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Considering the serious water crisis in the world and the use of saltwater resources of the seas and oceans as available water resources, desalination technology for these waters is to be raised in all societies of the world. Due to the protection and increasing efficiency of desalination methods, the design of a suitable pretreatment method for desalination of salt water has made the process more economic. The methodology used in this research for the analysis of technological schemes includes two groups of technological and economic indicators: (A) water quality data and (B) economic characteristics of the processes. The study is based on a set of experimental projections of water quality data after pretreatments, such as turbidity and the SDI15 (silt density index) index. These data were received from several full-scale systems and full-scale plants. These plants are (1) conventional pretreatment, (2) MF (microfilter) pretreatment, and (3) UF (ultrafilter) pretreatment method. The average SDI15 index of filtrate during the study time provided by the UF and MF systems was 1.5 and 2.9, respectively. The daily decay of permeability by UF and MF systems was 0.86% and 0.45%, respectively. The total cost of the produced water (including investment and O&M) for the conventional treatment full-scale plant, the pretreatment based on the MF membrane, and the UF membrane were obtained at approximately 0.42, 0.46, and 0.55euro/m3 of produced water. Membrane-based pretreatment is a competitive technological alternative to conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research results presented in the article constitute the next stage of a planned series of experiments on the process of refining steel from a dispersive non-metallic phase by its filtration method. The paper presents the results of experiments carried out using an innovative design of multi-hole ceramic filters, the filter holes of which have an elliptical shape. Analyses of the macro and microstructure and purity of the steel before and after the filtration process reflect the course of the research and confirm that this can be an effective and cheap method of its refining from non-metallic inclusions. The results presented are the first of their kind in the world and confirm that the shape of the filter holes of multi-hole ceramic filters may have a significant impact on the efficiency of the steel filtration process. The non-metallic phase identified at the ceramic filter-steel interface corresponds to the reaction products of the deoxidation of aluminum steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Bandpass filters are an integral part of any radio engineering systems and modern communication systems. Research and development of new passive components is due to growing need for such elements for modernization and creation of new modern communication systems. Aim. A brief overview of passive bandpass filters. Their classification according to the type of implementation is given. Methods. Results of experimental research and design of different passive bandpass filters are considered. Results. Lumped elements filters, microstrip filters, filters on high-temperature superconductor films, filter on dielectric resonators, surface acoustic wave filters, bulk acoustic wave filters are considered. At a qualitative level, the main advantages and disadvantages are considered from point of view of electrical parameters and size indicators. Examples of topological and constructive implementation are given. Conclusion. The passive bandpass filters considered in the paper make it possible to implement frequency selection devices at operating frequencies up to 6 GHz and higher, taking into account modern system trends and requirements for devices of this type.

The research results presented in the article constitute the next stage of a planned series of experiments on the process of refining steel from a dispersive non-metallic phase by its filtration method. The paper presents the results of experiments carried out using an innovative design of multi-hole ceramic filters, the filter holes of which have an elliptical shape. Analyses of the macro and microstructure and purity of the steel before and after the filtration process reflect the course of the research and confirm that this can be an effective and cheap method of its refining from non-metallic inclusions. The results presented are the first of their kind in the world and confirm that the shape of the filter holes of multi-hole ceramic filters may have a significant impact on the efficiency of the steel filtration process. The non-metallic phase identified at the ceramic filter-steel interface corresponds to the reaction products of the deoxidation of aluminum steel.

