Search

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is involved in the response to cadmium (Cd) exposure. In this study, the plants of mutant (gsnor1-3) with lossing-function of- and over-expression (GSNOROE5) of GSNOR were used to clear the role of GSNOR in Cd tolerance. GSNOR activity increased through upregulating the expression of the AtGSNOR gene and protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under Cd stress, which attenuated Cd tolerance. Oxidative damage was more serious in GSNOROE5 and was alleviated in gsnor1-3 under Cd stress, compared with Col-0. Induction of GSNOR facilitated H2O2 accumulation but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in shoots under Cd stress. This phenotype was eliminated by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a CAT inhibitor. In addition, the expressions of AtCAT1 and AtCAT2 were down-regulated with increasing GSNOR activity under Cd stress. This suggested that GSNOR was involved in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through regulating CAT expression and activity under Cd exposure. Furthermore, Cd tolerance and CAT activity were improved by spraying S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) onto the surface of the leaves. The in vitro activity of CAT increased with GSNO concentration until a GSNO/CAT ratio of 2 was reached. Thus, CAT activity was relative to GSNOR through regulating the expression and S-nitrosylation level of proteins. In summary, the Cd-induced promotion of GSNOR activity aggravated Cd toxicity in plants by mediating H2O2 accumulation controlled by CAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is involved in the response to cadmium (Cd) exposure. In this study, the plants of mutant (gsnor1-3) with lossing-function of- and over-expression (GSNOR OE 5) of GSNOR were used to clear the role of GSNOR in Cd tolerance. GSNOR activity increased through upregulating the expression of the AtGSNOR gene and protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under Cd stress, which attenuated Cd tolerance. Oxidative damage was more serious in GSNOR OE 5 and was alleviated in gsnor1-3 under Cd stress, compared with Col-0. Induction of GSNOR facilitated H2O2 accumulation but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in shoots under Cd stress. This phenotype was eliminated by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a CAT inhibitor. In addition, the expressions of AtCAT1 and AtCAT2 were down-regulated with increasing GSNOR activity under Cd stress. This suggested that GSNOR was involved in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through regulating CAT expression and activity under Cd exposure. Furthermore, Cd tolerance and CAT activity were improved by spraying S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) onto the surface of the leaves. The in vitro activity of CAT increased with GSNO concentration until a GSNO/CAT ratio of 2 was reached. Thus, CAT activity was relative to GSNOR through regulating the expression and S-nitrosylation level of proteins. In summary, the Cd-induced promotion of GSNOR activity aggravated Cd toxicity in plants by mediating H2O2 accumulation controlled by CAT.

Introduction Intercropping reduces the application of chemical pesticides to control pests and weeds, reducing the environmental risks associated with chemical pesticide application (Himmelstein et al., 2017). Biochar is a soil amendment because of its potential to retain water and nutrients, prevent nitrogen leaching, increase soil fertility, and improve plant growth (Fang et al., 2018; Munoz et al., 2016). Other benefits of vermicompost are increased stability of soil resources, maintenance of production, reduction of environmental pollution, and increased soil biological activity too (Demir, 2019). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of forage turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) leaves in different intercropping ratios of forage turnip and basil (Ocimum basilicum) using biochar as soil amendment and vermicompost. Materials and Methods A biennial study was conducted on the quality performance of forage turnip (Brassica rapa var. Rapa) in the form of split-plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Karaj in two years (2018-2019). The treatments of this study include: intercropping in four ratio (100% forage turnip (monoculture), 90% forage turnip + 10% basil, 80% forage turnip + 20% basil, 70% forage turnip + 30% basil), in main plots, and vermicompost in two levels (15, 18.5 ton.ha-1) and biochar in two levels (No consumption and 5 ton.ha-1) which was placed in subplots. The forage turnip cultivar was PacFB05. In this study, Photosynthetic pigments were measured by the Arnon (1967) method, membrane permeability (Ferrat and Loval, 1999), relative moisture content (Bertin et al., 1996), soluble leaf sugars (Sheligl, 1986), catalase (Dazy et al., 2008) and soil respiration (Isermeyer, 1952). Using SAS software (Ver.9) for data analysis of a two-year experiment and analysis of means was done with Duncan’s test in significance at 5% probability level. Excel software was used to plot the graphs. Results and Discussion The results of this study indicated that by increasing the ratio of basil in intercropping, the quality traits of forage turnip leaves increased. Consumption of biochar and application of vermicompost at the level of 18.5 ton.ha-1 increased the quality of forage turnip leaves. The highest chlorophyll a ((17.52 mg.g-1Fw), chlorophyll b (8.76 mg.g-1Fw) total chlorophyll (26.38 mg.g-1Fw), carotenoids (6.91 mg.g-1Fw), relative water content (59.54%), of soluble sugars (69.43%), catalase (0.018 micromole Fresh weight/min) were due to the interaction of (70% forage turnip + 30% basil) × vermicompost 18.5 ton ha-1 × application of biochar. The highest value of membrane stability index was related to 100% forage turnip × vermicompost 15 ton ha-1 (4.85 (mol.ml-1.s-1)). The highest amount of soil respiration is associated with the interaction of vermicompost 18.5 ton.ha-1 × 70% forage turnip + 30% basil with value of 0.28 (micromole.gsoil-1.hour-1)), interaction of biochar ×70% forage turnip + 30% basil (0.32 (micromole.gsoil-1.hour-1)), and interaction of vermicompost of 18.5 ton.ha-1 × biochar 0.31 (micromole. g soil-1.hour-1). Due to the potential of biochar (water and food retention and prevent of nitrogen leaching) it can increase the availability of water and nutrients for the plant, which leads to increased photosynthesis of the plant and thus the quality of forage turnip leaves (Akhtar et al., 2015; Hammer et al., 2015). Vermicompost increases soil organic matter and the uptake of zinc, copper, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen in soil. The presence of these elements in the soil and their absorption by the roots increases vegetative growth and leaf production in the plant, which causes the level of light absorption, photosynthetic level, the formation of hydrocarbons in the leaves, and the resulting growth also increases leaf quality (Theunissen et al., 2010). Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the application of vermicompost ​​18.5 ton ha-1 and biochar increased forage turnip quality, which is due to the availability of water and nutrients for forage turnip. The best intercropping ratio was related to 70% forage turnip + 30% basil, which can be said to be due to the increase in the percentage of basil and the competition of plants for better use of intercropping components of growth sources such as light, water, and food.

Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) is a prominent medicinal plant exerting various health benefits. However, it remains unknown whether yam bean fiber (YB) is also capable of counteracting the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the small intestine. This present study aimed to investigate the effect of YB supplementation on the glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) expression, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations of the small intestine in mice fed an HFD. Twenty-seven mice were assigned equally into three different diet treatment groups: normal diet (ND), HFD, and HFD supplemented with 10% of YB (HFD + YB). After eight weeks, mRNA expression of GLP-1, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase (CAT) activity in the small intestinal tissue were determined, and the anatomical and histopathological alterations of the intestine were investigated. The results demonstrated that YB supplementation was effective in precluding HFD-indued reduction of GLP-1 mRNA expression in the small intestine. YBF also prevented MDA elevation while ameliorating CAT activity. Furthermore, YBF exerted an ameliorative effect against HFD-induced morphological and histological alterations of the small intestine, particularly in intestinal length, index, and the number of inflammatory cells in the mucosal layer. This study revealed that YB supplementation could effectively prevent the impairment of GLP-1 expression and oxidative stress while ameliorating the histopathological alterations of the small intestine caused by HFD. Hence, YB could be formulated as a supplement to improve the gastrointestinal structure and functions against HFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxylato-bridged dinuclear and tetranuclear Mn(II) complexes 1–3 with ditopic ligands featuring two N3-terminal coordination sites connected by hexyl (tphn), octyl (tpon), and p-xylyl (tpxn) linkers have been synthesized and characterized through X-ray single-crystal structure analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Complex 1 is a μ-fluorido-bis-μ-acetato dinuclear Mn(II) complex where the ligand tphn coordinates to both terminal sides of a dinuclear Mn unit. In contrast, complexes 2 and 3 are tetranuclear Mn(II) complexes with a macrocyclic structure, in which two dinuclear Mn units are linked by ligands tpon or tpxn. The redox behaviors of 1 and 2 were elucidated by cyclic voltammetry, revealing two metal-centered redox processes corresponding to Mn2(II,II)/Mn2(II,III) and Mn2(II,III)/Mn2(III,III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent agricultural research has prioritized the development of environmentally friendly management strategies to ensure food security, among which the application of biostimulants such as brown algae extracts, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and their combination are included. The experimental protocol was based on the factorial combination of two planting times (4 May and 1 June) and seven biostimulant treatments (three brown algae species, Cystoseria tamariscifolia—C.t.; Fucus vesiculosus—F.v.; Padina pavonica—P.p.; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—AMF; C.t. + AMF; F.v. + AMF; P.p. + AMF) plus an untreated control. The earlier transplant resulted in a higher yield, due to the higher number of fruits per plant, and a higher plant fresh and dry biomass. The treatments with P.p. and F.v. extracts and the combination P.p. + AMF led to the highest yields (56.7 t ha−1), mainly due to the highest fruit number per plant. The earlier planting time led to higher values of dry residue, soluble solids, firmness, and colour component 'a'. The highest values of fruit dry residue were recorded under the F.v. and P.p. extracts, and the combinations F.v. + AMF and P.p. + AMF, the highest soluble solid content with P.p. treatment, and firmness under P.p. + AMF. The highest levels of 'L' and 'a' fruit colour components were obtained under the P.p. extract treatment, of 'b' upon the application of P.p. and F.v. extract, and AMF + P.p. and AMF + F.v. The later planting time led to significantly higher values of the antioxidant parameters, as did the application of the P.p. extract and P.p. + AMF. CAT activity was more intense corresponding to the later tomato crop cycle, P.p. extract, and AMF + P.p. Overall, our study highlights the potential of biostimulants, particularly brown algae extracts and their combination with AMF, to improve tomato yield, antioxidant properties, and biochemical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicosulfuron, despite being a post-emergence herbicide commonly used in corn crops to combat weeds, there is still little information on nicosulfuron toxicity for soil microbiota. Little information exists on the impact of nicosulfuron on the enzymatic activities of soil dehydrogenases (Deh), urease (Ure), catalase (Cat), and alkaline phosphatase (Alp). We used a multiple dose- and time point (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) study design to determine the effect of nicosulfuron on these parameters during the first 28 days post-application. The soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content (OM), water content, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and available phosphate were also monitored. Ure was the most responsive enzyme to nicosulfuron. This herbicide exerted a transitory dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on Deh activity; maximum inhibition occurred at 14 days at doses from the normal recommended dose onward. For Ure, the maximal inhibitory effect started at 7 days of exposure to half the normal recommended dose and continued for another 14 days. The effect on Cat occurred later, whereas Alp activity was affected by nicosulfuron between 7 and 21 days but only for triple the normal recommended dose. OM showed the most consistent relationships with these parameters, being strongly positively correlated with Deh, Cat, and Alp activities. These results indicate that nicosulfuron may alter the soil metabolic activity, thus affecting its fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractions obtained from low temperature-induced crystallisation of ethanolic extracts of green-and red-oak leaf and okra seed were accounted for total polyphenol content and the DPPH antioxidant activity, resulting in 5.99, 4.44, and 12.35 mg gallic acid equivalent per g sample, and 0.45, 0.35, and 0.99 mg Trolox equivalent per g sample, respectively. Insulin resistance was the result after incubating C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in high glucose DMEM for 20 h. Oxidative stress and inflammation were triggered by re-incubating these resistant cells with insulin. The expression of p-p38 MAPK and NF-κB proteins and the NF-B p65 transcription factor activity were enhanced. Such inflammatory protein markers were reduced when the crystalised extracts replaced insulin. Increased catalase activity and NO production were also determined for the incubations using the crystalised extracts. It was suitable to include these vegetables in the daily diets of prediabetic individuals for better management of the patient’s health status by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme found in all living organisms that is responsible for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide, a type of harmful compound known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), into harmless oxygen and water. It is necessary for cell protection from ROS-induced oxidative damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals. T2DM is rapidly rising in prevalence worldwide, emerging as a significant public health challenge. It can disrupt iron regulation in the bloodstream, leading to the production of ROS, which can damage the cells. Objective: To explore the correlation between iron status and catalase activity in T2DM patients, and the possibility of using it as a predictor for the onset and severity of diabetes. Methods: One hundred and fifty participants were included in the study, comprising 50 healthy volunteers who served as the control group (C) and 100 cases diagnosed with T2DM who were divided into three groups based on the duration of their disease: Group A1 (n=38; < 5 years), A2 (n=37; 5-10 years) and A3 (n=25; >10 years). The participants were recruited from the Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, during the period from October 2022 to the end of January 2023. The study assessed various blood markers in all participants, including Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), ferritin, transferrin, a saturation of transferrin (S.Trans) and catalase activity (CAT). Results: Compared to the control group, patients with T2DM showed significantly higher levels of FBG, HbA1c, and ferritin, notably lower levels of iron, TIBC, UIBC, and S.Trans. Interestingly, only the A2 group had significantly lower transferrin levels compared to control. There was a significant decrease in catalase activity across all patient groups. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between iron levels and catalase activity in all patient groups. Conclusion: Increases in ferritin levels might be a risk factor for developing T2DM. The observed association between lower iron levels and reduced catalase activity in T2DM is intriguing and can serve as a future predictor for the onset and severity of diabetes, warranting further investigation.

