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Copyright of Artvin Coruh University International Journal of Social Sciences (ACUSBD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When adapting to a new host country, one of the most important issues is social belonging – the question on what basis people feel a sense of belonging. This is a question of group identity. Group identity is based on the group’s shared history and especially on myths of common and special origins. In the narratives of the Estonians of Abkhazia, the main reason for emigration is the difficult economic conditions in the old homeland. These stories are recorded in the written memories and village chronicles of the inhabitants of the Estonian settlements in the Caucasus, which date back to the 19th and 20th centuries, but they can be heard orally even today, because the stories have been heard from parents and grandparents. Both in earlier writings and in today’s oral presentations, the conditions in the old homeland of Estonia are depicted as poor, sometimes quite unbearable. An important figure in these stories is an evil and arrogant German landlord who oppressed the ancestors of the settlers. The first chapter of the article shows the historical background of the confrontation between the Estonian peasants and the German landlords in Estonia and how it was at least partially realized as an emigration movement under the influence of the peasant laws of the 19th century. The topic of the evil landlord was taken by the Estonian settlers to the settlements in Caucasus – these were stories told from personal experiences with the landlords. The formation and transmission of stories from generation to generation as founding narratives was facilitated by the opposition between Estonians and Germans in the Estonian national discourse. The second chapter focuses on the texts that reflect landlord-peasant conflicts in Estonia at the time of emigration – the texts of the leading figures of the national awakening movement in the school- and history books. These texts also influenced the developing identity of the Estonian colonists. The article then discusses the stories about the evil landlord told in various Estonian settlements on the Black Sea coast and finally the meaning of these stories in the formation of social belonging.

Copyright of Turkish Journal of History / Tarih Dergisi is the property of Istanbul University, Department of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Azerbaijan, whose lands were divided into two as north and south with the Treaty of Turkmenchay signed in 1828, continued its existence under the rule of Tsarist Russia from this date until 1918. The Bolshevik revolution that took place in Tsarist Russia in 1917 was a beacon of hope for the independence of the nations that had been under Russian rule for many years. In this period, one of the names who struggled for the independence of Azerbaijan was Fethali Khan Khoyski. Fethali Han Hoyski, who is from the generation of Cafer Kulu Khan, received his education in Moscow and went to II. He represented Azerbaijan in the Russian State Duma, then in the Transcaucasian Seym he first dealt with educational affairs and then served as the Minister of Justice. Fethali Khan, who has been a defender of the concepts of equality of rights, freedom and justice since the first day he started his political career as a lawyer, is the first Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the short independence period between 1918-1920. This study has been discussed in the light of archival documents and sources of the period in order to understand the place and importance of Fethali Khan Khoyski in the political history of Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hybrid zones are geographic areas where individuals from distinct taxa meet, mate, and hybridize. These zones may have complex histories, but many of them originated relatively recently, during climatic oscillations in the Quaternary, following range shifts of formerly isolated, well-differentiated lineages. The Bufo bufo species group comprises four species distributed over the Western Palearctic. Whereas the contact zone between Bufo bufo and B. spinosus in western Europe has been well characterized, little is known about other species contacts. Here we focused on the contact between B. verrucosissimus and B. bufo in northeastern Türkiye, using mtDNA and microsatellite markers to describe genetic structure and patterns of admixture in the hybrid zone based on Bayesian clustering and cline analyses. Both species meet in a narrow contact zone at Rize province, with restricted introgression suggesting barriers to hybridization consistent with species status. Spatial population genetic