aspects of the error. Key Points: Using the average and maximum values of neutral densities to determine the model performances can be misleadingRemoving the quiet time trend from the neutral density reveals the actual performance of the model in simulating the storm time variationsMean absolute error, prediction efficiency, and normalized root mean square error should be considered together for the evaluations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]