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of plant extracts from hemp inflorescences (H10—10% and H20—20%), as well as a mixture of extracts from hemp inflorescences, sage, and tansy leaves (M10—10% and M20—20%) on phytotoxicity and selected physiological and biometric parameters of wheat seedlings, as well as the biological activity of soil in a growth chamber experiment. In all experimental combinations, a low phytotoxicity of the extracts was observed in the form of leaf tip yellowing, classified as first-degree damage or its complete absence. The plant extracts and their mixtures, except for the H20 extract, had an inhibitory effect on the development of fungal pathogens, especially Fusarium spp. The H20 extract increased the fresh and dry weight of root seedlings. The tested extracts also had a positive effect on the chlorophyll content in seedlings. The highest chlorophyll concentrations were recorded for the seedlings sprayed with the M20 extract mixture. The applied plant extracts influenced the activity of soil enzymes. The highest activity of catalase and dehydrogenases was observed after spraying seedlings with M20, while the lowest was recorded after applying H10. Of all the tested groups of soil environment compounds included in the Biolog EcoPlates test, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids were most actively utilized. Conversely, amines and amides constituted the group of compounds utilized the least frequently. The present study demonstrated the high effectiveness of plant extracts on wheat seedlings due to their biocidal action against phytopathogenic fungi and increased biological activity of the soil. This research serves as an initial phase of work, which will aim to verify the results obtained under field conditions, as well as assess the biological stability of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript intends to present a thorough analysis of the effect of sodium and cadmium stress on Brassica juncea biomass, shoot-root length, chlorophyll content and catalase activity. B. juncea seeds were grown in clay pots and varying concentration of Cd and NaCl were applied to each pot to induce stress. Afterwards, weight for fresh and dried roots was analyzed. Percentage of biomass decrease was recorded for root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. Using metric scale length of root and shoot was measured. For estimation of the Chlorophyll content 10g fresh leaves were taken from cultivated plant under varying concentration of NaCl and Cd measured by spectrophotometer at a particular wavelength. Using Arnon's equation the process yielded the value of Chlorophyll content. The percentage of decrease of Chlorophyll a, b and total Chlorophyll was calculated. Catalase activity was also recorded to study the effect of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced due to sodium and cadmium toxicity on plants and how catalase concentration increased to scavenge these ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Catalase is an important enzyme that helps protect cells against oxidative stress. The current protocol presents a reliable method for measuring catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in biological systems using the CUPRAC-CAT method. Methods In the CUPRAC-CAT method, the component of the enzymatic reaction was incubated before adding the Cu(Nc)2 2+ reagent. The unreacted substrates reduced the Cu(II)-the neocuproine complex, resulting in the highly colored Cu(I)-neocuproine product, which could be detected spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. The negative correlation between catalase activity and the absorbance of the Cu(I)-neocuproine complex was examined. To assess the optimization of Cu(I)-neocuproine complex production, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, specifically utilizing the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Additionally, the reliability of the newly developed protocol was confirmed through Bland–Altman analysis of catalase activity in paired samples, employing the peroxovanadate method. Results The novel method is just as accurate as the established standard; the correlation between the two methods was 0.99. The CUPRAC-CAT method is stable, sensitive, linear, reproducible, accurate, and selective and can be used for quantifying oxidative stress while measuring catalase activity in liver tissue homogenates. Conclusions This study has demonstrated a straightforward and dependable protocol for evaluating catalase activity. The protocol is free from interference and can be easily employed in scientific research, ensuring a high level of accuracy and precision. The CUPRAC-CAT method is an effective technique to monitor bacterial contamination. This method provides quick and reliable results that can help ensure food safety and prevent or address bacterial contamination. Graphical abstract

In the present work, we report a neutral dinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu2(L1)(OH)], derived from a new [N,O] donor Schiff base ligand L1 that was formed after the endogenous hydroxylation of an initial carbamate Schiff base H2L coordinated with copper ions in an electrochemical cell. The copper(II) complex has been fully characterized using different techniques, including X-ray diffraction. Direct current (DC) magnetic susceptibility measurements were also performed at variable temperatures, showing evidence of antiferromagnetic behavior. Its catalase-like activity was also tested, demonstrating that this activity is affected by temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at exploiting the essential oil (EO) and phenolic compounds (PC) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in a formulation containing leaf powder stabilized with chitin (1%, w/w) to improve chicken meat and investigate their effect on qualitatively and quantitatively broiler chickens’ growth performances. To such a purpose, chicks, at 1 day of age, were distributed in pens on ground divided into four batches. The two control batches were fed with conventional feed, but the positive control contained flavomycin (0.5 g/kg) as growth factor. The two treated batches received a conventional feed supplemented with two doses of 20 and 50 g/kg of the developed formulation. Essential oil and phenolic compound contents in powdered leaves were, respectively, 1.20 and 22.86% in ethanolic extract. 1,8-Cineole (46.88%), followed by camphor (19.20%), α-pinene (9.56%), L.α.-terpineol (5.91%) and β-pinene (4.40%) were the main compounds of the used EO. The two batches of treated chicks showed a significant improvement in body weight (281.88 and 283.75 g, respectively), a decrease in feed conversion and a reduction in mortality (8%), when compared to the control batches. In addition, the elaborated formulation induced catalase activity used as an indicator of cellular antioxidant activity modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization, as one of the foremost abiotic stresses, is an intensifying problem in many agroecosystems. Climatic changes, along with altering land use and also salinity of irrigation water all lead to enhanced soil salinity in agricultural lands. Changes in plant characteristics, as a result of raising soil salinity, may impose bottom‐up impact on plant‐feeding insects. We assessed the bottom‐up impact of salinity stress on demographic traits of the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on cherry tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Solanaceae) plants under greenhouse conditions (27 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and L16:D8 photoperiod). Our results indicated that salinity stress interfered with the immature development period, adult longevity, and sex ratio of WFT. Salinity stress biased the sex ratio in favor of males. Significant concentration‐dependent differences were observed in the intrinsic (r) and finite (λ) increase rates and the net reproduction rate (R0) of WFT at different salinity levels. Salinity adversely influenced WFT development; nonetheless, population projection forecasted an ascending WFT population growth under moderate salinity stress of 100 mM (2.8 dS m−1 of NaCl), whereas severe salinity stress of 150 mM (4.7 dS m−1 of NaCl) resulted in remarkable fitness costs in WFT. This study demonstrates that WFT has the potential to become problematic in regions with moderate salinity. Therefore, it might exacerbate the detrimental impact of salinity on tomato production. The current survey provides information on the abundance of WFT on saline‐stressed tomato plants, thereby contributing to developing environmentally friendly measures to manage this notorious species in ecosystems under salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalase is a heme-containing enzyme belonging to protection factors that destroys peroxide compounds. The presence of catalase activity is an important ability of microorganisms that allows them to be protected from unfavorable factors as well as adapt to macroorganism conditions. Catalase along with superoxide dismutase plays an important role in pathogen resistance to phagocyte oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanisms. The aim of the study was to investigate microsymbiont catalase activity from female reproductive tract in normocenosis and candidiasis dysbiosis using the chronobiological approach. The study was conducted on clinical isolates, isolated from female reproductive tract microsymbiocenosis. The catalase activity was determined by spectrophotometry based on 24 hour-long hydrogen peroxide reduction with 3-hours interval in winter season. Dynamic hydrogen peroxide was assessed in 3–5 experiment replicates. In some Lactobacillus spp., catalase was found containing no heme group — pseudocatalase. Chronobiological approach allowed to reveal enzyme activity from all microsymbionts. The dominant and associative microbiota isolated from healthy females was characterized by circadian (24 hours) rhythms of catalase activity early in the morning — 5 a.m. (р 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide decomposes spontaneously or via non-enzymatic catalysts, and microorganisms cope with this situation under such conditions. In microsymbionts characteristic of female reproductive tract dysbiosis, and usually found in large numbers along with decreased Lactobacillus spp. ultradian rhythms with 12- and 8-hour harmonics of catalase activity with acrophase were recorded in the morning (8 a.m.) and evening hours (8 p.m.). The minimum values of enzyme production in all cultures were recorded at 12 p.m. and 5 p.m. Therefore, the contribution of the rhythm of the studied parameter at varying degree of vaginal sterility reflects the adaptive pathogen capabilities to the conditions of existence and can be the basis for studying related regulatory mechanisms. Mesor and amplitude phase stability are universal rhythmometric parameters used to evaluate patient’s condition independent of species assignment.

