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Excessive lipid intake is linked to an elevated risk of health problems. However, reducing lipid contents may influence food structure and flavor. Some alternatives are needed to control the lipid absorption. Emulsions are common carriers for lipids, which can control the hydrolysis and absorption of lipids. Chitin (Ch) and chitosan (CS) are natural polysaccharides with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and unique cationic properties. They have been reported to be able to delay lipolysis, which can be regarded as one of the most promising agents that regulates lipid digestion (LiD). The application of Ch/CS and their derivatives in emulsions are summarized in this review with a focus on their performances and mechanisms for LiD regulation, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the development of novel Ch/CS emulsions, and the regulation of LiD. A reasonable design of emulsion interface can provide its resistance to the external environment and then control LiD. The properties of emulsion interface are the key factors affecting LiD. Therefore, systematic study on the relationship between Ch/CS-based emulsion structure and LiD can not only instruct the reasonable design of emulsion interface to accurately regulate LiD, but also provide scientific guidelines for applying Ch/CS in functional food, medicine and other fields. HIGHLIGHTS: Application of chitin/chitosan and their derivatives in emulsions Strategies to improve emulsifying properties of chitin/chitosan Digestion behaviors of chitin/chitosan emulsions during gastrointestinal digestion Rational design and potential mechanism of chitin/chitosan to regulate lipolysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics (PRO) have been recognized for their significant role in promoting human health, particularly in relation to colon-related diseases. The effective delivery of PRO to the colon is a fascinating area of research. Among various delivery materials, carbohydrates have shown great potential as colon-targeted delivery (CTD) carriers for PRO. This review explores the connection between probiotics and colonic diseases, delving into their underlying mechanisms of action. Furthermore, it discusses current strategies for the targeted delivery of active substances to the colon. Unlike other reviews, this work specifically focuses on the utilization of carbohydrates, such as alginate, chitosan, pectin, and other carbohydrates, for probiotic colon-targeted delivery applications. Carbohydrates can undergo hydrolysis at the colonic site, allowing their oligosaccharides to function as prebiotics or as direct functional polysaccharides with beneficial effects. Furthermore, the development of multilayer self-assembled coatings using different carbohydrates enables the creation of enhanced delivery systems. Additionally, chemical modifications of carbohydrates, such as for adhesion and sensitivity, can be implemented to achieve more customized delivery of PRO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of integrated circuits, TiO 2 -based colossal dielectric constant ceramics have been widely studied as a critical alternative material in MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors). However, the preparation technique is primarily based on the traditional solid-phase reaction method. In this work, (In 0.5 V 0.5) 0.1 Ti 0.9 O 2 , (In 0.5 Nb 0.5) 0.1 Ti 0.9 O 2 , and (In 0.5 Ta 0.5) 0.1 Ti 0.9 O 2 (abbreviated as IVTO, INTO, and ITTO) ceramics were prepared by a sol-gel method. In comparison, Nb5+ (r = 0.64 Å) and Ta5+ (r = 0.65 Å) have close ionic radii, which are more susceptible to Ti4+ (r = 0.745 Å) sites substitution than V5+ of a small ionic radius (r = 0.54 Å), effectively facilitating the carrier concentration. Meanwhile, the Ta5+ has another advantage in refining the ceramic grain size to further improve grain boundary resistance. The ITTO ceramics show a colossal dielectric constant of 9.3 × 104, low dielectric loss of 0.07 (1 kHz, room temperature), and stable temperature application range for X9F (−55 °C–200 °C，Δε r /ε 25 °C ≤ ±7.5 %). The dielectric mechanism is related to the internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC) effect. Thus, this work as a novel strategy provides an effective mean for further development of future colossal dielectric constant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times, there has been a rise in the utilization of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in the management of pulmonary and systemic diseases. These devices underwent a swift advancement in terms of both the equipment utilized and the formulation process. In this review, the carrier physicochemical characteristics that influence DPI performance are discussed, focusing its shape, morphology, size distribution, texture, aerodynamic diameter, density, moisture, adhesive and detachment forces between particles, fine carrier particles, and dry powder aerosolization. To promote the deposition of the active principal ingredient deep within the pulmonary system, advancements have been made in enhancing these factors and surface properties through the application of novel technologies that encompass particle engineering. So far, the most used carrier is lactose showing some advantages and disadvantages, but other substances and systems are being studied with the intention of replacing it. The final objective of this review is to analyze the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of the different carriers or new delivery systems used in DPI formulations, whether already on the market or still under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fatty acids are attractive carrier materials for drug delivery, but their rapid dissolution and degradation in vivo calls for new strategies to enhance their stability. Here we report a simple and versatile method capable of photo‐crosslinking carriers made of natural fatty acids for drug delivery under controlled release. By optimizing the crosslinking density, the nanoscale carriers show a high drug loading efficiency, together with a stable network structure for minimal degradation in a body fluid mimic. Fluorescence microscopy analysis also reveals the exceptional intracellular stability of the crosslinked network, resulting in negligible cytotoxicity toward A549 cells up to 24 h when loaded with a potent