analyses of microsatellite data pinpoint a possible enclave population of B. bufo at the Borçka district in Artvin province, isolated within the B. verrucosissimus range. The centers of the microsatellite and mtDNA-based clines are slightly displaced, with B. verrucosissimus mtDNA introgressing about 33 km W of the nuclear contact. Hybrid zone dynamics seem to be associated with range shifts mediated by Pleistocene glacial cycles and/or sex-biased dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most of the conquest movements were carried out in the western direction in order to seize the old Byzantine lands in Anatolia and the Balkans within the framework of the understanding of gaza and jihad since the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. After conquering Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet headed to this region in order to gain dominance in the Black Sea for the new capital and straits security. Black Sea coasts of Anatolia and Caucasia, especially Trabzon, and the Crimean Khanate was captured and the Black Sea was turned into a Turkish lake. In this period, Russia was not yet a strong state. It was trying to maintain its existence by maintaining a political balance between the other Turkish organizations in the region under the name of Moskvian Principality by taking advantage of conflicts between them. Russians appeared on the stage of history with the period of Ivan III. In this period, Tsar Ivan succeeded in bringing all the Russian Principalities under his dominance and making it a national Russian State. In this way, the Russians entered among the powerful states of the region. In this process, the Ottomans did not directly intervene in the Russian advance in the Caucasus region, as they did not see the Russians as a threat. XVIII. In the 19th century, with the Russians' full emergence on the stage of history, they became a great threat on the Ottoman lands. In order to protect its lands against the Russian threat, the Ottoman Empire didn't neglect the maintenance, repair and repair works of the castles on the border lines, especially in the Black Sea basin, guarding them with soldiers. Faş Castle, which is one of these border castles and has a very important strategic location, is one of them. In this study, Fas Castle's military and logistic importance that located in Western Caucasus is discussed, during the Ottoman-Russian War of 1806-1812. In the preparation of this article, first of all archival documents, which are the main sources of Ottoman historical research, and other research works related to this topic were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

View on Scopus Based on materials recently collected in Iran and Armenia, jewel-beetle Sphenoptera (Chrysoblemma) orichalcea (Pallas, 1781) is reported for the first time for Iranian fauna, and occurrence of the species in Armenia is also reconfirmed. Some diagnostic characters, ecological and biological notes along with photographs are provided.

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on materials recently collected in Iran and Armenia, jewel-beetle Sphenoptera (Chrysoblemma) orichalcea (Pallas, 1781) is reported for the first time for Iranian fauna, and occurrence of the species in Armenia is also reconfirmed. Some diagnostic characters, ecological and biological notes along with photographs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent images of late antique Caucasia belonging naturally to the Byzantine world obscure the isthmus’ deep multi- and cross-cultural condition. They rest on the flawed assumption that shared Christian affiliation necessarily linked Byzantium and Caucasia. Moreover, such conjectures elide Caucasia’s longstanding integration into the Persianate world, a status enduring for centuries after the fourth-century Christianization of the Georgian, Armenian, and Caucasian Albanian monarchies. This essay engages the religious dimensions of Caucasia’s cross-cultural fabric through the example of sixth-century Georgia. Before the formation of a Georgian "national" church in the seventh century and the accompanying obsession with orthodoxy, Georgian religious life was remarkably diverse and mixed. But in the fourth and fifth centuries, the longstanding dominance of Zoroastrianism—particularly in hybrid local forms—was being eclipsed by various confessions of Christianity. Manichaeism and Judaism also had a visible presence. While there is much we do not know about actual Jewish, Manichaean, and Zoroastrian communities in late antique Georgia, surviving Georgian texts offer valuable, if occasional, glimpses of their existence. And they deploy carefully crafted imaginaries of non-Christian religions embedded in an increasingly Christian environment.