Han Tang,1,&ast; Ji Chen,2,&ast; Lu He Qi,3 Meng Lyu,4 Hong Quan,1 Zhi Jie Tan1 1Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hong Quan; Zhi Jie Tan, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, People’s Republic of China, Email 00007962@whu.edu.cn; zjtan@whu.edu.cnBackground: Photothermal therapy (PTT) has gained considerable interest as an emerging modality for cancer treatment in recent years. Radiation therapy (RT) has been widely used in the clinic as a traditional treatment method. However, RT and PTT treatments are limited by side effects and penetration depth, respectively. In addition, hypoxia within the tumor can lead to increased resistance to treatment.Methods: We synthesized multiple sizes of AuPt by modulating the reaction conditions. The smallest size of AuPt was selected and modified with folic acid (FA) for PTT and RT synergy therapy. Various methods including transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) are used to determine the structure and composition of AuPt-FA (AF). In addition, we researched the photothermal properties of AF with IR cameras and infrared lasers. Flow cytometry, colony formation assays, CCK8, and fluorescent staining for probing the treatment effect in vitro. Also, we explored the targeting of AF by TEM and In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS). In vivo experiments, we record changes in tumor volume and weight as well as staining of tumor sections (ROS, Ki67, and hematoxylin and eosin).Results: The AuPt with particle size of 16 nm endows it with remarkably high photothermal conversion efficiency (46.84%) and catalase activity compared to other sizes of AuPt (30 nm and 100 nm). AF alleviates hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment, leading to the production of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the treatment. In addition, the therapeutic effect was significantly enhanced by combining RT and PTT, with an apoptosis rate of 81.1% in vitro and an in vivo tumor volume reduction rate of 94.0% in vivo.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that AF potentiates the synergistic effect of PTT and RT and has the potential for clinical translation. Keywords: photothermal, radiotherapy, hypoxia relief, catalase activity, microscale, synergistic effect

Catalase can decompose hydrogen peroxide in plants under controlled and stressed conditions. In a stressed environment, an increase in hydrogen peroxide production makes catalase activity a major defense system for plant growth. The current study was conducted to evaluate the catalase activity of the pre-isolated and identified bacterial strains Bacillus aryabhattai (AN30), Bacillus megaterium (AN24), Bacillus megaterium (AN31) and Bacillus megaterium (AN35) and their potential for rice seedling growth promotion. These strains were characterized for quantitative catalase, urease, siderophore and exopolysaccharide production using LB media. Subsequently, the effectiveness of these strains was checked by quantifying the catalase activity in the rhizosphere, roots and shoots of rice seedlings. The secretion of organic and phenolic compounds produced by the tested strains in liquid culture was also investigated. Plant growth parameters were also studied in a growth room trial. Our results showed that the strain AN24 showed the maximum catalase activity (1.36 mol cm−1), urease activity (1.35 mol cm−1) and exopolysaccharide (4.20 µg mL−1) and siderophore (2.32%) production in LB media. All tested strains showed significantly higher catalase activity in soil compared to the control. Among sole applications, strain AN24 showed better results; however, the consortium application of strains AN24 + AN30 + AN35 + AN31 showed the maximum improvement in dry biomass, shoot and root length, and increase in catalase activity of rice seedlings. The results showed that a consortium of these Bacillus strains with catalase activity has greater potential to enhance the antioxidant defense system and growth promotion of rice seedlings. However, further experimentation under natural conditions is required before using these strains as potential bioinoculants for improving rice growth and yield.

Nicosulfuron, despite being a post-emergence herbicide commonly used in corn crops to combat weeds, there is still little information on nicosulfuron toxicity for soil microbiota. Little information exists on the impact of nicosulfuron on the enzymatic activities of soil dehydrogenases (Deh), urease (Ure), catalase (Cat), and alkaline phosphatase (Alp). We used a multiple dose- and time point (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) study design to determine the effect of nicosulfuron on these parameters during the first 28 days post-application. The soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content (OM), water content, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and available phosphate were also monitored. Ure was the most responsive enzyme to nicosulfuron. This herbicide exerted a transitory dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on Deh activity; maximum inhibition occurred at 14 days at doses from the normal recommended dose onward. For Ure, the maximal inhibitory effect started at 7 days of exposure to half the normal recommended dose and continued for another 14 days. The effect on Cat occurred later, whereas Alp activity was affected by nicosulfuron between 7 and 21 days but only for triple the normal recommended dose. OM showed the most consistent relationships with these parameters, being strongly positively correlated with Deh, Cat, and Alp activities. These results indicate that nicosulfuron may alter the soil metabolic activity, thus affecting its fertility.

ABSTRACTGermination of seeds is a complex process linked to various molecular and biochemical changes that increase the nutritional value. This research has studied the impact of germination on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities of five domestic staple legumes from Pakistan: chickpea, mung bean, soybean, lentil, and peanut. The maximum moisture content was recorded for chickpea, i.e., 11.7 ± 0.05 g 100 g−1 followed by lentil, soybean, peanut, and mung bean as 9.65 ± 0.02, 8.07 ± 0.01, 7.6 ± 0.01, and 7.31 ± 0.01 g 100 g−1, respectively. The overall augmentation in catalase activity during germination (days 1 to 4) was maximum for lentils, i.e., 76.22%, and ascorbate peroxidase activity for peanuts, i.e., 62.09%. The soybean showed a clear difference from the 1st to 4th days of germination for peroxide activity among all selected legumes with a 37.29% increase. A maximum change in superoxide dismutase was noticed in mung bean. The mung bean also had the highest variation in total flavonoid contents, while total phenolic contents were higher in the chickpea. The radical scavenging activity varied higher in peanuts, while the ascorbic acid content was maximum for soybeans. Among all selected legumes, non-germinated chickpeas showed a lower DPPH value, i.e., 1.15 ± 0.03%, whereas the highest DPPH value was observed in lentils (69.84 ± 0.05%). Thus, the incorporation of ready-to-eat (RTE) germinated legumes with high antioxidant activity would be a contemporary addition to the everyday meal.

This work aims at exploiting the essential oil (EO) and phenolic compounds (PC) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in a formulation containing leaf powder stabilized with chitin (1%, w/w) to improve chicken meat and investigate their effect on qualitatively and quantitatively broiler chickens’ growth performances. To such a purpose, chicks, at 1 day of age, were distributed in pens on ground divided into four batches. The two control batches were fed with conventional feed, but the positive control contained flavomycin (0.5 g/kg) as growth factor. The two treated batches received a conventional feed supplemented with two doses of 20 and 50 g/kg of the developed formulation. Essential oil and phenolic compound contents in powdered leaves were, respectively, 1.20 and 22.86% in ethanolic extract. 1,8-Cineole (46.88%), followed by camphor (19.20%), α-pinene (9.56%), L.α.-terpineol (5.91%) and β-pinene (4.40%) were the main compounds of the used EO. The two batches of treated chicks showed a significant improvement in body weight (281.88 and 283.75 g, respectively), a decrease in feed conversion and a reduction in mortality (8%), when compared to the control batches. In addition, the elaborated formulation induced catalase activity used as an indicator of cellular antioxidant activity modulation.

Salt stress poses a significant threat to global crop yield, prompting the need for understanding stress responses in crops like barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). This study investigated four barley genotypes - Giza129, Giza135, Line 1 and Line 2 - under 12 and 16 dS/m salt concentrations over a 30-day period. Results revealed a salinity-induced decrease in plant growth, particularly pronounced in Giza 129 and Giza 135. Ion analyses demonstrated distinct responses, with Giza genotypes accumulating more Na+ and less K+, leading to an increased Na+/K+ ratio, while both lines maintained K+, reducing the Na+/K+ ratio. Proline accumulation emerged as a crucial protective mechanism, evident in Line 1 and Line 2 exhibiting significantly higher proline content under salt stress compared to both Giza genotypes. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase, are markedly elevated in both lines, indicating superior salt tolerance mechanisms. This research contributes insights into barley salt tolerance, emphasizing the potential for genetic enhancement programs. Conclusively, the current study elucidated variations in salinity tolerance among new barley lines and their signaling mechanisms under salt stress. Given the global impact of salinity on crop yield, these findings hold promise for enhancing salt tolerance in barley and other crops through genetic advancements.