anticancer drug. We further extend this strategy to microscale carriers fabricated using electrospray. Upon photo‐crosslinking, the carriers show a retarded release of nerve growth factor, resulting in slower neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion. This work holds promise for addressing the efficacy and safety issues critical to nanomedicine and related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Aim Methods Results Conclusions The needs of haemophilia carriers (HC) have been historically overlooked. It is now recognised that HC manifests bleeding symptoms, including haemarthrosis. The natural history of joint health in HC is not yet defined.A multi‐institutional cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of joint disease in HC, aged 18–40 years, compared to age‐matched controls.The carrier cohort included females with confirmed HC status. Controls had no personal or family history of bleeding disorders. All females with a history of joint trauma or surgery within 12 months or any history of joint replacement were excluded. Joint health was assessed by clinical history, Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) and point‐of‐care musculoskeletal ultrasonography (POC‐MSKUS).Thirty HC and 30 controls were enrolled. For HC, the median factor activity level was 52% (range 17%–100%). Carriers, regardless of baseline factor activity levels, reported higher prevalence of chronic joint pain (p < .001) and swelling (p = .002) than controls. Heavy menstrual bleeding, epistaxis, gingival bleeding and easy bruising were also more prevalent in HC (p < .001). Despite HC having a higher median HJHS score (5 vs. 0, p < .001), no differences were observed when using POC‐MSKUS. HC with a body mass index ≥25 mg/m2 reported more haemarthrosis (p = .037).HC are at increased risk of joint‐related symptoms and poorer joint health than age‐matched controls. Dedicated follow‐up to prevent and treat joint disease in HC is imperative. This study is also a call for additional investigation to clarify the association, or lack thereof, between factor activity and joint disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, soybean oil bodies were used as raw materials and emulsifiers to prepare soybean oil body complex emulsions by ultrasonication, to optimise the ultrasonication conditions and to use the oil body complex emulsions for the transport of fat-soluble bioactives. The mechanism of ultrasonic treatment to enhance the stability of oil-body complex emulsions was revealed through the study of the physicochemical properties of the emulsions. The effect of oil-body complex emulsions on the transport of β-carotene was also examined. As a result, soybean oil body complex emulsion was successfully prepared by ultrasonication, and the oxidative and storage stability of the emulsion was best at a power of 450 W (10 min). At this time, the average particle size of emulsion was 1537 nm, and the shape of droplets was round and evenly distributed. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the ultrasound-induced cavitation effect increased the physical forces, such as turbulence and shear forces. This caused partial unfolding of the protein polypeptide chains in oil bodies, leading to the rearrangement of hydrogen bond networks within the proteins. Consequently, the protein secondary structure changed: The relative content of α-helix structures decreased and the relative content of β-sheet structures increased. The electrophoresis results showed that there were no significant changes in the composition of protein subunits. But with the ultrasound intensity increased, the adsorption of extrinsic proteins at the droplet interface was enhanced. The results of storage stability showed that ultrasonic treatment (450 W) could inhibit the generation of oxidation products and improved the oxidation stability of emulsions. The soybean oil body-β-carotene emulsions could be successfully prepared by ultrasonic treatment, and the encapsulation rate of β-carotene was the highest (94.9%) at 450 W, and the retention rate was 81.8% after 11 days of room temperature storage. This study provides insights into the application of soybean oil bodies as emulsifiers for the delivery of fat-soluble bioactive substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, soybean oil bodies were used as raw materials and emulsifiers to prepare soybean oil body complex emulsions by ultrasonication, to optimise the ultrasonication conditions and to use the oil body complex emulsions for the transport of fat-soluble bioactives. The mechanism of ultrasonic treatment to enhance the stability of oil-body complex emulsions was revealed through the study of the physicochemical properties of the emulsions. The effect of oil-body complex emulsions on the transport of β-carotene was also examined. As a result, soybean oil body complex emulsion was successfully prepared by ultrasonication, and the oxidative and storage stability of the emulsion was best at a power of 450 W (10 min). At this time, the average particle size of emulsion was 1537 nm, and the shape of droplets was round and evenly distributed. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the ultrasound-induced cavitation effect increased the physical forces, such as turbulence and shear forces. This caused partial unfolding of the protein polypeptide chains in oil bodies, leading to the rearrangement of hydrogen bond networks within the proteins. Consequently, the protein secondary structure changed: The relative content of α-helix structures decreased and the relative content of β-sheet structures increased. The electrophoresis results showed that there were no significant changes in the composition of protein subunits. But with the ultrasound intensity increased, the adsorption of extrinsic proteins at the droplet interface was enhanced. The results of storage stability showed that ultrasonic treatment (450 W) could inhibit the generation of oxidation products and improved the oxidation stability of emulsions. The soybean oil body-β-carotene emulsions could be successfully prepared by ultrasonic treatment, and the encapsulation rate of β-carotene was the highest (94.9%) at 450 W, and the retention rate was 81.8% after 11 days of room temperature storage. This study provides insights into the application of soybean oil bodies as emulsifiers for the delivery of fat-soluble bioactive substances.

