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Productive cultivation of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) relies on the use of selective substrates and effective disease management. In extending our previous work on manipulating the developmental microbiome (devome), this study employs the strategy of substrate passaging to explore its effects on crop outcomes and disease dynamics. Here we subjected the casing substrate to ten cycles of passaging. This manipulated substrate stimulated early pinning (primordia formation) by at least three days. Passaged casing also altered disease dynamics when challenged with two commercially important A. bisporus pathogens, Pseudomonas tolaasii (causing bacterial blotch) and Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum (responsible for green mold). Passaged casing had a suppressive effect on blotch disease and a conducive effect on green mold disease. Blotch suppression resulted in a significantly higher yield of asymptomatic mushrooms in all three mushroom harvests (flushes) and in the overall crop yield. Blotch severity was also significantly reduced in passaged casing compared to standard casing due to a lower yield of mushrooms with the highest degree of blotch disease expression. Green mold disease expression was markedly higher in passaged casing, leading to lower numbers of asymptomatic mushrooms. Zones where no growth of hyphae or mushrooms were also observed in passaged casing due to green mold disease pressure. The stimulating effect of passaged casing on mushroom development and the dynamic outcomes for disease challenge from two distinct, commercially damaging diseases, demonstrates the potential for passaged casing to be used as material to study more sustainable mushroom production and disease management practices. • Passaged casing promotes early mushroom pinning. • Asymptomatic mushroom yield is significantly higher in Pseudomonas tolaasii -inoculated passaged casing versus the standard. • Disease severity of bacterial blotch is significantly suppressed in mushrooms harvested from passaged casing. • Passaged casing has a conducive effect on green mold disease expression when inoculated with Trichoderma aggressivum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The packer is a key tool to isolate downhole pressure during well testing and completion operations. The compression packer in the oil and gas wellbore needs to be anchored by hard contact between the slips and the casing when setting, which will cause the casing to suffer from occlusal damage and shorten the working life. It is necessary to combine casing damage and anchoring performance of the slip, select suitable packer slip material, and optimize its structural parameters to reduce casing hard contact damage and increase the working life of the slips and casing. Based on mechanical analysis and hard contact mechanism of the slip during the packer setting process, and selecting the slip material lower than the mechanical properties of the casing material, a finite element analysis model of interaction between the slips and the casing was established. The changes of slip equivalent plastic strain, maximum Mises stress, and CPRESS stress under three parameters of slip tooth number, tooth space, and tooth top angle were comprehensively evaluated. The results of analysis show that with the increase in the tooth number of slips, the tooth space or the top angle, the bending moment of slips increased, and the anchoring performance decreased. As the tooth number of slips, the tooth space or the top angle decreased, the damage of slip teeth increased. The combination optimization analysis of the above parameters was carried out using the orthogonal experiment method, and the optimal top angle of the slip structure of the compression packer is 90°, the tooth space is 4 mm, and the tooth number is 20. Compared with the anchoring performance of soluble metal slips, the optimized slips significantly reduce the damage to the casing. The study will provide a theoretical basis and date support for further analysis of the anchoring performance of the slip, the reduction of casing damage, and the design of new slips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Petroleum Machinery is the property of China Petroleum Machinery Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regarding the safety of casing during the production of hydrogen gas during the perforation operation in the curve section of ultra deep horizontal wells, the theoretical stress calculation formula near the perforation hole and the tensile strength, external extrusion strength, and internal pressure strength that three different sizes of casing can withstand were derived based on the plate hole theory and casing performance calculation formula; It also analyzed the stress distribution of the casing in the curve section before perforation operations, and found that under the worst working conditions, the stress on the casing body is less than the yield strength, and the high stress area of the casing is mainly concentrated in the axial direction. Increasing the wall thickness of the casing does not have a significant effect on reducing the high stress area, but reducing the diameter, density, curvature of the curve section, and using a single spiral distribution will effectively improve the stress distribution on the casing, which is more conducive to the safety of perforation operations in the curve section; Finally, physical and chemical properties and stress corrosion experiments were conducted on the casing used on site, and it was found that there