Catalase can decompose hydrogen peroxide in plants under controlled and stressed conditions. In a stressed environment, an increase in hydrogen peroxide production makes catalase activity a major defense system for plant growth. The current study was conducted to evaluate the catalase activity of the pre-isolated and identified bacterial strains Bacillus aryabhattai (AN30), Bacillus megaterium (AN24), Bacillus megaterium (AN31) and Bacillus megaterium (AN35) and their potential for rice seedling growth promotion. These strains were characterized for quantitative catalase, urease, siderophore and exopolysaccharide production using LB media. Subsequently, the effectiveness of these strains was checked by quantifying the catalase activity in the rhizosphere, roots and shoots of rice seedlings. The secretion of organic and phenolic compounds produced by the tested strains in liquid culture was also investigated. Plant growth parameters were also studied in a growth room trial. Our results showed that the strain AN24 showed the maximum catalase activity (1.36 mol cm−1), urease activity (1.35 mol cm−1) and exopolysaccharide (4.20 µg mL−1) and siderophore (2.32%) production in LB media. All tested strains showed significantly higher catalase activity in soil compared to the control. Among sole applications, strain AN24 showed better results; however, the consortium application of strains AN24 + AN30 + AN35 + AN31 showed the maximum improvement in dry biomass, shoot and root length, and increase in catalase activity of rice seedlings. The results showed that a consortium of these Bacillus strains with catalase activity has greater potential to enhance the antioxidant defense system and growth promotion of rice seedlings. However, further experimentation under natural conditions is required before using these strains as potential bioinoculants for improving rice growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory experimentation was done in the Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University to evaluate elevated night temperature effect in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to see the response in some antioxidant and biochemical parameters in two wheat cultivars viz. HUW-234 (comparatively tolerant to heat stress) and sonalika (comparatively susceptible to heat stress). A significance difference was recorded in the parameters pertaining to antioxidant system includes catalase, SOD and APX activity were found to increase substantially when the plants kept under stress conditions (250C/240C day and night temperature) than the plants kept under controlled condition (250C/150C day and night temperature). The percent increase in the antioxidant enzyme activity was found to be more in the tolerant genotype (HUW-234) than in the susceptible genotype (Sonalika). There was 23.52 % increase was reported in the catalase activity by tolerant genotype when kept under stress conditions than those kept under control. Significant reductions were reported in most of the photosynthetic and membrane parameters viz., chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and membrane thermostability index. Similar percent reduction was reported with respect to biochemical parameters (total protein content, starch content and soluble sugar content) in the susceptible variety kept under high night temperature regime. Based on the pooled data of two-year experimentation it can be concluded that variety HUW-234 was found to be more tolerant than variety sonalika to HNT stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different C influences the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of catalase (CAT) remains unknown. The study aimed to assess the impact of three different C [straw, biochar, nanocarbon] on kinetic and thermodynamic characteristic of CAT in 5 °C ~ 45 °C. These three C-sources increased Vmax, Vmax/Km, and decreased Km, ΔG, ΔH, ΔS at different temperatures. The addition of nanocarbon induced significant changes in the soil enzymatic characteristics, resulting in the highest soil CAT-activity. After continuous-heating, the addition of three C-sources to the soil increased and then decreased the CAT-activity and its kinetic parameters and their values peaked at 15 °C or 25 °C. On the other hand, the ΔG showed decreasing and then increasing trend and ΔS gradually increased. Q 10 decreased and correlations between CAT and kinetic thermodynamic parameters were observed with increasing-temperature in three C-treatments. There was a significant correlation between soil’s physicochemical properties and soil CAT-activity and their enzymatic reaction characteristics after straw and biochar-treatments. However, an insignificant correlation was observed between the soil indexes after the nanocarbon-treatment. Thus, different C-sources could increase the soil CAT-activity by promoting the enzymatic reaction process under continuous-warming. The continues-warming without any change in the temperature-adaptation of CAT, but its temperature-sensitivity decreased after C-source addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cognitive impairments are profound outcomes of neurodegenerative disease, a global health issue. Water lily (Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphaeaceae) extracts have been reported to counteract oxidative stress. However, their protective effects against neurodegenerative disease remain to be fully investigated. The current study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of water lily seed ethanolic extract on trimethyltin (TMT)-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in a mouse model. Methods: A single dose of TMT (0.6 mg/kg BW) was intraperitoneally injected to young adult male mice followed by daily oral treatments with different doses of water lily seed extract (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) for 28 days. Thereafter, cognitive behaviors were assessed, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase (CAT) activities were determined, followed by histopathological examination of the brain. Results: The results revealed that, compared to the non-treated group, the water lily extract at doses of 100–400 mg/kg BW was effective in counteracting the decline in memory and spatial cognition of TMT-induced impairment (P

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of plant extracts from hemp inflorescences (H10—10% and H20—20%), as well as a mixture of extracts from hemp inflorescences, sage, and tansy leaves (M10—10% and M20—20%) on phytotoxicity and selected physiological and biometric parameters of wheat seedlings, as well as the biological activity of soil in a growth chamber experiment. In all experimental combinations, a low phytotoxicity of the extracts was observed in the form of leaf tip yellowing, classified as first-degree damage or its complete absence. The plant extracts and their mixtures, except for the H20 extract, had an inhibitory effect on the development of fungal pathogens, especially Fusarium spp. The H20 extract increased the fresh and dry weight of root seedlings. The tested extracts also had a positive effect on the chlorophyll content in seedlings. The highest chlorophyll concentrations were recorded for the seedlings sprayed with the M20 extract mixture. The applied plant extracts influenced the activity of soil enzymes. The highest activity of catalase and dehydrogenases was observed after spraying seedlings with M20, while the lowest was recorded after applying H10. Of all the tested groups of soil environment compounds included in the Biolog EcoPlates test, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids were most actively utilized. Conversely, amines and amides constituted the group of compounds utilized the least frequently. The present study demonstrated the high effectiveness of plant extracts on wheat seedlings due to their biocidal action against phytopathogenic fungi and increased biological activity of the soil. This research serves as an initial phase of work, which will aim to verify the results obtained under field conditions, as well as assess the biological stability of the extracts.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with pronounced oxidative stress, leading to the development of various virus-associated pathologies. A wealth of evidence suggests that, along with canonical enzymes of reactive oxygen species regulation, human blood contains antibodies with peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. Here we show that the catalase activity of IgGs and their κκ-IgG, λλ-IgG, and κλ-IgG subfractions of HIV-infected individuals is significantly different compared to the healthy donors. Methods: Protein G-Sepharose sorbent was used to resolve IgG from blood of healthy donors and HIV-infected patients by affinity chromatography. Subfractions of κκ-IgG, λλ-IgG, and κλ-IgG were separated from IgGs samples of each group by affinity chromatography on sorbents containing immobilized antibodies to κ or λ light human chains. The IgG catalase activity level was measured spectrophotometrically by evaluating the decrease in optical density (A240) due to hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Results: The relative catalase activity of antibodies from HIV-infected patients (kcat = (1.41 ± 0.92) × 103 min-1, 95% CI: [1.01–1.81]) was statistically significant, 1.6 times higher (p = 0.014) compared to apparently healthy donors ((0.86 ± 0.49) × 103, 95% CI: [0.69–1.03]). The activity level of κκ-IgG HIV-infected patients ((0.44 ± 0.04) × 103 min-1) was 1.4 times higher than that of λλ-IgGs ((0.31 ± 0.025) × 103 min-1); the opposite was observed for κκ-IgGs from apparently healthy donors, which activity ((0.17 ± 0.015) × 103 min-1) was 3.1 times lower compared to λλ-IgGs ((0.53 ± 0.045) × 103 min-1). Conclusions: Thus, the data obtained may indicate that IgG with increased catalase activity may prevent harmful processes arising from oxidative stress in HIV-infected patients, acting as an additional natural molecular mechanism of regulation of hydrogen peroxide level.

