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Background: This study aims to evaluate the quantitative changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), specifically excluding the peripapillary region. Methods: A prospective case–control study was conducted at the Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, involving 65 patients with chronic CSCR. Participants were categorized into two groups based on the presence or regression of subretinal fluid (SRF). A control group of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals was also included. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to assess RNFL thickness and RPC vessel density. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, with non-parametric tests employed for between-group comparisons. Results: Patients with persistent SRF exhibited significant increases in RNFL thickness in the inferior and nasal quadrants compared to healthy controls (p = 0.003 and p = 0.014, respectively). Additionally, RPC vessel density in the small vessel disc area (%) was significantly lower in the persistent SRF group compared to controls (p = 0.021). A significant negative correlation was found between nasal quadrant RNFL thickness and small vessel disc area (p = 0.014, r = −0.306). Conclusions: Chronic SRF in CSCR patients, even when not involving the peripapillary region, leads to significant structural changes in both the neural and vascular components of the retina. These findings suggest that SRF contributes to broader retinal alterations and supports the need for early detection and management of CSCR to prevent long-term visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a condition characterized by bilateral acute or subacute vision loss in seemingly healthy individuals. Depending on the disease stage and initial presentation, it is often diagnosed as optic neuritis. Elevated levels of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids have been associated with the onset of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). In our patient, CSCR developed after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy, prescribed due to initial presentation as bilateral optic neuritis (papillitis). Objective. Through our case report, we aimed to highlight that CSCR can develop after the initiation of pulse corticosteroid therapy in a patient with LHON and to propose choroidal thickness as a potential contributing factor for this complication. Case Presentation. A 27-year-old male patient presented with painless subacute vision loss in both eyes. The decline in vision developed gradually over 20 days, prior to the patient's referral to the UKCS Eye Disease Clinic for further examination and treatment, and was not accompanied by pain during eye movements. Initial investigations upon admission to the clinic established the diagnosis of optic neuritis. Consequently, pulse corticosteroid therapy was administered. Three days after the initiation of intravenous methylprednisolone, the patient developed bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy. After cessation of therapy, there was a rapid resolution of choroidopathy, but no improvement in visual acuity, prompting genetic testing. Subsequent laboratory results revealed a positive test for the LHON mutation m.3460 G>A (MT-ND1). Conclusions. LHON is often misdiagnosed as optic neuritis, as upon initial presentation the optic nerve disk often does not exhibit the apparent characteristics of LHON. Numerous studies have documented the development of central serous chorioretinopathy following corticosteroid treatment, though none have reported the onset of CSCR after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy. Increased choroidal thickness is a characteristic of the acute phase of LHON and may be associated with the development of CSCR in our patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal condition characterized by the accumulation of subretinal fluid, often linked to elevated levels of endogenous corticosteroids and stress-related hormones, which can lead to visual disturbances. This connection may explain the association of CSCR with high stress levels and the use of corticosteroid medications. Although many cases resolve spontaneously, persistent or severe instances may require intervention. Case Description: Our report presents a case of acute CSCR in a 33-year-old male who developed the condition following corticosteroid treatment for acute parotiditis and left submandibular lymphadenopathy. Initial presentation was 6 weeks after corticosteroid treatment was initiated. Diagnostic evaluation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography confirmed the presence of subretinal fluid at the retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch's membrane complex. Micropulse laser therapy (MPLT) was applied to address the leakage points, leading to significant fluid reduction at a two-week follow-up. By six weeks, the complete resolution of subretinal fluid was documented, with substantial visual recovery. Conclusions: This case confirms MPLT as an effective treatment for CSCR, particularly when conservative management is insufficient. Unlike traditional photocoagulation, MPLT offers a safer alternative, minimizing the risk of retinal damage, such as permanent scotomas. Clinical Significance: This case underscores the importance of carefully monitoring patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy for potential ocular complications and highlights the role of MPLT as a safe and effective option for managing persistent CSCR, protecting the surrounding retinal tissue from damage while achieving