Ceramic water filters, are a promising household water treatment technology. Filters were produced using clay as the base material and two locally available burnout materials (sawdust and maize cob). The clay which was classified as an Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity has a liquid limit of 41.1% and plasticity index of 37.4%. The sizes of the combustible materials are 5,10, 22 microns mixed in proportions of 1:1 and 1:2 by proportions of clay and burnout materials respectively, moulded and fired to a temperature of 1000℃. In the end, ten filters were produced from various particles sizes and proportions of the sawdust and maize cob. The bulk density of the filters ranged from 1.67 to 3.5 g/cm3 with a typical value of 2.63±0.57 g/cm³ . Apparent porosity ranged from 94.94 to 99.87% with a typical value of 99.10±1.13%; while water absorption varied from 28.6 to 59.71 % with a mean of 40.02±9.49 %. Flow rate ranged from very slow rate of 0.051 to 0.92 L/h with a typical value of 0.354±0.226 L/h. Based on type of burnout material, filters made with sawdust had higher flow rates (0.433 L/hr) than those made from maize cob (0.291 L/hr). The percent turbidity removal ranged from 9.1% - 43.7% on the first week to 30.6 – 70.4% on the fifth week of the test for filters made from maize cob; whereas the percent turbidity removal ranged from 5.7 – 35.3% on the first week to 44.9 – 75.6% on the fifth day for sawdust. Filters made from sawdust performed significantly better than those made from maize cob (p = 0.044) at 95% confidence level. In terms of particle size, there was an increase in efficiency of Coliform removal efficiency from 99.6 to 99.8% as the particle size of burnout materials increased from 5 μm to 22 μm. Filters made with lower proportion (1:1) of burnout materials exhibited higher Coliform removal (99.76%) than those made with higher (2:1) proportion (99.63%). However, the proportion of burnout materials within the range used in this study did not significantly affect percentage Coliform removal (p = 0.247). Filters made from sawdust generally performed better than those made from maize cob. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peculiarities of sintering of foamy ceramic filters based on submicron aluminum oxide powders with additions of titanium oxide and manganese dioxide nanopowders are considered. The processes of removal of polymeric and binder paraffin material during sintering have been studied. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained porous permeable filters with a foamy structure were analyzed in details. At a sintering temperature in an air atmosphere of 1350 °C, sufficiently high physical and mechanical properties were obtained, which made it possible to use the developed filters as catalyst carriers for vehicle exhaust gases. Bench comparative tests have shown that ceramic filters with a foamed structure are promising catalysts for afterburning car exhaust gases instead of ceramic honeycomb blocks of catalyst carriers. The developed technology allows reducing the sintering temperature of porous foam ceramic filters to 1350 °C and replacing expensive high-temperature ceramic heaters with cheaper nickel-chromium ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Contamination with pathogens degrades water quality and is a major cause of many waterborne diseases. The aim of this research is to reduce the global disease burden by presenting an efficient, durable, and low-cost ceramic filter impregnated with actinomycetes-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for water disinfection in rural areas. This marks the first report on the simultaneous biosynthesis of AgNPs utilizing cell-free supernatants obtained from terrestrial actinomycetes. An easy and efficient method was used to impregnate AgNPs onto a ceramic filter using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The APTES linker is anchored to the ceramic surface through Si–O–Si bridges, while the terminal amino groups coordinate with AgNPs. Notably, the observed inhibition zone around the filter with AgNPs was ~ 18 mm, suggesting that the silver ions were responsible for the antibacterial activity. After 30 min of sonication, only insignificant traces of AgNPs were released from the filter, making it stable for long-term antibacterial activity when treating water. According to the laboratory simulation experiments, the untreated filter can reject about 99% of spiked bacteria, while the antibacterial efficiency of the filter coated with AgNPs was 100% due to the synergistic effect between filtration and disinfection with AgNPs. In addition, the average concentration of dissolved silver in the outlet water of the ultrafiltration system during three months was 33.7 μg/L, far below the permissible limit (100 μg/L) for drinking water. Overall, this work offers a suitable and affordable water treatment strategy for low-income, isolated, and rural societies in developing countries.

The structural properties of the dust layer, including its thickness, porosity, and particle size distribution, play a critical role in ensuring the high precision and long-term stability of filter elements. However, observing these properties is challenging due to the weak adherence and cohesiveness of the layer. To address this issue, atomization thermosetting glue was used to achieve pre-curing, and the entire dust layer was cured with epoxy resin. After the sample was frozen and fractured using liquid nitrogen, the boundaries of the dust particles became plainly visible. Traditional binarization techniques were insufficient in identifying the edges of the dust particles since the grayscale values of particles and their environment partially overlap. As a result, a deep learning model based on the DeeplabV3+ network architecture was used to identify particles in the dust layer and achieved an accuracy of 90.99%. The research reveals that pulse-jet cleaning can double the thickness of the local dust layer on adjacent filter