May 21, 1864 is a symbolic date marking the end of the Russian-Caucasus wars. Every year commemorations are organised in both Turkey and Caucasus to remember this momentous of 1864. Serving as a realms of memory, these commemorations enable the construction of collective identity for Circassians and they also shape the identity for the Circassian. In our field research that was conducted in 2017, in the Circassian villages of Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, by means of questions directed at the informants, the role this date plays in terms of the construction of collective identity was analysed. It is determined that Circassians of Uzunyayla reinforced the collective identity through symbols and rituals in these annual commemorations. This research studies the perception and acknowledgement of the date 21 May 1864, how the perception of Kefken mausoleum and fish consumption has been created and also the factors that cause different perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arkeoloji Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gazavât veya Müridizm olarak isimlendirilen Kafkasyaʼnın Rus işgalcilere karşı direnişi Gâzi Muhammed ile başlamıştır. Gazavâtʼın başlamasından itibaren bu harekâta önderlik eden isimler Ruslarla beraber bölgedeki bazı siyâset ve ilmîye ehliyle de savaşmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu liderlerden olan Şeyh Şamil de sadece Ruslarla savaşmamış, aynı zamanda bölgede kendisine muhâlif olanlarla hem siyâsî hem edebî hem de ilmî alanlarda mücâdele vermiştir. Kurduğu İmâmet Devletiʼnin resmî dili olarak Arapça tercih edilmiş ve buna bağlı olarak Arapça ilmî ve edebî literatür oluşturulmuştur. Yaklaşık olarak otuz yıllık Şeyh Şamil Devleti döneminde bu Arapça ilmî literatüre katkıda bulunanlar olarak Muhammed Tâhir el-Karahî, Murtaza Ali el-Uradî, Abdurrahmân el-Gâzikumȗhî ve diğer âlimler öne çıkmaktadır. Bahsedilen müellifler fıkıh, târih ve edebî alanlarda eser vermiş âlimlerdir. Şeyh Şamil döneminden sonra Hasan Alkadârî de bu silsileye katılmıştır.

XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nin maruz kaldığı ilk kitlesel göç dalgası Kafkas göçleri olmuştur. 1820’li yıllardan sonra küçük gruplar halinde başlayan göçler artarak 1858- 1864 yılları arasında yüz binlerce Kafkasyalı Müslüman, halifenin topraklarına göç etmiştir. 93 Harbi ile birlikte Ermeni reformunun gündeme gelmesi, Rusya ve İngiltere arasındaki rekabetin Ermeni meselesini milletlerarası boyuta taşıması, Osmanlı Devleti toprakları dahilindeki Ermeni ve Osmanlı unsurlarının ilişkilerine doğrudan etki eden bir durum olmuştur. Taşnak ve Hınçak gibi ayrılıkçı komitelerin bir Ermenistan yurdu inşası ideaları ayrıca Ruslardan aldıkları destek, onların Kafkas bölgesine entegrasyonunu kolaylaştırmış, yapacakları herhangi bir deportasyon, asimilasyon ve dahi soykırıma dair kendilerine cesaret aşılamıştır. Bu çalışmada, bu suretle başlayan bugünkü Ermenistan bölgesinin oluşumu ve burada yaşam süren etnik unsurlardan bilhassa Müslüman Türklerin ihraç edilişinin doksan iki yıl süren aşamalarından bahsedilerek, etnik temizlik neticesinde kalıntıların ortadan kaldırılması ve “dünden bugüne burası Ermeni yurdudur” imajını vermek adına yer adlarının ne şekilde değiştirildiği anlatılmaktadır.

