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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the fitting accuracy of custom-made metal posts and cores fabricated by half-digital and milling technique to that of conventional cast posts fabricated by direct technique. Methods: Sixteen extracted single-rooted teeth were endodontically treated followed by post space preparation. A direct resin post and core pattern was made for each tooth and used for the fabrication of two posts (n = 16). Each post resin pattern was digitized with a laboratory scanner and used for the fabrication of a milled cobalt–chrome (Co–Cr) alloy post, while the direct resin pattern, after scanning, was cast in a Co–Cr alloy to produce a cast post. Each post was seated on its respective tooth and evaluated using microcomputed tomography. The following variables were evaluated: total space volume between the post and root canal, the volume and distance of the apical gap between each post and the remaining apical root canal filling, as well as the distance and surface area of the space between the post and lateral root canal wall at four determined points along the length of each post. Results: The results revealed that half-digital and milled posts had a statistically significantly higher total space volume (p < 0.05), apical gap volume (p < 0.02) and distance (p < 0.02), as well as a higher surface area of space between the post and root canal wall at the cervical area as compared to the cast post (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the fitting accuracy of cast posts was more accurate than posts fabricated with half-digital and milling technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: In this study, the efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting dental posts was compared to periapical radiography. (2) Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 53 patients' periapical radiographs and CBCT images was performed. The presence and type of the intra-canal dental post were initially determined on the periapical images (PA) radiographs' examination and were then compared to the observer's ability to detect the dental post on a CBCT image. The effect of the post's type (metal cast or prefabricated) on its detection on CBCT images was determined. (3) Results: 10.5% of teeth that were identified as having a post on a PA radiograph were not identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Approximately 17.6% of teeth that were identified as not having a post on a PA radiograph were identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Moreover, 16.3% and 50% of teeth with a prefabricated or cast posts on PA radiographs were falsely identified on the CBCT examination, respectively (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: A CBCT image is an insufficient tool for the identification of metal prefabricated and cast posts. A PA image is the recommended radiographic tool for achieving information about the post-endodontic restoration status of teeth candidates for endodontic retreatment in patients with a former CBCT scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ichraq Oulghazi, Amal El Yamani, Bouabid Morchad Prosthodontics Department, Mohammed V University, Rabat, MoroccoCorrespondence: Ichraq Oulghazi, Prosthodontics department, Mohammed V University, Rabat, 10112, Morocco, Tel +212707163587, Email ichraqoul98@gmail.comPurpose: The aim of this work is to conduct a literature review to highlight all the parameters involved in sub-prosthetic radicular fractures of teeth supported by metallic dental core.Materials and Methods: The following research was performed among published studies over the last 10 years in two PubMed/Medline and Scopus and supplemented by manual searching within the bibliographies. The search was restricted to publications in English and French.Results: Out of the 1464 articles initially identified, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria and were subsequently included in the literature review. These consisted of eight Finite Element Analysis Studies, two Retrospective Studies and one Randomized Controlled Trial. The results of this review show that radicular fractures are influenced by several variables, including predisposition, with maxillary premolars and mandibular molars being the most commonly affected teeth. Intracanal preparation can induce crack formation, leading to localized high stress concentrations. Increased ferrule height to 2 mm significantly enhances dental fracture resistance. Using high modulus of elasticity alloys results in nearly complete stress transmission to dentin due to their limited deformability and absorption capacity. The highest fracture resistance is achieved when posts are sealed using resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. Longer posts may be preferable to prevent vertical fractures. Additionally, occlusal factors, through repetitive stresses, contribute to crack propagation from surface defects, a phenomenon termed fatigue fracture.Conclusion: These findings have significant implications. Practitioners should be aware of the predisposition of certain teeth, the importance of preserving the ferrule effect, the choice of root post materials, post Cement Material and the role of occlusal forces in managing and preventing vertical root fractures.Keywords: endodontically treated teeth, root fracture, radicular fracture, tooth fracture, dental restoration failure, biomechanical factor, stress factor, cast post, metal post, post and core technique, dental posts, metallic coronoradicular restoration

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the fitting accuracy of custom-made metal posts and cores fabricated by half-digital and milling technique to that of conventional cast posts fabricated by direct technique. Methods: Sixteen extracted single-rooted teeth were endodontically treated followed by post space preparation. A direct resin post and core pattern was made for each tooth and used for the fabrication of two posts (n = 16). Each post resin pattern was digitized with a laboratory scanner and used for the fabrication of a milled cobalt–chrome (Co–Cr) alloy post, while the direct resin pattern, after scanning, was cast in a Co–Cr alloy to produce a cast post. Each post was seated on its respective tooth and evaluated using microcomputed tomography. The following variables were evaluated: total space volume between the post and root canal, the volume and distance of the apical gap between each post and the remaining apical root canal filling, as well as the distance and surface area of the space between the post and lateral root canal wall at four determined points along the length of each post. Results: The results revealed that half-digital and milled posts had a statistically significantly higher total space volume (p < 0.05), apical gap volume (p < 0.02) and distance (p < 0.02), as well as a higher surface area of space between the post and root canal wall at the cervical area as compared to the cast post (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the fitting accuracy of cast posts was more accurate than posts fabricated with half-digital and milling technique.

