18 results on '"cellular recruitment"'
Search Results
2. Targeting the Chemokine System
- Author
-
Johnson, Z., Frauenschuh, A., Proudfoot, A. E. I., Starke, K., editor, and Gordon, Siamon, editor
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Acute mobilization and migration of bone marrow-derived stem cells following anterior cruciate ligament rupture.
- Author
-
Maerz, T., Fleischer, M., Newton, M.D., Davidson, A., Salisbury, M., Altman, P., Kurdziel, M.D., Anderson, K., Bedi, A., and Baker, K.C.
- Abstract
Objective: Little is known regarding acute local and systemic processes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. No study has elucidated whether bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mobilized into circulation and recruited to the injured joint.Methods: In Part 1, Lewis rats were randomized to noninvasive ACL rupture (Rupture) or non-injured (Control) (n = 6/group). After 72 h, whole blood MSC concentration was assessed using flow cytometry. Synovial fluid and serum were assayed for stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α and cartilage degeneration biomarkers, respectively. In Part 2, 12 additional rats were randomized and intravenously-injected with fluorescently-labeled allogenic MSCs. Cell tracking was performed using longitudinal, in vivo and ex vivo near-infrared (NIR) imaging and histology. Synovium SDF-1α and interleukin (IL)-17A immunostaining was performed. Serum was assayed for SDF-1α and 29 other cytokines.Results: In Part 1, there was a significant increase in MSC concentration and synovial fluid SDF-1α in Rupture. No differences in cartilage biomarkers were observed. In Part 2, Rupture had significantly higher NIR signal at 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating active recruitment of MSCs to the injured joint. Ex vivo cell tracking demonstrated MSC localization in the synovium and myotendinous junction (MTJ) of the quadriceps. Injured synovia exhibited increased synovitis grade and higher degree of IL-17A and SDF-1α immunostaining.Conclusion: ACL rupture induced peripheral blood mobilization of MSCs and migration of intravenously-injected allogenic MSCs to the injured joint, where they localized in the synovium and quadriceps MTJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Tpl2 promotes neutrophil trafficking, oxidative burst, and bacterial killing.
- Author
-
Acuff, Nicole V., Li, Xin, Elmore, Jessica, Rada, Balázs, and Watford, Wendy T.
- Subjects
BONE marrow ,NATURAL immunity ,IMMUNE system ,PHAGOCYTOSIS ,REACTIVE oxygen species - Abstract
Tpl2 promotes neutrophil antimicrobial pathways, including cytokine secretion, oxidative burst, and bacterial killing, via cell‐intrinsic mechanisms; Tpl2 also regulates neutrophil recruitment primarily via neutrophil‐extrinsic mechanisms. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes inflammatory cytokine production by activating the MEK/ERK pathway. Tpl2 has been shown to be important for eliciting the inflammatory properties of macrophages; however, there is relatively little known about the contribution of Tpl2 to neutrophil effector functions. This is an important consideration, as neutrophils provide the first line of defense against infection in the innate immune system. We found that Tpl2 is expressed in both human and murine neutrophils, suggesting a potential function for Tpl2 in this lineage. Despite significantly higher proportions of bone marrow (BM) neutrophils in Tpl2‐deficient (Tpl2−/−) mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice, Tpl2−/− mice have significantly reduced proportions of circulating neutrophils. Tpl2−/− neutrophils show impaired recruitment to thioglycollate, which was primarily a result of neutrophil‐extrinsic factors in the host. In response to infection, neutrophils secrete inflammatory cytokines and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote bacterial killing. Tpl2 ablation impaired neutrophil TNF secretion in response to LPS stimulation, superoxide generation in response to the chemotactic peptide fMLP, and killing of the extracellular bacterium, Citrobacter rodentium, despite normal bacterial phagocytosis. These results implicate Tpl2 in the regulation of multiple neutrophil antimicrobial pathways, including inflammatory cytokine secretion and oxidative burst. Furthermore, they indicate that Tpl2 functions early during infection to bolster neutrophil‐mediated innate immunity against extracellular bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos endotoxêmicos Anti-oxidative activity of alveolar macrophages in endotoxemic rats
- Author
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Juliana Félix de Melo, Érika M. Correia de Macedo, Rebecca P. Paes Silva, Marcelo Tavares Viana, Wylla T. Ferreira e Silva, and Célia M.M. Barbosa de Castro
- Subjects