Introduction: Natural antioxidants are vital to promote health and treat critical disease conditions in the modern healthcare system. This work adds to the index of natural medicines by exploring the antioxidant potential of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (Plant-DV).Material and Methods: The aqueous extract of leaves and flower-containing seeds from plant-DV in freshly prepared phosphate buffer is evaluated for antioxidant potential. In vitro antioxidant potential of the nascent and oxidatively stressed extracts was analyzed through glutathione (GSH) assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging effect, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) assay, and catalase (CAT) activity. In vivo therapeutic assessment is performed in Wistar Albino rats using vitamin C as a positive control. The livers and kidneys of individual animals are probed for glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase activities.Results: flower-containing seeds have GSH contents (59.61 µM) and leaves (32.87 µM) in the fresh aqueous extracts. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging effect of leaves is superior to flower-containing seeds with 17.25% and 14.18% respectively after 30 min incubation. However, oxidatively stressed extracts with Ag(I) and Hg(II) show declining GSH and GST levels. The plant extracts are non-toxic in rats at 5000 mg/Kg body weight. Liver and kidneys homogenate reveal an increase in GSH, GST, and CAT levels after treatment with 150 ± 2 mg/kg and 300 ± 2 mg/kg body weight plant extract compared with normal saline-treated negative and vitamin C treated positive control.Discussion: The crude aqueous extracts of leaves and flower-containing seeds of plant-DV show promising antioxidant potential both in in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