Abstract Bioconjugation is one of the most promising strategies to improve drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy. Biomolecules such as bile acids (BAs) have been intensively explored as carriers, due to their peculiar physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. BAs trafficking is regulated by intracellular lipid-binding proteins and their transport in the liver can be studied using chicken liver Bile Acid-Binding Proteins (cL-BABPs) as a reference model. Therefore, we conceived the idea of developing a BA-conjugate with Mirin, an exonuclease inhibitor of Mre11 endowed with different anticancer activities, to direct its transport to the liver. Following computational analysis of various BAs in complex with cL-BABP, we identified cholic acid (CA) as the most promising candidate as carrier, leading to the synthesis of a novel bioconjugate named CA-M11. As predicted by computational data and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies, CA-M11 was able to accommodate into the binding pocket of BABP. Hence, it can enter BAs trafficking in the hepatic compartment and here release Mirin. The effect of CA-M11, evaluated in combination with varying concentrations of Doxorubicin on HepG2 cell line, demonstrated a significant increase in cell mortality compared to the use of the cytotoxic drug or Mirin alone, thus highlighting chemo-sensitizing properties. The promising results regarding plasma stability for CA-M11 validate its potential as a valuable agent or adjuvant for hepatic cancer therapy.

Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition that results in reduced enzymatic functioning within the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine (Tyr). Without dietary intervention, individuals with PKU exhibit significantly elevated levels of Phe, which is presumed to cause severe neurological dysfunction and other associated health risks. Carriers of PKU are heterozygotes for a PAH gene mutation and are typically described in the literature as “unaffected.” However, decades of existing research challenges this classical thinking and it is plausible that these individuals currently classified as carriers may present with an intermediate phenotype or may be “moderately affected.” Summary: The purpose of this scoping review was to explore this hypothesis further, by searching for and summarizing existing literature on metabolism and health outcomes among PKU carriers. Preliminary research has suggested that some PKU carriers exhibit reduced PAH enzyme function, and relatedly, elevated circulating Phe levels compared to noncarriers. In addition, Phe dosing trials have further demonstrated that carriers have increased Phe levels and decreased Tyr levels compared to noncarriers. Because of these metabolic perturbations, it is biologically plausible for carriers to experience an intermediate phenotype in terms of metabolic consequences and clinical outcomes. While these outcomes have yet to be thoroughly explored, early research has found associations between PKU carrier status and lower IQs as well as decreased executive functioning, memory, processing speed, and inhibitory control. The PAH pathway is also involved in melanogenesis, and research has demonstrated increased melanoma risk among PKU carriers. However, there are many limitations to this research, and thus whether or not carriers are clinically impacted cannot yet be conclusively determined. Key Message: Overall, while preliminary research suggests a possible intermediate phenotype among PKU carriers, the current available research is limited and PKU carriers are still clinically considered “unaffected.” This review outlines the current literature while discussing future research endeavors related to the metabolism and health of PKU carriers.

Abstract Due to the low permeability characteristics of the deep gas-containing coal seam, the conventional prevention and control measures that cannot solve the problems of gas outbursts are unsatisfactory for the prevention and control of the coal and gas outbursts disaster. Therefore, in this study, a strain of methane-oxidizing bacteria M07 with high-pressure resistance, strong resistance, and high methane degradation rate was selected from coal mines. The growth and degradation abilities of M07 in chelating wetting agent solutions to assess its adaptability and find the optimal agent-to-M07 ratio. It provides a new method for integrating the reduction of impact tendency and gas pressure in deep coal mines. The experimental results show that M07 is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Bacillus, which has strong resistance and adaptability to high-pressure water injection. By degrading 70 mol of methane, M07 produces 1 mol of carbon dioxide, which can reduce gas pressure and reduce the risk of gas outbursts in coal mines. As the experiment proves, the best effect was achieved when the M07 concentration of the chelating wetting agent was 0.05%. The methane-oxidizing bacteria based on the chelating wetting agent as carriers prove a new prevention and control method for the integrated prevention and control of coal and gas outbursts in coal mines and also provide a new idea for microbial application in coal mine disaster control.