Atividade antioxidante ,atividade oxidante ,endotoxemia ,recrutamento celular ,macrófago ,Antioxidant activity ,oxidant activity ,cellular recruitment ,macrophage ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito da endotoxemia sobre a atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos, com idade entre 90 e 120 dias, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle e endotoxêmico. O grupo endotoxêmico foi submetido à injeção intraperitonial de lipopolissacarídio na dose de 1mg/kg de peso corporal. Após 24 h, coletou-se sangue para contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos; lavado broncoalveolar para contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos e, a partir de macrófagos isolados deste lavado, foram realizadas as dosagens de superóxido e superóxido dismutase. A endotoxemia aumentou a contagem total de leucócitos e o número de neutrófilos no sangue periférico, no lavado broncoalveolar, e aumentou a produção de superóxido sem modificar a produção da superóxido dismutase. Esses resultados sugerem que a endotoxemia induz a uma resposta inflamatória no pulmão. Contudo, não altera a atividade antioxidante em ratos adultos. Tal fato potencializa a resposta contra agentes infecciosos pelo hospedeiro, mas também pode contribuir na patogênese de injúria pulmonar.The effects of endotoxemia on the antioxidant activity in alveolar macrophages of Wistar rats were evaluated. Twenty-four male rats, 90-120 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control and endotoxemic. To the endotoxemic animals was administered, intraperitoneally, a lipopolyssaccaride at dosage of 1mg/kg body weight. Twenty-four hours after this procedure, blood was collected for total and differential leukocytes counts. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage was collected for total and differential leukocyte counting. From this lavage macrophages were isolated for the dosage of superoxide and superoxide dismutase. The endotoxemia increased the total leukocyte counts and the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage of the rats. There was an increased superoxide production without changing the superoxide dismutase. Our findings indicate that endotoxemia induces lung inflammatory response. However, it does not alter the antioxidant activity in adult rats. This fact not only enhances host response against infectious agents, but might also contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Inflammatory cell recruitment after experimental thromboembolic stroke in rats.
- Author
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Lehmann, J., Härtig, W., Seidel, A., Füldner, C., Hobohm, C., Grosche, J., Krueger, M., and Michalski, D.
- Subjects
- *
THROMBOEMBOLISM , *INFLAMMATION , *LABORATORY rats , *LYMPHOID tissue , *INTERFERONS , *FLUORESCEIN - Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms were recently identified as contributors to delayed neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. However, therapeutic strategies are still lacking, probably related to the outstanding standardization on inflammatory cell recruitment emerging from predominantly artificial stroke models, and the uncertainty on functional properties of distinct subpopulations. Using a rodent model of stroke that closely reflects human embolic ischemia, this study was focused on the local recruitment of immunoreactive cells as well as their functional and regional characterization. Wistar rats underwent thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by intravenous injection of the blood–brain barrier permeability marker fluorescein-conjugated albumin at 24 h. One hour later, brain tissue was subjected to multi-parameter flow cytometry and Pappenheim staining to characterize cells invaded into the ischemia-affected hemisphere, compared to the contralateral side. Immunofluorescence labeling was applied to explore the distribution patterns of recruited cells and their spatial relationships with the vasculature. One day after ischemia onset, a 6.12-fold increase of neutrophils and a 5.43-fold increase of monocytes/macrophages was found in affected hemispheres, while these cells exhibited enhanced major histocompatibility complex class II expression and allocation with vessels exhibiting impaired blood–brain barrier integrity. Microglia remained numerically unaltered in ischemic hemispheres, but shifted to an activated phenotype indicated by CD45/CD86 expression and morphological changes toward an ameboid appearance in the bordering zone. Ischemia caused an increase of lymphoid cells in close vicinity to the affected vasculature, while further analyses allowed separation into natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, T cells (added by an unconventional CD11b + /CD3 + population) and two subpopulations of B cells. Taken together, our study provides novel data on the local inflammatory response to experimental thromboembolic stroke. As concomitantly present neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and lymphoid cells in the early stage after ischemia induction correspond to changes seen in human stroke, future stroke research should preferably use animal models with relevance for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Recruitment and degeneration of mitochondrion-rich cells in the gills of Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus during adaptation to a hyperosmotic environment