This paper presents the effects of irrigating barley plants with different type of water solutions saturated with gaseous ozone generated from atmospheric air. The study investigated the effects of the applied types of water on the modulation of the biosynthesis of selected bioactive compounds (content of total polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants, vitamin C) in the produced plant material. A number of transformations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen compounds have also been postulated; these are observed during the saturation of water with gaseous O3 and 30 min after the end of the process. It was shown that after the process of water saturation with gaseous O3, the gas later is converted to compounds with high oxidative potential and good stability; these, in turn, lead to the oxidation of oxidates generated from atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which exhibit fertilising properties. Thirty minutes after the process of H2O saturation with gaseous O3 was completed, the tests showed the highest concentrations of nitrates and the relatively high oxidative potential of the solution originating from H2O2 with a low concentration of the dissolved O3. This solution exhibited the highest activity modulating the biosynthesis of polyphenols, small molecule antioxidants and vitamin C in young barley plants. The resulting differences were significant, and they were reflected by 15% higher total polyphenol content, 35% higher antioxidative potential and 57% greater content of vitamin C compared to the control specimens (plants treated with fresh H2O). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmentation, catalase activity and biofilm formation are virulence factors that cause resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to environmental stress factors including disinfectants. In recent years, automatic UV-C room disinfection gained greater importance in enhanced disinfection procedures to improve disinfection success in hospitals. In this study, we evaluated the effect of naturally occurring variations in the expression of virulence factors in clinical S. aureus isolates on tolerance against UV-C radiation. Quantification of staphyloxanthin expression, catalase activity and biofilm formation for nine genetically different clinical S. aureus isolates as well as reference strain S. aureus ATCC 6538 were performed using methanol extraction, a visual approach assay and a biofilm assay, respectively. Log10 reduction values (LRV) were determined after irradiation of artificially contaminated ceramic tiles with 50 and 22 mJ/cm2 UV-C using a commercial UV-C disinfection robot. A wide variety of virulence factor expression was observed, indicating differential regulation of global regulatory networks. However, no direct correlation with the strength of expression with UV-C tolerance was observed for either staphyloxanthin expression, catalase activity or biofilm formation. All isolates were effectively reduced with LRVs of 4.75 to 5.94. UV-C disinfection seems therefore effective against a wide spectrum of S. aureus strains independent of occurring variations in the expression of the investigated virulence factors. Due to only minor differences, the results of frequently used reference strains seem to be representative also for clinical isolates in S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one of the most sensitive indicators assessing the usable quality of soil is the assessment of enzymatic activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). They reflect, to a large extent, the possibility of producing high-quality plant materials, which is particularly important in protected areas, such as the buffer zone of a national park. The aim of the study was to assess catalase activity (CA) and antioxidant properties of brown soils depending on its use, located in the buffer zone of the Roztocze National Park. The material for the study consisted of soil samples collected from the humus horizon (A), browned horizon (Bw) and parent material (C) of three research plots. Experimental plots were marked out in an arable field (plot I), in a garden (plot II) and on fallow land (plot III). Basic chemical properties were determined in the soil samples, CA (biotic and abiotic) and TAC were analysed in soil extracts (ethanol, acetone and aqueous). The statistical analysis showed that CA and TAC of the soils were highly significantly positively correlated with most of the chemical properties tested, particularly organic carbon content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil management systems such as conservation tillage practices and the cultivation of cover crops have various positive effects on soil environment. These practices help to increase or maintain an adequate level of soil organic matter, thus improve soil properties. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of cover crops and tillage systems on soil enzyme activity (urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase) at different soil depths following wheat. According to the results, the cover crops affected all the enzyme activities while tillage systems affected only urease activity in the soil. The highest urease (8.09 and 6.90 µg g N soil-1 h-1), alkaline phosphatase (74.53 and 69.08 µg g p-nitrophenol soil-1 h-1) and catalase (41.56 and 48.62 ml O2 3 min-1 g soil-1) activities were observed in common vetch plots in minimum and conventional tilled plots. Another observation was that enzyme activities were decreased with the increase of soil sampling depths. These results showed that the incorporation of cover crops into rotations may increase soil enzyme activities and common vetch can be used as an alternative cover crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular hydrogen has an anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effect, which is associated with its antioxidant properties. Erythrocytes are subjected to oxidative stress in pathologies of the cardiovascular system, which is the cause of a violation of the gas transport function of blood and microcirculation. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of H2 inhalation on the functional states of red blood cells (RBCs) in chronic heart failure (CHF) in rats. The markers of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes (EPM), aggregation, levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG), hematological parameters were estimated in RBCs. An increase in EPM and a decrease in the level of aggregation were observed in groups with multiple and single H2 application. The orientation of lipoperoxidation processes in erythrocytes was combined with the dynamics of changes in oxidative processes in blood plasma, it was observed with both single and multiple exposures, although the severity of the changes was greater with multiple H2 inhalations. Probably, the antioxidant effects of molecular hydrogen mediate its metabolic action. Based on these data, we conclude the use of H2 improves microcirculation and oxygen transport function of blood and can be effective in the treatment of CHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact mechanisms of the evolution of multiple sclerosis are still unknown. At the same time, the development in C57BL/6 mice of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, simulating human multiple sclerosis) happens as a result of the violation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell differentiation profiles integrated with the production of toxic auto-antibodies splitting the basic myelin protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), histones, and DNA. It has been shown that IgGs from the plasma of healthy humans and autoimmune patients oxidize many different compounds due to their peroxidase (H2O2-dependent) and oxidoreductase (H2O2-independent) activities. Here, we first analyzed the changes in the relative catalase activity of IgGs from C57BL/6 mice blood plasma over time at different stages of the EAE development (onset, acute, and remission phases). It was shown that the catalase activity of IgGs of 3-month-old mice is, on average, relatively low (kcat = 40.7 min−1), but it increases during 60 days of spontaneous development of EAE 57.4-fold (kcat = 2.3 × 103 min−1). The catalase activity of antibodies increases by a factor of 57.4 by 20 days after the immunization of mice with MOG (kcat = 2.3 × 103 min−1), corresponding to the acute phase of EAE development, and 52.7–fold by 60 days after the treatment of mice with a DNA–histone complex (kcat = 2.1 × 103 min−1). It is the acceleration of the EAE development after the treatment of mice with MOG that leads to the increased production of lymphocytes synthesizing antibodies with catalase activity. All data show that the IgGs' catalase activity can play an essential role in reducing the H2O2 concentration and protecting mice from oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prime objective of the current research was to evaluate the whole plant hydroalcoholic extract of Ludwigia octovalvis (HLO) against hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress biomarkers in rats induced with diabetes comorbid depression, diabetes comorbid depression (streptozotocin-nicotinamide + electric footshocks). Methods: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay of HLO versus ascorbic acid was done. Effects of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day HLO doses versus 25 mg/kg body weight/day metformin was studied through insulin, glucose, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and behavioral assessment (forced swim and open field tests). Results: IC50 values of HLO and ascorbic acid were 33.52 and 27.86 μg/mL respectively. Both the HLO doses showed intended results with respect to oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetes comorbid depression rats in comparison to metformin. Open field test showed better results for HLO in diabetes comorbid depression rats. However, hypoglycemic effects, and forced swim test performance of metformin was slightly higher than the 400 mg dose, followed by the 200 mg dose of HLO. Ethyl gallate, gallic acid, β-sitosterol, and quercetin in HLO might resulted in attenuating diabetic as well as depression biomarkers. Conclusion: Inhibition of glucosidase and lipase activity, and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation might be the possible biochemical changes occurred in HLO treated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from fresh plant tissues to highly decomposed humus at different stages of decomposition. Soil organic carbon (SOC) status is directly related to the amount of organic matter in soil and therefore is generally used to measure it. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. The soil microbial community (SMC) plays an important role in the C cycle, and its activity is considered to be the main driver of differences in C storage potential in soil. The composition of SMC is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulate the turnover and distribution of nutrients, as well as the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Here, we applied fungi on the soils taken from two fields, one used as a pasture and one for agriculture (wheat cultivation), in a histosol in the eastern part of Türkiye and investigated the changes in the organic carbon and enzyme activity contents of the soils at the end of the 41-day incubation period. In the study, four different fungal species (Verticillium dahliae (SOR-8), Rhizoctonia solani (S-TR-6), Fusarium oxysporum (HMK2-6), and Trichoderma sp.) were used and catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Results showed that the values of SOC were V. dahliae (7.46%), Trichoderma sp. (7.27%), R. solani (7.03%), Control (6.97%), and F. oxysporum (6.7%) in pastureland and were V. dahlia (4.72%), control (4.69%), F. oxysporum (4.65%), R. solani (4.37%), and Trichoderma sp. (4.14%) in agricultural land, respectively. SOC and soil enzyme activities were significantly affected by land use types (p < 0.05). The higher SOC and enzyme activities were observed in pastureland. Finally, it was determined that soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities were affected by fungi. This study is important in terms of revealing that the effects of fungi on soil organic carbon and enzyme activities are different in various land types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination of seeds is a complex process linked to various molecular and biochemical changes that increase the nutritional value. This research has studied the impact of germination on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities of five domestic staple legumes from Pakistan: chickpea, mung bean, soybean, lentil, and peanut. The maximum moisture content was recorded for chickpea, i.e., 11.7 ± 0.05 g 100 g−1 followed by lentil, soybean, peanut, and mung bean as 9.65 ± 0.02, 8.07 ± 0.01, 7.6 ± 0.01, and 7.31 ± 0.01 g 100 g−1, respectively. The overall augmentation in catalase activity during germination (days 1 to 4) was maximum for lentils, i.e., 76.22%, and ascorbate peroxidase activity for peanuts, i.e., 62.09%. The soybean showed a clear difference from the 1st to 4th days of germination for peroxide activity among all selected legumes with a 37.29% increase. A maximum change in superoxide dismutase was noticed in mung bean. The mung bean also had the highest variation in total flavonoid contents, while total phenolic contents were higher in the chickpea. The radical scavenging activity varied higher in peanuts, while the ascorbic acid content was maximum for soybeans. Among all selected legumes, non-germinated chickpeas showed a lower DPPH value, i.e., 1.15 ± 0.03%, whereas the highest DPPH value was observed in lentils (69.84 ± 0.05%). Thus, the incorporation of ready-to-eat (RTE) germinated legumes with high antioxidant activity would be a contemporary addition to the everyday meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine diterpenes represent a promising reservoir for identifying potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) candidates. Praelolide is a gorgonian-derived briarane-type diterpenoid with antioxidative and anti-osteoclastogenetic properties. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of praelolide against RA and investigate its underlying mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and human RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells were employed for bioassays. The VisuGait system was utilized to assess gait dysfunction resulting from joint pain. Histopathological changes in ankle and synovial tissues were evaluated using micro-computed tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Safranin-O/Fast Green staining, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining, and immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and surface plasmon resonance were employed to investigate interactions between praelolide and catalase. The production of inflammatory cytokines and expression levels of proteins were assessed using ELISA and Western blotting, respectively. Praelolide significantly reduced paw swelling and arthritis scores, improved gait deficits, and restored synovial histopathological alterations and bone erosion in CIA mice. In vivo and in vitro , praelolide effectively decreased the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Additionally, praelolide inhibited osteoclastogenesis on bone surface of the ankle joints and in a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced MH7A/bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) co-culture system, and it strongly suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mechanistically, praelolide modulated catalase through non-covalent interactions, inducing conformational alterations that enhanced catalase activity and stability against time- and temperature-induced degradation. Further investigation revealed that praelolide significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, subsequently activating downstream antioxidant enzymes. Praelolide markedly alleviated synovial inflammation and bone destruction in CIA mice by enhancing catalase activity and activating the Nrf2 pathway to reduce disease-related ROS accumulation, highlighting praelolide as a promising candidate for multitarget treatment of RA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MP) are now present in all ecosystems and undergo weathering processes, including physical or chemical degradation. Although most studies have been carried out on MP toxicity in the marine ecosystem, interest is growing for the terrestrial and entire aquatic compartments. However, the interface between both environments, also known as the soil/water continuum, is given little consideration in MP toxicity studies. Only a few studies considered the toxicity of artificially aged or soil field-collected MP on species living at this interface. The present study evaluates the impact of artificial and field aging polyethylene (PE) MP on the bivalve Scrobicularia plana, a key organism of the estuarine compartment, living at the soil/water interface. Clams were exposed for 21 days to environmental concentrations (0.008, 10 and 100 μg L−1) of unaged as well as artificially and field aged PE MP. Toxicity was assessed from individual to molecular levels including condition index, clearance rate, burrowing behavior, energy reserves, enzyme activities and DNA damage. Results showed differential effects at all biological levels depending on the type and the concentration of the MP tested. Indeed, a decrease in burrowing behavior was observed in S. plana exposed to aged and field PE at low concentration (0.008 μg L−1). In the gills of clams, exposures to aged PE (0.008 and 100 μg L−1), virgin PE (10 μg L−1) and field PE (all tested concentrations) decreased CAT activity while DNA damage increased after exposure to virgin PE (0.008 μg L−1 and 10 μg L−1) and field PE (0.008 μg L−1). Our findings suggest that aging modifies the toxicity profile of PE polymer on S. plana and considering plastic from field at environmental concentrations is important when performing ecotoxicological studies. [Display omitted] • Artificial and field aged polyethylene microplastics (PE MP, 0.008 μg L−1) decreased burrowing kinetics on Scrobicularia plana. • Differential effects of PE MP on Scrobicularia plana were reported on oxidative system and DNA damage. • The toxicity profile of PE MP depended on the ageing of the tested MP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The newly synthesized Schiff base ligand NMT and its metal complexes exhibit remarkable efficiency, bioactivity, selectivity, stability and linearity. • The MWCNT-[Co(NMT) 2 Cl 2 ]/GCE demonstrates excellent responsiveness in glucose detection. • Comprehensive screening of the synthesized compounds revealed promising catalase and antioxidant activities. • The photodegradation capabilities of the metal complexes were successfully evaluated using EBT and methylene blue dye. N -[(1 E)-(4-phenyl-1 H -pyrazol-3-yl)methylene]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (NMT) a novel Schiff base ligand synthesized, and has been used to synthesise Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) complexes. The synthesized compounds were characterized using different physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The redox behaviour of the modified electrode MWCNT-[Co(NMT) 2 Cl 2 ]/GCE was determined using cyclic voltammetry, showed significant findings regarding its electrochemical properties. The physico-chemical characterization of the modified electrode yielded promising outcomes, indicating favourable attributes for potential applications. This evaluation provides its behaviour and potential utility in various electrochemical applications. The presence of glucose in solutions of different concentration and different scan rate was electrochemically detected. The CV result show fairly good electrocatalytic activity linear range 10 to 80 µML−1 with lower limit of detection (LOD) of 3.333 µML−1 and sensitivity of 4.646×10−7 µAµM−1cm−2 for glucose. The biological investigation of the synthesized Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes have been determined against the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), fungal (A. flavous and P. anomala) and antioxidant activity using Iron chelating assay by using standard assay method. The enzyme catalase result indicate that the [Co(NMT) 2 Cl 2 ] and [Ni(NMT) 2 Cl 2 ] are exhibiting excellent activity with the average result of 262 and 251 µM/mg when compare to the standard 314 µM/mg. Photodegradation ability of metal complexes has been studied using EBT and methylene blue dye. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-blockers are known to have negative effects on fish and other aquatic animal species, so their removal is key for preserving aquatic ecosystems. To reduce the risks related to β-blockers, it is necessary to assess their effects and develop more effective treatments such as advanced oxidation processes. Improving sewage treatments is a critical approach to reducing β-blockers in aquatic environments. In this work, for the first time, the direct and indirect photolysis of nadolol (NAD) was investigated under different light sources (simulated solar (SS), UV-LED, and UV radiations) in ultrapure water. Indirect photolysis by H2O2 showed 1.5, 2.1, and 5.6 times higher NAD degradation efficiency than direct photolysis under mentioned irradiations. This effect was particularly pronounced in the presence of UV radiation, in which the degradation efficiency of NAD was the highest (80.2%). Computational analysis based on density functional theory calculations, together with the results of NAD photodegradation efficiency in the presence of radical scavengers (isopropanol and benzoquinone), was used to propose the NAD degradation mechanism. Sixteen degradation intermediates were proposed, along with their NMR chemical shifts. Also, this study analyzed the degree of catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radicals neutralization of NAD and its photodegradation mixtures obtained after indirect photolysis. The degree of mineralization and in vitro toxicity of NAD and its degradation intermediates obtained in the presence of UV/H2O2 were assessed.