Bioconjugation is one of the most promising strategies to improve drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy. Biomolecules such as bile acids (BAs) have been intensively explored as carriers, due to their peculiar physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. BAs trafficking is regulated by intracellular lipid-binding proteins and their transport in the liver can be studied using chicken liver Bile Acid-Binding Proteins (cL-BABPs) as a reference model. Therefore, we conceived the idea of developing a BA-conjugate with Mirin, an exonuclease inhibitor of Mre11 endowed with different anticancer activities, to direct its transport to the liver. Following computational analysis of various BAs in complex with cL-BABP, we identified cholic acid (CA) as the most promising candidate as carrier, leading to the synthesis of a novel bioconjugate named CA-M11. As predicted by computational data and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies, CA-M11 was able to accommodate into the binding pocket of BABP. Hence, it can enter BAs trafficking in the hepatic compartment and here release Mirin. The effect of CA-M11, evaluated in combination with varying concentrations of Doxorubicin on HepG2 cell line, demonstrated a significant increase in cell mortality compared to the use of the cytotoxic drug or Mirin alone, thus highlighting chemo-sensitizing properties. The promising results regarding plasma stability for CA-M11 validate its potential as a valuable agent or adjuvant for hepatic cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics sensitivity patterns of food-borne bacteria amongst food handlers in a Nigerian University was carried out in this study. 100 food handlers actively participated in this research. Percutaneous and nasal swabs were collected and samples were placed on MacConkey, blood and chocolate agar media, incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by biochemical identification of isolates. Antibiotics multi-disc were used to test bacteria susceptibility. Among bacteria isolates, 14% showed very poor sensitivity. Sensitivity to ampicillin, flucloxacillin, rifampicin and streptomycin was < 50%. Prevalence of food-borne pathogens was 76 % for percutaneous and 51 % for nasal samples. Isolates-sex difference was not statistically significant p > 0.05. Staphylococci isolates had the highest prevalence, 64 % and 45 % from percutaneous and nasal samples, respectively. Thirty (30 %) participants had similar isolates from both sampling regions. Antibiotics multi-resistant strains of bacteria are prevalent in our environment. Food handlers can be potential reservoirs and means of transmission of antibiotics multi-resistant food-borne bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this research is to carry out a genetic cohort study of SMA patients in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, investigating the genetic causes of the illness, specifically the impact of the number of SMN1 and SMN2 gene alleles on the course of the disease. Methods: The Erzurum Medical Faculty of Health Sciences at Erzurum City Hospital gave ethical approval for the study to be conducted. A total of 348 patients with an initial diagnosis of SMA underwent genetic testing. Using the PCR-RFLP approach, deletions of exons 7 and 8 in the SMN1 and SMN2 genes were examined. Results: In examining the allele counts in the exon 7 and exon 8 regions of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes, 41 patients were found to have no copies of the SMN1 gene (0 alleles), while 112 people were identified as possible carriers. Analysis of the SMN2 gene's allele distribution revealed a substantial relationship between the number of alleles and the clinical severity of the disease. Conclusion: The number of alleles in the SMN1 and SMN2 genes influences the course of the disease, as demonstrated by the genetic cohort analysis of SMA patients in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey presented in this paper. The findings indicate that sex does not influence the frequency of the disease or carrier status, offering significant new insights into the genetic diagnosis and treatment of SMA. The study also emphasizes the importance of establishing local genetic screening programs and counseling services to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradation of pollutants is one of the most economical methods for their removal and usually is accompanied by no production of toxic by‐products. In general, this approach is favored over others because it offers reduced expenses and the potential for complete mineralization. In order to enhance the viability and longevity of the bioremediation agents within polluted areas, it becomes necessary to immobilize the cells. Cell immobilization refers to the procedure of confining intact cells to specific areas within a device or material, without compromising their essential biological functions. A wide variety of carriers and approaches have been used for the restriction of various cells. Immobilization techniques, such as microencapsulation, have opened up new possibilities in biotechnology by facilitating the development of artificial organs, cell therapies and drug delivery systems. Researchers have found promising outcomes in various applications through the immobilization of microorganisms. This approach enhances stability, reusability and catalytic efficiency, making immobilization a valuable strategy for biocatalysis, bioremediation and other biotechnological processes. Notably, the use of immobilized microorganisms has led to significant improvements in the removal of pollutants, with some studies achieving 100% efficiency. When comparing the degradation of pollutants between free and immobilized microorganisms over the same time period, the results demonstrated that immobilized microorganisms achieved a removal efficiency >21% more than that of free microbial consortia. The primary objective of this review is to give an overview of the key scientific aspects related to bioremediation of various pollutants using immobilized cells, with a particular focus on the techniques used to entrap the cells. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction, is a serious threat to human health. Many drugs currently used cannot achieve the desired therapeutic effect due to the lack of selectivity. With the in-depth understanding of the role of microRNA (miRNA) in cardiovascular disease and the wide application of nanotechnology, loading drugs into nanoparticles with the help of nano-delivery system may have a better effect in the treatment of cardiomyopathy. In this review, we highlight the latest research on miRNAs in the treatment of cardiovascular disease in recent years and discuss the possibilities and challenges of using miRNA to treat cardiomyopathy. Secondly, we discuss the delivery of miRNA through different nano-carriers, especially inorganic, polymer and liposome nano-carriers. The preparation of miRNA nano-drugs by encapsulating miRNA in these nano-materials will provide a new treatment option. In addition, the research status of miRNA in the treatment of cardiomyopathy based on nano-carriers is summarized. The use of this delivery tool cannot only realize therapeutic potential, but also greatly improve drug targeting and reduce side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive a deterministic mathematical model that scrutinizes the dy-namics of cholera pathogen carriers and the hygiene consciousness of in-dividuals, before the illness, during its prevalence, and after the disease’s outbreaks. The dynamics can effectively help in curtailing the disease, but its effects had less coverage in the literature. Boundedness of the solu-tion of the model, its existence, and uniqueness are ascertained. Effects of cholera pathogen carriers and hygiene consciousness of individuals in controlling the disease or allowing its further spread are analyzed. The differential transformation method is used to obtain series solutions of the differential equations that make the system of the model. Simulations of the series solutions of the model are carried out and displayed in graphs. The dynamics of the concerned state variables and parameters in the model are interpreted via the obtained graphs. It is observed that higher hygiene consciousness of individuals can drastically reduce catching cholera disease at onset and further spread of its infections in the population, this in turn, shortens the period of cholera epidemic.