- Author
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Inokuchi, Mayu and Kaneko, Toyoji
- Subjects
- *
MOZAMBIQUE tilapia , *BIOLOGICAL adaptation , *OSMOREGULATION , *APOPTOSIS , *STREAM salinity , *GILLS , *FISHES - Abstract
Abstract: Cellular recruitment and degeneration of branchial mitochondrion-rich (MR) cells were examined in Mozambique tilapia transferred from hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic water. To examine apoptosis in the gills associated with salinity change, tilapia were directly transferred from freshwater to 70% seawater. The TUNEL assay showed that apoptotic cells in the gills were significantly increased at 1day after transfer, which was supported by an electron-microscopic observation that gill MR cells underwent morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis such as an irregularly shaped electron-dense nucleus and distension of the tubular system. To further examine MR–cell recruitment, freshwater-acclimated tilapia were transferred either to freshwater or to 70% seawater after BrdU injection. Immunohistochemical detection of BrdU-labeled nuclei and Na+/K+-ATPase-rich MR cells allowed us to classify BrdU-labeled MR cells into two subtypes: a single MR cell and an MR–cell complex. Although newly generated single MR cells were observed similarly in both freshwater and 70% seawater-transferred fish, the density of MR–cell complexes was much higher in 70% seawater than in freshwater. Our findings indicated that transfer from hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic water enhanced apoptosis of freshwater-type MR cells, resulting in reduction in hyperosmoregulatory ability for freshwater adaptation, and stimulated the recruitment of MR–cell complexes to develop hypoosmoregulatory ability for seawater adaptation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Type I interferon signaling regulates the composition of inflammatory infiltrates upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes
- Author
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Brzoza-Lewis, Kristina L., Jason Hoth, J., and Hiltbold, Elizabeth M.
- Subjects
- *
LISTERIA monocytogenes , *INTERFERONS , *NEUTROPHILS , *BACTERIAL diseases , *APOPTOSIS , *LABORATORY mice - Abstract
Abstract: Type I IFN is key to the immune response to viral pathogens, however its role in bacterial infections is less well understood. Mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR−/−) demonstrate enhanced resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. We have now determined that following infection with Listeria, the composition of innate cells recruited to the peritoneal cavity of IFNAR−/− mice reflects an increase in the frequency of neutrophils and a decrease in monocyte frequency compared to WT controls. These differences in inflammatory infiltrates could not be attributed to distinct bone marrow composition prior to infection or to level of apoptosis. We also observed no differences in neutrophil oxidative burst. However, blocking CXCR2 prevented enhanced neutrophil influx and hampered bacterial clearance. Taken together, these studies highlight a novel mechanism by which type I interferon signaling regulates the immune response to Listeria, through negative regulation of chemokines driving neutrophil recruitment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Type I interferon signaling regulates the composition of inflammatory infiltrates upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes.
- Author
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Brzoza-Lewis, Kristina L., Jason Hoth, J., and Hiltbold, Elizabeth M.
- Subjects
- *
INTERFERONS , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *INFLAMMATION , *LISTERIA monocytogenes , *IMMUNOREGULATION , *VIRUS diseases , *NATURAL immunity - Abstract
Type I IFN is key to the immune response to viral pathogens, however its role in bacterial infections is less well understood. Mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR−/−) demonstrate enhanced resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes . We have now determined that following infection with Listeria, the composition of innate cells recruited to the peritoneal cavity of IFNAR−/− mice reflects an increase in the frequency of neutrophils and a decrease in monocyte frequency compared to WT controls. These differences in inflammatory infiltrates could not be attributed to distinct bone marrow composition prior to infection or to level of apoptosis. We also observed no differences in neutrophil oxidative burst. However, blocking CXCR2 prevented enhanced neutrophil influx and hampered bacterial clearance. Taken together, these studies highlight a novel mechanism by which type I interferon signaling regulates the immune response to Listeria , through negative regulation of chemokines driving neutrophil recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos endotoxêmicos.