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to analyze comparatively, through the finite element method (FEM), the biomechanical behavior of different types of devices used to increase the resistance of restorations on endodontically treated teeth, upon the experimental application of a force of 350N. Materials and methods. We studied comparatively three types of posts, respectively: fiberglass post, cast post from Cr-Co-Mo alloy and prefabricated titanium post. Three irretrievable extracted teeth for periodontal reasons were endodontically treated and then specifically prepared for cementation of this devices. The teeth were scanned at a radio-diagnostic center, and the obtained DICOM files were processed with MIMICS and 3-matic and then subjected to finite element analysis with ANSYS. Results. From the 48 simulations carried out for the case of all-ceramic crown coverage, the use of titanium post is associated with 25 situations in which maximum or minimum values appear, the use of cast post presents 12 situations in which maximum or minimum values are developed, the use of fiberglass posts is associated with 10 simulations where maximum or minimum values occur, and in one case the deformations are equal. Regarding the use of the zirconium oxide crown, the results are comparable. Conclusions. The presence of zirconium oxide crowns generally produces less valuable stresses and deformations at the level of the components. The stress and strain values are lowest when using fiberglass posts, followed closely by cast post and far behind by titanium post. In all simulated situations, the limit values of stresses and strains are mostly recorded at the tooth root, which is susceptible to fracture in case of parafunctional forces, followed by the three devices themselves and the covering crowns.

(1) Background: In this study, the efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting dental posts was compared to periapical radiography. (2) Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 53 patients’ periapical radiographs and CBCT images was performed. The presence and type of the intra-canal dental post were initially determined on the periapical images (PA) radiographs’ examination and were then compared to the observer’s ability to detect the dental post on a CBCT image. The effect of the post’s type (metal cast or prefabricated) on its detection on CBCT images was determined. (3) Results: 10.5% of teeth that were identified as having a post on a PA radiograph were not identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Approximately 17.6% of teeth that were identified as not having a post on a PA radiograph were identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Moreover, 16.3% and 50% of teeth with a prefabricated or cast posts on PA radiographs were falsely identified on the CBCT examination, respectively (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: A CBCT image is an insufficient tool for the identification of metal prefabricated and cast posts. A PA image is the recommended radiographic tool for achieving information about the post-endodontic restoration status of teeth candidates for endodontic retreatment in patients with a former CBCT scan.

It is common to detect a gap between the apical portion of the post and the most coronal part of gutta-percha in a root canal during post and core treatment in endodontically treated teeth. It may compromise the seal that gutta-percha material provides in the root canal filling, leading to apical leakage, which is often thought to be one of the most common causes for failure of endodontic treatment. The prevention of apical leakage to achieve a complete apical seal and its effect on periapical health of endodontically treated teeth of post and core in long term clinical research remains unanswered. Post and core treatment were provided to 100 patients by undergraduate students in the year 2016–2017. A total of 70 patients in all were called back to the Prosthodontic Clinic for follow-up care after 4 years to assess the clinical result in terms of the gap between the post-operative and residual gutta-percha. The cemented posts were divided into three groups depending on the space between the cemented post end and the remaining gutta-percha: group I revealed no gaps, group II revealed gaps between >0.1 and 1 mm, and group III revealed gaps more than 1 mm. The periapical index (PAI) was used to determine the apical condition of each tooth. Chi-square test was used for evaluating the data, and a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 28.6% post and core treated teeth were found diseased while 71.4% teeth were found normal. In group I, 90% of the teeth and in group II, 66.7% of teeth were evaluated as normal; however, in group III, 41.2% teeth were found diseased. In endodontically treated teeth restored with a post and core, a gap between the apical end of the post and the coronal section of the residual gutta-percha was associated with a greater prevalence of disease. The post and core treatment by undergraduate students achieved a clinically acceptable outcome in terms of the gap between the post end and the remaining gutta-percha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cast post is a one-piece unit that is custom fabricated for the tooth at the dental laboratory. Traditional extracts such as neem and green tea have good antimicrobial and antioxidant activity against pathogens. The empty canal space may provide a suitable environment for promoting bacterial growth. The main aim of the study is to find the antimicrobial activity of the cast post coated with the nanoparticle. Prepared cast post was coated with prepared green tea and neem-mediated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Culture is done in agar media where control is noncoated post and another is nanoparticle coated post was implanted in the agar media. The zone of inhibition was noted and statistical analysis was done. The maximum zone of inhibition found on Candida albicans (19.333 2.081) followed by Enterococcus faecalis (14.000 3.605), and Streptococcus mutans (12.666 2.516). Green tea and neem-mediated ZnO nanoparticle showed good antimicrobial activity against the tester microorganism. Cast post coated with nanoparticles has been proved to be important as it is helpful in the prevention of origin and spread of infection around the canal and through the apical foramen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jumana Almaghrabi,1 Alhanoof Alesawi,1 Esraa Attar,2 Shatha Alshali2 1Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Oral Maxillofacial Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Jumana AlmaghrabiFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 126400000, Fax +966 126952437, Email Jojo_m_1995@hotmail.comIntroduction: Post and core restorations for endodontically treated teeth must meet certain prosthetic criteria to ensure the success of the final restoration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of posts performed by dental students at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital (KAUDH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, utilizing periapical radiographs and whether the prosthetic criteria were strictly met by students.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 661 digital periapical radiographs of posts performed by 6th-year dental students from September 2018 to April 2019. The assessment included the following factors: patient’s age, patient’s gender, tooth type, and arch. Post-related factors including post type, shape, diameter, length, and status of the remaining gutta percha were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the association between different variables was determined using chi-square test at p< 0.05.Results: Posts were used to restore maxillary teeth (67%), and were particularly placed in premolars (44%). The majority of used posts were prefabricated tapered fiber posts (90%). The results were as follows: post diameter equal to one-third of root diameter, 50% met criterion; post length equal to two-thirds of root length, 33%; post length equal to or more than crown height, 93%; absence of space between gutta percha (GP) and post, 74%; and length of the remaining GP equal to 3– 5 mm, 68%. Overall, 11% of the posts met all the ideal prosthetics criteria.Conclusion: Most qualities of post and core restorations that were radiographically assessed were found to be acceptable and within the recommended prosthodontic criteria.Keywords: post and core, post diameter, post length, post shape, gutta percha length, prefabricated post, cast post