A detailed consideration of the discrete mobility-spectrum analysis (DMSA) method and its application to transport studies in HgCdTe is given. First, a brief review of the methods of the analysis of field dependences of the Hall coefficient and conductivity in HgCdTe-based structures with a multi-carrier mobility spectrum is presented. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods, which include original mobility-spectrum analysis by Beck and Anderson, multi-carrier fitting and iterative approach by Dziuba and Górska, and the later developments of these techniques, are considered. The properties of the envelope of the mobility spectrum are analyzed, and the specifics of DMSA are presented. Analysis of some magnetic-field B dependences of conductivity tensor components σxx(B) and σxy(B) presented in the literature is performed with DMSA, and the results are compared to those obtained with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of allelopathic bacteria to combat weed infestation in crops is regarded as an effective technology for sustainable agriculture and environment. In this regard, six bacterial strains from the genus Pseudomonas were selected for their ability to inhibit the germination and growth of Leptochloa chinensis (L.) and Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) while promoting the growth of rice. These strains were applied to the target weeds and rice using different application methods viz. seed priming, liquid application, and foliar application. The results showed that all strains possessed herbicidal activity and significantly reduced growth of L. chinensis. Shoot length, root length, and fresh biomass of D. aegyptium were also significantly reduced in all strains by 60, 55, and 76%, respectively, with the exception of R15-4. Additionally, the growth suppression of both weed species was more prominent in the liquid application. The selected allelopathic strains also demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits and improved the growth and physiological parameters of rice in all three application methods, with the best results achieved with liquid and foliar applications. The survival efficiency of the bacterial strains was also tested using four different carrier materials, where the press mud was found the best carrier for controlling L. chinensis and D. aegyptium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Egypt lies within the global thalassemia belt, where beta-thalassemia presents a notable socioeconomic burden. Patients and methods: One hundred fifty-seven relatives of beta-thalassemia patients were included in this cross-sectional study. It aimed to ascertain a cost-efficient and accurate screening approach for identifying beta-thalassemia carriers (BTC) by evaluating some erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters measured on Advia 2120 analyzer (Siemens) and assessing four mathematical Formulas (Metzner index, Green and King et al. , Roth et al. , and Vicinanza et al. formulas). Results: Participants were stratified into distinct categories: BTC (42%), normal (24.2%), mild iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) (17.2%), severe IDA (3.8%), and a subset with both IDA and BTC (mix group) accounting for 12.7%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified absolute reticulocyte count as the optimal discriminator (area under a curve=0.837) between BTC and IDA. The Mentzer index and Green and King et al. formula demonstrated superior diagnostic utility among the evaluated formulas. However, none of the formulas effectively distinguished between BTC and the mix group, a frequently overlooked and challenging group for diagnosis. Interestingly, our data highlighted absolute reticulocyte count and percentage as the sole parameters capable of distinguishing BTC from the mix group. Consequently, two algorithms were developed. The first one had a good agreement (κ=0.62) with 77.3% concordance, while the second one demonstrated improved screening performance (κ=0.66) with 79.8% agreement. Conclusion: The optimal screening strategy involves distinguishing between various categories of both IDA and BTC. Our algorithms, designed as a low-cost and user-friendly mass screening tool, may serve this purpose effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sperm cryopreservation is an important procedure for oligozoospermic subjects at risk of azoospermia and after surgical recovery of spermatozoa in non‐obstructive azoospermic men. Conventional procedures for sperm cryopreservation might be, however, not suitable for samples with a very low sperm number. Objectives: In this pilot study, we investigated the recoveries of sperm motility and viability in severe oligozoospermic subjects (n = 39) after cryopreservation with a tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing, a procedure previously developed by our group for men with good semen quality. Sperm DNA fragmentation was also evaluated in a second group of oligozoospermic samples (n = 16). Materials and methods: We used a Vapour Fast Freezing procedure using 10 μL tips as carrier, and Test Yolk Buffer as freezing medium (tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing). In a subset of samples (n = 22), we compared recovery of motility and viability as obtained with tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing and with a Vapour Fast Freezing procedure using 500 μL straws. Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated by the sperm chromatin dispersion test. Results: We found a recovery rate (median [interquartile range]) of 0.29 (0.13–0.41) for progressive motility, 0.30 (0.21–0.52) for total motility and 0.48 (0.29–0.60) for viability. Interestingly, we observed that samples with the poorest motility were apparently less damaged by freezing/thawing. In a subset of samples (n = 22), we directly compared values of viability, progressive motility and total motility by freezing/thawing with tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing and Vapour Fast Freezing conducted with 500 μL straws. We found much better values of all sperm parameters in samples after freezing/thawing with tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing than with Vapour Fast Freezing in 500 μL straws: that is, progressive motility: 7.00 (3.00–8.50)% versus 2.00 (0.00–4.25)%, p < 0.001; total motility: 12.00 (8.00–16.25)% versus 6.50 (1.00–9.25)%, p < 0.001; viability: 29.75 (23.75–45.25) versus 22.50 (13.75–28.13), p < 0.001, respectively. In the second group of oligozoospermic samples, we found that tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing produced lower levels of sperm DNA fragmentation than straws (33.00 [19.75–36.00]% vs. 36.00 [22.75–41.87]%, p < 0.001). Discussion and conclusion: Tip‐microVapour Fast Freezing appears to be a very promising method to cryopreserve semen samples from severe oligozoospermic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since H 2 S gas is flammable and explosive, it has significance to realize H 2 S detection at room temperature. In this work, different amounts of SnO 2 quantum dots (QDs) were loaded on Prussian blue derived α-Fe 2 O 3 hollow cubes, which exhibits an uneven porous granular surface structure evidenced by characterization of TEM and SEM. Aiming H 2 S as target gas, the α-Fe 2 O 3 /SnO 2 composites demonstrate greatly improved gas sensing performance at room temperature. Specifically, the response value of S1 to S4 (different SnO 2 QDs loads) to 5 ppm H 2 S at room temperature are 4.97, 5.76, 8.21 and 6.69 respectively, which has a trend from rise to decline as the SnO 2 QDs increases. Optimum sensitivity is achieved by 10 wt% SnO 2 loading. Finally, characterizations such as BET, XPS and DRIFTS et al. reveal that the effective electron transfer from SnO 2 to α-Fe 2 O 3 via energy band match promotes the chemisorption oxygen and density and mobility of charge carriers, which is beneficial to H 2 S gas sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive a deterministic mathematical model that scrutinizes the dynamics of cholera pathogen carriers and the hygiene consciousness of individuals, before the illness, during its prevalence, and after the disease's outbreaks. The dynamics can effectively help in curtailing the disease, but its effects had less coverage in the literature. Boundedness of the solution of the model, its existence, and uniqueness are ascertained. Effects of cholera pathogen carriers and hygiene consciousness of individuals in controlling the disease or allowing its further spread are analyzed. The differential transformation method is used to obtain series solutions of the differential equations that make the system of the model. Simulations of the series solutions of the model are carried out and displayed in graphs. The dynamics of the concerned state variables and parameters in the model are interpreted via the obtained graphs. It is observed that higher hygiene consciousness of individuals can drastically reduce catching cholera disease at onset and further spread of its infections in the population, this in turn, shortens the period of cholera epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals ferroelectrics has grown substantially in the last decade. These layered materials differ from conventional thin-film oxide ferroelectrics in that the surface and interface are free from dangling bonds. Some may also possess uncommon properties, such as bandgap tunability, mechanical flexibility, and high carrier mobility, which are desirable for applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. This Tutorial starts by reviewing the theoretical tools in 2D ferroelectric studies, followed by discussing the material synthesis and sample characterization. Several prototypical electronic devices with innovative functionalities will be highlighted. Readers can use this article to obtain a basic understanding of the current status, challenges, and future prospects of 2D ferroelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The search for new methods of therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an urgent task of modern science. Gefitinib is a targeted drug widely used in the treatment of NSCLC in patients with a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain. However, using of gefitinib and other drugs from the group of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is to limited by rapidly developing resistance, for this reason finding of a ways overcome drug resistance is actual part of research interests.Text. The review is devoted to the use of gefitinib in modern developments: introduction to various targeted delivery systems (liposomes, micelles, microspheres, etc.), studying it in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, as well as in combination with photo- or thermosensitive compounds in various micro- and nanostructured complexes.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of literature data, it was shown that, despite the fact that gefitinib is a first-generation drug, foreign and Russian researchers consider it quite promising for further use in the treatment of NSCLC. At the same time, developments are being carried out both in the field of expanding combination therapy and in the field of creating complex structures of targeted action, into which, in addition to gefitinib, photosensitizers or other compounds with photo- or thermosensitive effects are introduced.