elements. Additionally, the surface morphology of the filter element significantly impacts the shape and thickness of the dust layer, causing it to change dramatically. Uneven thickness of the dust layer can result in a higher number of dust particles passing through the filter element membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most rural dwellers in Nigeria are living in areas where tap water are not available and they depend mainly on ponds and streams water for drinking which in most cases the water have been contaminated with pathogens, guinea-worm and agricultural waste products. This study was conducted to develop simple ceramic filters for purification of water. Two ceramic water filters were produced using kaolinite-clay and sawdust. Percentage compositions of sawdust to kaolinite-clay for the ceramic water filters by volume were 40%-60% (F₁) and 50%-50% (F₂). The Sawdust (from hardwood) and kaolinite-clay were ground and sieved through 0.075 mm sieve. The kaolinite-clay and sawdust were thoroughly mixed, soaked in water for 24 hours, mixed again and heated inside a furnace at 900-950℃C for 8 hours. Each filter has 220mm diameter at the top, 180mm diameter at the bottom, 240mm in height and 20 in thickness. Water samples were collected after filtration and analyzed. The flow rate of F₁ and F₂ were 77 mL/h and 108 mL/h, respectively. Total coliform of raw water was 2.08 cfu/ml but total coliform was not detected after filtration through the two filters. The filters reduced water hardness, turbidity, Calcium, Chloride, Iron, Magnesium and Zinc from the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results presented in this paper are the next planned stage of research on the process of steel refining from dispersoid non-metallic phase by means of its filtration. The acquired results of macro and microstructure anlyzes, as well as steel cleanliness before and after the filtration process, reflect the course of the research and attest that it can be an effective and cheap method of refining it from non-metallic inclusions. Presented results confirm that the slenderness of a filter has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the steel filtration process. Products of deoxidation have been identified on the filtration surface of ceramic filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication and filtering performance of ceramic filter were investigated to reduce non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) from vehicles. For this purpose, filter needs to be porous structure with high mechanical strength, thus it can be operated with low differential pressure. When the vehicle runs at a high speed, wheel temperature rises up to 700 °C. Therefore, filter material for non-exhaust PM filter also requires high temperature durability to be operated under such condition. Porous ceramic filter with mullite whiskers, which has advantages of high temperature durability and mechanical strength, was prepared using replica template method and MoO3 catalyst. The fabricated ceramic filter with mullite whiskers showed improved filtering performance for non-exhaust PM. Initially, the filtering performance was 56.3% for PM2.5 and 88.0% for PM10. The filtering performance gradually improved over filtering time to 86.4% for PM2.5 and 93.0% for PM10. The differential pressure was confirmed as 210 Pa, which was applicable for non-exhaust PM filter of vehicles.

The results presented in this paper are the next planned stage of research on the process of steel refining from dispersoid non-metallic phase by means of its filtration. The acquired results of macro and microstructure anlyzes, as well as steel cleanliness before and after the filtration process, reflect the course of the research and attest that it can be an effective and cheap method of refining it from non-metallic inclusions. Presented results confirm that the slenderness of a filter has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the steel filtration process. Products of deoxidation have been identified on the filtration surface of ceramic filters.

This research aims to beneficiate the clay deposits abundant in the Al Baha district to produce ceramic filters for “point-of-use” household water treatment technology to remove dissolved solids from water that is no longer valid for drinking purposes to meet the needs of the community through a safe household and industrial water supply after further treatment purposes. In addition, it helps to reduce the expenses of citizens earmarked to buy drinking water. A sample of laterite, clay, and kaolin from Al Baha district was thermally treated at 800 °C, acid treated with HCl, analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM, and tested for treatment of household water. The temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured. In the application step for point-of-use water treatment of household water, the treated materials were introduced in calcined kaolin filters and commercial polypropylene filters. Based on the results of household water treatment with raw and treated clay materials, the raw clay materials, has poor adsorption capacity. The thermal treatment of clay samples dehydrates the clay minerals into sintered aluminosilicates and enhances the conversion of poorly crystallized iron oxide to α-Fe2O3 without improving the adsorption capacity of clay materials. However, the acid treatment of the clay samples removes iron-bearing minerals leaving behind amorphous aluminosilicate matter characterized with improved adsorption capacity. It was concluded that the acid treatment of clay material by concentrated HCl acid completely leaches iron oxide phases and broke down and disintegrated the clay minerals into the amorphous matter with enhanced the adsorption capacity. The combination of selected acid-treated laterite, clay, and charcoal for the household water treatment filter at the point of use in the calcined kaolin filter and the polypropylene filter reduced the TDS content by 40–42%.