- Author
-
de Melo, Juliana Félix, Correia de Macedo, Érika M., Paes Silva, Rebecca P., Viana, Marcelo Tavares, Ferreira e Silva, Wylla T., and Barbosa de Castro, Célia M. M.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Stromal progenitor cells promote leukocyte migration through production of stromal-derived growth factor 1α: a potential mechanism for stromal progenitor cell–mediated enhancement of cellular recruitment to wounds.
- Author
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Badillo, Andrea T., Zhang, Liping, and Liechty, Kenneth W.
- Subjects
LEUCOCYTES ,GASTROINTESTINAL stromal tumors ,WOUNDS & injuries ,SURGICAL emergencies ,DISEASES - Abstract
Abstract: Background/Purpose: Stromal progenitor cells (SPC) enhance tissue repair in a variety of injury models. However, the mechanisms by which SPCs facilitate tissue repair remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that SPC-enhanced tissue repair is, in part, because of SPC-mediated recruitment of circulating cells to areas of tissue injury. To test this, we examined the migration of leukocytes in response to SPC in vitro. Methods: Leukocyte migration was assessed in response to SPC, SPC + transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, or SPC + AMD3100 using a Transwell assay system (Corning, distributed by Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). Supernatants were collected from lower chambers and analyzed for leukocyte content, leukocyte viability, and stromal-derived growth factor (SDF)-1α concentration. Results: Stromal progenitor cells increased leukocyte migration compared to media alone (450 ± 70 vs 112 ± 17 cells/μL; P < .05). SPC treatment with TGF-β1 resulted in a 36% increase in leukocyte migration and correlated with an increase in SDF-1α production. Treatment with AMD3100 resulted in inhibition of leukocyte migration. Conclusions: Stromal progenitor cells promote leukocyte migration, and this appears to be mediated through SDF-1α production. The SPC production of SDF-1α may be modulated by other cytokines present in the microenvironment during wound healing. Together, these observations provide a potential mechanism by which SPC may augment healing through enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells and tissue progenitor cells to areas of tissue injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Early infection with Leishmania major restrains pathogenic response to Leishmania amazonensis and parasite growth
- Author
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González-Lombana, C.Z., Santiago, H.C., Macedo, J.P., Seixas, V.A.R., Russo, R.C., Tafuri, W.L., Afonso, L.C.C., and Vieira, L.Q.
- Subjects
- *
LEISHMANIA , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *NITRIC oxide , *PARASITES - Abstract
Abstract: Experimental models of infection with Leishmania spp. have provided knowledge of several immunological events involved in the resistance mechanism used by the host to restrain parasite growth. It is well accepted that concomitant immunity exists, and there is some evidence that it would play a major role in long-lasting acquired resistance to infection. In this paper, the resistance to Leishmania amazonensis infection in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major was investigated. C57BL/6 mice, which spontaneously heal lesions caused by infection with L. major, were infected with L. amazonensis at different times before and after L. major. We demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice previously infected with L. major restrain pathogenic responses induced by L. amazonensis infection and decrease parasite burdens by one order of magnitude. Co-infected mice showed production of IFN-γ in lesions similar to mice infected solely with L. major, but higher TNF-α and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression was observed. Surprisingly, the restrained pathogenic response was not related to IL-10 production, as evidenced by lower levels of both mRNA, protein expression in lesions from co-infected mice and in co-infections in IL-10−/− mice. Examination of the inflammatory infiltrate at the site of infection showed a reduced number of monocytes and lymphocytes in L. amazonensis lesions. Additionally, differential production of the CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES was observed. We suggest that the control of lesion progression caused by L. amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice pre-infected with L. major is related to the induction of a down-regulatory environment at the site of infection with L. amazonensis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Pathogenic role of B cells and antibodies in murine Leishmania amazonensis infection
- Author
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Wanasen, Nanchaya, Xin, Lijun, and Soong, Lynn
- Subjects
- *
LYMPHOCYTES , *CELLS , *B cells , *T cells - Abstract