The Bufo bufo species group includes four species distributed in the western Palearctic: B. bufo , B. eichwaldii , B. spinosus and B. verrucosissimus. Both B. bufo and B. verrucosissimus are known to occur in Turkey, but their range boundaries and the taxonomic status of B. verrucosissimus are still uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the variation in a set of morphological characters and in two mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA markers to address these questions. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data support two main clades of common toads in Turkey, corresponding to B. bufo and B. verrucosissimus. The latter is subdivided into two allopatric subclades including populations along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coast, respectively. Discriminant analysis of morphological data showed separation among groups as defined by molecular analyses. We discuss these results and their implications for the evolutionary history of common toads in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara University SBF Journal / Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi is the property of Ankara University SBF Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the First World War, Caucasia entered a period of clashes again as it had always been frequently before. Armenians carried out a genocide to defenseless non-Christian people of the territory while ongoing clashes between Ottoman Empire and Russia were happening. As soon as Russia had drawn back from the territory due to the revolution as well as Ottomans due to the Mudros Ceasefire, Great Britain started to build a the Caucasian Wall between two powers. As it's predicted by Turkey, Turkey launched a military campaign against Armenia as Russians did same against Georgia. As a consequence of the events happened, a peace had formed between Turkey and Russia by the Treaty of Moscow which has signed on 13'th November 1921. The Treaty of Kars which has signed by the efforts of Turkey and Russia, between Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia has created a statu quo of Caucasia which is still in effect. Armenia, as a participant of the Treaty of Moscow which has drawn current eastern border of Turkey, is experiencing problems with neighboring countries due to her own hostile behaviour she has attitudinized. The Treaty of Kars as a political text which empowers Turkey against Armenia and also accepted by international community, still keeps its importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa Paşa, Kafkasyalı bir ailenin mensubu olup, Alkhas Kunduk’un ve Dölet Hanım’ın dört çocuğundan birisidir. 1818’de dünyaya gelmiştir. Kardeşlerinden Hasbulat Bey, Şeyh Şamil’in hizmetine girmiş ve Müridizm hareketine önemli katkılar yapmıştır. Musa Paşa, askerliğinin bir bölümünü 1837-1865 yılları arasında Çarlık Rusyası’nda geçirmiş ve bu aşamada generalliğe kadar yükselmiştir. 1866’da Büyük Kafkas veya Çeçen-Asetin göçünü gerçekleştirerek, Osmanlı hizmetine girmiş, vefatına kadar da Osmanlı subayı olarak hizmet etmiştir. 1866’da Padişah, Musa’ya mirlivalık rütbesi tevcih ederek, “Paşa” payesini verdi. Musa Paşa, Osmanlı Ordusu’nun en önemli askerî merkezlerinden olan Erzurum’a gelmiş, hatta ağabeyi Hasbulat Bey burada vefat etmişti. 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus harbinde Musa Paşa Erzurum’daki IV. Ordu’da görev aldı ve Ruslarla ilgili bilgi ve tecrübelerini Osmanlı hizmetindeyken beraberindekilerle paylaştı. Erzurum ve çevresindeki tabyalarda Ruslarla yapılan çarpışmalarda etkin olarak görev yaptı. Ahmet Muhtar Paşa ve Mehmet Arif’in eserlerinde, Musa Paşa’nın söz konusu faaliyetlerinden çok geniş bir şekilde bahsedilmektedir. Musa Paşa Ruslarla yapılan barış görüşmelerinde de Rusça bilgisinden de istifade edilerek önemli roller ifa etti. Kubatı Hanım ile evlenmiş, Arslan ve Bekir Sami adlı iki evladı olmuştur. Hatıraları da yayınlanmıştır. 1888-89’da Erzurum’da vefat etmiş ve aynı şehirde defnedilmiştir.

Milli Mücadele sürecinde Ankara Hükümeti’nin yardım alabileceği tek büyük devlet Sovyet Rusya idi. Ancak Sovyet Rusya’nın Ermenistan’ı himaye eder tavrı, bu yardımın önündeki en büyük engeldi. Gümrü Antlaşması sonrası İngiltere-Fransa’nın Ankara Hükümeti’ne yakınlaşma çabaları Sovyet Rusya’yı oldukça endişelendirdi. Ankara’nın İngiltere ve Fransa ile anlaşarak kendilerine karşı cephe alacağını düşünen Sovyet Rusya buna engel olmaya çalıştı. Bu durum Ankara Hükümeti’nin Misak-ı Milli dâhilin Sovyet Rusya ile Moskova Antlaşması’nı imzalamasında oldukça etkili oldu.