will be a large number of pitting pits for the initiation of cracks in the casing underground. Therefore, an analysis was conducted on the crack propagation caused by the initial cracks generated by perforation operations. It was found that changing the initial crack length, angle, and casing wall thickness has little significance in reducing crack propagation, while reducing the curvature of the curve section has a significant impact on casing crack propagation. The research methods and achievements in the article provide theoretical guidance for the safety evaluation of casing during perforation operations in the curve section of ultra deep horizontal wells. • Analyzed the stress of casing in curved wells, it can guide construction operations. • Evaluated the casing after perforation, which can prevent downhole casing failure. • Corrosion experiments were conducted on casings with different chromium contents. • Explored the propagation of casing cracks after curved perforation operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was accomplished in oil drilling wells located in the Mishrif and Mauddud carbonate formations and in the Zubair sandstone formation to ensure safer, efficient, and economical cementing operations, a better bond between the cement, casing, and formation, and a better isolation between the zones. Moreover, it was also undertaken to obtain competitive cement at the shoe. The study developed a cement slurry programme of 1.55 lead and 1.9 SG tail slurry for both the primary and secondary stages in well WQ1-XX0, as well as a new programme for the wells that would follow (the same primary stage, and 1.45 and 1.75 SG for the secondary stage), so as to improve the casing and cementing stability and reduce costs. The results indicated that well problems were gradually reduced in wells WQ1-XX1 and WQ1-XX2 and were entirely eradicated in well WQ1-XX3. The reduction in cement cost was 62% (from 0.756 to 0.47 barrels per metre), and the cement shows good bonding at the top of productive formations (Mishrif, Mauddud, and Zubair). The problems and costs in the Zubair sandstone and Mauddud carbonate formations were higher than in the Mishrif formation, and the programme adopted would prove to overcome them all. The lightweight high-performance slurry, with a specific gravity of 1.45, achieved the objectives of liner cementing in the Mishrif wells without involving any losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the influence of slip structure on the mechanical behavior and residual strength of casing, parameters such as support force and friction force between slips and casing were derived based on the interaction relationship between slips and casing. Tensile tests were conducted on casing materials in this paper, and the working process of anchoring casing with single and double slips was simulated. The influence of indentation depth on the residual strength of casing was analyzed. The results show that the deformation of the casing is relatively severe when the single slip sealing force reaches 120 kN. According to the law of residual strength curve, there is a turning point where the stress concentration factor tends to be gentle, and the corresponding indentation depth value at this point increases with the increase in casing diameter. Single slips were unable to effectively bite into P110 and P125 casings, and the bite did not achieve the effect of setting the casing. However, when double slips were used to anchor the casing, the inner wall of the casing had deeper indentation, and the double slips could firmly seat the casing. These results indicate that replacing single slips with double slips can effectively achieve the setting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of casing material is an important and crucial step in button mushroom cultivation. Decomposed farmyard manure (FYM) is one of the major ingredients used in the casing mixture and it needs to be sieved for the separation of undesirable impurities. The conventional practice of sieving raw FYM is time consuming, crude and causes drudgery to the human labors. The study aims to develop a rotary sieve to be used for sieving of raw FYM before its use in casing mixture. While fabrication, sieve performance was evaluated by carrying out 15 experimental trials formulated using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Maximum sieve effectiveness (0.952) and throughput capacity (61crates/h) were estimated at the rotational speed of 33.2 rpm, sieve inclination of 9.8% and 0.49 inch sieve aperture. Labor, time and human drudgery were seen to be significantly reduced by using rotary sieve in casing material preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of drilling directional wells in the fields of western Turkmenistan is relevant at the present time, as it can contribute to the optimisation of hydrocarbon production processes in the region, increasing the efficiency and sustainability of production. The purpose of this study is to analyse and evaluate aspects of drilling directional wells in the fields of western Turkmenistan to determine their potential for increasing hydrocarbon production and reducing operating costs. Among the methods used, the analytical method, the classification method, the functional method, the statistical method, and the synthesis method etc., should be noted. The study is an extensive examination of the experience of drilling directional wells and cluster drilling in western Turkmenistan's oil and gas fields, which considers modern technological advances. Within the framework of this study, potential directions for