Abstract: Leishmania amazonensis infection, occurring predominantly in Central and South America, can manifest itself in several forms, including those of cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. The outcome of L. amazonensis infection depends largely on host immune responses to the parasites. While CD4+ T cell activation is a prerequisite for pathogenesis in L. amazonensis-infected mice, the roles of B cells and their antibody production are unclear. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that B cells and antibodies are involved in disease pathogenesis. We documented a correlation between B cell activation and lesion progress in immunocompetent mice. In the absence of functional B cells and antibodies, JhD mice showed a delayed onset of disease and developed small lesions. Histological examination of these mice revealed a significant reduction in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not in MAC1+ macrophages, at the infection site. In contrast to the wild-type mice that showed typical tissue necrosis, L. amazonensis-infected JhD mice showed no or minimal signs of necrotic foci. A marked reduction in CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-10) production in infected JhD mice suggested an involvement of B cells and antibodies in the priming of parasite-specific T cells. This notion was further supported by the observations that adoptive transfer of B cells or antibodies could restore CD4+ T cell activation and migration in infected JhD mice. Moreover, antibody coating of parasites could stimulate dendritic cells to produce high levels of cytokines and increase their ability to prime naı¨ve CD4+ T cells. Since CD4+ T cells are crucial to disease pathogenesis, this study suggests that B cells and their antibody production enhanced L. amazonensis infection, partially by promoting T cell priming and cellular migration to the infection site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Inflammatory cell recruitment after experimental thromboembolic stroke in rats
- Author
-
Jens Grosche, J. Lehmann, A. Seidel, C. Füldner, Dominik Michalski, Martin Krueger, Carsten Hobohm, Wolfgang Härtig, and Publica
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neutrophils ,T-Lymphocytes ,Population ,Ischemia ,Inflammation ,Thromboembolic stroke ,Monocytes ,Brain Ischemia ,Capillary Permeability ,Random Allocation ,cellular recruitment ,Thromboembolism ,medicine ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,education ,Stroke ,CD86 ,B-Lymphocytes ,education.field_of_study ,Microglia ,business.industry ,Macrophages ,General Neuroscience ,Brain ,Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ,Natural killer T cell ,medicine.disease ,thromboembolic model ,Killer Cells, Natural ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,inflammation ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Immunology ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms were recently identified as contributors to delayed neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. However, therapeutic strategies are still lacking, probably related to the outstanding standardization on inflammatory cell recruitment emerging from predominantly artificial stroke models, and the uncertainty on functional properties of distinct subpopulations. Using a rodent model of stroke that closely reflects human embolic ischemia, this study was focused on the local recruitment of immunoreactive cells as well as their functional and regional characterization. Wistar rats underwent thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by intravenous injection of the blood-brain barrier permeability marker fluorescein-conjugated albumin at 24h. One hour later, brain tissue was subjected to multi-parameter flow cytometry and Pappenheim staining to characterize cells invaded into the ischemia-affected hemisphere, compared to the contralateral side. Immunofluorescence labeling was applied to explore the distribution patterns of recruited cells and their spatial relationships with the vasculature. One day after ischemia onset, a 6.12-fold increase of neutrophils and a 5.43-fold increase of monocytes/macrophages was found in affected hemispheres, while these cells exhibited enhanced major histocompatibility complex class II expression and allocation with vessels exhibiting impaired blood-brain barrier integrity. Microglia remained numerically unaltered in ischemic hemispheres, but shifted to an activated phenotype indicated by CD45/CD86 expression and morphological changes toward an ameboid appearance in the bordering zone. Ischemia caused an increase of lymphoid cells in close vicinity to the affected vasculature, while further analyses allowed separation into natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, T cells (added by an unconventional CD11b(+)/CD3(+) population) and two subpopulations of B cells. Taken together, our study provides novel data on the local inflammatory response to experimental thromboembolic stroke. As concomitantly present neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and lymphoid cells in the early stage after ischemia induction correspond to changes seen in human stroke, future stroke research should preferably use animal models with relevance for clinical translation.