It is common to detect a gap between the apical portion of the post and the most coronal part of gutta-percha in a root canal during post and core treatment in endodontically treated teeth. It may compromise the seal that gutta-percha material provides in the root canal filling, leading to apical leakage, which is often thought to be one of the most common causes for failure of endodontic treatment. The prevention of apical leakage to achieve a complete apical seal and its effect on periapical health of endodontically treated teeth of post and core in long term clinical research remains unanswered. Post and core treatment were provided to 100 patients by undergraduate students in the year 2016–2017. A total of 70 patients in all were called back to the Prosthodontic Clinic for follow-up care after 4 years to assess the clinical result in terms of the gap between the post-operative and residual gutta-percha. The cemented posts were divided into three groups depending on the space between the cemented post end and the remaining gutta-percha: group I revealed no gaps, group II revealed gaps between >0.1 and 1 mm, and group III revealed gaps more than 1 mm. The periapical index (PAI) was used to determine the apical condition of each tooth. Chi-square test was used for evaluating the data, and a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 28.6% post and core treated teeth were found diseased while 71.4% teeth were found normal. In group I, 90% of the teeth and in group II, 66.7% of teeth were evaluated as normal; however, in group III, 41.2% teeth were found diseased. In endodontically treated teeth restored with a post and core, a gap between the apical end of the post and the coronal section of the residual gutta-percha was associated with a greater prevalence of disease. The post and core treatment by undergraduate students achieved a clinically acceptable outcome in terms of the gap between the post end and the remaining gutta-percha.

Context: Accuracy of fit of cast metal posts fabricated with direct and indirect techniques. Aims: To evaluate the accuracy of fit of cast metal posts fabricated with direct and indirect techniques using micro-CT. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were decoronated leaving 2 mm at the cementoenamel junction. Four patterns for each tooth were made including one direct and indirect wax pattern and one direct and indirect resin pattern. In total, 240 patterns and castings were made. Each tooth was scanned using microcomputed tomography (μCT) system with a resolution of 14.5 μm. μCT analyzer Sky scanner software was used to calculate the volume of space between the post and the canals. Statistical analysis used: The student paired t-test and unpaired t-test were used to determine the significant differences between groups. Results: The overall space between the canal walls and posts made with the direct wax and resin technique had an average mean value of 1.10 mm3, whereas with the indirect technique resin and wax pattern, the average mean was 1.30 mm3 which was significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was found that the accuracy of fit is better in direct technique using wax pattern.

Introduction: Radicular rehabilitation in cases of flared canals presents a challenge and is influenced by the type of post and the ferrule design. Use of anatomic posts has been advocated in such cases to allow for homogenous stress distribution. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of ferrule height, configuration, and post and core approaches on stress distribution of endodontically treated teeth with flared root canal by three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Thirteen 3D models of single rooted maxillary second premolar were made using the solid works 2014 software. These were divided into four Groups I, II, III, and IV restored with no post, glass fiber, anatomic, and cast post and core, respectively. Group II, III, and IV were further subdivided into four subgroups a – no ferrule, b – 3 mm circumferential, c – incomplete ferrule of 2.5 mm on buccal and 1.5 mm on palatal side, and d – incomplete ferrule of 1.5 mm on buccal and 2.5 mm on palatal side. Load of 200 N at an angle of 45° was applied to buccal and palatal cusps. ANSYS/ABACUS standard solver with Microsoft Windows 10 Professional was used to analyze model data and perform stress analysis around various elements when subjected to occlusal loading in three dimensions. The maximum von Mises stresses were calculated within post, core, cervical, and radicular dentin and distribution at dentin and cement interface and cement and post interface. Results: The minimum stresses were seen in model restored with 3 mm circumferential ferrule with anatomic post and minimal stress was observed with no ferrule and rehabilitation with cast post. The presence of ferrule reduces the stress distribution in all the models. Incomplete ferrule design is associated with high stresses than partial ferrule. Conclusion: Ferrule allows for a uniform stress distribution and also reduces the stresses at the cervical region of the tooth. Palatal ferrule is more important to provide a fracture resistance to tooth as compared to buccal ferrule.

Reem Alkhatri,1 Abdul Rahman Mohammed Saleh,1 Waad Kheder2 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 2College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Abdul Rahman Mohammed SalehAjman University, PO Box 346, Ajman University Street, Aljurf, Ajman, United Arab EmiratesTel +971 4 50228 3188Fax +971 4 670 56874Email rm.saleh@ajman.ac.aeObjective: The aim of this study was to measure the fracture resistance and failure modes of root-filled teeth restored with three different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated post and core assemblies.Methods: Thirty extracted intact maxillary central incisors were used in the study, and the teeth were endodontically treated and sectioned to a root length of 16 mm. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 10) according to the mean of the dimensions at the cervical portion of the root. The posts and cores were fabricated with CAD/CAM technology using metal, zirconia, and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) material. The posts were luted using resin cement, and then, metal crowns were fabricated, cemented, and then subjected to a compression to determine the fracture resistance force. Fracture of the post and core or fracture of the root above the level of the acrylic resin was considered as a favorable fracture, while nonfavorable fractures were those where the root fracture occurred below the level of the acrylic resin. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, and one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze root fracture resistance in Newton. The number of failure modes, post–core fractures and/or root fractures was calculated. The differences between study groups were revealed using the chi-square test.Results: The results of ANOVA revealed a nonsignificant difference in the resistance to fracture among the study groups (P = 0.114). The failure modes were nonfavorable for all metal and zirconia samples and seven PICN samples. However, three PICN samples exhibited a favorable represented by core fracture without root fracture.Conclusion: There was no significant difference between metal and zirconia samples in terms of nonfavorable fracture, while few PICN samples exhibited a favorable fracture. PICN material can be used in the fabrication of post and core assemblies using CAD/CAM.Keywords: CAD/CAM, cast post, PICN, failure mode

