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Background: This research investigated the impact of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) supplemented in sunflower meal (SM)-based diets on digestibility, mineral absorption, and growth performance of Catla catla. Se-NPs were added to seven test meals in varying amounts (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mgkg− 1). A total of 315 fish were evenly allocated three replicate tanks, with 15 fish per tank, and given diets equivalent to (5%) of their wet biomass daily for a period of 90 days. Results: The test diet (T-D) supplemented with 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs yielded remarkable results, including a significant increase in mean weight gain (14 g), an impressive average weight gain percentage (208%), a 100% survival rate, with no mortality observed and the highest specific growth rate (1.25). Moreover, 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs (T-D-IV) demonstrated superior nutritional digestibility (CP, 76%; CF, 79% and GE, 74%). Additionally, the diet 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs showed enhanced mineral absorption (K, P, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe) than other diets. Conclusion: It was practically proven that the growth indices, nutrient absorption, and mineral status of C. catla were significantly improved by Se-NPs supplemented SM-based diets, with the optimum level of supplementation being 1.5 mgkg− 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to examine the impact of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on the developmental trajectory of Catla catla fingerlings. A 90-day feeding experiment was carried out using various concentrations of Ashwagandha, with T0 (0%) serving as the control and T1 (2%), T2 (4%), T3 (6%), and T4 (8%). At the conclusion of the trial period, the T3 (6%) group showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in growth indices including Specific Growth Rate, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Protein Efficiency Ratio. The intestinal histomorphology of all therapy groups was consistently normal, with no pathological abnormalities. In contrast to the control, the T3 (6%) group exhibited a more pronounced enhancement in villi parameters, particularly in terms of villi height and width. The excretion of orthophosphate (O-PO4) and ammonia (N-NH4) exhibited a uniform pattern in all treatment groups, with relatively low excretion seen in the T3 (6%) group. Post-feeding, the T0 (0%) group had the greatest excretion of ammonia and orthophosphate compared to the groups fed Ashwagandhasupplemented meals. Furthermore, those fed with Ashwagandha showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased activity of several antioxidant enzymes, including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-Transferases (GST), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH), compared to the control. These findings highlight the capacity of Ashwagandha as a dietary supplement to enhance the general health performance of Catla catla fingerlings in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on the bacterial diseases from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are scanty and have only two reports recorded during 1996 and 1999. A case of emaciation and abdominal dropsy caused by different strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was recorded by earlier workers in the Andaman, Islands. In the present work, a similar disease syndrome was recorded in Barbonymus gonionotus and Cyprinus carpio var. Koi. The present study served to investigate the disease's cause and the pathogen associated with it. Methods: This study details the isolation, biochemical and molecular characterization of three bacterial pathogens associated with emaciated, tail rot syndrome (ETS) and big belly syndrome (BBS) in B. gonionotus and C. carpio var. Koi respectively. Histology and re-infectivity study was also done for the infected host tissues and with Catla catla fingerlings. Result: This study constitutes the first report of three bacterial pathogens from the Andaman Islands, India viz., Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas sp. and Pseudomonas alcaligenes causing emaciation and abdominal dropsy, with biochemical, molecular, histopathological and experimental challenge study evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among xenobiotics, metals gained attention because of their toxicity and harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems, fish and human health. Present research work focused on the toxicological effects of hexavalent chromium on the DNA of three major carps viz. Cirrhina mrigala, Labeo rohita and Catla catla by using the comet assay. All three fish species were exposed to four sub-lethal concentrations (2/3rd, 1/3rd, 1/4th and 1/5th of LC50) of chromium for six exposure durations (14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days). All three fish species exhibited significantly variable exposure dose and time dependent DNA damage in terms of damaged nuclei, GDI and CTL in their erythrocytes. Among the fish species, C. mrigala showed maximum DNA damage with the highest damaged nuclei (44.28±25.97%), GDI (1.52±0.84) and CTL (126.91±75.71 µm), whereas significantly lower DNA damage was observed in C. catla. At various exposure durations, DNA damage was observed to be significantly higher at 56 days of exposure which then reduced afterward, however, at various exposure concentrations of chromium, maximum DNA damage was observed at 2/3rd of LC50 of metal followed by 1/3rd, 1/4th and 1/5th of acute toxicity of chromium for all three fish species under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, there has been a growing alarm about the role of unintended hybridization in shaping the current biodiversity. Major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, and Cirrhina mrigala) are commercially important freshwater fish for aquaculture and are also found exclusively in the riverine ecosystems of Punjab, Pakistan. One of the main concerns is the genetic integrity of major carps. In this study, we employed both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers to determine the potential hybridization and patterns of genetic variation in major carps. Association tests of both nuclear and mtDNA markers provide evidence of recent hybridization, and patterns of genetic variations were also found consistent with observed pattern of admixture in major carps. In all hybridization events, L. rohita is detected to hybridize with C. catla and C. mrigala, whereas C. catla and C. mrigala are established to hybridize with L. rohita. Overall, two levels of hybridization; F1 hybrids reported in hatchery-reared stocks and few backcrosses individuals in wild populations suggest that anthropogenic or demographic dynamics accelerate inter-generic gene flow. Moreover, the disparity in amplified mtDNA COI subunit shows strong directional bias towards Labeo–Catla first-generation hybrids (100%) containing L. rohita maternal lineage while Labeo-Cirrhina hybrids (75%) exhibit C. mrigala maternal lineage. The results of this study endorse that culture-based fish farming and restocking activities of major carps in riverine ecosystems demand regular genetic monitoring of these species. The current genetic evidence and proclamation of practical information should encourage management and conservation efforts to strictly limit the genetic integrity of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in a semi-intensive rearing system in order to assess the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets on the overall performance of Catla catla fingerlings cultured in 6 earthen ponds. In order to formulate experimental diets, MOLM was used as test ingredient. MOLM was used to replace fish meal (FM) in the diet at varying levels of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. There were five experimental diets and one control diet used during the trial. Fingerlings were placed in a cemented pond for fifteen days under laboratory conditions for acclimatization. There were 15 fingerlings put into each of the six earthen ponds, for a total of 90 fingerlings. Analyses showed that fish fed with 10% MOLM-based diet had the highest growth performance when compared with other experimental and control groups. Best results for carcass composition, hematological analysis, and body mineralization were noted in fingerlings given a diet containing a 10% substitution of FM with MOLM. In the present investigation, it was determined that replacing 10% of FM in the diet with MOLM improved the growth, body composition, hematological parameters, and body mineralization of C. catla fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This research investigated the impact of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) supplemented in sunflower meal (SM)-based diets on digestibility, mineral absorption, and growth performance of Catla catla. Se-NPs were added to seven test meals in varying amounts (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mgkg− 1). A total of 315 fish were evenly allocated three replicate tanks, with 15 fish per tank, and given diets equivalent to (5%) of their wet biomass daily for a period of 90 days. Results The test diet (T-D) supplemented with 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs yielded remarkable results, including a significant increase in mean weight gain (14 g), an impressive average weight gain percentage (208%), a 100% survival rate, with no mortality observed and the highest specific growth rate (1.25). Moreover, 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs (T-D-IV) demonstrated superior nutritional digestibility (CP, 76%; CF, 79% and GE, 74%). Additionally, the diet 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs showed enhanced mineral absorption (K, P, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe) than other diets. Conclusion It was practically proven that the growth indices, nutrient absorption, and mineral status of C. catla were significantly improved by Se-NPs supplemented SM-based diets, with the optimum level of supplementation being 1.5 mgkg− 1.

