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Introduction. The publication of the joint monograph titled ‘Karachays. Balkars’ and edited by M. Karaketov and H.-M. Sabanchiev introduced into scientific circulation a large layer of vocabulary characterizing some specific aspects of Karachay-Balkar culture. Quite a number of lexemes associated with traditional culture prove absent in the Karachay-Balkar–Russian Dictionary (30,000 word entries). So, Karachay-Balkar terminology happens to comprise the already expected Turkic lexemes ⸺ and a huge layer of loanwords missing in other Turkic languages. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of borrowings in the Karachay-Balkar language that are not typical for other Turkic languages. Results. The etymological analysis has excluded the undeveloped (literary) Orientalisms of Arab-Persian origin associated with Islam, law, and social order. The greatest number of parallels is noted for Digor Ossetian: over 300 words contained in the mentioned monograph arrived from the latter language. Our investigation of the monograph was followed by additions of already existing etymologies from comparisons by V. Abaev ⸺ with some corrections and certain Digor Ossetian parallels. Some Orientalisms and Caucasisms assimilated into the target vocabulary have also been interpreted as Ossetian parallels, i.e. their penetration into Karachay-Balkar is assumed to have taken place through Digor. The remaining vocabulary is distributed among Western Caucasian loanwords and those from Nakh-Dagestani languages. The article provides complete materials of the borrowed terminology divided into semantic fields, which makes it possible to assess the degree and realms of cultural influence. Interpretations of how the borrowing may have penetrated into the vocabulary and, accordingly, of how the languages contacted prove instrumental in determining the intermediate ancestral homeland of the Karachay-Balkar forefathers. That may have been the area of historical Salatavia north of the Salatau Ridge, bounded on the west by the Aktash River, and on the east ⸺ by the Sulak River. The article is intended for Turkologists and experts in Caucasian studies. The material shall be of interest to historians, ethnographers, and culturologists.

The International Conference “Problems of the History of the Caucasus” was held at the National Academy of Sciences of RA in Yerevan on March 15-16. Pavlik (Pavel) Chobanyan was born in Khanlar town of Azerbaijan SSR (native village - historical Pip-Zaglik) on March 15, 1948. In 1973, he graduated from the Department of History at Yerevan State University. From 1974-1976, he pursued Caucasian and Georgian studies at the postgraduate course of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Armenian Soviet Republic Academy of Sciences and in the Institute of Manuscripts of the Georgian Academy of Sciences under the supervision of of Georgian scholar P. Metreveli.

The article contains a historiographical review of pre- revolutionary, Soviet and contemporary studies on various aspects of political, legal, economic and socio-cultural integration of the peoples of the North Caucasus into Russia at the end of the 18th – 20th centuries. The authors carry out a historiographical review of pre-revolutionary and Soviet studies, in which the problem of the formation of the Russian-Caucasian socio-cultural unity at the end of the 18th – 20th centuries is studied. The priority of problems in the pre-revolutionary period was determined by military- strategic tasks in the context of active policy of Russia in the Caucasus, the traditional social institutions, life and customs of the highlanders, their relationship with the imperial authorities were studied in order to integrate the region into the Russian socio-political, economic and cultural system and further modernization of North Caucasian societies. The Soviet period of the historiography of the problem is characterized by the dominance of the Marxist-Leninist methodology, the structuring of the main problems of the history of Russian-North Caucasian relations, the appearance of the first generalizing works on the history of the region, terminological searches in the study of the process of joining and development of the region by the Russian Empire. The authors carry out a historiographical review of modern research, in which the problem of the formation of the Russian-Caucasian sociocultural unity at the end of the 18th – 20th centuries is studied. The modern historiography of the integration and modernization processes in the North Caucasus is characterized by methodological pluralism, which opened up new opportunities for interpreting various social processes in the region in the last third of the 18th – early 20th centuries. The formation of new scientific schools of Caucasian studies was distinguished by different approaches to identifying key factors and processes in the history of the region, a number of authors proceeded from the idea of the independence of its development as part of the Russian state.

The International Conference "The Caucasus at the Crossroads of Internation-al Trade and Cultural Exchange (from ancient times to the present)" was held at the National Academy of Sciences of RA on September 5-6, 2022. It was organized by the Institute of Oriental Studies of NAS RA and the Institute of History and Ethnology of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The conference was attend-ed by about forty researchers from research centers and universities in Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Japan, the United States of America, Iran, and Poland. At the beginning of the conference welcoming speeches were delivered by Academician-Secretary of the Division of Armenian Studies and Social Sciences of NAS RA Academician Yuri Suvaryan, Director of the Institute of the Oriental Studies of NAS RA Robert Ghazaryan, and Director of the Institute of History and Ethnology of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Giorgi Tcheishvili. In his opening remarks, academician Yuri Suvaryan noted, "the Caucasus is an important cross-road where the interests of many nations and states have been intersecting. I hope this conference will be a key step for the continued development of Caucasian studies. Under current geopolitical conditions new challenges and difficulties are emerging, and this conference should also have a practical purpose, to work out a strategy which will help to face the modern scientific and also geopolitical chal-lenges coming up for the Caucasian peoples.