Introduction: Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) are most likely to get fractured, if it is left unrestored compared with the vital teeth due to the loss of tooth structure and reduced modulus of elasticity. Aim: To gain insight into the rationale for choice of endodontic posts and the different endodontic post systems currently used by dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: For this survey-based study, a questionnaire was designed consisting of eight questions to assess the details of why, when and how general practitioners restore ETT and to determine contemporary use of endodontic post from 1st of November 2018 till the end of January 2019. This questionnaire was sent online to 250 private dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia, out of which 202 participants responded. Data was entered in the excel sheet. Descriptive statistics like frequency and proportion was calculated for qualitative data. Results: This study included 202 participants with the mean age group of 25-50 years, out of which 108 (53.4%) male participants and 94 (46.5%) female participants. 120 (59%) of the study sample were general practitioners and 82 (41%) of them were specialists. A total of 60 (29.70) of the study sample were into general practice, reported restoring ETT with post and core followed by the crown, whereas, 30 (14.85%) of them did the crown without post, 15 (7.42%) of them completed restoration with composite and 15 (7.42%) of them did buildup with post and core. An 82 (40.59%) of the study sample who were specialists, reported restoring ETT with post and core build-up and then proceed with crowns. An 80 (39.60%) of the study sample were into general practice, reported using prefabricated fiber post whereas, 23 (11.38%) of them using cast post and 17 (8.41%) of them using prefabricated metal posts. 72 (35.64%) of the study sample were specialists reported using prefabricated fiber posts and 10 (4.95%) of them used cast metal post. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that majority of the participants practiced reinforcement of ETT by using fiber posts with resin cements followed by crowns.