Recent studies highlight the vital role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Attenuating oxidative stress and reducing reactive oxygen species generation in joints represent reasonable strategies for the treatment of osteoarthritis. To address the potential question for clinical translation, and improve the biocompatibility and long-term performance of current antioxidants, the present study provided high biocompatible small positively charged tantalum nanoparticles (Ta-NH2 NPs) with sustained intra-articular catalase activity and first applied to osteoarthritis intervention. Our in vitro results showed that Ta-NH2 NPs were stable with good biocompatibility, and protected viability and hyaline-like phenotype in H2O2-challenged chondrocytes. In addition, the in vivo biodistribution data demonstrated a sustained retention of Ta-NH2 NPs in the joint cavity, particularly in articular cartilage without organ toxicity and abnormality in hemogram or blood biochemistry indexes. Finally, compared with catalase (CAT), Ta-NH2 NPs exhibited long-term therapeutic effect in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced osteoarthritis model. This study preliminarily explored the potential of simply modified metal nanoparticles as effective reactive oxygen species scavenging agent for osteoarthritis intervention, and offered a novel strategy to achieve sustained reactive oxygen species suppression using biocompatible Ta-based nano-medicine in oxidative stress related diseases.

(1) In order to accurately judge the new maturity of wheat and better serve the collection, storage, processing and utilization of wheat, it is urgent to explore a fast, convenient and non-destructively technology. (2) Methods: Catalase activity (CAT) is an important index to evaluate the ageing of wheat. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology (850–1700 nm) combined with a BP neural network (BPNN) and a support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish a quantitative prediction model for the CAT of wheat with the classification of the ageing of wheat based on different storage durations. (3) Results: The results showed that the model of 1ST-SVM based on the full-band spectral data had the best prediction performance (R2 = 0.9689). The SPA extracted eleven characteristic bands as the optimal wavelengths, and the established model of MSC-SPA-SVM showed the best prediction result with R2 = 0.9664. (4) Conclusions: The model of MSC-SPA-SVM was used to visualize the CAT distribution of wheat ageing. In conclusion, hyperspectral imaging technology can be used to determine the CAT content and evaluate wheat ageing, rapidly and non-destructively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of biochar or organic fertilizers to the soil is very beneficial for enhancing the soil's quality and promoting plant development. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of applying biochar and sugarcane bagasse fertilizer alone or in combination on the improvement in soil properties and the productivity of hybrid maize in two consecutive crops. Field experiments were carried out in completely randomized block design with four treatments and five replications on Autumn 2020 and Summer 2021 crops. Treatments were control without application of rice husk biochar or sugarcane bagasse, application of 10 ton/ha of biochar, application of 10 tons/ha of sugarcane bagasse and combined 5 tons/ha of biochar and 5 tons/ha of sugarcane bagasse. The results in two consecutive crops showed that application of biochar, sugarcane bagasse fertilizer alone or in combination improved pH, increased available N, P and percentage of carbon in soils as well as increased the microbial density. Rice husk biochar alone or in combination with sugarcane bagasse fe rtilizer improved yield of hybrid maize. The findings of the research indicated that biochar application with 5 -ton ha-1 combined with 5-ton ha-1 of sugarcane bagasse fertilizer increased plant biomass and seed yield of hybrid maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine how gambir catechins (Uncaria gambir Roxb) affect serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase activity in Wistar white male rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods: This is a true experimental study with a post-test-only control group design. The experiment used 30 rats divided into five groups: a negative control group, a positive control group induced by a high-fat diet, and three treatment groups caused by a high-fat diet and given gambir catechins at doses of 10 mg/kg BW/day, 20 mg/kg BW/day, and 40 mg/kg BW/day for 14 days. The TBARs method measures MDA levels, while the colorimetry method measures catalase activity. One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD are used to analyze the data. Results: The gambir catechin reduced serum MDA and increased catalase activity in male Wistar strain white rats fed a considerably high-fat diet (p

The paper’s aim was to select the optimal mineral medium for LDPE biodegradation by the strain Penicillium verrucosum CNM-FP-02. It was selected five mineral salt media (MSM), which differed in salt content and N/P ratio. After 40 days of submerged cultivation, the following parameters were determined: catalase activity and pH of cultural media, biomass accumulation, rate of LDPE degradation, optical microscopy, and the tensile testing of polyethylene. It was observed that catalase activity on all media, except MSM 4, was higher in the presence of LDPE. The addition of polyethylene to the growth media stimulated the fungal biomass accumulation by 19.3-93.1% (4 media out of 5 tested). The percentage of degradation of LDPE films was different, depending on the culture medium, from 0.41% to 0.92%. The most active LDPE films were degraded on medium MSM 2. Visualization of plastic strips under an optical microscope revealed the immobilization of the microorganism and the damage on the polyethylene surface. The tensile test showed increased elasticity of the plastic in the variants treated with fungal strain. In conclusion, in order to stimulate the biodegradation of LDPE by the strain P. verrucosum CNM-FP-02, the medium MSM 2 (N/P ratio 1:1) was selected.