the development of technology for drilling directional wells were considered, and recommendations were formulated on the use of specialised equipment and high-quality materials for cluster drilling in the south-western part of Turkmenistan. The use of modern technical solutions that meet international standards has led to the successful completion of cluster drilling of directional wells at fields in this region. This study is a substantial starting point for the future development of the technology of cluster drilling of deep directional wells, especially considering high reservoir pressures, and it contributes to the technical renewal and organisational restructuring of the cluster drilling process based on scientific research. The study on drilling directional wells has practical value, enabling the optimisation of the production of oil and gas resources in difficult geological conditions and increasing the efficiency of production in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of simulation software applicable to the various stages of petroleum engineering facilitates decision-making and, at the same time, minimizes possible failures, problems, and incidents during each well intervention. In addition, a computer tool provides the user with instant and accurate results that can be used during personnel training and higher education. The objective of the present work was to develop an open-source computational tool with a graphical, numerical, and schematic interface to facilitate the teaching and learning of operations related to primary cementing. The tool considers four sections: (a) wellbore diagram, (b) identification of the relation between volumetry and the geometric design of the well, (c) integration of the mechanical state with the number of intervals, slurry design, and operating characteristics of the pumps, and (d) the wellbore diagram integrated by drilling, displacement and slurry fluids, according to each of the cementing stages. Among the results, it was combined programming with specialized technical and scientific material, considering academic and field experience characteristics. The program is a versatile tool that integrates the general mechanical state and each of the five stages with a maximum depth of 5,000 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globally cultivated white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is grown commercially at an industrial scale. Numerous pathogens pose a significant economic threat to its cultivation. Due to the emergence of resistance towards fungicide treatments, the future of mushroom disease treatment will need to move towards integrated pest management including the use of biological control agents (BCAs). In this study, we investigated the impact of the BCAs, B. velezensis QST 713 and Kos on the population dynamics of the microbiota of mushroom casing. Amplicon sequencing revealed that four Bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota dominated at casing and the end of the crop cycle. The most dominant fungal genus detected at casing was Agaricus and after 7 days accounted for the vast majority of fungal species detected. The application of BCAs, B. velezensis QST 713 and B. velezensis Kos did not have a significant impact on the microbiota across the crop cycle and comparisons between control plots and plots treated with BCA showed no significant differences in their microbiome composition. This research contributes novel insights into the dynamics, composition, and structure of microbial communities within A. bisporus mushroom casing with and without the application of two BCAs.

Boiled meat products, including sausages, are perishable items, making them potentially hazardous and requiring the use of preservatives. Promising preservatives for sausages include starter cultures of lactic acid microorganisms, which act as antagonists to pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the types of microbiota causing spoilage of sausages during storage in vacuum packaging and the effectiveness of their treatment with a starter culture of Lactobacillus curvatus or a mixture of starter cultures of Lactobacillus curvatus + Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. On the first day of storage, the dominant microorganisms in the sausages were Klebsiella variicola and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens plantarum. By the 21st day of storage, signs of sausage spoilage were observed, including the appearance of cloudy juice and the separation of the vacuum packaging. The main microorganisms causing sausage spoilage were Moellerella wisconsensis, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus cereus. In the control sausages on the 18th day, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms approached the allowable limit, and they were not suitable for further storage. Treatment of sausages with a starter culture or a mixture of Lactobacillus curvatus + Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis led to an increase in the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic as well as lactic acid microorganisms practically throughout the entire storage period. However, signs of spoilage in both treatment groups appeared on the 36th day. Both treatments with starter cultures extended the shelf life of sausages in chilled conditions by 12 days. The use of a mixture of starter cultures for treating sausages during storage in vacuum packaging was not advisable. The obtained results can be used to extend the shelf life of boiled meat products, taking into account the species composition of spoilage microbiota.