Context: Accuracy of fit of cast metal posts fabricated with direct and indirect techniques.Aims: To evaluate the accuracy of fit of cast metal posts fabricated with direct and indirect techniques using micro-CT.Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were decoronated leaving 2 mm at the cementoenamel junction. Four patterns for each tooth were made including one direct and indirect wax pattern and one direct and indirect resin pattern. In total, 240 patterns and castings were made. Each tooth was scanned using microcomputed tomography (μCT) system with a resolution of 14.5 μm. μCT analyzer Sky scanner software was used to calculate the volume of space between the post and the canals. Statistical analysis used: The student paired t-test and unpaired t-test were used to determine the significant differences between groups.Results: The overall space between the canal walls and posts made with the direct wax and resin technique had an average mean value of 1.10 mm3, whereas with the indirect technique resin and wax pattern, the average mean was 1.30 mm3 which was significant.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was found that the accuracy of fit is better in direct technique using wax pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) are most likely to get fractured, if it is left unrestored compared with the vital teeth due to the loss of tooth structure and reduced modulus of elasticity. Aim: To gain insight into the rationale for choice of endodontic posts and the different endodontic post systems currently used by dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: For this survey-based study, a questionnaire was designed consisting of eight questions to assess the details of why, when and how general practitioners restore ETT and to determine contemporary use of endodontic post from 1st of November 2018 till the end of January 2019. This questionnaire was sent online to 250 private dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia, out of which 202 participants responded. Data was entered in the excel sheet. Descriptive statistics like frequency and proportion was calculated for qualitative data. Results: This study included 202 participants with the mean age group of 25-50 years, out of which 108 (53.4%) male participants and 94 (46.5%) female participants. 120 (59%) of the study sample were general practitioners and 82 (41%) of them were specialists. A total of 60 (29.70) of the study sample were into general practice, reported restoring ETT with post and core followed by the crown, whereas, 30 (14.85%) of them did the crown without post, 15 (7.42%) of them completed restoration with composite and 15 (7.42%) of them did buildup with post and core. An 82 (40.59%) of the study sample who were specialists, reported restoring ETT with post and core build-up and then proceed with crowns. An 80 (39.60%) of the study sample were into general practice, reported using prefabricated fiber post whereas, 23 (11.38%) of them using cast post and 17 (8.41%) of them using prefabricated metal posts. 72 (35.64%) of the study sample were specialists reported using prefabricated fiber posts and 10 (4.95%) of them used cast metal post. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that majority of the participants practiced reinforcement of ETT by using fiber posts with resin cements followed by crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The requirement for an ideal post and core system should consider physical properties such as modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and coefficient of thermal expansion that are close to that of dentin. Additionally, posts should demonstrate high retention, good biocompatibility, esthetics and retrievability. The aim of the survey was to study the level of awareness and current state of knowledge and opinions towards Everstick post as post endodontic restoration amongst the dental students of saveetha dental college. A questionnaire survey was devised to collect information regarding knowledge and awareness about everstick post, and its use as post endodontic restoration. It was distributed among several dental students( undergraduates and post graduates), dental practitioners and Endodontists, through google form (online survey planet). Around 130 responses were received. The results were represented in the form of pie charts and graphs. Chi square test was used to find the association of knowledge, attitude and practice related questions among different fields of practice of respondents. Dental undergraduate students lack theoretical knowledge of everstick posts and they were enthusiastic to learn through CDE programmes and workshops. Everstick post can be an alternative option for extensive damaged crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronal fractures of permanent dentition are the most frequent type of dental injury. Fractured anterior teeth are usually treated with conventional post and core and crown techniques, after being treated endodontically. The aim of the study is to assess the association of age and gender of patients who had undergone post and core treatment procedures. This retrospective clinical study evaluated all the patients who received post and core treatment in a hospital based setting in chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 560 patient records of post and core cases were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was imported to IBM SPSS version 2.0 software, results were analysed and tabulated. Results showed that the patients of age range 19-35 years were more common and 70-80 years being least & males underwent more post and core procedures when compared to females. Within the limitations of the study it was concluded that there is a statistically significant difference seen in age and gender of the patients who had undergone post and core treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodontic extrusion of a nonrestorable tooth prior to its extraction can help in preserving or remodeling the hard and soft tissues to enable predictable implant placement and a favorable treatment outcome. This case report describes the use of a modified cast post for orthodontic extrusion followed by extraction and immediate implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the bond strength of custom cast and prefabricated posts luted with resin or zinc phosphate cements into unobturated canals of extracted teeth. Method and Materials: Forty-eight custom cast and prefabricated posts were placed into extracted single-rooted human teeth. Post-cavity preparation was 1.5 mm in diameter and 10 mm in depth. Specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 each. Two of the groups were then luted with resin cement, while the other two groups were luted with zinc phosphate cement. A pull-out bond strength evaluation was performed using a universal testing machine. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to prove normal distribution. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and the Student t test (α = .05). Results: For both luting agents, the prefabricated posts group exhibited significantly less bond strength than the custom cast posts group (P = .0001). There were statistically significant differences in mean bond strength for the prefabricated posts group luted with resin cement vs the group cemented with zinc phosphate cement (P = .002). There was no significant difference between the mean bond strength values of custom cast posts luted with resin cement or zinc phosphate cement. Conclusion: Custom cast posts showed significantly greater bond strength than prefabricated posts when luted with either resin or zinc phosphate cements. The type of cement had less significance on the retention of custom cast posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Clinical studies show a high failure incidence after years of service of endodontically treated premolars, when restored with post-core crowns, especially those with short posts or deficient ferrules. The reason for this can be a deterioration of the luting cement around the post by fatigue from functional loading. In particular, the anatomy of premolars may frequently be incompatible with the application of long endodontic posts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fatigue loading on the quality of the cement layer between posts with restricted lengths and the root canal wall in premolars. As the stiffness of posts may affect the outcome, post-and-core systems with varying post stiffness were selected. Method and materials: Four types of post-and-core systems were selected for this study: three prefabricated post systems combined with a resin composite core material and one cast post and core. The three prefabricated posts were titanium posts (Tenax), quartz-fiber posts (Aestheti-Post), and quartz-coated-carbon-fiber posts (Aestheti-Plus). The post-and-core restorations were made on single-rooted, human, maxillary premolars from which the coronal sections were removed at the level of the proximal cementoenamel junction. Following endodontic treatment, a cast post and core (post length 6 mm) was prepared for each tooth individually (direct method) and cemented into the root canal with chemical cure Panavia 21 TC. The prefabricated posts were directly cemented in the root canal and then, after applying a dual-cure adhesive (Clearfil Photobond), built up with a core build-up composite (Clearfil Photocore). For each group (n = 8), half of the specimens were exposed to fatigue loading (105 load cycles) almost perpendicular to the axial axis (85 degrees), while the other half was used as the control. Three parallel, transverse root sections of 1.5-mm thickness, were cut from each specimen. These sections were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the cement integrity, while the retention strength of the cemenied post sections was determined with a push-out test. Results: Fatigue loading did not cause separation o! the buildups from the roots or affect the push-out strength. On a univariate level, only SEM evaluation showed significant differences between the types of post, fatigue loading, and between the levels of root sections. The cement integrity with the titanium post was significantly less than with the other three systems, which did not differ among themselves. The differences could not be explained by differences in stiffness between the posts. Conclusion: A composite core build-up material bonded to the dentin and supported by quartz-fiber posts or quartz-coated-carbon-fiber posts, cemented with adhesive cement like Panavia 21 TC, may be a viable alternative for the conventional cast core. (Quintessence Int 2004,35:657-667) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of endodontics and restorative dentistry is to retain the natural teeth with maximal function and pleasing aesthetics. Endodontically treated teeth with little or no clinical crown can be restored with different post and core materials for additional retention and support. A structured, self administrable questionnaire consisting of ten multiple-choice questions (MCQs) encompassing major aspects of the restoration of a broken tooth conducted through an online survey was prepared and shared among dentists, and dental students and the responses were statistically analyzed. The survey received 100 responses. Among the participants of this study we observed shows the female participants (30%) prefer to do full veneer crowns for endodontically treated teeth than males (5%), female respondents (19%) did not prefer to give post in for endodontically treated teeth than males (16%), female respondents were using glass ionomer cement, miracle mix and composite as the main core build up material in descending order than males and both female respondents (59%) and males (32%) prefer to give no restoration in a 100% intact tooth and their association was seen to be statistically significantly performed using Chi square tests. As per the data, though the surveyed practitioners had a sound knowledge regarding the restoration of a broken tooth is adequate, there is a need for an update regarding the correct and current application of these critically important aspects in dentistry for providing better treatment without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontically treated teeth with severe loss of tooth structure require post and core restorations for retention purposes. The post system includes components of different rigidity because the rigid component is able to withstand forces without distortion and the stress is transferred to less rigid substrate. The difference between the elastic modulus of dentin and the post material may be a source of stress for root structures. The use of post systems that have an elastic modulus similar to that of dentin result in the creation of a mechanically homogenous unit with better biomechanical performance. Thus the post and core material affects stress distribution in endodontically treated teeth.Aims and Objectives: In this study, FEA is used to evaluate the fracture resistance in an endodontically treated maxillary central incisor that was restored with two different post systems – 1) prefabricated glass fiber post and 2) custom made cast post. The qualitative stress distribution analyses were recorded by von Mises criteria. Results: von Mises stress in an intact tooth was concentrated in the crown near the cingulum under oblique load and on the incisal edge with vertical load. With horizontal load- In the crown region, maximum von Mises stress was observed in both the cast post and fiber post. Within the post region, maximum von Mises stress was observed in cast post when compared to fiber post. In the root dentin, more von Mises stress was observed in fiber post when compared to cast post. Conclusion: 1)Stress distribution is similar between cast post and fiber post during vertical load. 2)Cast metal post dissipates less stress to the dentin and gives better fracture resistance to the tooth when compared to glass fiber post during oblique loading. When considering the stress pattern, maximum stress was observed in the cervical region of the crown and in the area of load application during oblique and vertical loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the difficulty of restoring a grossly carious molar tooth, where very little tooth structure is left after caries excavation. When enough sound tooth structure is missing for satisfying the ferrule effect, a clinician can follow this technique and easily restore such teeth. A step by step procedure, including instrumentation and materials and a new impression technique, is described in detail, with clinical photographs. This technique results in the fabrication of a robust and extremely retentive post and core on which to place fixed prosthodontic restorations. A 2 and half year study showed that the tooth well in function with no signs of any problem. The author has restored around many decayed molars using this technique. Over a period of three years, no failure was reported. With an increasing demand on the dentist for restoring a structurally compromised teeth, this technique provides the patients with a robust prosthodontic solution.