Kafkasya, tarihin her döneminde büyük devletlerin ilgi alanı içinde olmuş, ve büyük devletlerin istilalarına maruz kalmıştır. Genel olarak son üç yüz yıllık dönemde iki büyük ve önemli gücün mücadelesine sahne olan bu coğrafyada, Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti arasında yaşanan çatışmalar, hem bölge tarihi hem de dünya tarihi açısından önemli sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Özellikle Kafkaslardan Osmanlı Devletine yönlendirilen zorunlu göç ve Bolşevik Rusların Kafkaslarda yol açtığı yeni düzen, Türk-Rus ilişkilerinde yeni ve zorlu bir dönemi başlatmıştır. Bu iki önemli gücün Karadeniz’in doğu sahillerindeki mücadelesinde, stratejik Abhaz toprakları ve Abhaz halkı önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu makalede özellikle I.Dünya savaşının son yıllarında Abhazya bölgesinde cereyan eden olaylar, Osmanlı, Rus, Gürcü ve Abhaz ilişkileri çerçevesinde ele alınarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kafkasya, dünyanın üç kıtadan oluştuğu düşünülen zamanlarda Asya ve Avrupa’nın geçiş yeri konumundaydı. Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki düzlükler iki kıtayı birleştiren ara bölge gibiydi. Günümüzde dünyanın çok daha geniş bir yer olduğu öğrenilmesine rağmen bölgenin iki kıta arasındaki geçiş yeri olma konumu hâlâ devam etmektedir. Bu özelliği yüzünden tarihin ilk zamanlarından itibaren Kafkasya’da pek çok farklı topluluk görmek mümkündür. Hint-Avrupaî, İranî ve Turanî kökenli halklar bu bölgede çok eski dönemlerden itibaren bir arada bulunabilmiştir. Kafkasya’nın çok uluslu yapısı günümüzde de varlığını korumaktadır. Kafkasya XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren büyük güçlerin hâkimiyet mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Bu rekabetin bir sonucu olarak bölgenin tarihi ve kültürünü sahiplenme eğilimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Avrupa’da yapılan çeviri faaliyetlerinde yöre kaynakları yabancı dillere aktarılırken tenkide tâbi tutulmadığından Orta Çağ tarihçilerinin dinî ve millî hislerin etkisiyle kaleme aldığı eserlerdeki iddialar günümüze taşınmıştır. Siyasi rekabetin tesiriyle günümüzde yazılan pek çok eserde Gürcü, Ermeni veya Türklerin bölgenin kadim halkı olduğu, uygarlık temelini attığı ileri sürülmüştür. Haliyle birbirinden çok farklı görüşler kaleme alınmıştır. Bu ideolojik ve kültürel zeminde Kafkasya’daki Türk varlığının ne zaman başladığı meselesiyle ilgili olarak da pek çok görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Türkistan ve Türklükle bağlantıları konusunda son yıllarda ele geçen bilgi ve belgeleri görmezden gelen belirli çevreler bu varsayıma soğuk baksa da Kimmer ve İskitler, Kafkasya’da Türklüğün öncüleri olarak kabul edilmelidir. Onlardan önce bölgede Türk bulunduğuna dair iddiaların temeli bugün için zayıftır. Kıpçaklar bu topluluklardan sonra Kafkasya’ya gelen ikinci bir grup olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Hunlardan itibaren ise Kafkasya’daki Türk varlığını kesintisiz olarak takip etmek mümkündür.