Contamination with pathogens degrades water quality and is a major cause of many waterborne diseases. The aim of this research is to reduce the global disease burden by presenting an efficient, durable, and low-cost ceramic filter impregnated with actinomycetes-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for water disinfection in rural areas. This marks the first report on the simultaneous biosynthesis of AgNPs utilizing cell-free supernatants obtained from terrestrial actinomycetes. An easy and efficient method was used to impregnate AgNPs onto a ceramic filter using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The APTES linker is anchored to the ceramic surface through Si–O–Si bridges, while the terminal amino groups coordinate with AgNPs. Notably, the observed inhibition zone around the filter with AgNPs was ~ 18 mm, suggesting that the silver ions were responsible for the antibacterial activity. After 30 min of sonication, only insignificant traces of AgNPs were released from the filter, making it stable for long-term antibacterial activity when treating water. According to the laboratory simulation experiments, the untreated filter can reject about 99% of spiked bacteria, while the antibacterial efficiency of the filter coated with AgNPs was 100% due to the synergistic effect between filtration and disinfection with AgNPs. In addition, the average concentration of dissolved silver in the outlet water of the ultrafiltration system during three months was 33.7 μg/L, far below the permissible limit (100 μg/L) for drinking water. Overall, this work offers a suitable and affordable water treatment strategy for low-income, isolated, and rural societies in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cylindrical tube shape ceramic filter made from a mixture of the residue catalytic cracking (RCC) unit spent catalyst, natural clay, and gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) starch was employed for produced water (PW) treatment. The parameter of produced water characterized were total dissolved solids (TDS), phenol, and barium concentration. Two types of ceramic filters were made using activated, and non-activated RCC spent catalysts in various compositions. Produced water transferred to the ceramic filter at operating times of 30, 60, 90 min, respectively, and applied pressures into the ceramic filter were set as 2.3, 2.5, and 2.7 kg/cm2 followed by a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The results showed that at contact time 90 min and applied pressure 2.7kg/cm2 ceramic filter D (25% activated RCC, 70% natural clay, 5% gadung starch) could reduce TDS, phenol, and barium by 43.21%, 68.69%, 26.21%, respectively and followed by 86.68% TDS, 82.40% phenol, and 93.33% barium in RO permeate. Different results were obtained using ceramic filter B (70% activated RCC spent catalyst, 25% natural clay, and 5% gadung starch) could reduce TDS, phenol, and barium as 34.11%, 71.84%, and 38.30%, respectively and in RO permeates were 67.93%, 91.77%, and 82.92%, respectively. From these results, activation of the RCC spent catalyst will increase the total removal of TDS, phenol, and barium from PW. The ceramic filter made from the activated RCC spent catalyst could be a pretreatment before RO processes.

The ceramic foam filters are commonly applied in metal casting. However, this kind of filter has a number of drawbacks, such as weak impact resistance, uncontrollable technical parameters, and a long producing cycle. Our work developed a better manufacturing method for ceramic filters based on SLA-3D printing technology in which the structure of filters can be designed according to demands of porosity and hole density. Firstly, it is to propose a ceramic filter model with good mechanical properties under various porosities and hole densities using mechanical simulation and topology optimization. Secondly, SLA-3D printing technology was used to manufacture ceramic filter models with various characteristics. The results demonstrate that the porosity can be achieved with a wide range, and the higher porosity and hole density can approach 90% and 50 PPI, respectively. The preparation error of the internal pillars inside the filters model also can be revised to precisely control the porosity error of filters. Finally, the pore characteristics and compressive performance of the SLA printed ceramic filters were much better than that of the ceramic foam filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results presented in this paper are the next planned stage of research on the process of steel refining from dispersoid non-metallic phase by means of its filtration. Currently, the research has been focused on the process of casting steel using the traditional uphill method. This paper analyzes the prepared and conducted experiments on a semi-industrial scale with the use of multi-hole ceramic filters. The acquired results of macro and microstructure anlyzes, as well as steel cleanliness before and after the filtration process, reflect the course of the research and attest that it can be an effective and cheap method of refining it from non-metallic inclusions.

The need to make clean water accessible and affordable for low-income countries is crucial. This study examines the suitability of various clays for Ceramic Pot Water Filters production and groundwater treatment for effective microbe and fluoride removal. For this study, three clays were collected from different geographical locations in Ethiopia,i.e., Hosaenna Clay, Babawuha Clay, and Leku Clay. Organic additives such as sawdust and eragrostis tef husks were used to increase the porosity of the Ceramic Pot Water Filters. The Atterberg limit and particle size distribution tests revealed that BC and HC have moderate to high plasticity and mouldability, making them suitable for CPWF production. The clay chemical composition, phase analysis, and thermal properties were determined using XRF, XRD, and TGA/DTA. The turbidity, fluoride level, total dissolved solids, and pH of the groundwater decreases, from 13 to 0.45 NTU, from 3.4 to 0.053 mg/100 mL, from 1245 to 360 mg/l, and from 8.4 to 7.3, respectively; all of which are within the acceptable range of WHO drinking water standards. Microbial removal tests show that the CPWFs removed 99.3%–100% of total coliform bacteria and 98.48%–100% of fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater. Therefore, this work paves the way to fabricate a clay-based ceramic water filter for low-income countries to provide affordable household groundwater treatment technology for microbial and excess fluoride removal.