Toxoplasma gondii is a single-cell parasite capable of infecting almost all homeotherms posing a grave public health risk globally. There is limited available literature on the T. gondii strains circulating in bird species in the Plateau State, of Nigeria. Consequently, this study was carried out to identify and confirm T. gondii infection and also determine the relationship of the DNA sequences with those of bird species in other parts of the world. To achieve this, brain and heart tissues of 25 bird species were sampled and a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and sequence analyses of the B1 gene were carried out. The DNA of T. gondii was identified in the heart and brain tissues of 7/7 (100.0 %) of wild bird species, and 15/18 (83.3 %) of domestic local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) sampled. The evolutionary relationship among the T. gondii sequences in this study using phylogenetic tree constructed by maximum likelihood method showed the sequences shared a common ancestor with the Type I RH strain (GenBank: AF179871). The T. gondii sequences were in a cluster distinct from other sequences in the GenBank. Calculations of genetic differentiation and genetic diversity indices undertaken and collated revealed three haplotypes with higher haplotype diversity within the T. gondii sequences obtained from wild birds (0.667) compared with the sequences from local chickens (0.333). A 97–100 % homology among the aligned sequences of T. gondii in the study shows that only one strain type exists in all of the samples. This study has established the occurrence of T. gondii infection in asymptomatic bird species in the study area and portrays them as carriers, and potential sources of human infection.

(1) Background: Individuals carrying a pathogenic transthyretin gene variant (TTRv) are at high risk for developing hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis and are routinely screened for the development of cardiomyopathy (ATTRv-CM). This study aims to evaluate whether the cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) can be used to rule out ATTRv-CM. (2) Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, data from 46 ATTRv-CM patients and 101 TTRv carriers and ATTRv amyloidosis patients without cardiomyopathy were included. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess the ability of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT to predict the diagnosis of ATTRv-CM. An optimal cutoff for the relevant biomarker(s) was determined based on a sensitivity of ≥99% and the highest possible percentage of additional tests avoided (%ATA) in the index dataset. (3) Results: Hs-cTnT demonstrated the highest predictive capabilities for ATTRv-CM. The addition of NT-proBNP did not improve the predictive model. A hs-cTnT cutoff of <6 ng/L resulted in a 97% sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 95% with a %ATA of 30% in the validation dataset. (4) Conclusion: In conclusion, hs-cTnT is a useful biomarker for excluding cardiac involvement in TTRv carriers and ATTRv amyloidosis patients and it has the potential to prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since Justice Clarence Thomas observed in a concurrence that tech platforms like Twitter were analogous to common carriers, there has been increasing interest in the possibility of regulating them under common carrier principles. Most of the conversation has centered on potential legislation, not on applying the common law's common carrier obligations to big tech. Indeed, when Ohio sued Google under the common law's common carrier principles, commentators called the lawsuit "bizarre." In this Article, we argue that far from being "bizarre," tech platforms are and should be subject to liability at common law for violating the duties of common carriers. After describing the core substantive elements of the common law of carriers--equal access rules, just and reasonable pricing, and reasonable deplatforming--we then show how it applies to operating systems, online marketplaces, search, social media, and virtual reality and the metaverse. Among other things, this analysis demonstrates that common carriage applies across multiple domains and is most clearly applicable in business-to-business contexts. With respect to social media, we conclude that while common carriage principles apply, they allow for reasonable deplatforming--which may cut against what we suspect are the motivations of some proponents of regulation. And we argue that the common law of carriers could offer an opportunity to prevent a Wild West in new and emerging platforms, like the metaverse. In light of this analysis, the real puzzle is why there are so few suits against tech platforms under the common law of carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to reduce the loss of thermally unstable nutrients during the powder production process using closed-loop spray drying using an innovative carrier, coconut husk powder. β-carotene was selected as the subject of this study because it decomposes easily, but it is essential for the human body. The use of coconut husk powder as the carrier achieved an excellent powder recovery rate (RR) and β-carotene concentration compared with whey protein isolate, maltodextrin, cellulose, pectin, casein, and other commonly used carriers. The optimal outlet air temperature for spray drying was also found to be 50-55 °C. Coconut husk powder showed an excellent powder recovery rate (84%) and concentration (0.32 mg/g), which is high compared with the other carriers, because of its multi-layered spherical structure. The coconut powder also increased the stability of β-carotene. After being exposed to a temperature of 85 °C for 6 h, coconut husk powder was more resistant to high temperatures than maltodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetron sputtering is a well-known method of obtaining various coatings and surface modifications, but nowadays it is successfully used for the synthesis of electrocatalysts. One of the main advantages of the method is the possibility to vary the parameters during the process, such as the mode (direct current sputtering, pulsed medium-frequency sputtering, high radio frequency sputtering), potential supply to the sputtered substrate or catalyst carrier, pressure in the vacuum chamber, atmosphere composition, which allows to change the composition and structure of the obtained coatings and catalysts very widely. Changing the modes of sputtering makes it possible to create both dense (porous) protective/catalytic coatings and coatings with a very developed surface, i.e. for obtaining electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) have surfaced as a viable solution for selective transport and metallic ions separation. The efficiency of such membranes is subject to a number of factors, including the preparation method and relevant physico-chemical characteristics. In this paper, an improvement of a novel category of PIMs for performing ions separation is