The global popularity of milky mushrooms, Calocybe indica, is increasing due to their impressive size, appealing milky appearance, delicious taste, attractive colour, excellent shelf life, and unique texture. The casing layer is crucial for inducing fructification in milky mushrooms, providing moisture, physical support, and facilitating gas exchange. The present study evaluated various casing material combinations to find suitable options for commercially cultivation of milky mushroom C. indica. Different raw materials, viz., raw coir pith, Arka Fermented Cocopeat (AFC), MnSO4, milky mushroom grown substrate, and sandy, loamy soil, were evaluated individually and in different combinations. It was observed that the combination of AFC and sandy, loamy soil in a ratio of 60:40 resulted in a higher milky mushroom yield of 156.90g/kg wet substrate. Similarly, casing sandy loamy soil treated with MnSO4 (150 ppm) resulted in a higher yield of 198.83g/kg wet substrate. Additionally, the combination of casing soil and milky mushroom colonized substrate in a ratio of 90:10 led to a higher mushroom yield of 174g/kg wet substrate. The casing combination of the mushroom colonized substrate (10%), MnSO4 (100 ppm), AFC (600g), and sandy loam soil (400g) exhibited the highest mushroom yield of 241.2g/kg wet substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The strength and sealing failure of the connecting thread of the casing head mandrel hanger causes huge economic losses. One of the major challenges is the thread seal failure mechanism of the casing hanger in the wellhead during pressure testing in shale gas wells. In order to analyze the failure causes of connecting threads and put forward improvement measures, a typical case of a well accompanied by a hanger seal failure is analyzed in this paper, and a series of material tests are carried out. The microstructure and mechanical properties of casing materials and hanger materials could meet the field requirements. It is concluded that both the hanger material and casing material are characterized with significant ductile fracture. A three-dimensional model of the hanger and casing system is established, and the mechanical behavior is calculated for the connecting thread under different working conditions. The results showed that the connection degree of the hanger–casing is insufficient at the torque recommended by the manufacturer because of the difference in wall thickness between the box thread of the hanger and the box thread of the joint according to the connection degree of the coupling casing. It is seen that the high contact pressure ring of zone three on the sealing surface plays an effective sealing role under the manufacturer's recommended torque (20,465 N·m). Finally, when the torque is increased by 25%, the maximum contact pressure between the pin thread of the casing and the box thread of the hanger can fully meet the internal pressure from the wellbore pressure test and the internal pressure strength required for subsequent operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. On the base of the geological cross-section analysis of the productive stratum and the features of the filtration-capacitance characteristics of the reservoir rocks, to develop effective technological fastening schemes for the delimitation of closely located different-pressure and different-saturated horizons on the example of the Romny group deposits. Methodology. The proposed work is an analytical and production research on the geological-and-lithological structure features of borehole sections of the Romny structure and the results of their drilling and cementing based on the analysis of electrical, pulsed neutron-neutron, acoustic and other types of loggings. The data on the spectrum of the oil and gas boreholes properties cores was obtained on the basis of macroscopic description, methodical and practical methods of lithological, sedimentological, and facies analysis. The filtration capacity of permeable reservoir rocks was examined with the application of the Darcy’s device. Modern methods of experimental research analysis using mathematical and physical modeling techniques, methods for processing research results in SolidWorks, STATGRAPHICS, MATHSAD, EXCEL, control and measuring devices were applied. Findings. It has been established that currently applied fastening methods do not provide the prerequisites for high-quality delineation of productive horizons, as a result of which interlayer flows occur, that is lead to the loss of the potential flow rate of the boreholes and increasing in the cost of hydrocarbon production. A new design of the borehole is proposed in order to increase the reliability of the fastening. It has been proven that the effectiveness of opening oil-saturated reservoirs increases with the application of specialized drilling flushing fluids capable of minimizing the risk of their clogging. The necessity of cementing the production column and the shank with tamponage materials based on composite cements is substantiated, while effective buffer systems should be applied to separate process fluids. Originality. On the base of the systematization and correlation of the geophysical material, the specific features of the structure of the productive strata of B-18 and B-19 horizons were evaluated as well as the nature and degree of saturation, the filtration-capacity characteristics of the seams. It has been proven that in order to reliably cover the high-pressure water-bearing horizon B-18 with an operational column, it is recommended to include packer systems of various types of activation in the equipment. Practical value. On