This research aims to beneficiate the clay deposits abundant in the Al Baha district to produce ceramic filters for "point-of-use" household water treatment technology to remove dissolved solids from water that is no longer valid for drinking purposes to meet the needs of the community through a safe household and industrial water supply after further treatment purposes. In addition, it helps to reduce the expenses of citizens earmarked to buy drinking water. A sample of laterite, clay, and kaolin from Al Baha district was thermally treated at 800 °C, acid treated with HCl, analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM, and tested for treatment of household water. The temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured. In the application step for point-of-use water treatment of household water, the treated materials were introduced in calcined kaolin filters and commercial polypropylene filters. Based on the results of household water treatment with raw and treated clay materials, the raw clay materials, has poor adsorption capacity. The thermal treatment of clay samples dehydrates the clay minerals into sintered aluminosilicates and enhances the conversion of poorly crystallized iron oxide to α-Fe2O3 without improving the adsorption capacity of clay materials. However, the acid treatment of the clay samples removes iron-bearing minerals leaving behind amorphous aluminosilicate matter characterized with improved adsorption capacity. It was concluded that the acid treatment of clay material by concentrated HCl acid completely leaches iron oxide phases and broke down and disintegrated the clay minerals into the amorphous matter with enhanced the adsorption capacity. The combination of selected acid-treated laterite, clay, and charcoal for the household water treatment filter at the point of use in the calcined kaolin filter and the polypropylene filter reduced the TDS content by 40–42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has always been one of the most significant utilities for humans because of its wide array of applications. The economic impact of the scarcity of supply to clean water for consumption in emergent nations like the Philippines, where a large proportion of the people suffer from water-related diseases due to scarcity of supply to clean water consumption. There is the proliferation of water refilling stations in the Philippines and the proportion of Filipino households relying on commercial water has been escalating but not everybody can adapt to this lifestyle. Another problem identified is, not every place has the access to such system like the communities living on the islands and near the shorelines. The low-cost dispenser-type water filtration system (LCDTWFS) developed will provide readily safe drinking water in the household. The equipment is made up of clay and has a volume capacity of 10 L. The clay used for filter fabrication has no harmful elements and no effect on the filtered water when used as a ceramic filter. The quality of the tap water was significantly improved after passing it through the LCDTWFS. The equipment was tested for 6 consecutive weeks after which, the characteristic of the filtered water is still within the standards of the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). The bacteriological/microbiological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the filtered water are within the allowable limits of the PNSDW making it potable and safe for consumption. LCDTWFS is effective yet affordable since it has no electricity requirements, is sustainable, environment-friendly, easily manipulated, and easily produced by local craftsmen. This study can also contribute to the prosperity of rural potters since introducing this newly innovated product could be their source of additional income.

The results presented in this paper are the next planned stage of research on the process of steel refining from dispersoid non-metallic phase by means of its filtration. Currently, the research has been focused on the process of casting steel using the traditional uphill method. This paper analyzes the prepared and conducted experiments on a semi-industrial scale with the use of multi-hole ceramic filters. The acquired results of macro and microstructure anlyzes, as well as steel cleanliness before and after the filtration process, reflect the course of the research and attest that it can be an effective and cheap method of refining it from non-metallic inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water contamination is a pressing problem encountered in recent times due to several anthropogenic activities. Recently research on clay candle filters for water treatment application is gaining attention due to their unique pore structure, hydrophilic surface, high chemical, thermal and mechanical stability. This study focuses on the use of nature-based materials such as clay and groundnut shell dust for preparing a ceramic composite water filter. The clay was obtained from Krishna river basin soil with an effective size of < 300. The filter was tested for three combination ratios of groundnut shell dust; Coarse 25% + Medium 25% + Fine 50%, Coarse 50% + Medium 25% + Fine 25% and Coarse 25% + Medium 50% + Fine 25%; all sintered at 750oC for 6 h. The combination of Coarse 25% + Medium 50% + Fine 25% was found to be the most effective for turbidity removal. Results indicated that the clay candle filter showed an excellent flow rate after the first and second cycles, along with the superb capacity of turbidity removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aimed to obtain ceramic filters with bactericidal action for water disinfection. For this, aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite K10 clay were prepared at concentrations of 48%, 50%, and 52%. Later, these were impregnated into polymeric sponges in order to form the ceramic skeletons by using the replica technique. The ceramic filters were submerged in nickel resins doped with 0.25 and 0.50 mol% silver. These resins were obtained by the Pechini method and heat-treated at 600 and 700 ºC for 2 h. Moreover, techniques such as X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, compressive strength, water absorption, and apparent porosity were used to characterize the filters, and their performance was analyzed by a bactericidal test. The bactericidal test results showed that the filters impregnated with the resin containing 0.50 mol% of silver promoted the total elimination of the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Disposal of poorly managed cassava mill effluent often results in serious environmental degradation. A low-cost treatment option was developed to alleviate this rising concern prevalent among third world processors. Frustum-shaped ceramic filters produced by mixing different proportions of sawdust and activated carbon with equal amounts of clay, kaolin and sherds powder and sintered at 850°C was assessed in this study. The results indicated pollutant removal efficiency ranging from 6.5 to 98.1% with the best removal efficiency obtained for chemical oxygen demand (COD) [97.9 - 98.1%] closely followed by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) [71.24 - 77.14%] while (24.13 - 30.72%) and (6.5 - 71.7%) were obtained for turbidity and hydrogen cyanide respectively. The filter with 12.8% of sawdust, 5.1% of activated carbon, 7.13% of kaolin, 3.6% of sherds powder and 71.3% of clay gave the best removal efficiency. A maximum flow rate of 0.0035 L/H (LPH) was recorded with a corresponding time of first drop of 216 minutes. The high removal efficiency observed for some parameters, locally available construction materials and wastewater reuse options makes this a viable option for cassava mill effluent treatment, however, further study is required to optimize this technique to meet wastewater permissible limits.