- Published
- 2014
15. Atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos endotoxêmicos
- Author
-
Melo, Juliana Félix de, Macedo, Érika M. Correia de, Paes Silva, Rebecca P., Viana, Marcelo Tavares, Ferreira e Silva, Wylla T., and Castro, Célia M.M. Barbosa de
- Subjects
macrófago ,Atividade antioxidante ,recrutamento celular ,Antioxidant activity ,cellular recruitment ,endotoxemia ,macrophage ,atividade oxidante ,oxidant activity - Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito da endotoxemia sobre a atividade antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos, com idade entre 90 e 120 dias, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle e endotoxêmico. O grupo endotoxêmico foi submetido à injeção intraperitonial de lipopolissacarídio na dose de 1mg/kg de peso corporal. Após 24 h, coletou-se sangue para contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos; lavado broncoalveolar para contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos e, a partir de macrófagos isolados deste lavado, foram realizadas as dosagens de superóxido e superóxido dismutase. A endotoxemia aumentou a contagem total de leucócitos e o número de neutrófilos no sangue periférico, no lavado broncoalveolar, e aumentou a produção de superóxido sem modificar a produção da superóxido dismutase. Esses resultados sugerem que a endotoxemia induz a uma resposta inflamatória no pulmão. Contudo, não altera a atividade antioxidante em ratos adultos. Tal fato potencializa a resposta contra agentes infecciosos pelo hospedeiro, mas também pode contribuir na patogênese de injúria pulmonar. The effects of endotoxemia on the antioxidant activity in alveolar macrophages of Wistar rats were evaluated. Twenty-four male rats, 90-120 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control and endotoxemic. To the endotoxemic animals was administered, intraperitoneally, a lipopolyssaccaride at dosage of 1mg/kg body weight. Twenty-four hours after this procedure, blood was collected for total and differential leukocytes counts. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage was collected for total and differential leukocyte counting. From this lavage macrophages were isolated for the dosage of superoxide and superoxide dismutase. The endotoxemia increased the total leukocyte counts and the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage of the rats. There was an increased superoxide production without changing the superoxide dismutase. Our findings indicate that endotoxemia induces lung inflammatory response. However, it does not alter the antioxidant activity in adult rats. This fact not only enhances host response against infectious agents, but might also contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury.
- Published
- 2010
16. Vascular Wall Responses to Bypass Grafting - Studies in Mice
- Author
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Österberg, Klas
- Subjects
mice ,cellular recruitment ,cardiovascular system ,Intimal hyperplasia ,graft stenosis ,smooth muscle cells - Abstract
Vein grafts are frequently used in bypass surgery for treatment of coronary artery disease and lower limb ischemia. Unfortunately the long-term patency is impaired by vein graft stenoses due to intimal hyperplasia (IH). It is assumed that exaggerated intimal thickening is initiated by vessel wall injuries or local flow disturbances. Accumulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key events in the formation of IH. It has been an established opinion that these cells have their solely origin in the underlying media. This theory has been challenged by recent research, which has demonstrated recruitment of SMCs from other sources than the local vessel wall. Mice models including genetically modified strains have had a major impact on the reformed view upon vascular repair. In this thesis, recruitment pathways of intimal SMCs and the impact of blood flow on vein graft intimal thickening were investigated. A new mouse model, which enables studies of different blood flow through vascular grafts was established. The area of IH in vein grafts was measured in two groups, which had a 2.7 times difference in blood flow. The area was 70% larger in the low flow group compared to high flow, which shows that vein graft IH is regulated by the magnitude of blood flow. Recruitment pathways of SMCs to IH in vein grafts were studied in genetically modified mice, expressing the enzyme LacZ. Thirty percent of the cells originated from sources apart from the grafts. External shielding of the vein grafts resulted in decreased contribution of cells from recipient mice, which point at transadventitial migration as an important recruitment pathway. SMC migration from the adjacent artery could not be detected, which indicate that the connected artery does not play any role for formation of vein graft stenoses. The ability of externally recruited SMCs to regenerate the vessel wall was investigated by implantation of grafts in which cells had been abolished. Acellular vein grafts developed similar degree of IH as cellular vein grafts, which demonstrate that externally recruited SMCs by themselves can form intimal thickening. Acellular arteries were also implanted. The externally recruited SMCs to the arteries had limited ability to regenerate the medial SMC population and no vasomotor function was observed. This demonstrates that recipient derived SMC progenitor cells can contribute to pathological cellular formations, but lack ability to re-establish the normal morphology and function of the arterial wall. In conclusion, the results from this thesis show that the vein wall in response to bypass grafting develops IH, which is regulated by the magnitude of blood flow. The intimal SMCs can be derived from sources outside the vessel wall and may partly be recruited by transadventitial migration but not from the adjacent artery. The SMCs with external origin have ability to contribute to IH but not to the functional population of medial SMCs.