significant therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a condition characterized by bilateral acute or subacute vision loss in seemingly healthy individuals. Depending on the disease stage and initial presentation, it is often diagnosed as optic neuritis. Elevated levels of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids have been associated with the onset of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). In our patient, CSCR developed after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy, prescribed due to initial presentation as bilateral optic neuritis (papillitis). Objective. Through our case report, we aimed to highlight that CSCR can develop after the initiation of pulse corticosteroid therapy in a patient with LHON and to propose choroidal thickness as a potential contributing factor for this complication. Case Presentation. A 27-year-old male patient presented with painless subacute vision loss in both eyes. The decline in vision developed gradually over 20 days, prior to the patient’s referral to the UKCS Eye Disease Clinic for further examination and treatment, and was not accompanied by pain during eye movements. Initial investigations upon admission to the clinic established the diagnosis of optic neuritis. Consequently, pulse corticosteroid therapy was administered. Three days after the initiation of intravenous methylprednisolone, the patient developed bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy. After cessation of therapy, there was a rapid resolution of choroidopathy, but no improvement in visual acuity, prompting genetic testing. Subsequent laboratory results revealed a positive test for the LHON mutation m.3460 G>A (MT-ND1). Conclusions. LHON is often misdiagnosed as optic neuritis, as upon initial presentation the optic nerve disk often does not exhibit the apparent characteristics of LHON. Numerous studies have documented the development of central serous chorioretinopathy following corticosteroid treatment, though none have reported the onset of CSCR after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy. Increased choroidal thickness is a characteristic of the acute phase of LHON and may be associated with the development of CSCR in our patient.

Purpose: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) a relatively common cause of visual impairment, which is characterized by subretinal fluid accumulation in the macula and is more common in middle-aged males. Various risk factors have been reported in literature, among which substantial role of psychological factors is cited. Our aim was to look for the prevalence and association of the psychiatric factors in CSCR patients and to compare them with other non-chorioretinal ocular pathologies. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was undertaken involving 91 CSCR patients, along with 91 patients with other non-chorioretinal diseases. Their risk factors, clinical history, ocular examination, and psychiatric assessments were done using standardized tools, and the groups were compared in terms of scoring of Framingham Type A scale (FTAS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: CSCR patients had a male:female ratio of 8:1. Chronic, bilateral, and recurrent diseases were found in 15%, 20%, and 23% cases, respectively. Anxiety disorder had a prevalence of 40%, followed by major depression with a prevalence of 24%, and these were significantly higher than non-chorioretinal disease patients (odds ratios 14.18 and 5.30, respectively). Also, these psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an overall lower visual acuity and greater central macular thickness due to subretinal fluid accumulation. Conclusion: Psychiatric comorbidities like Type A personality trait and depression and anxiety disorders were significantly more prevalent in CSCR patients, compared to non-chorioretinal pathologies. Focus on psychological health would certainly benefit these patients in terms of better management of not only CSCR, but their psychiatric morbidity as well.

Purpose: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) a relatively common cause of visual impairment, which is characterized by subretinal fluid accumulation in the macula and is more common in middle‑aged males. Various risk factors have been reported in literature, among which substantial role of psychological factors is cited. Our aim was to look for the prevalence and association of the psychiatric factors in CSCR patients and to compare them with other non‑chorioretinal ocular pathologies. Methods: A cross‑sectional correlational study was undertaken involving 91 CSCR patients, along with 91 patients with other non‑chorioretinal diseases. Their risk factors, clinical history, ocular examination, and psychiatric assessments were done using standardized tools, and the groups were compared in terms of scoring of Framingham Type A scale (FTAS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‑A), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: CSCR patients had a male:female ratio of 8:1. Chronic, bilateral, and recurrent diseases were found in 15%, 20%, and 23% cases, respectively. Anxiety disorder had a prevalence of 40%, followed by major depression with a prevalence of 24%, and these were significantly higher than non‑chorioretinal disease patients (odds ratios 14.18 and 5.30, respectively). Also, these psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an overall lower visual acuity and greater central macular thickness due to subretinal fluid accumulation. Conclusion: Psychiatric comorbidities like Type A personality trait and depression and anxiety disorders were significantly more prevalent in CSCR patients, compared to non‑chorioretinal pathologies. Focus on psychological health would certainly benefit these patients in terms of better management of not only CSCR, but their psychiatric morbidity as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) a relatively common cause of visual impairment, which is characterized by subretinal fluid accumulation in the macula and is more common in middle-aged males. Various risk factors have been reported in literature, among which substantial role of psychological factors is cited. Our aim was to look for the prevalence and association of the psychiatric factors in CSCR patients and to compare them with other non-chorioretinal ocular pathologies. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was undertaken involving 91 CSCR patients, along with 91 patients with other non-chorioretinal diseases. Their risk factors, clinical history, ocular examination, and psychiatric assessments were done using standardized tools, and the groups were compared in terms of scoring of Framingham Type A scale (FTAS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: CSCR patients had a male:female ratio of 8:1. Chronic, bilateral, and recurrent diseases were found in 15%, 20%, and 23% cases, respectively. Anxiety disorder had a prevalence of 40%, followed by major depression with a prevalence of 24%, and these were significantly higher than non-chorioretinal disease patients (odds ratios 14.18 and 5.30, respectively). Also, these psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an overall lower visual acuity and greater central macular thickness due to subretinal fluid accumulation. Conclusion: Psychiatric comorbidities like Type A personality trait and depression and anxiety disorders were significantly more prevalent in CSCR patients, compared to non-chorioretinal pathologies. Focus on psychological health would certainly benefit these patients in terms of better management of not only CSCR, but their psychiatric morbidity as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated predictors for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on multimodal imaging. A retrospective multicenter chart review was conducted on 134 eyes of 132 consecutive patients with CSCR. Eyes were classified as per the multimodal imaging-based classification of CSCR at baseline into simple/complex CSCR and primary episode/recurrent/resolved CSCR. Baseline characteristics of CNV and predictors were evaluated with ANOVA. In 134 eyes with CSCR, 32.8% had CNV (n = 44) with 72.7% having complex CSCR (n = 32), 22.7% having simple (n = 10) and 4.5% having atypical (n = 2). Primary CSCR with CNV were older (58 vs. 47, p = 0.00003), with worse visual acuity (0.56 vs. 0.75, p = 0.01) and of longer duration (median 7 vs. 1, p = 0.0002) than those without CNV. Similarly, recurrent CSCR with CNV were older (61 vs. 52, p = 0.004) than those without CNV. Patients with complex CSCR were 2.72 times more likely to have CNV than patients with simple CSCR. In conclusion, CNV associated with CSCR was more likely in complex CSCR and older age of presentation. Both primary and recurrent CSCR are implicated in CNV development. Patients with complex CSCR were 2.72 times more likely to have CNV than patients with simple CSCR. Multimodal imaging-based classification of CSCR supports detailed analysis of associated CNV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe literature suggests that stress may play a pivotal role in the precipitation of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) because chorioretinal integrity can be affected by the psychosocial state of the patient, indicating the need for a biomarker. Not only physical stress but also psychological stress causes many types of physical disorders. However, little is known about the pathophysiology of stress-induced disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether serum factors might be involved in the development of stress-induced ocular diseases.MethodsThis observational case series included 33 eyes of 33 consecutive patients with treatment-naïve acute CSC. Fifty eyes of 50 age-matched healthy volunteers were included in this study as non-CSC controls. Serum samples were collected from all participants, and the levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were measured by quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR. Serum levels of high-mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), biological markers of acute/chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, were also measured. The relationships between serum mtDNA, 8-OHdG, and HMGB1 concentrations were investigated by multivariate regression analysis, alongside an assessment of clinical data.ResultsIn the treatment-naïve acute CSC group, the serum mtDNA levels (36.5 ± 32.4 ng/mL) were significantly higher than the levels in the control group (7.4 ± 5.9 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Serum levels of 8-OHdG and HMGB1 in treatment-naïve acute CSC patients measured 0.12 ± 0.08 ng/mL and 18.1 ± 35.0 ng/mL, respectively, indicating that HMGB1 levels were elevated in CSC compared with the control group. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that increased serum mtDNA levels were significantly associated with the height of serous retinal detachment.ConclusionWe showed serum mtDNA and HMGB1 level elevation and its relation to the clinical activities of CSC, indicating that serum mtDNA and HMGB1 could serve as biomarkers for the acute phase of the disease. The use of these biomarkers makes it possible to predict disease onset and determine disease severity.