We developed an environmental recycling process for textile dyeing sludge that involved a magnetizing roasting–magnetic separation process followed by the preparation of a ceramic filter. The optimal parameters for the magnetizing roasting process included blending the textile dyeing sludge with 5.0% content of coal and roasting at 800 °C for 45 min. The main iron-bearing mineral (Fe2O3) was converted to Fe3O4. The roasted ore was beneficiated by low-intensity magnetic separation (0.15 T strength of the magnetic field). A concentrate with 57.85% iron grade and 68.11% iron recovery was obtained. A ceramic filter material produced from the tailings of the magnetic separation process met the national standard requirements for water treatment applications. These results offered an effective approach to solve an environmental problem associated with textile dyeing sludge waste products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an economical thermal cycle of the production of ceramic articles from submicronic powders of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and manganese oxide. The implementation of a given cycle involves the introduction of a special aluminophosphate bond into the charge in order to reduce the temperature of firing. The optimal composition of the material for a foam-ceramic filter with the highest physical and mechanical properties has been determined; the optimal method for preparing the original charge and the baking mode have been selected. According to the results of tests under industrial conditions, the manufactured alumina filters became a decent alternative to known analogs used in aluminum metallurgy for the purification of liquid metal. The application and rational dosage of titanium dioxides, manganese, and aluminum aluminophosphate in porous ceramic compositions on an alumina base have made it possible to significantly reduce the time and, consequently, improve the productivity, of firing. The results obtained were evaluated by the level of maximum temperature in the cycle of heat treatment according to known technologies. Compared to those technologies, the developed technology ensures the growth of firing productivity when implementing the proposed solution by about 220 %. It was found that the high true density of ceramic powder requires large dispersion as the relatively large powder particles are significantly worse retained in foam films and settle. At medium (intermediate) temperatures, a large weight loss occurs at a heating rate of 10 °C/h. In this case, the decomposition progress changes in proportion to the heating speed. Changing the heating speed with temperature is the most effective technique for deparaffinization in the air. The heating time from the ambient temperature to 200 °C significantly decreases. At a certain temperature, prior to the thermal decomposition, the bond would transfer from a strongly viscous state to a liquid state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ceramica is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Ceramica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diyala Journal for Pure Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, the effect of silica nanoparticles on the formation of nano-mullite phase for use in the manufacture of silicon carbide based ceramic foam filters has been investigated. Polyurethane foam filters were impregnated with nanosilica particles by slip casting. In this method, the effect of different percentages of nanosilica particles in the slurry on compressive strength, density and porosity of ceramic foam filters was investigated. The effect of silica nanoparticles on viscosity of slurry was studied using rheometric test. So, sample S 15 was selected to proceed. For thermal treatment of ceramic foams, different sintering temperatures were investigated and the best temperature was reported at 1250 °C. Compressive strength results showed that with increasing nano-silica content, CCS increased. XRD results from the samples showed that the nano-mullite phase was formed at 1250 °C along with silicon carbide and alumina phases. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) showed that the mullite phase was formed in nano-dimensions in ceramic foam bodies. The formation of mullite phase in the microstructure of the filters is one of the factors of strengthening and increased refractory characteristics. EDS analysis by the scanning electron microscopy of the filter which passed ductile iron melt showed that cast iron inclusions and impurities were mostly consisted from FeO, MnO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO and CO, which were trapped inside the ceramic filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the influence of the geometry of ceramic filter orifices on the movement of micro-scale inclusions, a transient 3D coupled numerical model has been established. The inclusion trajectory was described using the two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange approach. The gravity, buoyancy, drag, virtual mass, lift, pressure gradient, centrifugal forces, and