reported. The membranes were prepared using a mixture of two polymers: cellulose triacetate (CTA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), three different carriers, Aliquat 336 (basic), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) (acid) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) (neutral) and plasticized by dioctyle phthalate (DOP). All synthesized membranes were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A study of the transport of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) species using the synthesized membranes was conducted. Our results indicate that facilitated transport through PIMs is an effective way of solving the permanent problem of membrane stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ObjectiveTo study the current status of hemophilia B (HB) patients in the central and western regions of China.MethodsThis cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in seven provinces in the central and western regions of China from April 2019 to June 2023. Samples were collected for the factor IX activity, inhibitor screen, and gene mutation. Furthermore, the status of six index joints and quality of life (QoL) were assessed.ResultsA total of 185 HB patients (mild 15, moderate 75, and severe 95) with a median age of 12.17 years were enrolled. 30.3% (56/185) of patients had a family history of HB. 34.6% (64/185) of HB patients had diagnostic delay and 38.5% (69/179) experienced treatment delay. The incidence of inhibitors was 6.1% (11/179). We identified 123 genetic variants in this study, with missense mutations being the most common. 84.0% (89/106) of HB mothers were genetically identified as carriers, with 27.7% (13/47) of carriers having clotting factor levels less than 0.40 IU/ml. 71.4% (132/185) of HB patients had a history of joint hemorrhage, with a rate of target joint in these patients was 64.4% (85/132). Lower extremity joints were most often affected in patients. The Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) score was significantly positively correlated with the Hemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultrasound in China (HEAD-US-C) (r = 0.542, P

Introduction Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemics. To enhance the immune response to antigens, effective subunit vaccines or mRNA vaccines often require the combination of adjuvants or delivery carriers. In recent years, with the rapid development of immune mechanism research and nanotechnology, various studies based on the optimization of traditional adjuvants or various novel carriers have been intensified, and the construction of vaccine adjuvant delivery systems (VADS) with both adjuvant activity and antigen delivery has become more and more important in vaccine research. Areas covered This paper reviews the common types of vaccine adjuvant delivery carriers, classifies the VADS according to their basic carrier types, introduces the current research status and future development trend, and emphasizes the important role of VADS in novel vaccine research. Expert opinion As the number of vaccine types increases, conventional aluminum adjuvants show limitations in effectively stimulating cellular immune responses, limiting their use in therapeutic vaccines for intracellular infections or tumors. In contrast, the use of conventional adjuvants as VADS to carry immunostimulatory molecules or deliver antigens can greatly enhance the immune boosting effect of classical adjuvants. A comprehensive understanding of the various delivery vehicles will further facilitate the development of vaccine adjuvant research.

This paper investigates the value of the flexibility created by the transportation options in mitigating supply chain transportation risks. We accomplish this aim by developing an innovative computational model which uses the Real Option Valuation method to model the inner flexibility mechanism of the transportation options to choose between the Safety Net carrier and the spot market carrier on the basis of the actual conditions of the spot market (price, service level, and required transportation capacity), which is the foundation of the mitigation capability of transportation options. Through the case of a real supply chain of a large Fortune 100 multinational leader in the Fast Mover Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, we also investigate the implications of a transportation options response in case of several sources of uncertainties, namely transportation capacity shortage, price volatility and service level reliability. Findings of the application support the understanding of which conditions increase the value of flexibility of the transportation options and how much flexibility is attractive given the initial sunk cost to acquire it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation. Methods In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles. Results Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis. Conclusion Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the intestinal carrier status of Enterococcus spp. among children in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and reveal the role of hospitalization in the alteration of resistance phenotypes and clonal diversity of the isolates during admission and discharge periods. Methods Two separate stool samples were collected from hospitalized patients in the pediatric intensive care unit at admission and discharge times. The culture was done, and Enterococcus species were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and carriage of vanA-D gene subtypes. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was used for a phylogenetic study to check the homology of pairs of isolates. Results The results showed carriage of Enterococci at admission, discharge, and at both time points in 31%, 28.7%, and 40.1% of the cases, respectively. High frequencies of the fecal Enterococcus isolates with vancomycin-resistance (VR, 32.6% and 41.9%), high-level of gentamicin-resistance (HLGR, 25.6% and 27.9%), and multi-drug resistance phenotypes (MDR, 48.8% and 65.1%) were detected at admission and discharge times, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin, ampicillin, and rifampicin was higher among E. faecium, but resistance to ciprofloxacin was higher in E. faecalis isolates. The increased length of hospital stay was correlated with the carriage of resistant strains to vancomycin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin. While the homology of the isolates was low among different patients during hospitalization, identical (9%) and similar (21%) RAPD-PCR patterns were detected between pairs of isolates from each patient. Conclusions The high rate of intestinal carriage of VR, HLGR-, and MDR-Enterococci at admission and during hospitalization in the PICU, and the impact of increased length of hospital stay on the fecal carriage of the resistant strains show the importance of antibiotic stewardship programs to control their transmission and spread in children.