Abstract Background To evaluate the macular sensitivity changes after half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods Eighteen patients (26 eyes) with chronic CSCR were recruited in the same hospital between April 2011 and December 2012. All patients were treated with one session of half-dose PDT after complete ophthalmic examination. Macular sensitivity examination was performed at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Mean sensitivity (MS) of the central 10 degrees (10°) and 4 degrees (4°), mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) on automated static perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyzer II-750) were used for analysis. Results There was significant improvement of the 10°MS from baseline (29.76 ± 1.51 dB) to 1 month (31.74 ± 1.56 dB), 3 months (31.51 ± 1.38 dB) and 6 months (31.19 ± 1.61 dB) after treatment (P

Objectives: To determine ocular pathologies that appear in pregnant women with no history of ocular or systemic disease prior to conception. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology in association with Department of Gynecology, Pak Red Crescent Medical and Dental College Dina Nath District Kasur. Period: January 2018 to April 2018. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty pregnant females with no history of previous ocular or systemic co morbidity were included in study. After obtaining informed consent detailed ocular and medical history was taken and complete ocular examination was done. Results: Mean age of the participant female was 24.7 years (Range 19-40 years). Four of them (3.33%) had bilateral optic disc edema, 2 of them had central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and one female had unilateral macular hole. Conclusions: Ocular pathologies emerging in pregnancy are not uncommon and should not be overlooked. Pregnant women with ocular complaints should undergo a thorough ocular and systemic examination along with necessary investigations so that the pathological eye changes and associated systemic diseases could be managed timely and properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR. Methods: A systematic literature search focusing on current multimodal imaging for CSCR was performed. Only articles reporting on original clinical data were selected, studies in a language other than English were included only if an English abstract was provided. Additional sources included articles cited in the references list of the first selected articles. We deduced imaging findings based on current and relevant literature on the topic. Results: We found that sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were greater in eyes with acute CSCR than in eyes with chronic CSCR or normal eyes. There was increased choroidal thickness (CT) in the macula compared to peripapillary region. In healthy eyes, the highest CVI was found in the nasal region followed by the inferior, temporal, and superior quadrant. The area with the least CVI was the macula. In eyes with CSCR, 100% had asymmetric dominant vortex veins compared to 38% in normal eyes. Conclusion: Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyper-reflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR.

Purpose: To evaluate the pharmacological effects of propranolol treatment of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) over 4 months. Results: Among the 89 male and 31 female patients, the mean BCVA decreased to 0.42 ± 0.08 logMAR during CSCR attacks. Oral propranolol showed good effectiveness in reducing CSCR signs after at least 4 months of treatment. The final BCVA of the patients in groups 1 and 2 was 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.03 logMAR, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mean complete remission time in groups 1 and 2 was 1.9 and 3.5 months, respectively (p < 0.05), while the “success” rate in groups 1 and 2 was 95.0% (57/60) and 78.3% (47/60), respectively (p < 0.05). The recurrence rate in groups 1 and 2 was 5.3% (3/57) and 25.5% (12/47) after a further 5 months of follow-up, respectively (p < 0.05). Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups that both underwent a visual acuity test and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning, between April and December 2017. The 60 patients in group 1 were requested to take propranolol for 4 months, while the other 60 subjects (group 2) received placebo therapy during the same period. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of every volunteer and an OCT image of each patient were checked and recorded at the beginning of the study and each week thereafter. If the signs of CSCR disappeared completely from the OCT scans, the case was considered a “success” and treatment stopped at once. However, the “success” subjects were further evaluated in follow-ups throughout the next 5 months to determine the rate of recurrence in groups 1 and 2. The time of total complete remission of CSCR from the OCT scans was also measured in groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: CSCR patients revealed an excellent prognosis and success rate of 95.0% after taking propranolol. The treatment was able to enhance subretinal fluid (SRF) absorption, shorten the time to total complete remission, and significantly decrease CSCR recurrence. As such, we suggest that taking propranolol may be an alternative and viable choice for CSCR patients, given that the new method was shown to be safe, cheap, effective, well tolerated and convenient.