moment of inertia were taken into account. The random walk module was invoked to include the chaotic effect of the turbulence. For estimating the collision and coalescence of the inclusion, the stochastic collision module was utilized. Besides, three detachment criteria have been introduced to represent the adherence behavior between the inclusion and the refractory wall. Necessary measurements were carried out for validating the model experimentally. Due to the swirling flow and the centrifugal effect, the inclusion removal ratio of the helical orifice is 31.02%, which is higher than the value of 16.35% associated with the straight orifice. Unlabelled Image • Helical orifice was proposed to improve inclusion removal. • A transient 3D coupled numerical mode was developed to describe inclusion motion. • Three detachment criteria were introduced to define inclusion adherence behavior. • Effect of helical orifice structure parameter on inclusion motion was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic ceramic materials is receiving more attention in recent times due to their unique characteristics which include different pore structures, hydrophilic surfaces, high chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities that offer avenues for application in water treatment. In the present work, cost-effective clay ceramic water filters of different designs were developed from clay (50, 60, and 70) %, sawdust (15, 20, 25, and 35) %, grog (5, 10 and 15)% ratios plus 5% bone char by volume and sintered at temperature of 950°C for 6 hrs. For the flow rate, fluoride and nitrite tests synthetic waters were used, while for Escherichia coli removal efficiency test of the filter diluted wastewater sample collected by purposive sampling methods from Modjo River was used. The analysis of the optimal performing sintered filter by X-ray diffraction revealed the existence of mixed phases such as quartz, mulite and ilite. The surface functional group analysis by infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of strong bands at 3696 cm-1, 3622 cm-1, 3450 cm-1 of hydroxyl linkages. Field emission scanning electron microscopy of fractured filter surfaces with better performance showed the formation of interconnected porous microstructure materials. The ceramic water filter developed from 50% clay, 15% grog, 35% sawdust, and 5% bone char, (C950-50-35-15), characterized with total porosity 36.33±0.05%, displayed flow rate 1.91±0.55L/h and E. coli, nitrite, and fluoride removal efficiencies of 99.91±0.09%, 76.00±0.22%, and 96.8±0.41% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop and evaluate five simplified AGW treatment options with or without low-cost ceramic filters, including direct ceramic filtration, alum coagulation–sedimentation, alum coagulation–sedimentation–ceramic filtration, alum coagulation–sedimentation–activated carbon, adsorption–sedimentation, and ceramic filtration–activated carbon adsorption–sedimentation. In raw AGW, concentrations of turbidity (14.8 NTU), TSS (24 mg/L), COD (63.2 mg/L), BOD (37.0 mg/L), and fecal coliform (884 MPN/100 mL) exceeded the greywater reuse standards for unrestricted irrigation, toilet flushing, and firefighting. In laboratory experiments, first three treatment options produced almost similar effluent with residual turbidity 1.5 NTU, COD 35 mg/L, and BOD 20 mg/L. Addition of the activated carbon to the last two treatment options enhanced the BOD and COD removals (< 12 mg/L). Multicriteria decision-making was performed to evaluate all the AGW treatment options against effluent water quality, treatment cost, land requirements, and need of skilled operators. Criteria weights were estimated using Entropy method, while the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution was used to final ranking of AGW treatment options. Results found direct filtration as the most feasible option to reuse AGW for restricted irrigation, and for unrestricted irrigation, toilet flushing, and firefighting, the ceramic filtration–activated carbon adsorption–sedimentation treatment process would be the more feasible option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the application of a ceramic filter in the biomass gasification process and its efficiency in particulate matter removal from the process gas and flue gas. A significant advantage of this type of filter is its high efficiency in small particle removal (3 (N). The performed study shows that pre-combustion particulate matter removal is preferred over post-combustion particulate matter removal from flue gas. The reason is that the stream of process gas is several times smaller than the flue gas stream, thus the required size of the filter is smaller. Furthermore, process gas filtering allows us to keep the heat transfer surfaces clean, which preserves high thermal efficiency and durability of equipment. The presented results of performed tests are the early stage of the development of the technology of process gas refining in the waste gasification process. The final target is to reach standards similar to those in the case of natural gas.