The history of the Cossacks is one of the promising areas of domestic Caucasian studies. The greatest attention of researchers is attracted by the history of the Terek, Kuban, Don and Linear Cossack troops, which is closely connected with the history of the colonization of the North Caucasus and the South of Russia. The article discusses the historiography of studying the history of the Cossacks through the prism of the works of Stavropol historians, in relation to the pre-revolutionary period, the works of those military historians and researchers who lived for a certain time on the territory of Stavropol and wrote about the history of the Cossacks. The change in the stages of historiography was associated with a change in political orientations in society and affected its content. The pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern stages of the national historiography of the problem of the South Russian Cossacks are considered sequentially, the works of historians, problems, trends and features of research are analyzed. It is shown that a significant role in the formation of the historiographic tradition of studying the history of the Cossacks was played by military historians of the 19th - early 20th centuries, whose writings were of a military-strategic nature and were made in the form of military-topographical, military-statistical, statistical-geographical and historical-geographical descriptions. The Soviet stage is characterized by significant research in the field of the military-political history of the North Caucasus in the 19th century, the appearance of the first generalizing works, including those on the history of the North Caucasus, those territories where the Cossacks densely lived. A distinctive feature of the current stage of domestic historical science is the emergence of new approaches and methods to the study of the history of the Cossacks, the definition of the following areas of research: the phenomenon of the Russian Cossacks; Cossacks and Russian statehood; historical traditions of Cossack self-government; the interaction of the Cossacks, authorities and the church at various stages of the history of Russia; Cossacks in the state-national and cultural policy of the Russian Empire; Cossack colonization in the North Caucasus and the history of the Caucasian War; Cossacks and the Soviet power, decossackization, Cossacks during the Great Patriotic War, problems of the revival of the Cossacks; modern development of the Cossacks in Russia; Cossacks in the history and culture of foreign states; Cossacks in the space of historical memory of Soviet and post-Soviet societies; preservation of the historical heritage, material and spiritual culture of the Russian Cossacks.

The article deals with the creation, directions of activities of the Caucasian Mountain Society at the turn of the XIX -early XX centuries. The Caucasian Mountain Society played an important role in the development of tourism in the North Caucasus, in the study of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Caucasus Mountains, and the study of the multinational region. The Society brought together scientists, ethnographers, topographers, photographers, engineers, writers and teachers of Russia. Excursion work took a significant place in the field of activity of the Society's members. The Society organized excursions for residents of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, tourists coming from different parts of the Russian Empire and Western Europe. The main attention was paid to conducting excursions for students of educational institutions of the Russian Empire, who got acquainted with amazing places, history, culture, nature of the Caucasus. The company has developed 16 routes, ranging from excursions along the Caucasian Mineral Waters to routes along military roads - Georgian, Ossetian, Elbrus, and Kazbek. One of the directions in the work of the Society was publishing. Members of the Society published the "Yearbook of the Caucasian Mountain Society in Pyatigorsk" and "Bulletin of the Caucasian Mountain Society", as well as brochures reflecting observations on the history, archeology, geology, botany of the North Caucasus. The Caucasian Mountain Society carried out archaeological work, took care of the protection of archaeological monuments. The society opened a library, which presented unique collections of books on the history of the North Caucasus, maps, reference materials. The Caucasian Mountain Society did a lot to create a museum, which presented materials on geology, botany, entomology, paleontology, archeology, photographs of prominent places in the Caucasus, on the basis of which the Pyatigorsk Museum of Local Lore was created. The Caucasian Mountain Society laid the foundation for a comprehensive study of the North Caucasus, the development of North Caucasus local history, laid research and practical traditions that were perceived by scientists and scientific institutions during the Soviet period.

The article analyzes the liberal historiography of the North Caucasian social relations and the transformation of these relations in the 1860s and 1870s. This historiographic problem is still poorly understood and the authors made a successful attempt in its study. They defined and characterized 3 groups of researchers of the North Caucasus social relations: the officers of the Caucasian army (K. Krasnitsky, N. F. Grabovsky, V. Maslovsky, N. Tulchinsky); the officers-mountaineers and the school officials-mountaineers (A. G. Keshev, D. Kodzokov, B. Shakhanov-Dzhankhotov); Caucasians Studies researchers (V. B. Pfaf, F. I. Leontovich, M. M. Kovalevsky, D. Ya. Lavrov, Y. V. Abramov and others).

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