Background: To evaluate the macular sensitivity changes after half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).Methods: Eighteen patients (26 eyes) with chronic CSCR were recruited in the same hospital between April 2011 and December 2012. All patients were treated with one session of half-dose PDT after complete ophthalmic examination. Macular sensitivity examination was performed at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Mean sensitivity (MS) of the central 10 degrees (10°) and 4 degrees (4°), mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) on automated static perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyzer II-750) were used for analysis.Results: There was significant improvement of the 10°MS from baseline (29.76 ± 1.51 dB) to 1 month (31.74 ± 1.56 dB), 3 months (31.51 ± 1.38 dB) and 6 months (31.19 ± 1.61 dB) after treatment (P < 0.001). The 4°MS was also significantly improved with half-dose PDT from baseline (28.96 ± 1.78 dB) to 1 month (32.41 ± 1.66 dB), 3 months (32.46 ± 1.50 dB) and 6 months (31.90 ± 1.84 dB) post-treatment (P < 0.001). MD was improved from baseline (-3.39 ± 0.89 dB) to 1 month (-1.96 ± 0.29 dB), 3 months (-1.94 ± 0.29 dB) and 6 months (-2.45 ± 0.13) post-treatment (P = 0.004). PSD also improved from 1.97 ± 0.24 dB at baseline to 1.47 ± 0.27 dB, 1.34 ± 0.24 dB, and 1.53 ± 0.24 dB (P = 0.001) at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment, respectively.Conclusion: Macular sensitivity in CSCR can be improved by half-dose PDT, along with improvement of visual acuity and retinal thickness. The treatment outcome at 1 month may be a predictor of the final treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the different patterns of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Materials and Methods: The hospital based descriptive study of 16 male patients was conducted in department of ophthalmology in Akhtar Saeed trust hospital from January 2014 to June 2016. These patients were selected from outpatient department (OPD). The diagnosis was clinical. All patients who have clinical diagnosis of CSCR were sent for FFA (fundus Fluorescein Angiography). Serial photographs were taken up to 30 - 45 minutes with Topcon digital fundus camera. Results: In the hospital based study 16 male patients with clinical diagnosis of CSCR were included. The age range was 26 - 50 years with a mean age of 30.62 years. Total numbers of eyes were 17, out of which 15 had unilateral disease and one patient had bilateral disease. The clinical features of patients with CSCR were blurred vision, positive central scotoma, decrease in contrast sensitivity, increasing hypermetropia and dome shaped elevation at macula. The duration of visual symptoms on presentation was from 7 days to 2 months (average 2 weeks). On FFA ink blot pattern was seen in 13 eyes and 4 eyes showed smoke stack appearance. Conclusion: On FFA ink blot pattern is seen more frequently than smoke stack pattern in patients of CSCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine changes in choroidal thickness in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) during the first 3 months after initial diagnosis and assess variable therapeutic interventions via enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). In this prospective study, choroidal thickness was measured via EDI-OCT both in the affected and fellow eyes of 10 patients with CSCR at the fovea, as well as at 500 and 1,000 μm both temporal and nasal from the centre of the fovea and at the leakage point (if present), visualised via fluorescein angiography. Follow-up measurements were performed after 2-3 weeks, 6-8 weeks and 3 months. Seven of the 10 patients received additional systemic therapy with oral acetazolamide. A control group of eight healthy subjects was recruited to determine normal choroidal thickness in healthy eyes. The mean age of the 10 patients (9 male, 1 female) in the CSCR group was 42.1 (±9.3) years. The choroid in the affected eyes was significantly thickened at baseline compared to fellow eyes and the eyes of healthy subjects. The choroid in the fellow eyes also revealed a slight thickening at baseline compared to normal eyes. During the 3 month follow-up period, the choroidal thickness of the affected eyes showed a highly significant decrease, but did not reach normal levels. Minor changes could also be observed in the fellow eyes but did not reach statistical significance. In patients with CSCR, the average choroidal thickness not only demonstrated a significant thickening at baseline, but also showed a marked decrease after 3 months, yet not reaching normal levels. Our data indicate that after 3 months, normalisation of choroidal thickness is not yet completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the pharmacological effects of propranolol treatment of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) over 4 months. Results: Among the 89 male and 31 female patients, the mean BCVA decreased to 0.42 ± 0.08 logMAR during CSCR attacks. Oral propranolol showed good effectiveness in reducing CSCR signs after at least 4 months of treatment. The final BCVA of the patients in groups 1 and 2 was 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.03 logMAR, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mean complete remission time in groups 1 and 2 was 1.9 and 3.5 months, respectively (p < 0.05), while the "success" rate in groups 1 and 2 was 95.0% (57/60) and 78.3% (47/60), respectively (p < 0.05). The recurrence rate in groups 1 and 2 was 5.3% (3/57) and 25.5% (12/47) after a further 5 months of follow-up, respectively (p < 0.05). Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups that both underwent a visual acuity test and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning, between April and December 2017. The 60 patients in group 1 were requested to take propranolol for 4 months, while the other 60 subjects (group 2) received placebo therapy during the same period. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of every volunteer and an OCT image of each patient were checked and recorded at the beginning of the study and each week thereafter. If the signs of CSCR disappeared completely from the OCT scans, the case was considered a "success" and treatment stopped at once. However, the "success" subjects were further evaluated in follow-ups throughout the next 5 months to determine the rate of recurrence in groups 1 and 2. The time of total complete remission of CSCR from the OCT scans was also measured in groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: CSCR patients revealed an excellent prognosis and success rate of 95.0% after taking propranolol. The treatment was able to enhance subretinal fluid (SRF) absorption, shorten the time to total complete remission, and significantly decrease CSCR recurrence. As such, we suggest that taking propranolol may be an alternative and viable choice for CSCR patients, given that the new method was shown to be safe, cheap, effective, well tolerated and convenient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To describe clinical and imaging characteristics of patients presenting with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with coexisting acute or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 54 eyes of 27 patients with coexisting DR and CSCR. Demographic details, prior history of laser, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), height of neurosensory detachment (NSD), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), subfoveal large choroidal vessel layer thickness (SF-LCVT), fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography features were recorded. Subanalysis was done for patients with unilateral CSCR. Data was evaluated using Student t-test for quantitative data and χ 2 test for qualitative data. CSCR between different grades of DR was analysed using analysis of variance., Results: Prevalence of coexistent CSCR in eyes with DR was 0.4%. Mean age was 53.96±8.79 years, with 25 males. Mean CMT was 349.2±258 μm. Mean SFCT and SF- LCVT of 38 eyes were 376.40±86 μm and 178.80±62.8 μm, respectively. Fifteen eyes had centre involving diabetic macular oedema. Subanalysis of patients with unilateral CSCR showed that the loss of inner segment-outer segment (IS-OS) integrity (p=0.001), photoreceptor footplates at the NSD roof (p=0.001) on optical coherence tomography and dilated choroidal vessels (p=0.05) on indocyanine green angiography were found more often in the CSCR eyes compared with their fellow eyes. Features of CSCR among the different grades of DR were not significantly different between the groups., Conclusion: Our study describes features of a unique subset of patients presenting with coexistent DR and CSCR. Such coexistent nature needs special attention by the clinicians as this may change the treatment approach and alter outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background and Objective: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common and idiopathic retinal disorder that affects young to middle aged adults. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of eyes with CSCR using a light-emitting diode (LED)-based multispectral imaging (MSI) system and to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of MSI compared to fluorescein angiography (FA) in detecting CSCR., Materials and Methods: A total of 56 eyes among 52 patients with 1 or more retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormality were retrospectively enrolled in the study. The patients underwent complete examination, including optical coherence tomography, FA, indocyanine-green angiography, and MSI. MSI images were retrospectively reviewed by experienced masked graders. Diagnoses that were made based on MSI alone were compared with those that were made using FA. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and the morphological features on MSI were summarized., Results: Among 56 eyes in 52 patients, MSI detected 22 of 26 true-positive CSCR cases but missed 4 FA-confirmed lesions. Further, it correctly excluded 30 of 30 non-CSCR lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of MSI were 84.6 and 100%, respectively, for identifying CSCR. Using MSI, RPE leakage was observed in 25 (96.2%) of 26 eyes with CSCR, which was comparable to the performance of FA. Dome-shaped areas of signal, which corresponded to fluid accumulation associated with neurosensory retinal detachment or RPE detachment were observed in 23 (88.5%) of 26 eyes., Conclusions: As a non-invasive technique, MSI permitted the visualization of RPE leakage and neurosensory detachment and allowed good detection of CSCR in this selected clinical population. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:498-505, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)