In this work, a CFD-based method for simulating the real-time pressure drop and dust cake distribution of the ceramic filter at the macro-scale is presented. In this CFD-based method, a unique mesh grids zone, i.e., a dust cake zone, is created to model the particle deposition process on the ceramic candle surface. In the dust cake zone, the mesh grids on the same ray are arranged into a queue to mimic the dust cake growth trajectory, and the pressure drop and porosity of the dust cake layer are modeled by 1-D empirical formulas. In order to determine the exact grid cell for particle deposition, a novel algorithm is developed, and near-wall corrections of the drag and lift force are applied. Then, a steady and a transient simulation were performed and compared to the experimental data. The comparison results of the pressure drop across the ceramic filter show that the deviation of the pressure drop between experiment and simulation is below 3.6% and 6% in the steady and transient simulation, respectively. Additionally, the dust cake thickness at different locations was tested and compared to the simulation results, and the difference is between 3.9% and 12.9%. Moreover, some less-particle-deposition-zones (LPDZs) are found in the middle and lower portion of the ceramic candles. The size and position of these LPDZs are well predicted by the transient simulation, and their forming reasons are carefully analyzed. Unlabelled Image • A macro-scale CFD-based method for modeling particle deposition process is developed. • Mesh grids on the same ray are arranged into a queue to mimic the dust cake growth trajectory. • Near-wall corrections of drag and lift force are applied. • Dust cake distribution is well predicted. • Different vorticity field direction could lead to a different deposition result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Fe _a Ti _b O _x catalyst was loaded into the pores of porous ceramic using impregnation method for removing nitrogen oxides with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. The catalytic performance over Fe _a Ti _b O _x catalyst was studied in detail. The Fe _6 Ti _1 O _x catalyst displayed more than 95% NO _x conversion within the range of 280 °C–400 °C, and still maintained 97% NO _x conversion when 300 ppm SO _2 and 10 vol.% water vapor were introduced at the testing temperature of 300 °C. The influence factors (including filtration velocity, NH _3 /NO mole ratio and oxygen concentration) for NO _x conversion over Fe _6 Ti _1 O _x catalyst were also studied. The suitable NH _3 /NO mole ratio and oxygen concentration was 0.9 and 6%, respectively. The XRD, N _2 -BET, H _2 -TPR, NH _3 -TPD and XPS were employed to investigate physicochemical property of the Fe _a Ti _b O _x catalyst. The results illustrated that Fe _6 Ti _1 O _x catalyst has hematite Fe _2 O _3 and TiO _2 structure, better redox properties and stronger surface acid.

In this research, the idea of multicomponent, one-vessel cleaning of syngas through simultaneous dedusting and adsorption is described. Data presented were obtained with the use of a pilot-scale 60 kWth fixed-bed GazEla reactor, coupled with a dry gas cleaning unit where mineral sorbents are injected into raw syngas at 500−650 °C, before dedusting at ceramic filters. The research primarily presents results of the application of four calcined sorbents, i.e., chalk (CaO), dolomite (MgO−CaO), halloysite (AlO−MgO−FeO), and kaolinite (AlO−MgO) for high-temperature (HT) adsorption of impurities contained in syngas from gasification of biomass. An emphasis on data regarding the stability of the filtration process is provided since the addition of coating and co-filtering materials is often necessary for keeping the filtration of syngas stable, in industrial applications.

The present study aims to develop a filtration system consisting of ceramic wastes as a treatment process of bathroom greywater to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total nitrogen (TN), and turbidity. Optimization of the reduction efficiency was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of the ceramic practical sizes (0.25–1.18 mm) and hydraulic retention time HRT (1–3 h). The functional groups on the surface of the ceramic filter media were determined using Fourier transform irradiation (FTIR), while the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the microstructure and the surface morphology of the ceramic particles. Results revealed that the optimal reduction of COD, TSS, TN, and turbidity was influenced by active sites of the filter media (C C, C O, C O H, and OH − ) and was achieved under the operating conditions of 0.25 mm of ceramic particles after 3 h of HRT, the observed and predicted reduction for COD, TSS, TN, and Turbidity were 38.8 vs. 39.8%; 58.47 vs. 59.59%; 66.66 vs. 67.32%; 88.31 vs. 89.02%, respectively. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of the ceramic filter media is a potential source for the filtration of bathroom greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the application of a low cost ceramic filter for the treatment of sand filter backwash water (SFBW). The treatment process is comprised of pre-coagulation of SFBW with aluminum sulfate (Alum) followed by continuous filtration usinga low cost ceramic filter at different trans-membrane pressures (TMPs). Jar test results showed that 20 mg/L of alum is the optimum dose for maximum removal of turbidity, Fe, and Mn from SFBW. The filter can be operated at a TMP between 0.6 and 3 kPa as well as a corresponding flux of 480-2000 L/m²/d without any flux declination. Significant removal, up to 99%, was observed forturbidity, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). The flux started to decline at 4.5 kPa TMP (corresponding flux 3280 L/m²/d), thus indicated fouling of the filter. The complete pore blocking model was found as the most appropriate model to explain the insight mechanism of flux decline. The optimum operating pressure and the permeate flux were found to be 3 kPa and 2000 L/m²/d, respectively. Treated SFBW by a low cost ceramic filter was found to be suitable to recycle back to the water treatment plant. The ceramic filtration process would be a low cost and efficient option to recycle the SFBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]