Copyright of International Journal of Kurdish Studies is the property of International Journal of Kurdish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historically, the Caucasus has been an important region in geopolitical and geostrategic terms. These characteristics became a reason for occupation within the scope of Russian policy of expansionism that began in the Tzardom period. Beginning to penetrate the region in the 16th century, Russia followed a colonialist policy in the region through occupation attempts in the 18th century. In the face of these Russian occupation and assimilation attempts in the Caucasus, the local people of the region developed a great spirit of struggle to protect their independence, culture and belief. The struggle culminated under the leadership of Imam Shamil and maintained under the name of "Ghazwat" (holy wars) but it eventually weakened when Imam Shamil surrendered in 1859 due to military and political factors. Despite the struggles that continued until the first quarter of the 20th century, the desired result could not be reached, and the region came under Russian domination. However, the fact that this struggle has not ended is understood from the movements that begin in various times and places in the Russian-dominated North Caucasus. The present article attempted to address the Caucasian Ghazwat, Imam Shamil, and the geography, history, and the ethnic and religious structure of the Caucasus as the stage of this struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Black Sea / Karadeniz is the property of Black Sea / Karadeniz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout history, the struggle for dominance among the great states on the Caucasus has never diminished. Ahmet Mithat Efendi (1844-1912), a writer of the Tanzimat period, presents the appearance of this struggle in the 19th century in some of his works around the migration phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to expose the historical, political, human, cultural, ethnic and economic aspects of the immigration phenomenon of the author's novels along with their geo-graphical extensions. In this framework, the phenomenon of migration through the novels of Kafkas (1878) and Gürcü Kızı Yahut İntikam (1888) about the Caucasia by Ahmet Mithat Efendi were examined around a problem of restlessness and displacement and a story of freedom-exile in the Caucasus geography with its political, economic and cultural fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The works which were written on history and biography field play crucial role in understanding if Caucasian region. The one of the latest works on this topic is Nuzhatu'l-Adhan that reached to our time. This work is considered one of the most important works though Nadhir ad-Durgili could not complete the work. Generally, the work talks about biography of Caucasian scholars who lived in 19th, also biography of Sunni and Shiite scholars took part in the book without sectarianism. On the other hand, one chapter of the work is separated for Sheikh Shamil's jihadist movement who is the memorable figure in the Caucasian history as this chapter includes biography of Sheikh Shamil and biography of his jihadist scholars friends. Mostly the book contains biography of two hundred scholars lived in 18th the and 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Research Institute / Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Arastirmalari Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Caucasia, where the Asian, European and African continents intersect, is one of the most important and fertile regions from geopolitical and geostrategic perspectives. Therefore, migration and immigrants from the Caucasia to Anatolia are equally important. In this study, a detailed examination was carried out on Caucasian lands, migrations in different periods in the direction of Ottoman-Russian relations, immigrant groups and the results of the migrations. Archival documents, native and foreign literature were utilized in the study. Consequently, in the short term, it is observed that immigrants coming from the lost lands to Anatolia created problems for the state, for the local administrators and for the environment in which they settled. However, in the long term, they became a richness of Turkey by making great contributions to the economic, demographic, social and political structure of Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is a general known fact that the Ottoman Empire’s settlement politics is mainly based on outer places untill the XVI. Century. In other words citizens were sent from Anatolia to the conquered lands. But this policy became towards the inner places because of obligations. Today a lot of villages in Anatolia were built with the migrations to the inner lands. The migrations from the Caucasia to the inner lands play an important role in the foundation of our country, and this subject is our article’s main theme. In this paper, the migration in XIX. Century, towards Ottoman Empire from Caucasia, especially towards Anatolia are being examined. Information is given about the places where they have been settled in Anatolia and about Cherkess villages created by immigrants in Sivas, in middle Anatolia. The Caucasians settled in Sivas are mostly found in: Sarkılsa, Yıldızeli, Kangal and Zara towns.

This article aims to analyze the report of Tevfik Beg, deputy consol of the Ottoman Empire in Resht (İran) that contains his thoughts and observations about the impacts of the military situation of the Ottoman Empire in Caucasia and the Sarikamis Campaign on the Caucasia Muslims in the beginning of the first World War. The report mentioned above contains the important details about the Russian raids against the Ottoman conculates in Crimea, Caucasia and Iran as soon as the war begins and the Ottoman consular officials how to be arrested by Russian soldiers. Moreover, it includes the activities of Pastırmacian, the Ottoman parliamenter, and his friends who came to Tiflis against Ottomans, and, during that time, the opinions of Muslim and Georgian notables like journalists and writers and as well as with whom deputy Ottoman consul interviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Being one of the most important cities with position and having a natural harbor in Black sea basin, Batumi had stayed a neglected town during the Ottoman administration. The city entered the 19th century in the shadow of Trabzon. Then the city began to develop thank to the growing its port by introducing of steamship in transportation, development of international trade routes and expansion of Russia's southward. In this study, commercial potential of Batumi port will be handed and in this context, the adventure of turning a commercial center of a small town depending on the development of the port and integration process of the hinterland to this center will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]