The successful treatment of a badly broken down tooth with pulpal disease depends not only on a good endodontic therapy but also on a good prosthodontic reconstruction of the tooth following the root canal treatment. Often, we come across an endodontically treated tooth with little or no clinical crown. In such cases, a postspace is prepared into the canal for the cementation of post and an artificial crown structure called the core is prepared over it to support the fixed partial denture. Post and cores though commonly used now have their own limitations. Failures associated with these systems include the loss of retention of posts and fracture of roots or even root perforations. Moreover, placement of a post in situations with limited interarch space is a challenge for any dentist. The failure rate associated with the conventional techniques would be higher in these conditions. This case report discusses an alternative technique of restoration of a badly broken down endodontically treated tooth with a specially designed post and core attachment to provide the necessary resistance and retention form for the overlying prosthesis in patients with limited interarch space.

With a wide variety of post systems and materials available for the restoration of lost tooth structure of endodontically treated teeth, the clinical decision of which to use constitutes a challenge to dental practitioners. Cast metal post and cores are widely used for restoring endodontically treated teeth with extensive loss of coronal tooth structure and to retain metal-ceramic crowns. When dental aesthetics is of primary concern, the selection of the underlying restorative material becomes an important factor to consider. The fibre-reinforced posts combined with all-ceramic crowns offer a highly aesthetic outcome in anterior region restorations, but longterm evaluation is necessary in order to assess their clinical performance and longevity.

The article addresses the difficulty of restoring a grossly carious molar tooth, where very little tooth structure is left after caries excavation. When enough sound tooth structure is missing for satisfying the ferrule effect, a clinician can follow this technique and easily restore such teeth. A step by step procedure, including instrumentation and materials and a new impression technique, is described in detail, with clinical photographs. This technique results in the fabrication of a robust and extremely retentive post and core on which to place fixed prosthodontic restorations. A 2 and half year study showed that the tooth well in function with no signs of any problem. The author has restored around many decayed molars using this technique. Over a period of three years, no failure was reported. With an increasing demand on the dentist for restoring a structurally compromised teeth, this technique provides the patients with a robust prosthodontic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report presents a case of traumatic dental injury leading to avulsion. Tooth avulsion is a dental emergency and it needs to be addressed immediately. Replantation of the avulsed tooth restores aesthetics and occlusal function. A 34 year old male presented with avulsed maxillary right lateral incisor and badly fractured maxillary right central incisor due to trauma 48hrs earlier. Treatment guidelines for avulsed permanent teeth with prolonged extra oral time were carried out and extra oral root canal treatment was done and the tooth was gently repositioned and splinted. The adjacent fractured central incisor was also endodontically treated and restored with a custom made post. The patient was recalled after 3, 6 and 12 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation. During the follow-up period both the teeth remained in a stable and functional position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCCIÓN: los dientes tratados endodóncicamente que van a ser rehabilitados con coronas y que han perdido parte de su estructura dental, necesitan de un poste prefabricado o colado para que ayude a la retención de la restauración final y así el diente pueda recuperar la funcionalidad y la estética. La literatura reporta cuándo utilizar un poste colado o prefabricado, pero no es contundente cuál distribuye mejor los esfuerzos, cuál material o forma de poste es mejor y si el módulo de elasticidad tiene o no relación con la distribución de las cargas a lo largo del eje axial del diente. MÉTODOS: se hicieron dos modelos en SolidWorks de un incisivo central superior con todas sus estructuras de soporte, uno con un poste colado y otro con un poste prefabricado, además de una corona completamente cerámica. Mediante un análisis de elementos finitos se cargaron dichos dientes a 200, 400, 600 y 800 N para llevarlos hasta la plasticidad. RESULTADOS: a 200 y 400 N ambos postes mostraron diferente distribución de esfuerzos sin afectar la restauración o la raíz dental. CONCLUSIONES: a cargas masticatorias normales, ambos postes son predecibles para rehabilitar un diente que necesita de la incorporación de un poste.Introduction: endodontically treated teeth that will be restored with crowns and which have lost part of their dental structure need a cast post or a prefabricated post to improve final restoration retention and therefore to be able to regain their functionality and aesthetics. The literature suggests when to use a cast or prefabricated post, but it is not conclusive in terms of which one has a better stress distribution, which post material or shape is better, or whether their modulus of elasticity is related to load distribution along the tooth's axis. Methods: by using Solid Works, two models of a maxillary central incisor with all its supporting structures were made, one with a cast post and another one with a prefabricated post plus an all-ceramic crown. By means of finite element analysis both teeth were subjected to loads of 200, 400, 600 and 800 N up to reaching their plasticity. Results: at 200 and 400 N, both posts showed different stress distribution patterns without altering the restoration or the tooth's root. Conclusions: at normal masticatory loads, both posts are likely to restore a tooth that needs addition of a post.