This study aimed to identify a new feed for Catla catla post larvae. There is no suitable feed in Sri Lanka for post-larvae of Indian carp. A complete randomized design was used. Two feeds were formulated using different nutrient compositions with 32 % and 25 % of the fish meal separately. The formulated feeds were used as treatment one and treatment two. Commercial feed was used as the control. Catla catla post-larvae were stocked at a density of 300 post larvae per m2 in nine cement tanks. Growth parameters were measured every two other days. Feeds were formulated according to the nutrient requirement of Catla catla post larvae. Water quality parameters were measured daily to maintain the water quality at the proper level. T-test preformed in Mini tab 16.0. Total body weight and length were significantly different (p

This study investigates the reproductive seasonality variation in Indian Major Carps (IMC), specifically Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Catla (Labeo catla). Utilizing field observations and analysis of gonadosomatic index (GSI), distinct reproductive patterns were observed among these species. The findings highlight that, in the absence of scientific interventions such as photoperiod manipulation and feeding management, a significant portion of Rohu and Catla fish reach maturity and breed after and before monsoon period (December and March). Understanding these reproductive variations is crucial for the identification of genetically distinct stocks suitable for line development that can reproduce during the winter seasons. This knowledge contributes to the strategic management of year-round seed availability. By elucidating the natural reproductive cycles of these economically important species, researchers can optimize breeding programs to align with environmental conditions, potentially identifying genetically different stock for line development, which can breed during winter seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect meal has been identified as one of the cutting-edge alternatives to substitute fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds. However, the potential of FM replacing with field cricket meal (FCM) related to Calta catla fry stage has yet to be researched. Therefore, an eight-week experiment was designed to evaluate the performance of C. catla fry (0.22 ± 0.04 g/fish). The protein content of the FM of the control feed (0FCM) was replaced with 35% (35FCM), 70% (70FCM), and 100% (100FCM) of FCM. All the fish were hand-fed by respective research diets 5% of the body weight twice daily. Results showed that FCM could replace wild-caught fishmeal (67.1% crude protein) without adversely affecting growth performance, carcass composition, liver functions, and disease tolerance. Though in vivo protein digestibility significantly decreased (P<0.05) when the FCM percentage increased in the feed, it did not affect the performance of the fish. Therefore, FCM could be used to prepare fish-free feed in the C. catla fry stage. However, optimum technical know-how should be identified to certify the accessible and economically viable mass-scale production of FCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their high content of micronutrients, small indigenous species (SISs) of fish play a vital role in the diets of people. Dhela (Osteobrama cotio) is one of the most important micronutrient‐rich SISs and was once abundant but is currently disappearing from inland waters. This study investigated the culture suitability of dhela with carp species in polycultures in a pond aquaculture system. The stocking density of the carp species was the same in all the treatments, with Labeo catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus cirrhosus at 10,800/ha. Dhela were cultivated at a density of 10,000/ha in treatment 2 (Dhela‐10K) and 15,000/ha in treatment 3 (Dhela‐15K), and no dhela were cultivated in treatment 1 (Dhela‐0). After 7 months of culture, there were no significant differences in total production among the treatments, with yields of 3393.27 ± 120.70, 3534.52 ± 57.03 and 3687.34 ± 244.41 kg/ha in Dhela‐0, Dhela‐10K and Dhela‐15K, respectively. Notably, a significantly greater (p < 0.05) net profit and benefit‒cost ratio were found in Dhela‐10K and Dhela‐15K than in Dhela‐0, but no significant difference was found between Dhela‐10K and Dhela‐15K. The inclusion of dhela in pond polycultures with carp species demonstrates the potential benefits of diversifying aquaculture systems. Farmers could consider incorporating SISs into their existing aquaculture practices to increase overall production and improve economic returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of probiotics as feed additives has been extensively explored and serves a protective function against gut pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supplementing Catla catla fingerlings fed a diet including sunflower meal (SFM) with probiotics (Protexin®) on growth performance, nutritional digestibility, and hematological indicators. Six test diets and one control diet (0 g/kg) were formulated before the beginning of the experiment, with varying amounts of probiotics (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/kg) added to the basal diet. Fish growth performance, nutritional bioavailability, and hematological indices all improved significantly (p<0.05) after being supplemented with probiotics. Fish fed a diet supplemented with probiotics at a rate of 2.5 g/kg had substantial improvement in body weight (20.29 g), body wt.% (272.78 %), feed conversion ratio (1.24) and specific growth rate (1.46). At a supplementation dosage of 2.5 g/kg, the maximum apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were observed for gross energy (73.54 %), crude protein (74.57 %), and crude fat (77.53 %). The total quantity of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) all changed significantly when fish were given a probiotic dosage of 2.5 g/kg. Incorporating probiotics at a dose of 2.5 g/kg resulted in the best growth performance, highest nutritional digestibility, and best hematological indicators in the fingerlings. Finally, the optimal dosage of probiotics for supplementation was shown to be 2.5 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial of 70-days was conducted on Catla catla fingerlings (average weight 6.73±0.04). Total six experimental diets were formulated containing levels I (control), II, III, IV, V and VI. Diet I constituted fish oil (FO), while diets II, III, IV, V and VI were composed of palm oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, canola oil and mixture of all mentioned vegetable oils respectively. Triplicate tanks were used and every tank had 15 fingerlings. Results demonstrated that significant (p<0.05) improvement in growth performance i.e. weight gain % (WG %) (210.48), minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.11) and maximum specific growth rate (SGR) (1.61) of fingerlings were noted when fed with test diet-VI-based on plant mixture oil. When compared to a control diet (0%) and other oil based experimental diets, such results were significantly different. While minimum growth i.e. WG % (148.13), maximum FCR (1.43) and minimum SGR (1.29) was noted when fingerlings were fed with test diet-IV. In the current study, the best digestibility results of crude fat (CF) (81.25%), crude protein (CP) (69.39%), and gross energy (GE) (71.74) were seen in VI-level diet and these results were statistically (p<0.05) different from all other test diets. However, the test diet-IV had the least digestibility value of nutrients, including CF (73.55%), CP (49.17%) and GE (65.96%). It was concluded that C. catla fingerlings showed improvement in growth performance, nutrient digestibility and body composition when fed plant mixture oil based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify a new feed for Catla catla post larvae. There is no suitable feed in Sri Lanka for post-larvae of Indian carp. A complete randomized design was used. Two feeds were formulated using different nutrient compositions with 32 % and 25 % of the fish meal separately. The formulated feeds were used as treatment one and treatment two. Commercial feed was used as the control. Catla catla post-larvae were stocked at a density of 300 post larvae per m2 in nine cement tanks. Growth parameters were measured every two other days. Feeds were formulated according