the basis of the detailed multifaceted results of laboratory and industrial testing and analytical model research, technological solutions have been developed for boreholes fastening in the conditions of the occurrence of closely located productive horizons of different pressures and different saturations on the example of the Romny group deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boiled meat products, including sausages, are perishable items, making them potentially hazardous and requiring the use of preservatives. Promising preservatives for sausages include starter cultures of lactic acid microorganisms, which act as antagonists to pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the types of microbiota causing spoilage of sausages during storage in vacuum packaging and the effectiveness of their treatment with a starter culture of Lactobacillus curvatus or a mixture of starter cultures of Lactobacillus curvatus + Lactococcus lactissubsp. lactis. On the first day of storage, the dominant microorganisms in the sausages were Klebsiella variicola and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens plantarum. By the 21st day of storage, signs of sausage spoilage were observed, including the appearance of cloudy juice and the separation of the vacuum packaging. The main microorganisms causing sausage spoilage were Moellerella wisconsensis, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus cereus. In the control sausages on the 18th day, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms approached the allowable limit, and they were not suitable for further storage. Treatment of sausages with a starter culture or a mixture of Lactobacillus curvatus + Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactisled to an increase in the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic as well as lactic acid microorganisms practically throughout the entire storage period. However, signs of spoilage in both treatment groups appeared on the 36th day. Both treatments with starter cultures extended the shelf life of sausages in chilled conditions by 12 days. The use of a mixture of starter cultures for treating sausages during storage in vacuum packaging was not advisable. The obtained results can be used to extend the shelf life of boiled meat products, taking into account the species composition of spoilage microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement slurry solidification process is an important part of cementing engineering, cement slurry solidification directly affects the quality of cementing, and then affects the whole drilling engineering and cost problems. In the process of cement slurry solidification, the decrease of slurry column pressure will increase the pull of upper casing, which is also the main reason for oil, gas, water channeling and early casing damage. In the process of cement slurry gelling, hydration will cause it to heat up, and then lose weight, and the combination of temperature and pressure will cause great deformation of the casing string. With the solidification of cement, this deformation will also be consolidated in the cement-sealed section. With the change of temperature and pressure under the injection-production condition, the casing in the sealed section may be under serious stress and strain, and may become an important factor affecting the service life of the casing. However, previous research on casing damage only focused on the completion of cementing. After cementing, due to the influence of formation high temperature and high pressure, construction and other factors in the later stage of oilfield production, people's attention mainly focused on the mechanical and chemical effects, and rarely considered the change of casing state during the cement slurry gaging process. Therefore, it is necessary to study the stress and deformation rule of casing string during the weight loss of cement cement gel. This paper simulates the casing force and change under different working conditions under the influence of factors such as cement slurry density, cement ring length, admixtures and formation environment. It is found that the axial tension of casing increases step by step with the cement slurry setting time and tends to decline at last. The research of casing damage in the later period provides a reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of simulation software applicable to the various stages of petroleum engineering facilitates decision-making and, at the same time, minimizes possible failures, problems, and incidents during each well intervention. In addition, a computer tool provides the user with instant and accurate results that can be used during personnel training and higher education. The objective of the present work was to develop an open-source computational tool with a graphical, numerical, and schematic interface to facilitate the teaching and learning of operations related to primary cementing. The tool considers four sections: (a) wellbore diagram, (b) identification of the relation between volumetry and the geometric design of the well, (c) integration of the mechanical state with the number of intervals, slurry design, and operating characteristics of the pumps, and (d) the wellbore diagram integrated by drilling, displacement and slurry fluids, according to each of the cementing stages. Among the results, it was combined programming with specialized technical and scientific material, considering academic and field experience characteristics. The program is a versatile tool that integrates the general mechanical state and each of the five stages with a maximum depth of 5,000 m.