- Published
- 2008
17. Early infection with Leishmania major restrains pathogenic response to Leishmania amazonensis and parasite growth
- Author
-
Washington Luiz Tafuri, V.A.R. Seixas, Leda Quercia Vieira, Juan Pereira de Macêdo, Remo Castro Russo, Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso, C.Z. González-Lombana, and Helton C. Santiago
- Subjects
Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,CCL3 ,Biology ,CCL5 ,Monocytes ,Cellular recruitment ,Pathogenesis ,Interferon-gamma ,Mice ,Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Immunity ,medicine ,Animals ,Leishmania major ,Lymphocytes ,Protozoan parasites ,Chemokine CCL5 ,Leishmaniasis ,Chemokine CCL3 ,Leishmania ,Mice, Knockout ,Foot ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Kinetoplastida ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Interleukin-10 ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Infectious Diseases ,Insect Science ,Immunology ,Parasitology ,Female ,Nitric Oxide Synthase ,Infection - Abstract
Experimental models of infection with Leishmania spp. have provided knowledge of several immunological events involved in the resistance mechanism used by the host to restrain parasite growth. It is well accepted that concomitant immunity exists, and there is some evidence that it would play a major role in long-lasting acquired resistance to infection. In this paper, the resistance to Leishmania amazonensis infection in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major was investigated. C57BL/6 mice, which spontaneously heal lesions caused by infection with L. major, were infected with L. amazonensis at different times before and after L. major. We demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice previously infected with L. major restrain pathogenic responses induced by L. amazonensis infection and decrease parasite burdens by one order of magnitude. Co-infected mice showed production of IFN-gamma in lesions similar to mice infected solely with L. major, but higher TNF-alpha and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression was observed. Surprisingly, the restrained pathogenic response was not related to IL-10 production, as evidenced by lower levels of both mRNA, protein expression in lesions from co-infected mice and in co-infections in IL-10(-/-) mice. Examination of the inflammatory infiltrate at the site of infection showed a reduced number of monocytes and lymphocytes in L. amazonensis lesions. Additionally, differential production of the CCL3/MIP-1 alpha and CCL5/RANTES was observed. We suggest that the control of lesion progression caused by L. amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice pre-infected with L. major is related to the induction of a down-regulatory environment at the site of infection with L. amazonensis.
- Published
- 2007
18. Functional ex-vivo Imaging of Arterial Cellular Recruitment and Lipid Extravasation.
- Author
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van der Vorst EPC, Maas SL, Ortega-Gomez A, Hameleers JMM, Bianchini M, Asare Y, Soehnlein O, Döring Y, Weber C, and Megens RTA
- Abstract
The main purpose of this sophisticated and highly versatile method is to visualize and quantify structural vessel wall properties, cellular recruitment, and lipid/dextran extravasation under physiological conditions in living arteries. This will be of interest for a broad range of researchers within the field of inflammation, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and even the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, many researchers are using in vitro techniques to evaluate cellular recruitment, like transwell or flow chamber systems with cultured cells, with unclear physiological comparability. The here introduced method describes in detail the use of a sophisticated and flexible method to study arterial wall properties and leukocyte recruitment in fresh and viable murine carotid arteries ex vivo under arterial flow conditions. This model mimics the in vivo situation and allows the use of cells and arteries isolated from two different donors (for example, wildtype vs. specific knockouts) to be combined into one experiments, thereby providing information on both leukocyte and/or endothelial cell properties of both donors. As such, this model can be considered an alternative for the complicated and invasive in vivo studies, such as parabiotic experiments.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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