Tooth trauma has been and continues to be a common occurrence that every dental professional must be prepared to assess and treat when necessary. Tooth trauma and its management loom as a major challenge to the dental practitioner. Transverse root fractures occur most commonly in the maxillary teeth. This case report describes a new technique for the management of transverse root fractures in zone 2 with dowel inlay. This enables the utilization of the fractured fragment crown for stabilizing a transverse root fracture in zone 2, in a simple, economical, and minimally invasive manner. It can save considerable time over other alternative treatment options available for the treatment of trauma zone 2 fractures. Both clinical and radiographic follow-up have shown a stable condition, without any probing defects, ongoing root resorption or periapical pathosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: en esta investigación se analiza el comportamiento de la distribución de los esfuerzos en tramos de prótesis parcial fija (PPF) utilizando un modelo de elementos finitos. MÉTODOS: se hicieron dos modelos de un incisivo central y un canino como pilares y de un incisivo lateral como póntico, los pilares fueron simulados con tratamiento endodóntico, con un recorte de la gutapercha dejando 4 mm apicales y con elementos intrarradiculares prefabricados y colados para ambos pilares en diferentes modelos, los cuales soportan una estructura en metal noble cubierta por cerámica. Para mayor fidelidad se hizo un modelo tridimensional de las estructuras de soporte periodontal (hueso cortical, esponjoso y ligamento periodontal), por medio de un software que tiene la capacidad de mostrar el comportamiento de los cuerpos al introducirle algunas propiedades mecánicas de los elementos que componen el sistema. El modelo fue sometido a un esfuerzo de 1 N porque solo muestra el patrón de comportamiento de la distribución del esfuerzo sin llegar al límite de falla, con inclinación de 45° sobre los cíngulos del canino, central y póntico similar a la que se tienen en una oclusión normal. RESULTADOS: se observó esfuerzo de von Mises en la dentina del canino: aleación de metal noble de 0.92 N/mm² y fibra de vidrio 1,17 N/mm². El esfuerzo de von Mises en la dentina del central: aleación de metal noble 1,11 N/mm² y fibra de vidrio 1,92 N/mm². CONCLUSIÓN: la distribución de los esfuerzos fue parecida a la obtenida en los dientes únicos, donde cuando se utilizan elementos intrarradiculares rígidos, este asume la mayor parte del esfuerzo por sus propiedades mecánicas. La decisión de cuál elemento intrarradicular elegir depende de muchas variables.INTRODUCTION: this study analyzes the behavior of stress distribution in three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPD) using a finite elements model (FEM). METHODS: a canine and a central incisor were modeled; both of them were joined together by a FPD with a lateral incisor as pontic. Endodontic treatment with a 4 mm apical seal was simulated for abutment teeth; cast post and cores and prefabricated posts were modeled for abutments and a noble metal framework veneered with porcelain was used as the final restoration. For better precision, a three-dimensional model of supporting structures such as cortical bone, trabecular bone and periodontal ligament was designed. Software capable of showing the behavior of bodies when different mechanical properties are introduced to the system was used. Oblique loads of 1N in a 45° angle were applied on the cingulum area of both abutments and pontic which was intended to show the distribution of stress without failing. RESULTS: the greatest strain was found on both the canine and central incisor dentine where fiber posts were used (0.92 N/mm² cast post and core, 1.17 N/mm² fiber post on the canine; 1.11 N/mm² cast post and core, 1.92 N/mm² fiber post for the central incisor). CONCLUSIONS: distribution of von Misses stress was found to be similar to that of single tooth. When rigid intraradicular elements were used, this element absorbs most of the energy. The decision of which element is better depends on different variables.

Background: Recent trends put estheticrehabilitationas a demandingtreatmentin order to correct malpositionedanteriordentition. This is enhanced by the patient’s background, especially careers that require prime appearance for the public. Purpose: To describe that even though there are many treatment alternatives and procedures, esthetic rehabilitation on crowded and protruded anterior dentition using endodontic treatment, cast posts and all ceramic crowns, can improve patient’s appearance. Case: This article presents a case report on esthetic rehabilitation of crowded and protruded anterior dentition. Treatment was done due to patient’s refusal in receiving orthodontic treatment. The patient requested esthetic rehabilitation as an expectation for faster and instant esthetic result. Case management: Endodontic treatment was done to the involved dentition prior to the final restoration. Cast posts and all ceramic crowns were used as final restoration to correct the crowded and protruded anterior teeth. Conclusion: Esthetic rehabilitation can be done successfully on crowded and protruded anterior dentition. Instant result could be achieved by this treatment. This is supported by the fact that dentists should be aware of not only choosing the right treatment and materials but also patient’s expectations and conditions.