to the nutrient requirement of Catla catla post larvae. Water quality parameters were measured daily to maintain the water quality at the proper level. T-test preformed in Mini tab 16.0. Total body weight and length were significantly different (p<0.05). The survival percentage was higher in T1. Treatment feeds were not affected by the water quality parameters. Catla catla post-larvae show a maximum increase in length, survival percentage and weight in T1. It was concluded that T1 has a good combination of fish meal for Catla catla post-larvae. This study will help in future feed formulation for post-larvae feeds in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyse the integrated histopathological lesions (IHLs) of the gill, liver and intestine of Catla catla exposed to the different doses of UV-B radiation. Gill exhibited the lesions like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, vacuolation, fusion of the gill filaments, rupture in the gill lamellae, epithelial cell lifting and necrosis. The UV-B-exposed liver of Catla showed the lesions like the degeneration of nucleus, the disarrangement of hepatocytes, sinusoidal vacuolation, epitheliod histiocyst, hepatocellular adenoma, exocrine adenoma, cyst formation and diffused epithelial necrosis (DEN). UV-B-exposed intestine showed the lesions like the distortion of columnar epithelial cells (CECs), distortion in lamina propria (LP), disruption in brush border (BB), vacuolation in LP, the presence of submucosal mass (SM), the degeneration of nucleus, the presence of tactoid bodies, the presence of aschoff nodules and metatypical cell carcinoma. These histopathological alterations can be considered as the main blocking alterations of the growth and absorption as well as the final production of fish which can cause a serious loss in total yield to fish farmers which can interrupt the profitable economical production of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to examine the impact of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on the developmental trajectory of Catla catla fingerlings. A 90-day feeding experiment was carried out using various concentrations of Ashwagandha, with T0 (0%) serving as the control and T1 (2%), T2 (4%), T3 (6%), and T4 (8%). At the conclusion of the trial period, the T3 (6%) group showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in growth indices including Specific Growth Rate, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Protein Efficiency Ratio. The intestinal histomorphology of all therapy groups was consistently normal, with no pathological abnormalities. In contrast to the control, the T3 (6%) group exhibited a more pronounced enhancement in villi parameters, particularly in terms of villi height and width. The excretion of orthophosphate (O-PO4) and ammonia (N-NH4) exhibited a uniform pattern in all treatment groups, with relatively low excretion seen in the T3 (6%) group. Post-feeding, the T0 (0%) group had the greatest excretion of ammonia and orthophosphate compared to the groups fed Ashwagandha-supplemented meals. Furthermore, those fed with Ashwagandha showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased activity of several antioxidant enzymes, including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-Transferases (GST), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH), compared to the control. These findings highlight the capacity of Ashwagandha as a dietary supplement to enhance the general health performance of Catla catla fingerlings in aquaculture.

Diseases due to microbial infection had been a great hindrance towards sustainable growth in the aquaculture sector across the globe. The present study identified an alternative stimulatory Mx gene product in catla (Labeo catla) and demonstrated its tissue-specific expression kinetics through semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (semi-q-PCR). Mx genes were quantified in catla infected with Flavobacterium columnare and Aeromonas veronii and myxosporean parasites, Myxobolus sp. The ratio of Mx/β-actin (housekeeping gene) expression in all organs of catla has been determined continuously for 14 days. The results showed the highest expression of Mx in the spleen (p < 0.05), followed by the brain, liver, intestine, heart, kidney, and gill. Mx expression was observed to be highest on day 2 in all the organs except in the spleen, where its upregulation was noticed on day 3 with a gradual decrease in expression level over the study period. It has been evident that the ratio of Mx/β-actin ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in all tissues irrespective of types of infections and saponin administration. Noticeably, maximum heterologous expression of Mx due to bacteria and parasites challenge was observed on the 3rd day, while in the case of saponin administration, it showed at 30 min. The present study revealed the prospects of microbial infection and saponin treatment as potent immuno-stimulatory agents. Thus, the present finding provides an insight into the inherent origin of the Mx gene in the early stages of fish that provide protection against microbial infection as a natural gatekeeper, which could advocate the safe valorization of saponins at ≤ 40 mg. L−1 as an immune booster in fish as well as a future source for fish vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of waterlogged areas for fish culture in Cauvery command area of Karnataka. For Cauvery command area under waterlogged condition, the three beneficiaries were provided with quality carp seed and 2 tons of supplementary feed to each. Meanwhile, the water quality, fish survival, health and growth were monitored throughout the study period. Scientific fish farming using the water logged area was monitored throughout the study period and the farmers were demonstrated with importance of the stage wise management. The hardness of fish pond water reduced by 7.14%, from 280 to 260 mg/l during the demonstration period and there was reduction in the total dissolved solids (TDS) from 350.60 to 200.44 mg/l and was evident by 42.82% reduction. Salinity content of pond water showed little fluctuation during different months of culture. Among the different fish species, Amur common carp recorded highest weight (1706g) followed by Common carp (1486 g) and Catla (1108 g) and the total fish production from one acre demonstration pond was 3816 kg with the total gross revenue realized by the farmers of Rs. 4.96 lakhs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preservatives are used to increase the shelf life of any product for a very long time, yet they are extremely detrimental to human health when used in food. The use of preservatives like formaldehyde by fishermen and fish merchants for prolonged preservation of fish during sales and transportation has recently become problematic and threat to human health. Therefore, the goal of the current investigation was to determine the presence of formaldehyde in the fish sold at fish markets in Nagaon, Assam. The present investigation indicates the contamination of fish with formaldehyde in the local fish markets of Nagaon district. The fish that show the presence of formaldehyde are imported (challani) and out of the whole fish sample collection (challani/imported), Labeo rohita, Catla catla indicates the highest positive result, with 35.96% and 48.44% respectively from the 114 Labeo rohita to 64 Catla catla samples. Additionally, the results for Ompok pabda, Pangasius pangasius, Hilsa ilisha, and Piaractus brachypomus are all positive, with Hilsa ilisha showing a positive result of 100% from their whole sample collection. However, the local fish like Labeo gonius, Cirrhinus reba, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Hypophthalmicthys nobilis fish species have shown 100% negative results for formalin detection, indicating that their samples are formalin-free. Since formaldehyde is harmful to human health, better methods and techniques should be adopted for the preservation of fish for commerce and storage. Strict regulations should be put in place to limit the use of these hazardous chemical substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the objective of developing ecologically and economically feasible pen culture protocols for Labeo catla as an alternate income source for wetland fishers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yearlings of L. catla (12.33 ± 1.99 cm