Copyright of Steel Pipe is the property of Steel Pipe Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the high moisture-associated typical rheology and the changeable and harsh processing conditions in the production process, packaging materials for meat products have higher requirements including a sufficient mechanical strength and proper ductility. Collagen, a highly conserved structural protein consisting of a triple helix of Gly-X-Y repeats, has been proved to be suitable packaging material for meat products. The treated animal digestive tract (i.e. the casing) is the perfect natural packaging material for wrapping meat into sausage. Its thin walls, strong toughness and impact resistance make it the oldest and best edible meat packaging. Collagen casing is another wisdom of meat packaging, which is made by collagen fibers from hide skin, presenting a rapid growth in casing market. To strengthen mechanical strength and barrier behaviors of collagen-based packaging materials, different physical, chemical, and biological cross-linking methods are springing up exuberantly, as well as a variety of reinforcement approaches including nanotechnology. In addition, the rapid development of biomimetic technology also provides a good research idea and means for the promotion of collagen's assembly and relevant mechanical properties. This review can offer some reference on fundamental theory and practical application of collagenous materials in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Steel Pipe is the property of Steel Pipe Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Steel Pipe is the property of Steel Pipe Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The microstructure and impact toughness in an ultra-high-strength casing were investigated, attempting to reveal the reason for toughness fluctuations along the casing in terms of crystallography. The morphological structures at the head of the casing are lath bainite, while those at the end are granular bainite and lath bainite. The head exhibits a higher density of high-angle grain boundaries dominated by block boundaries and a higher impact toughness than the end, showing an inhomogeneous microstructure and causing toughness fluctuations in the casing. The higher density of block boundaries in the head resulted from weaker variant selection because of its higher cooling rate than the end. Therefore, the underlying reason for the toughness fluctuations lies in the varying densities of the block boundaries along the casing triggered by uneven cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the critical behavioral characteristics of pile foundations in expansive soil foundations through a series of model tests, including settlement, axial force, and side frictional resistance. The experiment initially utilized sand, bentonite, and gypsum as the fundamental materials for the preparation and composition research of expansive soil simulant materials. Subsequently, the performance of different types of model piles under various loads and water immersion conditions was analyzed. The results indicate that non-cased piles exhibit typical friction pile behavior, while PVC-cased and steel-cased piles effectively reduce side frictional resistance, resulting in a more uniform distribution of axial force along the pile. After immersion, the model test materials experience expansion, with a faster initial expansion rate and a more gradual later expansion rate. Different types of model piles exhibit different displacement characteristics, and the presence of an outer casing can reduce the uplift of the inner pile. Furthermore, PVC casing demonstrates better performance in handling negative frictional effects. This study provides valuable insights for the design and construction of pile foundations in expansive soil foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Steel Pipe is the property of Steel Pipe Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within deep and ultra-deep wells, the casing-cement sheath-stratum rock assembly(CCS) bears thermal, mechanical, and chemical multi-field coupling, causing some damage or creating micro-annular gaps at the interface between the casing and the cement sheath as well as the interface between the cement sheath and the stratum. Radial and axial cracks in the cement sheath occur, and even channeling-leakage channels form due to shear failure. These are critical reasons for sustained annular pressure and the risk of wellbore sealing integrity. This paper establishes an evaluation device for channeling-leakage properties of a compact-size CCS assembly. It observes the microstructure and morphology characteristics of cement sheath integrity, tests the channeling-leakage pressure and paths of two cement slurries, and explores the relationships between the channeling-leakage properties of the assembly and the damage to the cementing interfaces as well as the cracking characteristics of cement sheath. Results showed that the proposed method was suitable for evaluating unpredictable security risks of CCS assembly caused by a complex load in deep and ultra-deep wells, such as overload-induced cracking, cementing interface unsealing, and channeling-leakage of the cement sheath. The findings revealed the evolution law from deformation points to cracks and channeling-leakage channels inside the cement sheath under the action of load and proposed technical measures to avoid channeling-leakage of the cement sheath. This research provides a theoretical basis and testing method for evaluating the wellbore sealing integrity and formulating technical safety measures for deep and ultra-deep wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the mechanical behavior of composite bridge plug anchoring casing, the mechanical properties of two types of slip are studied in this paper. The finite element method was adopted to simulate the mechanical behavior of the milled slip and the hard alloy slip, respectively. The results showed that the maximum stress of the casing was 780 MPa when the seating force of the