Introduction: Vertical root fracture (VRF) is common in endodontically treated teeth. Conventional and digital radiographies have limitations for detection of VRFs. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers greater detection accuracy of VRFs in comparison with conventional radiography. This study compared the effects of metal artifacts on detection of VRFs by using two CBCT systems. Methods and Materials: Eighty extracted premolars were selected and sectioned at the level of the cemento- enamel junction (CEJ). After preparation, root canals were filled with gutta-percha. Subsequently, two thirds of the root fillings were removed for post space preparation and a custom-mad e post was cemented into each canal. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n =40). In the test group, root fracture was created with Instron universal testing machine. The control teeth remained intact. CBCT scans of all teeth were obtained with either New To m VGI or Soredex Scanora 3D. Three observers analyzed the images for detection of VRF. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for VRF detection and percentage of probable cases were calculated for ea ch imaging system and compared using non-parametric tests considering the non-normal distribution of data. The inter-observer reproducibility was calculated using the weighted k appa coefficient. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV between the two CBCT systems. Conclusion: The effect of metal artifacts on VRF detection was not significantly different between the two CBCT systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of cast posts versus the fracture resistance of fiber posts by means of meta-analysis when they were used in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Methods: MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Biology Medicine disc were used in the literature search. Two independent reviewers assessed the titles and abstracts of all articles that were found according to the predefined inclusion criteria. Relevant articles were acquired in full-text form. Data in these studies were independently extracted. Standardized mean differences of included studies were combined and analyzed by using meta-analysis. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. There was considerable heterogeneity among these studies. The standardized mean difference of the combined data was 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.08–1.20; P < .001), indicating that the cast post group displayed significantly higher fracture resistance than the fiber post group. Conclusions: On the basis of the current best available evidence, we concluded that cast posts had higher fracture resistance than fiber posts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the fracture strength and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth with flared canals restored with two fiber reinforced systems (glass fiber and quartz fiber) and one base metal cast post and core system. Materials and Methods: Forty five anterior teeth were decoronated at cemento-enamel junction and were endodontically treated. Post space was prepared and randomly divided into three groups according to post system. Specimens were loaded at 45° in a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The mode of failure was classified as repairable or non-repairable. Results: Teeth restored with cast posts have fracture strength twice that of teeth restored with fiber posts. Fiber-reinforced posts failed at a certain compressive force but they were repairable unlike the non-repairable fracture seen with cast posts. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, fracture strength and mode of failure in anterior teeth with flared canals varied according to the type of post used to support a crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: endodontically treated teeth that will be restored with crowns and which have lost part of their dental structure need a cast post or a prefabricated post to improve final restoration retention and therefore to be able to regain their functionality and aesthetics. The literature suggests when to use a cast or prefabricated post, but it is not conclusive in terms of which one has a better stress distribution, which post material or shape is better, or whether their modulus of elasticity is related to load distribution along the tooth's axis. Methods: by using Solid Works, two models of a maxillary central incisor with all its supporting structures were made, one with a cast post and another one with a prefabricated post plus an all-ceramic crown. By means of finite element analysis both teeth were subjected to loads of 200, 400, 600 and 800 N up to reaching their plasticity. Results: at 200 and 400 N, both posts showed different stress distribution patterns without altering the restoration or the tooth's root. Conclusions: at normal masticatory loads, both posts are likely to restore a tooth that needs addition of a post. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth trauma has been and continues to be a common occurrence that every dental professional must be prepared to assess and treat when necessary. Tooth trauma and its management loom as a major challenge to the dental practitioner. Transverse root fractures occur most commonly in the maxillary teeth. This case report describes a new technique for the management of transverse root fractures in zone 2 with Dowel inlay. That enables the utilization of fractured fragment crown for stabilizing a transverse root fracture in zone 2 is quite 1. Simple, Economical, Minimal Invasive and can save considerable time over other alternative treatment options available in the treatment of a trauma zone 2 fractures. Both clinical and radiographic follow-up showed a stable condition without any probing defect, ongoing root resorption, or periapical pathosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim To evaluate several protocols for the application of ultrasound during removal of cast posts with varying core configurations cemented with zinc phosphate. Methodology Sixty maxillary canines were distributed into three groups ( n = 20): group 1 – core with 5 mm diameter/height and post diameter of 1.3 mm; groups 2 and 3 – core with the same diameter as the post (1.3 mm) and heights of 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively. Posts/cores were cemented using a standard technique with zinc phosphate cement. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the ultrasonic vibration mode: point vibration – ultrasonic vibration applied to the core surface for 5 s, on each face totalling 25 s; alternate vibration – intermittent application of ultrasonic vibration for 10 s to the labial and lingual surfaces, 10 s to the mesial and distal surfaces and 5 s to the incisal surface, totalling 25 s. The specimens were submitted to the tensile test using an Instron machine (1 mm min−1) and results were analysed byanova and t-test. The failure type was also analysed. Results Statistical analysis showed significant differences between groups relating to the core preparations ( P < 0.05). The lowest mean values of traction force were obtained for group 3 (46.1 ± 7.7 N), followed by group 2 (89.0 ± 2.7 N) and group 1 (160.4 ± 7.5 N). Regarding ultrasonic vibration, the lowest mean was observed with alternate vibration (81.1 ± 10.1 N), which was significantly lower than the point vibration (115.9 ± 9.5 N) ( P < 0.05). Cohesive failure occurred in all cases. Conclusion A reduction in core diameter/height and intermittent ultrasonic application improved the removal of cast posts cemented with zinc phosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally agreed that the successful treatment of a badly broken tooth with pulpal disease depends not only on good endodontic therapy, but also on good prosthetic reconstruction of the tooth after the endodontic therapy is complete. Often, we come across an endodontically treated tooth with little or no clinical crown in routine clinical cases. In such cases, additional retention and support of the restoration are difficult to achieve. Two case reports are discussed here where structurally compromised, endodontically treated, posterior teeth were restored using the Richmond crown in the first case, and by the use of two nonparallel cast posts in the second case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical report describes the use of alveolar ridge augmentation procedure using connective tissue graft, cast post, and metal-ceramic fixed partial denture for a patient with ridge defect to enhance the esthetic result for a metal-ceramic fixed partial denture (FPD). This ridge augmentation procedure significantly increased the functional and esthetic outcome of the final FPD by restoring the alveolar ridge defect to its original dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deger S, Akgüngör G, Caniklioglu B. An alternative method for fabricating a custom-made metal post with a ceramic core. Dent Traumatol 2005; 21: 179–182.© Blackwell Munksgaard, 2005.The restoration of anterior non-vital teeth with metal posts and cores and all-ceramic restorations may lead to compromised esthetics because of the semitranslucence of ceramics and the metallic color of the underlying post and cores. This article presents a technique that combines the optical properties of ceramic cores with the mechanical properties of custom-made cast metal posts. The technique involves heat pressing of the core from leucite-enriched glass-ceramic to the underlying custom-made metal post and may provide additional esthetic benefit for anterior teeth especially with little remaining coronal dentin and with small root volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many patients with large-area tooth defect need cast post-core crown restoration. However, the color defect of the cast post-core will affect the final restorative result, especially that of the anterior teeth. A new technology of color masking by applying CERAMAGE polymeric porcelain to the cast metal post-core surface improves the color of a full-ceramic restoration of anterior teeth and may provide a new alternative for the aesthetic repair of anterior teeth with a large area of defective tooth.