mean total length and 26.05 ± 6.57 g mean weight) were reared in HDPE pens (500 m2 area each) at three different stocking densities of 3 (SD3), 6 (SD6) and 9 (SD9) no. m−2 in triplicates. Fishes were fed with floating pelleted feed containing 28% crude protein and 5% crude lipid two times daily at 1.5–3% of body weight. During the culture period, fish grew from 26.05 ± 6.57 to 434.61 ± 30.63 g, 306.13 ± 10.68 g and 221.13 ± 14.92 g, respectively, at stocking densities of 3, 6 and 9 no. m−2 respectively. Weight gain percentage and specific growth rate declined with increase in stocking density. Gross fish yield increased with increase in stocking density and was highest at SD9 (657.92 ± 53.55 kg pen−1), while net fish yield increased initially from SD3 to SD6 (594.31 ± 29.72 kg pen−1) and then declined with further increase in stocking density. Important water quality parameters influencing fish growth were measured, and significant difference (p > 0.05) was not observed between treatments (inside pens) and reference site (outside pen at 10-m distance). Weight gain was positively correlated (p < 0.05) to water temperature (r = 0.989) and total phosphorus (r = 0.81). Benefit cost ratio and net return was highest at SD3 (1.61; US $518.88, respectively). Stocking density of 3 no. m−2 can be considered economically feasible for table fish production of L. catla in pens. Post pen culture, monthly income of fishers increased by 10.76−179.11%, with a mean increase of 90.57%, compared to the period of first COVID-19 wave in India. The present findings can provide an impetus for effective utilization of pen enclosures for income generation and livelihood enhancement of small-scale wetland fishers during pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, aquaculture species have been facing various negative consequences of ingesting microplastics (MPs). In order to find out the adverse impacts of MPs, this study aimed to assess growth, body composition, nutrient digestibility, hematological indices and gut histopathology of Catla catla fingerlings by the dietary exposure of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs). C. catla (initial weight, 7.03±0.02 g; n, 270) were given PS-MPs at different inclusion concentrations i.e., 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, 2 % and 2.5 % for 90 days. Fish were fed twice a day, about 5 % of their live weight. The water quality parameters such as temperature (25–27 °C), pH (7.3–8.3), dissolved oxygen (5.4–7.2 mg/L) were maintained at the regular basis throughout the experiment. PS-MPs significantly (p

Natural herbs are excellent alternatives to synthetic compounds to enhance the growth performance and health status of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract (BCE) as an herbal supplement in improving the growth, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of Catla catla. The acclimatized fish (N = 900; average initial weight = 14.44 ± 0.33 g) were allocated into five groups (60 fish/group in triplicate) in hapas (4 × 2 × 2.5 ft) and provided with feed containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg BCE for 90 days before being subjected to 8 days of crowding stress. After 90 days, significantly higher feed utilization and growth were observed in all BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control; however, the maximum values of these parameters were noted in the 2 g/kg BCE‐fed treatment. Moreover, the BCE‐fed groups exhibited a significant increase in antioxidant indices (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the control. Significant improvements in haematological parameters, such as an increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells and a decrease in white blood cells, were observed in BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control. Furthermore, BCE‐fed groups showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, cortisol and triglycerides, while total protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly higher compared with the control. During the feeding trial of 90 days, no mortality was observed; however, the lowest cumulative mortality was noted in the 2 g/kg BCE group after crowding stress of 8 days. In conclusion, the use of BCE in feed can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of C. catla and improve the resistance against crowding stress. The optimum levels of BCE for C. catla were estimated based on weight gain % (1.78 g/kg; R2 = 0.97), feed conversion ratio (1.65 g/kg; R2 = 0.98), MDA content (1.66 g/kg; R2 = 0.93) and serum lysozyme activity (1.72 g/kg; R2 = 1) using broken‐line regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Dactylogyridae, known for its role as a frequent pathogen in Cyprinids, was identified in a case of mass mortality involving Catla catla fingerlings (measuring 6.5 ± 2.0 cm and weighing 40.5 ± 10 g) in West Bengal, India. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of two co-existing parasites, Dactylogyrus formosus and Paradactylogyrus catlaius, attached to different sections of the gill filament. Despite their coexistence, these parasites exhibited marked differences in their haptoral hard parts, genital organs, and preferred habitats. Molecular analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 4 genes indicated more than 90% similarity between the detected parasite and D. formosus previously reported in China. Histopathological observations illustrated the parasites' specific attachment to the distal end of the primary gill lamellae, gradually causing destruction to a maximum number of secondary lamellae. Internally, infiltration of eosinophilic granular cells was observed in gill and kidney blood vessels, while the liver exhibited hepatocytes filled with hemosiderin. The infected fish were treated for 24 h with a safe dose of common salt (5.6 ppt) and albendazole (62 ppm). The survivability rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in both treated groups compared to the control. Interestingly, the group treated with common salt showed superior results compared to the albendazole-treated fish. This study presents the sympatric speciation of D. formosus in a new host (C. catla) and explores its host specificity, histopathology, and treatment methods. This case marks the first report of D. formosus causing substantial mortality in cultured Catla in India, alongside the coexistence with Paradactylogyrus catlaius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of a bone scaffold not only contribute to providing the physico-chemical and mechanical support but also play a vital role to support cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Many a time due to the lack in the desired properties, implanted bone scaffolds fail to effectively integrate with the host tissue. Thus, appropriate selections of the biomaterials are of great significance in the process of bone scaffold development. A novel combination of Catla catla fish scales derived hydroxyapatite (HA) and biocompatible polymer PMMA is considered in this work for the fabrication of bone scaffold. HA concentration is varied from 60 to 80 wt% in the PMMA matrix to investigate its effect on the physico-chemical, mechanical and structural characteristics of the fabricated scaffolds. The acquired results signify that the scaffold with 70 wt% HA content shows optimized properties with 76 ± 0.6% porosity, 7.98 ± 0.47 MPa compressive strength, 27.8 ± 0.3 HD hardness, 186 ± 7% swelling and 5.5 ± 0.41% degradation. The obtained results meet the recommended physiological standard to guide bone tissue regeneration. The in vitro bioactivity assessment of the best-optimized scaffold indicates bone-like apatite formation on the surface of the scaffold after 28 days of SBF immersion. The SBF immersed scaffold shows the presence of Ca and P along with traces of sodium (Na) and Magnesium (Mg) with Ca/P ratio of 1.58 which is very close to the theoretical Ca/P ratio of natural bone apatite confirming its bioactive nature. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the scaffold shows 88.1 ± 3.2% cell viability making the developed scaffold potentially effective to be used in bone grafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita was stocked in four different resource environments namely, Periphyton monoculture, Periphyton polyculture, Plankton monoculture, and Plankton polyculture. Bamboo substrates were used as periphyton colonizers in culture ponds. In polyculture stocks, the Catla catla and Cirhinus mrigala were used as companion crop. The on-farm experiment was conducted for 210 days, and gut contents of rohu were collected and analyzed throughout the stocking period. The gut abundances of rohu showed an inclination towards algal food organisms, especially Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Baccillariophyceae, and Eugelophyceae, towards the later period of stocking when the fish attains a considerable total length. Results from the Shanon Diversity index supported higher algal diversity in the fish gut in periphytic conditions. The Diet breadth index also clearly indicated that rohu has a strong preferences towards periphyton than plankton. Such preferences are more prevalent in polyculture than in monoculture conditions. In conclusion, it can be accepted that rohu has clear preference towards periphyton over plankton when it is available in the environment. Stocking of other planktonic feeders in polyculture conditions may have no impact on the feeding pattern of rohu if periphytic resources are made available in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effect of substituting soybean meal (SBM) with cotton seed meal (CSM) on different biological traits in thaila (Catla catla). Fish (n = 225) with an average initial body weight of 41.53±0.68 g were shifted into hapas (3 (L) x 2 (W) x 1 (D) m) in triplicate (15 fish/replicate). Hapas were divided into five dietary groups: 0CSM, 25CSM, 50CSM, 75CSM, and 100CSM diet treatments were administered diets for a period of 90 days. SBM was replaced by CSM at the levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The results showed that fish survival and growth performance were not affected by the inclusion of CSM in the fish diet up to 50% as a replacement of SBM, but higher replacement levels showed a negative effect. Similarly, body composition and most of the muscle amino acid profiles were not affected significantly (P>0.05) by replacing SBM with CSM. Digestive enzyme activities were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by increasing the level of CSM in the fish diet. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing dietary CSM levels, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels remained the same. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) activity decreased significantly (P<0.05), but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity showed no change. For the intestine, the villus height to villus width ratio and thickness of Tunica muscularis were also better in 25CSM, and their values decreased as the CSM inclusion level increased in the fish diet. In conclusion, SBM could be replaced partially (up to 50%) with CSM without compromising growth performance, whole body proximate composition or immunity of C. catla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) is a toxic environmental contaminant with global public health concern. In aquatic ecosystems, the quantification of total As is restricted chiefly to the individual organisms. The present study has quantified the total As in different trophic layers (sediment–water-phytoplankton-periphyton-zooplankton-fish-gastropod-hydrophytes) of lentic freshwater ecosystems. As transfer pathways quantifying the transmission rate across trophic-level compartmental route were delineated using a novel model-based approach along with its potential contamination risk to humans. Lentic water bodies from Indo-Gangetic region, a core area of groundwater As, were selected for the present investigation. The study revealed that among the lower biota, zooplankton were the highest accumulator of total As (5554–11,564 µg kg−1) with magnification (rate = 1.129) of the metalloid, followed by phytoplankton (2579–6865 µg kg−1) and periphytic biofilm (1075 to 4382 µg kg −1). Muscle tissue of zooplanktivore Labeo catla is found to store higher As (80–115 µg kg−1 w.w.) compared to bottom-dwelling omnivore Cirrhinus mrigala (58–92 µg kg−1 w.w.). Whereas, Amblypharyngodon mola has accumulated higher As (203–319 µg kg−1 w.w.) than Puntius sophore (30–98 µg kg−1 w.w.) that raised further concern. The hepatic concentration indicated arsenic-mediated stress based on As stress index (threshold value = 1). Mrigal and Mola showed significant biomagnification among fishes while biodiminution was observed in Catla, Bata, Rohu and Punti. All the studied fishes were under the arsenic mediated stress. In the 'sediment–water-periphytic biofilm-gastropod' compartment, the direct grazing accumulation was higher (rate = 0.618) than the indirect path (rate = 0.587). Stems of edible freshwater macrophytes accumulated lesser As (32–190 µg kg−1 d.w.) than roots (292–946 µg kg−1 d.w.) and leaves (62–231 µg kg−1 d.w.). The target cancer risk (TCR) revealed a greater concern for adults consuming edible macrophyte regularly. Similarly, the varied level of target hazard quotient and TCR for adults consuming fishes from these waterbodies further speculated significant health concerns. The trophic transfer rate of environmental As in soil–water-biota level at an increasing trophic guild and consumer risk analysis have been unravelled for the first time in the Indo-Gangetic plains, which will be helpful for the strategic mitigation of As contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of different aquafeeds (farm-made versus commercial) on growth, body composition, oxidative capacity, and fatty acid profile in the semi-intensive composite culture system. For this, 1,100 fingerlings/acre having initial body weight and length, Labeo rohita (61.34 g, 171 mm), Catla catla (71.45 g, 181 mm), and Cyprinus carpio (30.80 g, 91 mm) were randomly distributed to 16 ponds and randomly fed on eight different diets (n = 2 pond/diet) in a completely randomized research design. Aquafeed were farm-based diets (D1–D2) and commercial aquafeed (D3–D8). The farm-made diets contained various crude protein levels of maize gluten (24.9%) and rice polish (7.3%), whereas commercial diets were procured from commercial feed plants (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro, and Punjab feed). The growth performance of carps (L. rohita and C. catla) was significantly improved (p < 0.05) by feeding D3 as compared to other diets. Similarly, white blood cell concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in all species fed by D3 than in those fed on D7, D8, D5, D6, D1, and D2 fed groups, respectively. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine phosphatase activities were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the D3-fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio compared with those fed on the rest of the treatments. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also higher (p < 0.05) for the D3 fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio than those fed on the rest diets. The groups fed on D3 and D4 had greater (p < 0.05) concentrations of myristic (14), palmitic acid (16), and stearic (18) acids than those fed on the rest of the commercial diets. However, meat chemical composition was similar (p > 0.05) across the treatments. These results also prove that the increase in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body's crude protein and fat levels. Feeding D3 improved the production performance, oxidative status, and fatty acid profile in composite major carps culture systems. Thus, based on growth, survival, and body composition, it is concluded that D3 and D4 may be recommended for a commercial culture of major carps. Dietary treatments had no significant impact (p > 0.05) on water's physical–chemical properties. Calcium content and alkalinity varied (p < 0.05), with D5 showing the lowest calcium and the highest alkalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to understand the feeding-related age-bound changes in gut histoarchitecture and its response to gut melatonin (GM) titer regulating major digestive enzymes in carp, Catla catla. Therefore, gut samples were collected from different growth stages of carp, viz. (i) fingerling (FL), body weight (BW) ≥ 3 g to ≤ 20 g; (ii) advanced fingerling (AFL), BW > 20 g to ≤ 40 g; (iii) early juvenile (EJv), BW > 40 g to ≤ 70 g; (iv) juvenile (Jv), BW > 70 g to ≤ 200 g; (v) late juvenile (LJv), BW > 200 g to ≤ 300 g; (vi) preadult (PA), BW > 300 g to ≤ 500 g; (vii) subadult (SA), BW > 500 g to ≤ 1.00 kg; and (viii) adult (AD), BW > 1 kg to ≤ 2.5 kg. Data analysis revealed that the highest titer of GM was noted in FL, moderate in AFL, Jv, and PA, lower in EJv, SA, and AD, and lowest in LJv. Results depicted a negative correlation between the development of the gut and its melatonin content. Moreover, GM was positively associated with feeding intensity and gastro-somatic index (GaSI) and negatively related to ovarian onset and development. Following correlation and principal component analysis, several pieces of evidence were recorded on the role of gut melatonin in regulating digestive physiology. Finally, it indicates that gut melatonin has a progressively influential role in improving digestion, particularly protein and microbial digestion, with the development of an adult gut from the fingerling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination usually causes depletion in feed utilization in fish, and such disturbance may result in reduced metabolic rate and hence causing reduction in their growth. The present study assessed theharmful effect of sublethal concentrations of four different heavy metal mixturesi.e., Mix-I (Mn+Ni), Mix-II(Mn+Ni+Pb), Mix-III (Mn+Pb+Zn+Fe), and Mix-IV (Mn+Ni+Pb+Zn+Fe) on five fish species including Labeorohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinamrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Ctenopharyngodonidella. The experiment was carried out in triplicate for each species separately in glass aquarium for 12 weeks. The results showed a significant(p < 0.001)effect on the treated group as compared to the control group. The average weight gain was as C. catla>L. rohita>C. mrigala>C. idella>H. molitrix. The condition factor was as C. idella>C. mrigala>L. rohita>C. catla>H. molitrix. Similarly, the feed intake also reduced significantly (p>0.001) in the treated group, and the feed conversion efficiency showed significant (p>0.05) effect of metal mixtures on fish metabolism and growth activity. The current study concluded that the studied heavy metals are toxic to different fish species, even at sub-lethal concentrations, and affect different biological parameters of fish growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aeromonas veronii is the most common bacterium responsible for diseases in freshwater fish rearing systems. Multiple factors can be involved in the virulence processes of Aeromonas bacteria. Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. veronii isolated from freshwater fishes. Methods: In this investigation, we isolated A. veronii from cultured freshwater fishes, Labeo rohita and Catla catla. A. veronii was identified by bacterial staining and culture characteristics. In addition, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to evaluate the distribution of nine virulence genes including aerolysin, cytotonic enterotoxin (442, 272 bp), elastase, enolase, flagellin, lipase, serine protease and DNase. Result: A total of 88 A. veronii strains were isolated, which includes 56 strains from rohu and 33 strains from catla. The strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacteria and the colonies are yellow on blood agar. All the A. veronii strains were positive for at least one or more virulence genes tested. The isolates carried more virulence genes, especially in the combination of aer, alt, ela, lip, AhyB genes were found to be more virulent. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was determined and the strains of A. veronii showed 100% resistance to tetracycline, pencillin and ß-lactum group of antibiotics. In addition, multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes ranged from 0.24 to 0.76, suggesting that they originated from high risk contaminated zones were (W. Godavari and Nellore districts) antimicrobials are often used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of partial substitution of crude protein from soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) in juvenile rohu (Labeo rohita) and catla (Catla catla). Four isonitrogenous diets (23% crude protein) were formulated to replace 0% (T0), 40% (T40), 80% (T80) and 100% (T100) crude protein from SBM with BSFLM. Triplicate groups of each species (10 fish per replicate) were fed in an eight week growth experiment. After final sampling (n = 20 fish per dietary group), the remaining fish were exposed to bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) challenge (0.80 CFU/ml) for 15 days. Rohu fed with BSFLM substituted diets showed significantly higher growth and feed conversion ratio as compared to those in T0. Catla fed with BSFLM substituted diets showed slightly higher growth indices. The growth response of rohu to BSFLM substitution was better than that noted in catla in all groups. The chemical composition, amino acids and fatty acids profile, haematological and biochemical parameters, levels of liver function enzymes measured in T0, T40, T80 and T100 were similar between four dietary groups in both species. However, the maximum value of cholesterol and triglycerides were noted in T100 both in catla and rohu. The values of lauric acid, α-linolenic acid, decosahexanoic acid, n3:n6 fatty acids ratio progressively increased with dietary increase of BSFLM in both species. At end of the growth experiment, the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme increased linearly with the inclusion of BSFLM in both species while malondialdehyde showed similar values between different groups. However, catalase, and superoxide dismutase increased (T0

The aquaculture industry's insatiable demand for fishmeal has led to a price surge, prompting the search for a sustainable alternative protein source. Enter Azolla meal, a plant protein that could be a viable substitute for fishmeal. This cost-effective supplemental feed could be a game-changer for small-scale producers looking to expand their aquaculture production. Numerous experiments have been conducted on replacing fishmeals with Azolla meals in fish diets, and the results have sparked further research. This review delves into Azolla's composition, comparing it to fishmeal in terms of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. It also explores the value of employing Azolla in fish feeds and the various methods to mitigate its adverse effects through feed additives during the feed formulation. This review discusses the essential effects of Azolla meal on the growth of various fish species, including tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), catfish (Clarias batrachus), thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita), and catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus). Azolla's potential extends beyond its use as a fish feed ingredient. It could also be utilized for bioremediation to remediate hazardous chemicals in water resulting from aquaculture, industrial, and household waste. Further research is needed to optimize the use of Azolla meal in fish feed and to develop cost-effective production methods. This review is a valuable resource for farmers looking to maximize profit when using Azolla in aquafeed and potentially sustainably enhance aquaculture production. With its promising potential, the Azolla meal could be the key to meeting the growing demand for fishmeals while reducing the industry's environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the bactericidal role of the epidermal mucus (EM) of five freshwater Cyprinid fish species namely Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Cirrhinus mrigala after treatment with Aeromonas hydrophila. Extracts of EM (crude and acidic) of each species showed bactericidal activity against various Gram −ve (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae) and Gram +ve (Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria compared with standard antibiotics (Fosfomycin). The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured in millimetres against antibiotics (Fosfomycin). Variations in bactericidal activity of EM were observed against bacteria from the same and different fish species. The acidic extract was more effective than the crude extract and showed significantly higher ZOI values against various bacteria and Fosfomycin antibiotics. This result shows that fish EM may perform an important role in fish defence against bacteria. Therefore, this study may hint towards the substitution of synthetic antibiotics with fish EM that may be used as a novel 'bactericidal' in aquaculture as well as in humans against bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five probiotic yeast strains viz. Yarrowia lipolytica VIT-MN01, Kluyveromyces lactis VIT-MN02, Lipomyces starkeyi VIT-MN03, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera VIT-MN04 and Brettanomyces custersianus VIT-MN05 were used in this study for in vitro and in vivo safety analysis. Various in vitro assays like hemolytic activity, DNase activity, mucin degradation, and gelatinase activity. Further, potential probiotic strains were tested for acute & subacute toxicity assays using Wister albino rats. Among the five strains, none of the strains showed hemolytic activity, DNase activity, and mucin degradation, whereas L. starkeyi VIT-MN03 and S. fibuligera VIT-MN04 did not show gelatinase activity. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates the safety assessment of L. starkeyi VIT-MN03 by in vivo analysis such as acute and subacute oral toxicity studies using Wistar albino female rats. There is no toxicity or death observed in any of the animals after acute and subacute oral toxicity studies. Thus, the probiotic yeast L. starkeyi can be considered a safe bioresource. The effect of probiotic yeast L starkeyi VIT-MN03 was evaluated as a dietary supplement to Labeo rohita and Catla catla fishes. The increased growth rate and enhanced immune responses were observed in probiotic supplemented fishes than others. Therefore, the present study suggests that L. starkeyi VIT-MN03 can serve as a promising probiotic candidate to exert beneficial effects in the host and it can be used to produce novel probiotic functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the natural resources have been over-utilized, aquaculture has emerged as the food industry with the highest rate of growth worldwide and established itself as a source of high-quality protein. India is second in the world in terms of fish resource culture. The Indian economy depends heavily on the fishing industry for possibilities on how the rural and poor might make a living. Omnipotent bacteria are present in water as microflora and may play a significant role in harming the fish farming sector. The future growth of aquaculture depends on early illness detection and the development of effective vaccinations. From water samples taken in the Meja Regions of Uttar Pradesh, the current research sought to isolate and maybe identify bacteria with the potential for growth. Materials and Techniques 20 different ponds’ worth of water samples. The samples that were gathered were located and examined. Using the agar plate technique, the bacterial load in the samples was assessed for the potential indicator species. According to a preliminary investigation, the majority of the water samples included potential Vibrio cholerae, E. coli, S. thyphimurium. In the chosen fishponds, other bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and E. coli were also found. It was discovered that the ponds were severely polluted with harmful microorganisms, particularly bacteria that pose a significant danger to fish kept in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on the effect of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus) in terms of the abundance of cultivable fish species was conducted for five years from 2017 to 2022 in two study stations, Guddemdoddi Balancing Reservoir in Jogulamba Gadwal district and Ramanpad Balancing Reservoir in Wanaparthy district of Priyadarshini Jurala Project (PJP) in Telangana state. The study revealed a negative impact of Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus) on the abundance of Indian Major Carps (IMC), catla (Catla catla) Labeo,(Labeo rohita) Mrigala (Cirrhinus mrigala and other fish species in the above habitats. Analysis of the data of fish abundance indicated a relative fall in populations of IMCs and other cultivable fish species against established populations of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus) and a measurable impact of Tilapia on IMCs was observed. A significant increase in the abundance of Tilapia population with a correlated decrease in the populations of Indian Major Carps were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning the extent of price volatility is critical to ensure the producer and consumer's economic welfare. Hence, we have envisioned assessing the price transmission relationship over time among the farmgate, wholesale, and retail markets for the four major aquaculture products, namely Rui, Catla, Tilapia and Pangas in Bangladesh. The Granger causality test examined the causal relationships among the farmgate, wholesale and retail fish prices. The Houck/Ward and error correction approach was also applied to study their price transmission pattern. Results indicate that the retail price leads the wholesale and farmgate price. In most cases, the coefficient of variation decreases as the fish handover from the farmgate to retail levels. Out of 15 pairs of farmgate, wholesale, and retail price-series analyzed, 14 pairs are co-integrated (p < 0.01). Current results also suggest that the price transmission pattern is symmetric in the short run but could be a mixture of symmetric and asymmetric in the long run. This asymmetric price behavior indicates that changes in retail prices do not get reflected fully at both farmgate and wholesale prices, and the transmitted prices may vary according to the retail prices based on their rising or falling pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on Head Punjnad (HP) and Head Taunsa (HT) to evaluate the contamination of Pb, Cr, As, Hg, and Cd in water, soil, sediment, fish as a whole and fish organs. Fish, water, soil and sediment samples were collected from different sites of HT and HP on a monthly basis for 8 months. Heavy metals in water, soil, and sediment were determined by a polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometer and in fish and fish organs by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Contamination of Cd, Hg, and As was significantly (P<0.05) higher in water of HP as compared to HT, while Cr showed a non-significant (P>0.05) difference at HP and HT. Pb was significantly (P<0.05) higher in water of HT as compared to HP. In the case of soil, Cd, Hg, and Pb were higher at HT as compared to HP, while As and Cr were significantly (P<0.05) higher at HP as compared to HT. In sediment, contamination of Cd, Hg, and As were significantly (P<0.05) higher at HP as compared to HT, while the Cr difference was non-significant (P>0.05) but Pb showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher value at HT than HP. Cd accumulation in different fish species was recorded as R. rita ˃O. niloticus ˃C. marulius ˃S. sarwari ˃C. idella ˃C. catla ˃N. notopterus ˃E. vacha ˃L. rohita ˃C. carpio, respectively. Hg as O. niloticus ˃S. sarwari ˃R. rita ˃C. marulius ˃C. catla ˃N. notopterus ˃E. vacha ˃L. rohita ˃C. carpio ˃C. idella, respectively. As as O. niloticus ˃R. rita ˃S. sarwari ˃C. marulius ˃C. catla ˃C. carpio ˃N. notopterus ˃C. idella ˃E. vacha ˃L. rohita, respectively. Cr accumulation recorded as L. rohita ˃C. idella ˃O. niloticus ˃C. marulius ˃E. vacha ˃R. rita ˃C. catla ˃C. carpio ˃S. sarwari ˃N. notopterus, respectively. Pb accumulation in different fish species was recorded as C. idella ˃C. carpio ˃N. notopterus ˃L. rohita ˃O. niloticus ˃C. marulius ˃R. rita ˃S. sarwari ˃E. vacha ˃C. catla, respectively. Cd accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney ˃liver ˃gills ˃muscle ˃skin ˃scale. Hg accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney ˃gills ˃liver ˃skin ˃muscle ˃scale. As accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney ˃liver ˃gills ˃muscle ˃skin ˃scale. Cr accumulation in different organs was recorded as gills ˃ liver ˃skin ˃muscle ˃kidney ˃scale. Pb accumulation in different organs was recorded as gills˃ kidney˃ skin˃ liver˃ muscle˃ scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All the natural water bodies are continuously being contaminated with toxic chemicals from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides. Excessive application of pesticides from agricultural fields contaminate aquatic medium, resulting in serious damage to non-target species, including fish. The fish as a bioindicator of aquatic medium plays an important role in the monitoring of water pollution. Histopathology is an important tool for evaluating the action of any toxicant at tissue level. The focus of the present study is to measure the histological changes in liver and kidney of the fresh water fish Catla catla exposed to sub lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos 1/15th of the 96 hour LC50 values for the period of 10 and 20 days. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos showed mild vacuolar hepatocytes, dilation of central vein, vaculor degenerative changes, mild hyperaemia and severe hyperaemia of central vein in the liver tissue slide. The changes observed in kidney slide due to the impact of chlorpyrifos toxicity are hemorrhage, degenerative changes in between tubules, constriction of primary tubule, vacuolar degenerative changes, necrosis in epithelial lining of proximal tubules, chlorpyrifos compound induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted with a view to evaluating heavy metal contamination of four selected fish species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and the potential health risks of its consumers in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Twenty-one feed samples and eighty-four fish specimens were collected from seven different farms scattered across the Rajshahi district and subsequent screening of heavy metal was conducted through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The heavy metal concentration of Pb, Co, Cr, Cd and Ni was found beyond the permissible limits in fish feed and raw fish with a strong correlative association of heavy metals between them. Metal pollution index revealed that C. cirrhosus was the most polluted species while L. rohita was the least. Health risk assessment was conducted by evaluating estimated daily intake (EDI), health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and target carcinogenic risk (TR). EDI of metal was higher in children, and according to HRI, they were at two to three times more risk compared to the adults. THQ of all the heavy metals across the selected species was found to be less than 1 demonstrating the absence of non-carcinogenic hazard for individual heavy metal intake. However, HI values indicated that the cumulative effect of those heavy metals might impart some degree of non-carcinogenic effect over lifelong exposure. TR values suggested that the carcinogenic effect of Pb remained negligible while Cr, Cd and Ni had low to moderate risk of developing cancer with a greater probability of its occurrence in women than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish health can influence important population-level processes, especially those trying to deal with challenges posed by the natural environment, and growth, which in turn affect stock productivity. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolites of epidermal mucus in response to two threats of environment faced by the fishes: starvation and pathogenic attack; with the aim to check the alteration in values of innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of three Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. Study showed that, in all three species the amount of mucus secretion and parameters like protein, carbohydrate and lipid of skin mucus altered after both the challenge trials and their concentration differed with respect to species. In particular, immune parameters including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and protease increased after both challenges (starvation and pathogenic attack) to face the stress. In contrast myeloperoxidase activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after the challenge of starvation but its value increased with pathogen challenge. Variations in mucosal parameters thus could be employed as possible non-invasive biomarkers for studying fish physiology in response to environmental stresses and as an integrated approach to assess the particular species response to the specific condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiding developing nations like Bangladesh in their pursuit of food security requires careful analysis of marketing costs and margins as well as farmer profitability. Therefore, this study delves into the profitability and marketing intricacies of four prominent fish species in Bangladesh's aquaculture sector namely rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), and pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Through extensive face-to-face survey involving 200 fish farmers and 212 market actors in aquaculture-rich districts, the research uncovers valuable insights. The findings unveil varying profitability, with catla fish emerging as the most lucrative, boasting a substantial benefitcost ratio (BCR) of 2.77, while Nile tilapia trails with a BCR of 1.08. The highest expense was incurred for feed, followed by fingerlings. The study highlights the existence of multiple routes for transferring fish from producers to consumers, notably direct sales to middlemen and the active involvement of intermediaries like wholesalers, and facilitators. Farmers sell 41% of their fish directly to middlemen. With facilitator's commission standing out as the most important cost component, wholesalers bear an excessive portion of the marketing expenses. Efficiency in fish marketing is meticulously assessed, with catla fish emerging as the most efficiently supplied species. The study underlines the considerable potential for bolstering fish productivity and enhancing the value chain-a promising avenue that promises financial benefits to both fish farmers and market actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to explore the fish value chain and the determinants that influenced the fish farmer's decision, preferably in the value addition chain of Rui, Catla, Tilapia, and Pangas fish. Hence, primary data were collected from 200 fish farmers and 212 market actors from three districts of Bangladesh. The per quintal value addition by the retailers in Mymensingh and Jessore areas was the highest for Rui and the lowest for Pangas. In Dhaka, the retailer's highest per quintal value was reported for Catla. The Poisson regression analysis revealed that farmers' education, fish farming experience, and access to extension services could positively, while the farmer's age could negatively influence their value addition decisions. Developing effective extension services is vital to make an integrated and sophisticated fish market system in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the inhibition of AChE activity in the brain of Catla catla (Ham.) due to acute and sub-chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of malathion. A significant, 63% inhibition was noticed for subchronic exposure. For quantitative analysis of inhibitor and reaction mechanism, conventional Kinetic constants Km, Vmax was determined through the Line-weaver Burk plot. Increased Km value for increased concentration of pesticide and for exposure time indicates increased inhibition of the enzyme. A constant Vmax value for both acute and sub-chronic exposure shows the competitive nature of inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of Aeromonas are major pathogens causing hemorrhagic septicemia disease in aquatic animals and gastroenteritis in humans. The present study is focusing on isolation of Aeromonas species from hemorrhagic septicemia infected freshwater fish Catla catla collected from two districts viz., West Godavari and SPSR Nellore of Andhra Pradesh, India and assessing their threat in terms of antibiotic resistance patterns and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index. A Total of 50 strains of nine Aeromonas species were isolated and characterized by both biochemical and molecular based on 16S rRNA gene. Among 50 strains A. veronii biovar veronii (32%) and A. veronii bv. sobria (20%) were dominant when compared to other Aeromonas spp. Further, the strains were tested for antibiotic resistance against 17 antibiotics. The strains showed 100% resistance to ampicillin, amoxyclav and oxytetracycline. The least resistance showed against ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and amikacin. All the Aeromonas spp. showed MAR and index value ranged from 0.33-0.78, which indicates origination of isolated Aeromonas spp. from high risk sources of contamination. The results revealed that high frequency of Aeromonas spp. in freshwater fish are potential pathogens and threat to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]