milled slip reached 150 kN, and the deformation of the casing was relatively serious. The hard alloy slip can play an anchoring role when the seating force is about 150 kN. Moreover, the milled tooth slip could not effectively hold the casing. And the bite marks on the inner wall of the casing are deeper when the casing is fixed with hard alloy slip. It is concluded that the hard alloy slip can effectively achieve the anchoring effect. The conclusion has a certain guiding effect on the design and application of composite bridge plugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior of casing in formation water service environment was studied through water quality detection, casing matrix and corrosion products analysis, casing material corrosion rate and polarization curve experiments・ The results show that the water produced from casing damage wells is sodium sulfate water with high Cl content, oxygen content, aggressive carbon dioxide content and bacteria content, which are the main causes of corrosion・ The casing structure is dominated by polygonal ferrite and pearlite, containing class A, B and D inclusions. The number of inclusions of class D is the largest, followed by Class A and Class B・ Compared with the inner casing corrosion, the outer casing corrosion is more serious, and the corrosion products are mainly FeCO3, Fe3 O4 and FeS. The corrosion rate relationship of the four kinds of casing steel is P110 > J55 > N80 > N80Q, and the corrosion current density(icorr) satisfies the relationship of I <'nso <'j55 <, which is consistent with the corrosion rate relationship reflected in the high corrosion simulation experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT There is growing interest in microbiome-based management approaches for plant and animal health and sustainable agricultural practices. To our knowledge, there are no descriptions of Agaricus bisporus mushroom developmental patterns using such an approach. Here, we utilized substrate passaging to select for devomes (developmental microbiomes) in either compost or casing material that resulted in earlier developing (best performing experimental units with a higher number of primordia at day 10 of cultivation) mushrooms compared to unpassaged controls. Passaged casing showed earlier pinning (fruiting body formation), while passaged compost delayed fruiting body formation. Despite changes in pin emergence for passaged substrates and higher mushroom yield in the passaged casing’s first harvest, the total mushroom yield in 24 days of crop cycle did not change significantly. The bacterial communities were distinct between compost and casing materials, but in both microenvironments, the alpha diversity tended to increase and stabilize over time in standard and passaged substrates. Community composition within compost and casing microenvironments tended to be more homogenous after colonization of the fungus. Passaging of casing increased the bacterial alpha diversity and shifted community composition. Such changes were not observed in passaged compost. Some bacterial taxa were enriched or depleted by passaging, e.g., Pseudomonas spp. (hypothesized as a stimulus to A. bisporus fructification) were depleted in passaged compost and casing. Overall, this work presents an experimental approach to manipulate compost and casing microbial communities with the potential to be combined with currently employed cultivation strategies toward a more sustainable mushroom cultivation system. IMPORTANCE Agaricus bisporus is an economically important edible mushroom and manipulating its developmental patterns is crucial for maximizing yield and quality. One of the potential strategies for achieving such a goal is passaging microbial communities in compost or casing. The current study demonstrated that passaging substrates develop enriched microbial communities, and after a few passages, certain levels of changes in mushroom developmental patterns (the timing of fruiting bodies formation) were observed as well as shifts in the bacterial communities. Overall, a better understanding of the complex interactions between microorganisms present in the cultivation system may help farmers and researchers to develop more efficient and sustainable cultivation practices that can both benefit the environment and human health.

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With the escalating intricacy of downhole operational scenarios, encompassing frequent well cycling, acidification, multi-stage fracturing, steam injection, and intensive extraction, the efficacy of traditional casing-string-design methods rooted in strength considerations is progressively unveiling its limitations. Henceforth, it becomes imperative to establish string-design method standards that embrace the entirety of a well's lifecycle, encompassing the phases of drilling, completion, fracturing, and production operations. Beginning with an analysis of the advantages and limitations of traditional casing-string-design methods, this paper introduces the features of strain and sealing design methods developed for the full lifecycle of the string. The strain design method, a departure from conventional design philosophies, enables the design concept of the controllable deformation of the pipe string. The sealing design method currently stands as the sole standard method for the design of tubing strings. Simultaneously, this paper proposes the establishment of a time dimension-based lifecycle pipe string-design method standard. This approach considers the trend of pipe strength degradation, effectively addressing the safety concerns related to pipe string design in production and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-angle deviated wells refer to drilling wells with complex wellbore trajectories and large dogleg severity. The complex trajectory and large dogleg severity can result in casing sticking, blockage, and even structural integrity failure during the casing running in the wellbore. A nonlinear large-deformation numerical method was established in this study to reveal the relationship between the structural integrity of the casing and wellbore parameters in high-angle deviated wells. A three-dimensional wellbore finite element model was built based on deflection data. The variations of friction, axial and radial contact stresses, and section deformation of the casing were investigated to evaluate the structural integrity of the casing based on the nonlinear contact analysis between the casing and the wellbore. Based on this investigation, the effects of wellbore curvature radius, casing thickness, and annular clearance on the structural integrity of the casing were discussed. Results demonstrate that, the friction of the casing increases in a fluctuating manner with the increase of running depth, reaching a maximum value of 1820.98 KN. In the deflecting section, the cross-sectional ellipticity of the casing is high, with a long-to-short axis ratio of 2.42. Thus, it is prone to local buckling failure. The larger the wellbore curvature radius and casing thickness are, the lower the frictional force and stress are during casing running. This finding indicates the good structural integrity of the casing. Increasing the annular clearance can reduce the additional loads induced by wellbore curvature, thereby decreasing the peak values of frictional force and stress. This study provides valuable references for the structural design and integrity evaluation of casings in high-angle deviated wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casings are key components for the aero-engine,and its containment performance is a necessary condition for ensuring flight safety.Firstly,the types and structural forms of the casing related to containment are briefly introduced.Then,the impact response,damage mechanism and containment ability of casings are summarized from aspects of theoretical researches,simulation analyses and experimental tests.Besides,numerical simulation researches about casing containment are introduced according to types of casing material.Test methods about casing containment and its research progresses are analyzed.Finally,the containment research status of casings is summarized and the development tendency of casings containment is looked from the perspective of working condition,loading situations and optimization design.

Addressing the process characteristics of a certain domestic automatic oil casing production line, a manipulator for automatic casing screw-up/thread-protection operation is researched and developed, and a plan of modification for the automation of the screw-up/thread-protection operation is proposed. Focused on are the descriptions concerning the process flow, and the rotating clamp screw-up system and the intelligent vision system that are the core part of the plan. Thanks to implementation of the modification plan, the automatic casing-thread protection operation steps from pick-up to screw-up are realized so as to get the productivity enhanced, the labor cost reduced, and both the automation level and the intelligent level of the production line improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The piercing process is studied and relevant tools and dies are improved, addressing the problems as staying with the L80-13Cr stainless steel i.e., poor thermal plasticity, high plug consumption during piercing, easy sticking of steel on the surface of the guide plate, and serious defects of internal and external folds of the pipe, etc. The optimum soaking temperature of the L80-13Cr stainless steel billet is determined to be 1 200 Tl via the high temperature thermal simulation test. The problems of short rolling span of the plug and surface steel sticking of the guide plate are fixed by means of using the reinforced stainless steel plug and the used high nickel chromium steel guide plate. Furthermore the surface quality of the shell is obviously improved, and the primary qualification rate of the finished pipe as rolled with the shell is increased from under 20% to over 70%, owing to taking such measures as improving piercing process parameters, enlarging the biting angle from 10° to 12°, getting the plug lead screw-down rate limited within the range as 4%~ 6%, and keeping the ovality coefficient within the range as 1.05~1.10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collapsible loess is widely distributed in western China. The special structure and water sensitivity of loess lead to the complex negative skin friction mechanism in pile foundations. Previous studies mainly focused on the negative skin friction of pile foundations and treatment measures, such as casing and coating methods. However, few studies have focused on the influence of the negative skin friction on the settlement and bearing capacity of piles in collapsible loess, especially environmentally friendly methods that can reduce the negative skin friction. In this study, a series of non-immersion and immersion experiments was conducted to investigate the settlement, axial force, and side friction resistance of piles in loess soil under controlled conditions. The results showed that under the non-immersion condition, the settlement of model piles increased with the increasing pile top load. The axial force gradually decreased along the pile length for piles without casing. The axial force attenuation of the casing section of casing piles was almost negligible due to the isolating frictional resistance effect of casing. The settlement of each soil layer increased with the increase in immersion time, and the process was divided into an initial gradual stage, rapid drop stage, and later gradual stage. Both negative and positive skin friction increased with the increasing immersion time and pile top load, and there was a neutral point. The maximum axial force of piles without casing exceeded the peak load at the pile top. The presence of steel casing reduced the failure of pile foundation in collapsible loess. The research results of this paper provide theoretical support for the application of piles in loess areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]